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九年级英语Unit13《We27retryingtosavetheearth!》知识点.doc

九年级英语Unit13《We27retryingtosavetheearth!》知识点.doc
九年级英语Unit13《We27retryingtosavetheearth!》知识点.doc

九年级英语Unit13 《 We27re trying to save the earth!》知识点

4 如果句子里面没有时间状语,汉语意思能够加“已经”,往往用现在完成时态。Have you lost your library book?你已经弄丢了从图书馆借的那本书吗?

5现在完成时态还常常用于下列句型

They have planted many trees in the last/past few years.

This is the best book I have ever read.

在现在完成时中,一次性动词不能和一段时间状语连用

例: He has bought the book for 3 years.(错)

因 buy 这个一次性动词不能和一段时间for 3 years连用,改正的办法有:

He has bought the book.(去掉一段时间for 3 years)

He bought the book 3 years ago(改为一般过去时, 使句子的意思不变) It ’ s/It has been 3 years since he bo ught the book. = 3 years has passed since he bought the book.(改为固定句型It is/It has been --- since--- )

He has had the book for 3 years.

(用延续性动词have 代替 buy )

另外

(错)

改为: I have been here for 3 years.

②leave/go →be awa y

He has left for 3 hours.(错)

改为: He has been away for 3 hours.

③ begin/start→be on

The film has begun for 3 minutes.(错)改为: The film has been on for 3 minutes.

④ open →be open / close→ be closed

The shop has opened for 3 years.(错)

改为: The shop has been open for 3 years.

⑤ die→be dead

His father has died for 3 years.(错)

改为: His father has been dead for 3 years.

⑥ finish/end→ be over

He has finished the work for 3 days.(错)

改为: The work has been over for 3 days

⑦ join I have joined the army for 3 years.(错)

改为: I have been in the army for 3 years.

或I have been a soldier for 3 years.

⑧ buy /catch→ have

I have bought the bike for 3 years.(错)

改为: I have had the bike for 3 years.

He has caught a cold for 3 days.(错)

改为: He has had a cold for 3 days.

⑨borrow → keep

I have borrowed the book for 3 years.(错)

改为: I have kept the book for 3 years.

还有其它的归纳如下:

5.情态动词

1)情态动词本身有一定的词义 ,表示说话人的情绪、态度或语气 ,但不能单独作谓语 ,只能与其他动词构成谓语。常见的有:can (could), may (might), must, need,

等。

2)情态动词无人称和数的变化 , 后接动词原形。否定式是在情态动词后面加

not 。个别情态动词有过去式形式, 也可用来表达更加客气、委婉的语气。

shall (should), will (would)

1.can 和 could 的用法

(1)can/could 表示“能力;可;可能性”等。 could can 的去式。如: Can

I use your bike?

(2)can 用在疑句中 ,表示征求意、求可,答仍用can; could 用在疑

句中 ,比 can 更委婉、客气 ,是一种礼貌的法, 并不表示去 ,答用 can, 而

不能用 could 。如:—Could you tell me the way to the zoo? — Sorry. I can't. I'm new here 。

[注意 ] can 和 could 只能用于在和去两种,将来中用 be able to。另外 , can't 可表示否定推。如: That ______ be Mr Wang. He has gone

to Beijing 。

2.may 和 might 的用法

may/might 意“可以”,表示同意、可或求方可,也可表示祝愿。 may 的否定形式may not 。 might 是 may 的去式 ,有两种用法:一种表示去式;

一种表示虚气,使气更加委婉、客气,或表示可能性更小。以may 开的一般疑句 ,其否定回答用mustn't,而不用may not 。如: ______ I use your pen? 我可以用你用的笔?

You may put on more clothes. May you be happy!

Might I borrow some money now?He might be alive.

3.must 的用法

must意“必,一定,准是”,表示人有必要做某事, 或命令、要求人做某事以及事物的推。否定形式mustn't,表示“不得”一,“定不要”。如:

I ______ finish my work today。You mustn't drive after drinking。

(1)must 与 have to 的区: must 表示人的主意愿; have to 表示客需要。如:

I must do my homework first。It is raining hard outside; I _____ stay at

home 。

(2)回答由 must 引的疑句的提①肯

定回答: Yes, ?must. 如:

— Must I go home now? — Yes, you must. ②否定回答:No,?needn't./No,?don't/doesn't have to.

— Must I go home now? — No, you __ ____.

