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专业英语教案 光电信息工程专业用

专业英语教案 光电信息工程专业用
专业英语教案 光电信息工程专业用

专业英语教案光电信息工程专业用

专业英语教案

1 What is Optics(什么是光)

Mankind has always been fascinated with light, thinking of it in ancient times as an uncontrollable, mystical force of nature. Science unraveled some of its mysteries as the inventions of mirrors, spectacles, and later microscopes and telescopes revealed to mankind how light can

be tailored to help people in their daily lives and in exploration, physically through the world and intellectually through science.

, unraveled vt. 阐明, 解决

, reveal vt. 展现, 显示, 揭示, 暴露

, tailor n. 裁缝;vt. 剪裁, 缝制(衣服),, 适应, 适合

人类总被光迷住,在古代把它认为成是一种无法控制的、神秘的自然力量。科

学用一些发明来阐

明光的神秘,例如有镜子,眼镜和后来展示给人类的显微镜和望远镜,以此来

告诉我们光是如何被

调整而用于帮助人们的日常生活和科学研究,以及帮助我们认识世界和发展科

学(身体上通过世界

和智力通过科学)。

Optics is the study of light and vision in science and engineering. Light is generally defined as the sector of the electromagnetic spectrum between the infrared and ultraviolet sectors that can be seen with the unaided eye.

光学是在科学和工程方面对光和视觉的研究。光一般被定义介于红外和紫外之间、可被裸眼看到

的电磁波谱的一部分。

Optics plays an influential role in our lives:

光学在我们的生活中起着重要作用:

When you look into a mirror in the morning to comb your hair, when you see a rainbow after it rains, in medical devices that save lives, as you read this page, as you see, optics is at work.

当你在早晨面对一面镜子梳你的头发时,当你在雨后看到彩虹时,在那些挽救生命的医学设备里,

当你读这篇文章时,如你所见,是光在工作。

Through these lessons, we hope to give you at least a peek

, peek vi. 偷看;窥视;偷偷的一看, 一瞥

我们希望通过下面的这些课程,可以使你对光学有个大概的了解:

into geometrical optics;

, geometrical adj. 几何学的, 几何的

对几何光学

into physical optics;

对物理光学

into the dual nature of light and past and current theories on it;

光学在过去和现代理论中的二重性

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into lenses and mirrors;

对透镜和反射镜

into optical instruments;

对光学仪器

into experiments that led to breakthroughs in the study of optics; , breakthrough n. 突破;突破性的发现,成就

对在光学的研究过程中带来突破的实验;

into how optics affects our daily lives and how it will affect the future. 光学是如何影响我们现在的日常生活,以及将如何影响未来。

2

2 The Dual Nature of Light(光的二重性)

The nature of light has been a controversy debated throughout the course of history. Two models evolved: the wave model and the particle model. Each model has taken an important dominating place, but neither has been disproved completely. Therefore, the scientific community has combined the two theories to form the wave particle duality, where characteristics from both models are attributed to light (the “wavicle”). These two seemingly contradicting models have been reconciled by a new theory of physics, called quantum electrodynamics, which is a quantum theory of the electromagnetic interactions between photons, electrons and muons (an elementary particle having a mass around 200 times greater than an electron). This model is also known as quantum theory of light.

, controversy n. , , 争论辩论论战;

, debate v. 争论, 辩论

, dominating adj. 专横的, 主要的, 独裁的

, disprove vt. 反证;反驳;证明…为伪

, wavicle [物][量子]波粒二象性

, attribute vt. (与to连用)归因于

, contradict vt. , 同…矛盾同…抵触

, reconcile vt. 使和解, 使和谐, 使顺从;调解, 调停; 使相协调

, quantum electrodynamics n. [物]量子电动力学

, electromagnetic interaction 电磁相互作用

, muon n. μ介子

, elementary particle n. [核]基本粒子

光的本性在其整个历史过程中是一场辩论。它们发展成两种模式:波动模型和粒子模型。每一种

模型都有其重要的专用位置,但是没有任何一个可以被完全证明为误。因此,科学界将这两种理论

结合而形成波粒二象性,而来自于两种模型的特征可以归因于光(波粒二象性)。这两种看似矛盾的

模型被一种新的物理理论所统一,即量子电动力学,是一种光子,电子和μ介子(某一体积比单个

电子大大约200倍的基本粒子)之间的电磁相互作用的量子理论。这个模型也被称为光的量子理论。

The Wave Theory of Light:光的波动理论

The theory that light is transmitted via wave form was proposed by Christian Huygens in 1679. According to his theory:

