1.monochronic time (M Time) ：It schedules one event at a time. In these cultures time is
perceived as a linear structure just like a ribbon stretching from the past into the future.
2.polychronic time (P Time) ：schedules several activities at the same time. In these
culture people emphasize the involvement of people more than schedules. They do not see appointments as ironclad commitments and often break them.
3.intercultural communication ：is a face-to-face communication between people
from different cultural backgrounds
4.host culture is the mainstream culture of anyone particular country.
5.minority culture is the cultural groups that are smaller in numerical terms in relation
to the host culture.
6.subculture is a smaller, possibly nonconformist, subgroup within the host culture.
7.multiculturalism is the official recognition of a country’s cultural and ethnic diversity.
8.cross-cultural communication is a face-to-face communication between reprentatives
of business,government and professional groups from different cultures.
9.high-context culture ：a culture in which meaning is not necessarily contained in
words. Information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence. 10.low-context culture ：a culture in which the majority of the information is vested in
the explicit code.
11.perception: in its simplest sense,perception is ,as Marshall singer tells us,”the process
by which an individual selects, evaluates,and organizes stimuli from the external world”In other words, perception is an internal process whereby we convert the physical energies of the world into meaningful internal experiences.
Non-verbal communication
It refers to communication through a whole variety of different types f signal come into play, including the way we more, the gestures we employ, the posture we adopt, the facial expression we wear, the direction of our gaze, to the extent to which we touch and the distance we stand from each other.
. Individualism
Individualism refers to the doctrine that the interests of the individual are or ought to be paramount, and that all values, right, and duties originate in individuals. It emphasizes individual initiative, independence，individual expression, and even privacy.
13. Paralanguage
The set of nonphonemic properties of speech, such as speaking tempo, vocal pitch, and intonational contours, that can be used to communicate attitudes or other shades of meaning.
12.人际交际interpersonal communication: a small number of individuals who are interacting
exclusively with one another and who therefore have the ability to adapt their messages specifically for those others and to obtain immediate interpretaions from them.指少数人之间的交往他们既能根据对方调整自己的信息，又能立即从对方那里获得解释。
13.内文化交际intracultural communication is defined as communication between and among
members of the same culture .指同一文化内某成员之间的交际，总的来说，同一种族，政治倾向宗教，或者具有同样兴趣的人们之间的交际。
跨民族交际interthnic communication：refers to communication between people of the same race ,but different ethnic backgrounds . 指同一种族，不同民族背景的人们之间的交际。
14.跨种族交际interracial communication:occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging
messages are from different races that pertain to different physical characteristics.指信息源和信息来自不同的种族，种族具有不同的身体特征。
跨地区交际interregional communication:refers to the exchange of messages between members of the dominant culture within a country.指一个国家内主流文化成员之间的信息交换过程
Context场景
The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication.
All communication has seven components: the source, encoding, the message, the channel, the receiver, decoding, feedback.
The Inferential Model of communication four presumptions:linguistic presumption, communicative presumption, presumption of literalness, conversational presumptions.
Conversational presumptions five aspects：
1relevance：the speaker’s remarks are relevant to the conversation
2sincerity: the speaker is being sincere
3truthfulness: the speaker is attempting to say sth true
4quantity: the speaker contributes the appropriate amount of information
5quality:the speaker has adequate evidence for what she or he says.
The Message Model cannot account for:
1disambiguation 2 underdetermination of reference3 underdetermination of communicative intent
4nonliterality 5indirection 6 non communicative acts.
Six characteristics of culture directly affect communication:
1learned
2 transmitted from generation to g
3 based on symbols
4 subject to change
5 integrated 6Ethnocentric
The primary characteristics of communication include:
1 no direct mind-to-mind contact
2 we can only infer
3 communication is symbolic
4 time-binding links us together
5 we seek to define the world
6 communication has consequence
7 communication is dynamic
8 communication is contextual
9 communication is self reflective
Functions of nonverbal communication
Nonverbal communication has its own unique functions in interpersonal communication. We will sum up some of the important ways of nonverbal communication in regulating human interaction.
\ Repeating Complementing \ Substituting Regulating\
Six important communication functions:
1 indicate degrees of attentiveness, interest, and arousal
2 influence attitude change and persuasion
3 regulate interaction
4 communication emotions
5 define power and status relationships
6 and assume a central role in impression management
culture ：what the behavior and customs mean to the people who are following them
An shared artifact（the material and spiritual products people produce）
shared Behavior（what they do）
shared Concepts（beliefs, values, world views……what they think
Culture means:
(a) The arts, customs, and habits that characterize a particular society or nation.
(b).The beliefs, values, behavior and material objects that constitute a people's way of life.
5. What are the tour characteristics of culture? Dynamic/ shared/ learned/ ethnocentric
Culture is shared. All communications take place by means of symbols.