(3)must 表示事物的推 ,意“想必;一定”,只用于肯定句中;表“推” ,情与原

形 ,(常 be )用 ,如: The man must be our teacher 。

4.need 的用法

(1)need表示“需要,必”,主要用于否定句和疑句中。其否定形式needn't, 表示“没有必要 ,不必”;由 need 构成的疑句行回答 ,其肯定回答用 must, 否定回答用needn't 。如

— Need we do some cleaning now?

— Yes, you must. — No, you needn't.

(2)need可作,常用于下列构:

①人: need to do sth“需要做某事”。如I need to learn more.

②物: need doing“某物需要被做”=need to be done。

如: My hair needs cutting. =My hair needs to be cut.

③ need + 名或代。如:All living things need water.

5.shall 和 should 的用法

shall 用于第一人称的句子中,表示提建或求;should 用于各种人称的句子中,或任 ,意“ ”。如: ______ we go out for a walk?

You should study hard at school。

should have done主要有两个用法:

用于推去已生的情况。如:He should have arrived by now.

用于指本生而上未生的情况。如:You should have told me so before.

6.will 和 would 的用法

will 用于第二人称疑句,表示征求意或提建;would will 的去式 ,可用于多种人称,表示意愿。如:Will you have a little soup?

would have done主要有两个用法:

表“猜去”

I guess the poet would have been about twenty when she wrote her first poem.

表“ 去本会生 ,而并未生”,没有之意。

I would have written before but I have been ill.本来我是会写信的,但是由于我生病了。

(用来明某一情况,没有之意)

7.have to

have to的述句形式

肯定式: have to +原形I have to tidy my room.我得整理房.

否定式: don't (doesn't) + have to +原形You don't have to go if you don't want to.

have to的一般疑句形式及略答

have to 的一般疑形式必借助助do 或 does :

Do you have to look after your sister? Yes,I do./ No,I don't.

have to的特殊疑句形式What do you have to do on Sundays?

have to可用于各种

A、一般在:I have to visit Mr Wang.

B、一般去:That night we had to walk home because there was no bus.

C、一般将来:We'll have to ask Zhang Ming instead.

D、与 may 用: I think he may have to help his Dad in the garden.

8.ought to

ought to 的肯定式当,

You don't look well. You ought to go to see the doctor.

ought to 的否定式和疑式

ought to 的否定形式是 ought 后直接加 not 构成 ,其否定形式可写 oughtn't 。 One ought not (oughtn't) to cross the street against the red light. ought to 的疑式是将 ought 提到句首构成。

— Ought we to do it at once?—Yes, you ought to.

He ought to be here now, shouldn't (oughtn't) he?

“ ought to + have + done 表示” 去做某事而未做

You ought to have told me that (but you didn't).ought to 和 should 可以互

使用。

三.

1.litter/rubbish/garbage/waste/trash

garbage 和 rubbish 含相同 ,garbage美国英,而rubbish英国英。两个具体,指必及清除的剩余物, 比如厨房里的垃圾,生活垃圾等等。litter 指公共所弃的小片/垃圾 ,如片、塑料袋、易拉罐、料瓶等。

waste 作名用可表“ 物”的称。

另: waste time in doing sth浪做某事

take out the trash倒垃圾

2.at the bottom of在...底部/at the top of在...部

He shouted at the top of his voice in order that he might be heard.

3.advantage-disadvantage

1). have/gain/get the (an) advantage over (of)于,比??占有。

如: You have the advantage over (of) me in experience.

你比我丰富。

有用gain, get等。如:

They gained an advantage over the enemy.他比人占。

2). take advantage of=make (full) use of

(1)利用 (机会、机等 )。They took advantage of the fine weather to play tennis.

(2)利用 (某人的境、弱点等 )。 He always took full advantage of the mistakes made by his rivals.

(3)欺 (某人 ),捉弄 (某人 ), 占 (某人的 )便宜。 He has always been taking advantage of me.

3). to sb ’ s advantage某人有利。

It will be to your advantage to study abroad.

4.四个花句型

人: spend/on sth. spend/in doing sth.spent

人: pay for sth.pay-paid-paid

物: sth. cost sb.cost-cost-cost

It takes sb.to do sth.take-took-taken

5.be harmful to=do harm to?有害

Smoking is harmful to the health.

=Smoking does harm to your health

6.参加辨析

join join in & take part in attend

7.afford to do sth 担得起干某事 [常与 can, could, be able to 用 ] He told

me that the firm could not afford to pay such large salaries.

他告我公司无法支付如此巨的工。

8.turn短

turn inYou must turn in your equipment before you leave the army. turn on 打开 could you turn on the light, please ? turn off 关掉(煤气 ,水 , ,收音机 , 机等) Don’t forget to turn off the light when you leave. turn up ①出 ,到达②开大音量? turn down ①关小②拒 (refuse) Can you turn the TV down?