光以波动形式传播的理论是克里斯蒂安?惠更斯在1679年提出的,根据他的理论:

(克里斯蒂安?惠更斯:(Christian Huygens 1629-1695)是与牛顿同一时代的科学家,是历史上最

著名的物理学家之一,他对力学的发展和光学的研究都有杰出的贡献,在数学和天文学方面也有卓

越的成就,是近代自然科学的一位重要开拓者。)

3

, Light must travel through a medium.

光必须通过某种介质进行传播。

, This medium is called Ether, which is an omnipresent, boundlessly resilient, massless medium

unable to be sensed that was formerly theorized as the medium that carried light.

这种介质称为以太,它是一种无所不在的,有无限弹性的,无质量的,不不能被感知的介

质,在从前它被理论化为能运载光的介质。

, Light is a form of energy - Light travels in waveform in short wavelengths.

光是一种能量形式——光在短波长方面以波形的形式传播。

, ether n. 天空醚, 大气, 苍天, [物]以太

, omnipresent adj. 无所不在的, 同时遍在的

, boundlessly adv. 无穷地, 无限地

, resilient adj. 弹回的, 有回弹力的

, massless adj. [物]无质量的

, theorize v. 建立理论, 理论化

, waveform n. 波形

The Particle Theory of Light:光的粒子理论

The theory that light is transmitted via corpuscular form was supported and advocated by Sir Isaac Newton. According to this theory: light is composed of particles (“corpuscular”) that travel in a straight line

at an extreme speed, they allow the eye experience vision when they are absorbed, and various colored

particles all have differing sizes.

, corpuscular adj. 微粒的,细胞的,小体的

, advocate vt. 拥护;提倡;主张

, according to v. 依照

光以粒子形式传播的这一理论被艾萨克?牛顿先生支持并且提倡。依照这一理论:光是由粒子构

成的,它们沿直线并以高速传播,当它们被吸收时,就使得眼睛体验视力,不同颜色的粒子都有着

不同的尺寸。

The Quantum Theory of Light:光的量子理论

The theory that combines both the wave and particle models was suggested by Max Planck. According to this theory: light is absorbed or released in bundles of energy called photons.

, suggest vt. 建议, 提出, 使想起, 暗示

结合波动模型和粒子模型的理论是由马克斯?普朗克提出的。依照这一理论:光被以含有能量束

的光子形式吸收或者释放。

4

Huygen's Principle:惠更斯原理

Christian Huygens, a Dutch scientist, supported the concept that

light is a wave motion that is transmitted through ether. Applying this theory, Huygens derived the laws of reflection and refraction.

, derive vt. 获得, 导出(from)

克里斯蒂安?惠更斯,一位荷兰科学家,他支持光是通过以太传播的波形运动

的概念。应用这一

理论,惠更斯推导出反射定律和折射定律。

Young's Double-Slit Experiment:杨氏双缝实验

Thomas Young (1773-1829), an English scientist, also credited for helping translate the Rosetta Stone, conducted an experiment in 1801, known as Young's double-slit experiment, that allowed him to show the wave nature of light and measure its wavelengths. The setup of this experiment is quite elegant--Light from a single source shines through two narrow, closely-placed slits for them to serve as two coherent light sources. (A coherent light source is one that makes light waves have a consistent phase relationship with each other--crest overlaps crest, trough overlaps trough) A screen is put behind these slits.