I ’ m trying to get some sleep. He tried to join the army but was turned down

because of poor health. turn out (to be) +adj./n. 明是 ,果是 The experiment turned out to be a great success. turn/change into 把??成 ,成 Turn the following sentences into Chinese, please. turn to 翻到 ,求助于翻身 , 翻 She turned over and went to sleep.

9.throw away 扔掉 ,弃(机会、或好 )

He threw away the old sofa. Don't throw away this opportunity.

10.work

work n.工作;(音、)作品;工厂 v. 工作 He has much

work to do.(U)

The man gained his wealth by printing works of famous writers.

(做“作品” ,可数名 ,但常用复数)

The glass works is/are near the station.

玻璃厂在站附近。(做“工厂” ,只用复数形式,但复均可)

英中有些名 ,复数形式意有差。

manner 方式 ,方法 manners 礼貌 ,礼

arm 胳膊arms 武器

water 水waters 海水 ,水域

wood 木woods 森林

11.bring back ;使想起

These books must be brought back within a week .

Your article brought back sad memories for me.

bring up :养大 bring in :引 bring forward :提出 bring about :来 , 造成

12.inspiration n inspire v 激励

13.try to do =try/do one ’ s best to努do力去做某事。

try doing sth. 做某事

Every student should try to study hard in order to study in a university.

14.be related to 与?有关

I am not related to him in any way. 我和他无任何关系。

15. play a part in doing sth 在??方面起作用

A good diet plays a large part in helping people live longer.

16.turn/change ? into ?

(使 )成 Joan is turning into quite a skilled musician.

成 Please turn this into English.

17. make a difference (to ?表)示 ( ??) 生影响或作用 The new teacher always encourages little Tom. This has made a big difference to him.

18. no longer 意思是“不再”

有两个短和no longer 同 ,即 not ?any longer 和 not ?any more, 但他重的方面不同。

no longer和not?any longer重。

e.g. He no longer lives here.= He doesn’ t live here any longer.

他不在儿居住了。(一个以前他住在儿,了个 ,他就离开了。 )

not ? any more =no more重重程度和数量

You can drink no more. = You can ’ t drink any more.

你不能再喝了。 (喝酒的量到了一定程度,不能再下去了。 )

19.not only ? but also ?“不??而且??”;

其中的 also 有可以省略。

若接两个成分作主 ,其通常与靠近的主保持一致。

Not only you but also he has to leave. 不只是你 ,他也得离开。

not only 放在句首 , 后接句子要用倒装构。

Not only did my aunt teach at school, but (also) she wrote articles for newspapers.

20.The number of......的数量,用三

a number of...大量的,用原形

当表示数的高或低,number 要用 high 或 low 修。

当表达数量多 , 少 large/small

In that country, the number of children going to school is higher in cities than in towns and village. 在那个国家 ,城市儿童入学人数比及村要高。

常与 number 搭配的有grow, fall等。

The number of families that own cars has been growing quickly recently.

近来有的家庭数量增很快。

21.put sth. to good use好好利用

22.build/make ... out of用??建造/制造

He built a model ship out of wood.他用木造了个模型船。

23.The top of the house is an old boat turned upside down.

turned upside down 意“被翻来的;被倒来的”,做后置定修 boat 。

24.be made of和be made from

25. be known for因??而著名

be known as作??而著名

be known to于某人来是著名的26.bring sb/sth back to life使复活,? 以活力;

27. Rethink, Reuse, Recycle, Reduce!

re- 是最常用的前之一re- 表示以下三方面的意:

1)表示“回”或“向后”的意思。 return (回来) recall (回 ,召回) retract (回 ,取回)

2)表示“再”、“重新”、“重复”的意思。 rethink (再思考) reuse (再运用) restart

(重新开始)recycle (再利用)

3) 表示“相反”、“反”的意思。 rebel (反叛 ,反) reverse(反,倒)resist

(反抗 ,抵抗)

28. She is a most unusual woman.

un- 前 , 第一 ,表示否定意。第二,表示“反作”。即“相反的作”。

不舒服的unending 无尽的unfortunate不幸的unusual不平常的unkind 不仁慈的unbind 解开 ,放 uncover 揭开??的盖子unearth 由地下掘出unbutton 解开扣

29.-ive 是形容后一般表示有......的create-ive = creative

30.recent-ly = recently形容加ly 副

31.Amy is an inspiration (n.灵感) to us all.