, credit n. 信任, 信用, 声望, 荣誉, [财务]贷方, 银行存款

vt. 相信, 信任, 把...归给

, conduct vt. 处理; 经营;引导;实施

, elegant adj. 优雅的, 风雅的, 雅致的, 文雅的, 有风度的;优美的, 精彩的, 讲究的

, crest 【物】波峰; 振幅; 峰值, 最大值

, trough 【物】波谷

托马斯?杨(1773-1829),一位英国科学家,也相信可以帮助翻译“罗塞塔碑”,在1801年进行了

一个实验,就是著名的“杨氏双缝实验”,这一实验使得他向人们展示了光的波动特性,并且可以测

量波长。这个实验的安装十分讲究——来自同一光源的光将两条狭窄、挨得很近的裂缝照亮,那么

它们就象两个相干光源(相干光源是指能够使得两束光相互有固定的位相关系,波峰与波峰重叠,

波谷与波谷重叠)。

(约5000年前,古埃及人发明了一种图形文字,称为象形文字。这种字写起来既慢又很难看懂,

3400年前,埃及人又演化一种写得较快并且较易使用的字体。国此大约在随着时光的流逝,最终连埃及人自己也忘记了如何释讳早期的那种象形文字了。若不是因为拿破

仑大军入侵埃及时,随军的法国古文字学家们的那次发现,极有可能至今考古学家们仍无法辩认这

种文字。

5

,,,,年,拿破仑率军远征埃及时,他手下的一名军官布夏尔带领士兵,在罗塞塔城附近修筑防御工事时,发现了一块黑色玄武岩断碑。碑上用两种文字三种字体

刻着同一篇碑文。最上面用的是古埃及的象形文字,中间是古埃及的草书体象形文字(亦称民书体文字),下面是希腊文字。这就

是后来被世人称之为“罗塞塔碑”的著名石碑。

原来,“罗塞塔碑”上的碑文是公元前,,,年埃及孟斐斯城的僧侣们,给当时的国王写的一封歌功颂德的感激信。这位国王就是第十五王朝法老托勒密。他登上国王宝座后不久,取消了僧侣们欠交的税款,并为神庙开辟了新的财源,对神庙采取了特殊的保护措施,给僧侣们带来了一系列好

处,所以很快赢得了僧侣们的敬仰。于是僧侣们写了这封感激信,并用三种字体写的两种文字刻在

这块黑色玄武岩碑石上。

小小的罗塞塔城,由于有了这块借以解开埃及象形文字之谜的碑石而举世闻名。不过,这块著名

的碑石早已不在该城,它被收藏在伦敦的大英博物馆里了。)

Now, if light consisted of particles, then the screen would reveal two bright lines when the light

illuminated through. Young, however, saw a center bright line and groups of symmetrical dark and bright

edges and explained these groups to be marks of constructive and destructive interference.

, constructive interference 相长干涉(当两列同相的波相遇,它们的波峰,波谷会叠加成一个

更大的波峰,波谷,这现象称为相长干涉。)

, destructive interference 相消干涉(当两列反相的波相遇,一列波的波峰会叠加在另一列波

的波谷上,使两个波互相抵消,这现象称为相消干涉。)

那么,若光由粒子组成,当光通过狭缝时,在屏幕上将显示两条明亮的线。不过,(托马斯?)杨

看见中心是亮线,然后两侧是对称的明暗边缘,并且解释这些条纹就标志着相长干涉和相消干涉。

So, since we've covered the basics, here is a diagram, which geometrically analyzes the experiment and

explains some equations:

因此,既然掌握了这些基本性质,这就是一张图解,可以从几何角度分析这些实验并且解释一些

方程式:

rrdsin,As the image indicates, the difference in the length of and is . 21

rrdsin,正如图像所显示的,和的长度差为。 21

Equations for Young's Double-Slit Experiment may be found here. 杨氏双缝实验的公式在这里就可以得到。

6

Fresnel and Transverse Waves:

Augustin Fresnel, in 1821 put forward results from experiments involving double refraction and polarized light suggested that light is a transverse wave, which is a wave where the vibrating part moves perpendicularly to the coming wave. Equations that he formulated, the Fresnel equations provide the amplitude of reflected and transmitted polarized light traveling at a plane interface.