后 -tion 附在后面构成名

1) 当最后是t, d, te, de,名加tion 或者 ation, ition ;

2)当最后是元音字母 ,名加 sion 等。

32. cut down砍倒,减少

The little boy cut down the young tree with an axe

The doctor told me to cut down smoking and drinking.

cut up切碎

cut off 切断 ,停止

33.especially尤其,特

be full of =be filled with充

noise/air/water/land pollution 噪音 ,空气 , 水,地染

throw...into... 扔

cause the problem 引起麻

write to sb.=write a letter to sb.=write sb. a letter 某人写信clean up 打干

used to do 去常常做某事

too much 太多 +U/too many 太多 +Cs/much too 太 ..

play a part in

cut down

instead of+doing 代替rather than

make a difference

around here=near here 在附近

lead to 入

idea for doing sth.

solve the problems 解决solution n.解决

take the+ 交通工具 =by+ 交通工具

help/work 起作用

remember to do/doing forget to do/doing

hear of /about 听

hear from sb.=get/receive a letter from sb. 收到某人来信be harmful to=do harm to

the food chain 食物

the whole +n=all the + n

be in danger=be endangered

fall by over 90 percent 下降 90%

increase by 是增加了多少 increase to 是增加至多少

in the last/past 20 years 在去的 20 年

begin with sth 以?开始

add up 累加add? to ?加?

stop to do/doing

take action采取行pull ? down 拆迁推到

set up=establish建立

the best way to do sth = the best way of doing做某事的最佳方法

34.

Write a letter to the city major about the problem and your suggestions.

In your letter, describe the environmental problems in your town/city.

①What are the problems? ② Where are they? ③ What or who is causing these problems?

Then, give suggestions or possible ways to solve the problems.

I think that?We should/ could I suggest??

Dear Sir/ Madam,

Now more and more people have realized these problems. I think that governments should close down the factories and develop laws to stop people from driving cars every day. I suggest everyone in this town should help to

clean up the river and the streets. We should call on everyone in the town to

throw rubbish in the dustbins.

35. land pollution土地染

36. fill the air with black smoke使空气中充了黑烟

37. use public transportation使用公共交通

38. recycle books and paper回收和

39. use paper napkins使用巾

【重点句子】

1. Even the bottom of the river was full of rubbish.即使河底都充垃圾。

2. Everyone in town should play a part in cleaning it up.城里的每个人都当尽一份力把它清理干。

3.The air is badly polluted because there are too many cars on the road

these days.

空气被重染因如今路上的汽太多了。

4.To cut down air pollution, we should take the bus or subway instead of

driving.

了减少空气染,我当乘坐公汽或地而不是开。

5. I used to be able to see stars in the sky.我去能在天空中看到星星。

儿的空气真的已被染了,我非常担心。

7.No scientific studies have shown that shark fins are good for health.

没有科学研究明人的健康有好。【元知

点】

1. cost vt.1. 花;价格;

例句:It must cost a good deal to live here.住在里一定要花很多的

拓展: take, spend ,cost ,pay的用法都可以表示“花”,但用法却不尽相同。

1) spend 的主必是人, 常用于以下构:

( 1 ) spend time/money on sth.在??上花(金)。例:I spent two hours on this maths problem.道数学花了我两个小。

( 2 ) spend time / money ( in) doing sth. 花(金)做某事。例: They spent two years (in ) building this bridge. 造座花了他两年。

( 3 ) spend money for sth. 花??例: His money was spent for books.

他的用来了。

2) cost 的主是物或某种活, 可以表示“ ” ,常用法如下:

( 1 ) sth. costs ( sb. )+金 ,某物花了(某人)多少。例:一台新要花一大笔。

( 2 )( doing ) sth. costs ( sb. )+ ,某物(做某事)花了(某人)多

少。例: Remembering these new words cost him a lot of time.他花了大量才住了些。

注意: cost 的去式及去分都是cost, 并且不能用于被句。

3) take 后面常跟双, 常用法有以下几种:

( 1 ) It takes sb.++to do sth.做某事花了某人多少。例:It took them three years to build this road.他用了三年修完了条路。

( 2 ) doing sth. takes sb.+,做某事花了某人多少。例:Repairing this car took him the whole afternoon.他花了一下午修。

4 ) pay 的基本用法是:

( 1 ) pay(sb.)money for sth.付(某人)??例:I have to pay them 20 pounds for this room each month.我每个月要付20 英磅的房租。