, Transverse adj. 横向的, 横断的

, formulate vt. 用公式表示, 明确地表达, 作简洁陈述;v. 阐明

, amplitude n. 【物】振幅

, interface n. 分界面

奥古斯丁?菲涅耳,在1821根据双折射和偏振光方面的实验提出结论,认为光是一个横波,所谓

横波是指波的振动方向与传播方向垂直(原文:波的振动部分垂直地移向来波)。他推导出的方程式

称为菲涅耳方程式,当光遇到一个平面的分界面时,它可以给出反射光和透射偏振光的振幅。

Further Developments:

James Clerk Maxwell, a scientist studying electricity and magnetism, formulated the four Maxwell equations, which gave a predicted speed of an electromagnetic wave through ether, which actually ended up being the speed of light, c. So from this point on, light was considered to be a part of the electromagnetic spectrum.

, Predict v. 预知, 预言, 预报, 预测

, end up v. 竖着, 结束, 死

詹姆斯?克拉克?麦克斯韦,一位研究电学和磁学(电磁学)方面的科学家,总结出4个麦克斯韦

7

方程式,这一方程组可以给出电磁波在以太中的预测速度,这实际上是给出了光速c。因此自此以后,

光被认为是电磁波谱的一部分。

And later still, Einstein's theory of relatively helped throw out the idea of ether, which solved some

problems dealing with the transverse vibrations of waves in liquids and gases.

, throw out v. 伸出, 扔掉, 说出, 派出, 放出, 使出局, 使突出, 显示并且直至后来,爱因斯坦的相对论帮助(我们)丢弃以太的概念,这就可以解决在液体和气体中

横波遭遇的一些(无法解决的)问题。

8

3 Geometrical Optics(几何光学)

Let's face it. Optics is pretty complicated. Light travels in waves, and waves are not easy to analyze. That's why in this lesson we are going to try to explain as many phenomena of reflection and refraction as possible with only straight lines and angles instead of waves to represent light.

让我们面对它。光学相当错综复杂。光以波的形式传播,而波也不容易分析。那也就是为什么在

这门课中,我们将尽可能多地只用直线和角度而非波来描述反射和折射现象。

cBefore we begin, an important concept to note is the speed of light, or .

c在我们开始之前,需要要注意到的一个重要的概念,那就是光的速度,或者叫。

8cms,,3.0010

Now that you know the speed of light in meters per second, you will

be able to apply it to many calculations that you may come across in geometrical optics and beyond. The two major phenomena in geometrical optics are reflection and refraction, both of which we will not go into extreme detail in this lesson.

, come across v. 来到, 偶遇;不期而遇, 交付

, geometrical adj. 几何学的, 几何的

既然你知道光速达到每秒米级,你将能把它用于你可能在几何光学方面和其他

方面遇到的许多计

算问题。在几何光学中,两个主要的现象就是反射和折射,在这一课程里,我

们将不作详细的叙述。

Wave Fronts and Rays波前和光线

Waves, whether it is electromagnetic or other, are conveniently described in terms of wave fronts. A wave front is the line or surface defined by adjacent portions of a wave that are in phase. --If an arc is drawn along one of the crests of a circular water wave moving out

from a point source, all the particles on the line will be in phase.

, wave front 波前, 波阵面

, in phase 【物】同相的[地];同时协调的[地]

, draw vt. 拉, 拖, 拉[拖]长, 拉成(丝等);

描(图), 绘制, 画(线), 勾(轮廓)

波,不论它是电磁的还是其它的,通常用波前来描述。波前是指一个波邻近部分的线或面,它们

是同相的。如果一个光弧是沿着一个由点光源发出的圆形水波的振幅勾勒而成的,那么圆弧线上的

所有点将是同相位的。

The curvature of a short segment of a spherical or circular wave

front is small. The segment may be approximated as a linear wave front or a plane wave front, just as we assume the surface of the Earth to be locally flat.

球面波前或圆波前中的一小部分的曲率是小的。这一部分可以近似地认为是线性波前或平面波

9

前,正如我们假设地球表面的局部是平的一样。

In a uniform medium wave fronts propagate outward from the source at a wave speed characteristic of

8the medium. For example, the speed of light travels fastest in a vacuum: cms,,3.0010.

在同一介质中,波前以与光源发出的光同样的介质波速特性向外传播。例如,光的速度在真空中

8cms,,3.0010传播最快,为。

The geometrical description of a wave in terms of wave fronts tends to neglect the fact that the wave is actually sinusoidal. The concept of

a ray simplifies the wave description even further. A ray is a line drawn

perpendicular to a series of wave fronts and pointing in the

direction of propagation. A beam of light can be simplified and represented by a group of parallel rays or just a single ray.

, in terms of adv.根据, 按照, 用...的话, 在...方面

, sinusoidal adj. 正弦曲线, 窦状小管, 窦状隙

, simplify vt. 单一化, 简单化

, description n. 描写, 记述, 形容, 种类, 描述

, perpendicular adj. 直的, 正交的

, represent vt. 代表, 象征]

, parallel adj. 平行的, 相同的, 类似的, 并联的;n. 平行线, 平行面, 类似, 相似物

用波前的概念对光波进行几何描述,趋向于忽略波是正弦曲线这一事实。一条

光线的概念简化

为波的描述,甚至更进一步。一条光线是一条被描述成垂直于一系列波前,并

且沿着传播方向的直

线。一束光可以被简化并且描述为一组平行的射线或仅仅一条光线。

Reflection and Refraction反射和折射

We said that we are only going to talk about light in terms of

straight lines and rays in this lesson; we lied. For the most part, we are still going to talk about light in terms of straight lines and rays

in this lesson, but to explain the concept of reflection, we will need

to talk a little bit about the electromagnetic waves that compose light.

我们说在这门课中我们将只用直线和射线的方式谈论光;我们说谎了。在绝大

部分场合,我们

将继续以直线和射线的方式谈论光,但是为了解释反射的概念,我们将需要探讨一点儿光用电磁波

谱描述的情形。

The two most important methods of light propagation are reflection and refraction. Reflection involves the absorption and re-emission of light by means of complex electromagnetic vibrations in the atoms of the reflecting medium. Refraction refers to the change in direction of a wave at a boundary where the wave passes from one medium into another.

光的两种最重要传播方式是反射和折射。反射包含光的吸收和在反射介质的原子中光以电磁波

动的形式重新发射光的两种情形。折射是指当光从一种介质进入另外一种介质时,在其界面处波传

10

播方向发生变化的情形。

A light ray incident on a surface is described by an angle of incidence. This angle is measured relative to a line perpendicular, or normal, to the reflecting surface. Likewise, the reflected ray is described by an angle of reflection. This relationship between these angles is given by the law of reflection: ,,,ir

一条光线入射到一个表面上被描述成入射角。这一角度是指相对于反射表面垂直或正交的直线

所成的角度。同样地,反射光线被描述为反射角。这两个角度的关系可用反射

定律给出:。 ,,,ir

The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

入射角等于反射角。

Typically when a ray strikes a smooth surface separates two

different transparent mediums (i.e. air and water) part of the ray is reflected and part of the ray is refracted. or transmitted into the second medium. There are two forms of reflection: specular reflection, which entails the reflection at a definite angle from a very smooth surface, and scattered reflection, which entails the reflection at various different angles. Both forms of reflection may occur in either opaque or transparent materials. Refraction is the light propagation where the transmitted light passes through two transparent mediums and consequently changes its direction. An index of refraction or refractive index of an optical material, denoted by n, is the ratio of the speed of light, c, in vacuum to the speed v in the material.

, strike vt.到达

, entail vt. 需要;使承担

, definite adj. 明确的, 一定的

, opaque adj. 不透明的, 不传热的, 迟钝的

, transparent adj. 透明的, 显然的, 明晰的

, pass through v. 经过, 通过

, denote vt. 指示, 表示

通常,当光到达两种不同透明介质的光滑表面时,一部分光被反射,另一部分被折射,或者说传

播到第二种介质中。有两种反射形式:镜面反射,是指从一非常光滑表面以一定角度发生的反射;

漫反射,是指向多个不同角度发生的反射。两种方式的反射均可在不透明或透明的材料上。折射是

指当(传输的)光波通过两种透明介质时光的传播,而且改变了它的传播方向。光学材料的折射率

用n表示,是真空中光速c与材料中光速v的比值。

cn,(index of refraction) 折射率 v

The index of refraction of an optical material (also called the refractive index) denoted by n above,

plays a central role in geometric optics. It is the ratio of the speed of light c in vacuum to the speed v in the

material.