( 2 ) pay for sth.付??的。例:I have to pay for the book lost.我不得

不失的款。

( 3 ) pay for sb.替某人付。例:Don? 蒺 t worry!I'll pay for you.担心,

我会你付的。

( 4 ) pay sb.付某人。例:They pay us every month.他每月我

酬。

( 5 ) pay money back 。例: May I borrow 12 yuan from you? I'll pay it back

next week. 你能借我 12 ?下周你。

( 6 ) pay off one's money清。

2. This method is not only cruel, but also harmful to the environment.

种方法不残酷,而且境有害。

( 1 ) not only ? but also 意?“不??而且??”用于接两个表示并列关系的成分 ,着

重后者 ,其中的 also 有可以省略。

如: She not only plays well, but also writes music.她不很会演奏,而且

会作曲。

He not only writes his own plays, he also acts in them.他不是自本, 演其中的角色。

He works not only on weekdays but on Sundays as well.他不平工作, 星期日也工作。

( 2 )若接两个成分作主,其通常与靠近的主保持一致。

如: Not only you but also he has to leave.不只是你,他也得离开。

( 3 )若接两个句子,not only 后面的句子要用倒装,

如: Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily.他不仅说得更正确 ,而且讲得更不费劲了。

3. work n. (音乐 ,艺术)作品

work 的用法

作名词

1)不可数 ,意为:工作;劳动;作业;功课事,成果,产品;工艺品,针线活

如: It takes a lot of work to dig a deep well.挖一口深井很费事。

I have to bring my work home today.今天我得把工作带回家做。

2)作可数名词着作 ,作品

He is making a study of William Faulkner's works.他在研究威廉?福克纳的作品。

作不及物动词(vi.)

1)工作 ,劳动 ,干活 [( +at/on ) ] She works in a restaurant. 她在一家饭店工

作。

2)(机器等)运转 ,活动

The machine won't work.机器不转了。

3)(由于使用等)逐渐变动;慢慢地前进

4)起作用;行得通

Your suggestion works well.你的建议很有效。

作及物动词(vt. )

1)使工作 ,使干活

Don't work yourself to death.别拼命做了。

2)开动;操作

Please tell me how to work the machine.请告诉我如何操纵这机器。

3)通过努力取得;靠做工取得

4)使缓慢前进;使逐渐变动

Can you work the screw loose?你能使这个螺钉松开吗?

5)造成 ,引起;激起

This scientist worked miracles.这位科学家创造了奇迹。

6)安排 ,经营 ,管理

He worked the farm with great success.这个农场他经营得很成功。

8)影响;说服

I'll try to work him to my way of thinking.我要设法说服他同意我的想法。

9) 精工细做

10) 计算 , 算出

【语法归纳】

动词不定式做目的状语时的用法

To cut down air pollution, we should take the bus or subway instead of

driving.

为了减少空气污染 ,我们应当乘坐公汽或地铁而不是开车。

本句中 To cut down air pollution 是动词不定式作目的状语。

动词不定式做目的状语时的用法

一、不定式和不定式短语作目的状语

不定式和不定式短语作目的状语,主要用来修饰动词 , 表示某一动作或状态的目的。为了使目的意义更加清楚或表示强调意义时,还可以在前面加 in order to 或so as to 。例如:

I've written it down in order not to forget.

He shouted and waved so as to be noticed.

在句子中作谓语动词的状语的不定式或不定式短语,表示的是主语的目的,因此 , 其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语。比较:

To draw maps properly, you need a special pen. (正)

To draw maps properly, a special pen is needed. (误)

由 in order to 引导的目的状语 ,既可以置于句尾 ,也可以置于句首 ,而由 so as

to 引导的目的状语 ,只能置于句尾 ,而不能置于句首。比较:

They started early in order to get there in time. (正)

In order to get there in time, they started early. (正)

They started early so as to get there in time. (正)

So as to get there in time, they started early. (误)

二、不定式的复合结构作目的状语

当不定式或不定式短语有自己的执行者时, 要用不定式的复合结构(即在不定式或不定式短语之前加for +名词或宾格代词)作状语。例如:

She fetched several bottles which she placed on the counter for Harry to inspect.

三、目的状语从句与不定式的转换

英语中的目的状语从句, 还可以变为不定式或不定式短语作状语,从而使句子在结构上得以简化。可分为两种情况:

1.当目的状语从句中的主语与主句中的主语相同时 ,可以直接简化为不定式或不定式短语作状语。例如:

We'll start early in order that/so that we may arrive in time.

We'll start early in order to/so as to arrive in time.

2. 当目的状语从句中的主语与主句中的主语不相同时,要用动词不定式的复合结构作状语。例如:

I came early in order that you might read my report before the meeting.

I came early(in order)for you to read my report before the meeting.

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