光学材料的折射率用上面的n表示,它在几何光学中占有很重要的地位。它也等于真空中光速c

与在介质中光速v的比值。

11

Wave speed v is inversely proportion to the index of refraction n. The greater the index of refraction in

material, the slower the wave speed in that material. Failure to remember this point can lead to hopeless confusion!

, inversely adv. 相反地, 倒转地

, proportion n. 比例, 均衡, 面积, 部分

, confusion n. 混乱, 混淆

光速v与折射率n成反比。材料的折射率越大,光速在其中的速度越慢。忘记这一点可能导致没

希望的混乱~

The Laws of Reflection and Refraction反射定律和折射定律

1. The incident, reflected and refracted rays and the normal to the surface all lie in the same plane.

入射,反射,折射和表面的正交线都在同一平面内。

2. The angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence for

all wavelengths and for any pair of materials.

对所有波长和任何一对材料来说,反射角等于入射角。

,3. The ratio of the sines of the angles, , and , where both angles are measured from the normal ba

to the surface, is equal to the inverse ratio of the two indexes of refraction:

sin,vaa, sinv,bb

,, and 正弦的比值等于两种折射率的反比,而两个角度都是从正交线向表面方向测量。 ba

OR 或

nnsinsin,,, (law of refraction) 折射定律 aabb

This experimental result, together with the observation that the incident and refrated rays and the normal all lie in the same plane, is

called the law of refraction or Snell's law, after the Dutch scientist Willebrord Snell.

这个实验结果,事件和refrated 射线和正常的全部谎话在相同飞机内的以及观察,被叫为折射

定律或者斯内尔的法律,在荷兰科学家Willebrord斯内尔之后。

Total Internal Reflection:

According to Snell's law, the larger the angle of incidence, the larger the angle of refraction, or the greater distance the refracted ray diverges from the norm.

, diverge v. 偏离;背离:

根据斯内尔的定律,入射角越大,折射角也越大,或者说折射线越偏离正交线。

12

There is a restraint to this divergence, however. With a particular angle of incidence called the critical angle, the resulting angle of refraction is 90 degrees. This angle carries the refracted light ray along the boundary between the two mediums involved in the refraction. If the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle, or in other words, if the angle of refraction is greater than 90 degrees, the light is internally reflected. This state is known as total internal reflection.

, restraint n. 抑制, 制止, 克制

, carry vt. 表达,包含,意味

, boundary n. 边界, 分界线

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专业英语教案光电信息工程专业用

专业英语教案

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电容capacitance 磁场magnetic field 电源power supplu 变压器transformer 电机electric motor 线圈coil 电感inductance 导线conducting wire 绕组wingding 漏电阻leakage resistance 电子系统electronic system 结构图block diagram 功能模块functional block 放大器amplifier 滤波器filter 整形电路wave-shaping circuit 振荡器oscillator 增益gain 输入阻抗input impedance 带宽bandwidth 晶体管transistor 集成电路integrated circuit 电力电子power electronics 数字信号处理digital signal-processing 输出装置output device 模拟信号analog signal 数字信号digital signal 传感器transducer 采样值sample value 模数转换器analog-to-digital converter 频谱frequency content 采样频率sampling rate or frequendy 扰动disturbance 分立电路discrete circuit 数字化信号digitized signal 运算放大器operational amplifier 有源电路active circuit 电子部件electronic unit 封装package 管脚pin 同相端noninverting terminal 反相输入inverting input

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transistor n 晶体管 diode n 二极管semiconductor n 半导体 resistor n 电阻器 capacitor n 电容器 alternating adj 交互的 amplifier n 扩音器,放大器integrated circuit 集成电路 linear time invariant systems 线性时不变系统voltage n 电压,伏特数 tolerance n 公差;宽容;容忍condenser n 电容器;冷凝器dielectric n 绝缘体;电解质electromagnetic adj 电磁的 adj 非传导性的 deflection n偏斜;偏转;偏差 linear device 线性器件 the insulation resistance 绝缘电阻 anode n 阳极,正极 cathode n 阴极 breakdown n 故障;崩溃 terminal n 终点站;终端,接线端emitter n 发射器 collect v 收集,集聚,集中insulator n 绝缘体,绝热器oscilloscope n 示波镜;示波器 gain n 增益,放大倍数 forward biased 正向偏置 reverse biased 反向偏置 P-N junction PN结 MOS(metal-oxide semiconductor)金属氧化物半导体 enhancement and exhausted 增强型和耗尽型 integrated circuits 集成电路 analog n 模拟 digital adj 数字的,数位的horizontal adj, 水平的,地平线的vertical adj 垂直的,顶点的amplitude n 振幅,广阔,丰富attenuation n衰减;变薄;稀薄化multimeter n 万用表 frequency n 频率,周率 the cathode-ray tube 阴极射线管 dual-trace oscilloscope 双踪示波器 signal generating device 信号发生器 peak-to-peak output voltage 输出电压峰峰值sine wave 正弦波 triangle wave 三角波 square wave 方波 amplifier 放大器,扩音器 oscillator n 振荡器 feedback n 反馈,回应 phase n 相,阶段,状态 filter n 滤波器,过滤器 rectifier n整流器;纠正者 band-stop filter 带阻滤波器 band-pass filter 带通滤波器 decimal adj 十进制的,小数的hexadecimal adj/n十六进制的 binary adj 二进制的;二元的octal adj 八进制的 domain n 域;领域 code n代码,密码,编码v编码 the Fourier transform 傅里叶变换 Fast Fourier Transform 快速傅里叶变换microcontroller n 微处理器;微控制器assembly language instrucions n 汇编语言指令 chip n 芯片,碎片 modular adj 模块化的;模数的 sensor n 传感器 plug vt堵,塞,插上n塞子,插头,插销coaxial adj 同轴的,共轴的 fiber n 光纤relay contact 继电接触器 single instruction programmer 单指令编程器 dedicated manufactures programming unit 专 供制造厂用的编程单元 beam n (光线的)束,柱,梁 polarize v(使)偏振,(使)极化 Cathode Ray Tube(CRT)阴极射线管 neuron n神经元;神经细胞 fuzzy adj 模糊的 Artificial Intelligence Shell 人工智能外壳程序 Expert Systems 专家系统 Artificial Intelligence 人工智能 Perceptive Systems 感知系统 neural network 神经网络 fuzzy logic 模糊逻辑 intelligent agent 智能代理 electromagnetic adj 电磁的 coaxial adj 同轴的,共轴的 microwave n 微波 charge v充电,使充电 insulator n 绝缘体,绝缘物 nonconductive adj非导体的,绝缘的 antenna n天线;触角 modeling n建模,造型 simulation n 仿真;模拟 prototype n 原型 array n 排队,编队 vector n 向量,矢量 wavelet n 微波,小浪 sine 正弦cosine 余弦 inverse adj倒转的,反转的n反面;相反v 倒转 high-performance 高精确性,高性能 two-dimensional 二维的;缺乏深度的 three-dimensional 三维的;立体的;真实的 object-oriented programming面向对象的程序 设计 spectral adj 光谱的 attenuation n衰减;变薄;稀释 distortion n 失真,扭曲,变形 wavelength n 波长 refractive adj 折射的 ATM 异步传输模式Asynchronous Transfer Mode ADSL非对称用户数字线Asymmetric digital subscriber line VDSL甚高速数字用户线very high data rate digital subscriber line HDSL高速数据用户线high rate digital subscriber line FDMA频分多址(Frequency Division Multiple Access) TDMA时分多址(Time Division Multiple Access) CDMA同步码分多址方式(Code Division Multiple Access) WCDMA宽带码分多址移动通信系统(Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) TD-SCDMA(Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access)时分同步码分多址 SDLC(synchronous data link control)同步数据 链路控制 HDLC(high-level data link control)高级数据链路 控制 IP/TCP(internet protocol /transfer Control Protocol)网络传输控制协议 ITU (International Telecommunication Union) 国际电信联盟 ISO国际标准化组织(International Standardization Organization); 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机械工程专业英语

Lesson1 1、the branch of scientific analysis, which deals with motions, time, and forces, is called mechanics and is made up of two parts, statics and dynamics. Statics deals with the analysis of stationary systems, i.e., those in which time is not a factor, and dynamics deals with systems, which change with time. 对运动时间和作用力作出科学分析的分支成为力学。他由静力学和动力学两部分组成。静力学对静止系统进行分析,即在其中不考虑时间这个引述,动力学对事件而变化的系统进行分析。 2、Any two such forces acting on a body constitute a couple. The arm of the couple is the perpendicular distance between their lines of action, and the plane of the couple is the plane containing the two lines of action. 作用在一个刚体上的两个这样的的里构成一个力偶。力偶臂是这两个条作用线之间的垂直距离,力偶面是包含着两条作用线的平面。 3、Mechanics deal with two kinds of quantities: scalars and vectors. Scalar quantities are those with which a magnitude alone is associated. Examples of scalar quantities in mechanics are time, volume, density, speed, energy, and mass. Vector quantities, on the other hand, possess direction as well as magnitude. Examples of vectors are displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, moment, and momentum. 力学涉及两种类型的量,标量和矢量。标量是那些只有大小的量。在力学中标量的例子有时间、体积、密度、速率、、能量和质量。另一方面,矢量既有大小又有大小又有方向。矢量的例子有位移、速度、加速度、力、力矩、动量。 Lesson2(此课后面没翻译,翻译的不太准确谅解) 1 、The turning of a part in a lathe is another example of several forces in action.(as shown in figure1) 车床车削是一些力在起作用的另一个例子。figure1(如图)。 2 、If this workpiece is held between the centers of the lathe, the centers exert a compressive force against the work. 如果这个工件在放在车床中心之间,中心车床对工作产生压力。 3、 Rotary motion is required to drill holes, turn parts in a lathe, mill surfaces, or drive a generator or fan belt. 扶轮运动需要去钻孔,在车床上转换两件,表面,或驱动发电机或风扇皮带 4 、Harmonic and Intermittent Motion(谐和运动和间歇运动): Any simple vibration, such as the regular back, and forth movement of the end of a pendulum, is simple harmonic motion. Lesson4 1 、Virtually all machines contain shafts. The most common shape for shafts is circular and the cross section can be either solid or hollow. 实际上,几乎所有的机器中都装有轴。轴的最常见的形状是圆形,其截面可以是实心的,也可以是空心的(空心轴可以减轻重量)。有时也采用矩形轴,例如,螺丝起子的头部.套筒扳手和控制旋钮的杆。 2、 A shaft must have adequate torisonal strength to transmit torque and not be over stressed it must also be torsional stiff enough so that one mounted component does not deviate excessively from its original angular position relative to a second component mounted on the same shaft. 为了在传递扭矩时不发生过载,轴应该有适当的抗扭强度。轴还应该具有足够的抗扭强度,以使在同一轴上的两个传动零件之间的相对转角不会过大。 3 、Components such as gears and pulleys are mounted on shafts by means of key. The design of the key and the corresponding keyway in the shaft must be properly evaluated. For example, stress concentrations occur in shafts due to keyways, and the material removed to from the keyway further weakens the shaft. 齿轮和皮带轮等零件通过键连接在轴上。在键及轴上与之相对应的键槽的设计中,必须进行认真的计算。例如,轴上的键槽会引起应力集中,由于键槽的存在会使轴的横截面积减小,会进一步减弱轴的强度。 4、Another important aspect of shaft design is the method of directly connecting one shaft to another. Devices such as rigid and flexible couplings accomplish this. 轴的设计工作中的另一个重要方面是一根轴与另一根轴之间的直接连接方法。这是由刚性或者弹性联轴器来实现的。 Lesson5 1、The term shaft usually refers to a relatively long member of round cross section that rotates and

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