Culture is learned. Culture is learned, not inherited. It derives from one’s social environment, not from one’s genes. Enculturation(文化习得): All the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation .
Culture is dynamic. (P6)Culture is subject to change. It’s dynamic rather than static, constantly changing and evolving under the impact of events and through contact with other cultures. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.
Culture is ethnographic(文化中心主义). Ethnographic is the belief that your own cultural background is superior. Ethnocentrism: the belief that your own culture background is superior.
6. What are the six characteristics of communication?
Dynamic/ irreversible/ symbolic/ systematic/ transactional/ contextual
Communication is dynamic.
Communication is ongoing, ever-changing activity. A word or action does not stay frozen when you communicate; it is immediately replaced with yet another word or action.
Communication is irreversible.
Once we have said something and someone else has received and decoded the message, the original sender cannot take it back.
Communication is symbolic.
Symbols are central to the communication process because they represent the shared meanings that are communicated. Symbols are vehicle by which the thoughts and ideas of one person can be communicated to another person.
Communication is systematic
Communication does not occur in isolation or in a vacuum, but rather is part of a large system. It takes place in a physical and a social context; both establish the rules that govern the interaction. Communication is transactional. (P8)
A transactional view holds that communicators are simultaneously sending and receiving messages at every instant that they are involved in conversation.
Communication is contextual. (P8)
All communication takes place within a setting or situation called a context. By context, we mean the place where people meet, the social purpose for being together, and the nature of the relationship. Thus the context includes the physical, social, and interpersonal settings.
Studying Intercultural Communication Three main obstacles:
?Culture lacks a distinct crystalline structure; it is often riddled with contradictions and paradoxes.
小孩的心 有一位单身女子刚搬了家，她发现隔壁住了一户穷人家，一个寡妇与两个小孩子。有天晚上，那一带忽然停了电，那位女子只好自己点起了蜡烛。没一会儿，忽然听到有人敲门。 原来是隔壁邻居的小孩子，只见他紧张地问：“阿姨，请问你家有蜡烛吗？”女子心想：“他们家竟穷到连蜡烛都没有吗？千万别借他们，免得被他们依赖了！”于是，对孩子吼了一声说：“没有！” 正当她准备关上门时，那穷小孩展开关爱的笑容说：“我就知道你家一定没有！”说完，竟从怀里拿出两根蜡烛，说：“妈妈和我怕你一个人住又没有蜡烛，所以我带两根来送你。”此刻女子自责、感动得热泪盈眶，将那小孩子紧紧地抱在怀里。 纯真的心 有一个小镇很久没有下雨了，令当地农作物损失惨重，于是牧师把大家集合起来，准备在教堂里开一个祈求降雨的祷告会。人群中有一个小女孩，因个子太小，几乎没有人看得到她，但她也来参加祈雨祷告会。 就在这时候，牧师注意到小女孩所带来的东西，激动地在台上指着她：“那位小妹妹很让我感动！”于是大家顺着他手指的方向看了过去。牧师接着说：“我们今天来祷告祈求上帝降雨，可是整个会堂中，只有她一个人今天带着雨伞！” 大家仔细一看，果然，她的座位旁挂了一把红色的小雨伞；这时大家沉静了一下，紧接而来的，是一阵掌声与泪水交织的美景。有时我们不得不说：小孩子其实一点都不小，他们其实很“大”！他们的爱心很大！他们的信心很大！ 我们只不方便三小时 那天跟老公幸运地订到了票回婆家，上车后却发现有位女士坐在我们的位子上，老公示意我先坐在她旁边的位子，却没有请这位女士让位。我仔细一看，发现她右脚有一点不方便，才了解老公为何不请她让出位子。 他就这样从嘉义一直站到台北，从头到尾都没向这位女士表示这个位子是他的，下了车之后，心疼老公的我跟他说：“让位是善行，但从嘉义到台北这么久，大可中途请她把位子还给你，换你坐一下。” 老公却说：“人家不方便一辈子，我们就不方便这三小时而已。”听到老公这么说，我相当感动，有这么一位善良又为善不欲人知的好老公，让我觉得世界都变得温柔许多。 心念一转，世界可能从此不同，人生中，每一件事情，都有转向的能力，就看我们怎么想，怎么转。我们不会在三分钟内成功，但也许只要花一分钟，生命从此不同。
适合三年级小学生读的经典寓言故事 (*) 药商竞富： 有三个从外地来的商人都在同一个集市上卖药材。第一位药材商专门从产地购进货真质优的上等药材，根据进价定售价，差价不大，从不谋取暴利。按理说，这种诚实商人应该先富起来，可他的生意萧条，铺面冷清，只有少数知根底的人来买他的药，只能勉强维持生计。 第二位药材商对质优质劣的药材都收购进来，售价随顾客的意愿而定，出价高就给优等品，出价低就给劣等货。因为选择余地较大，利润有大有小，所以生意总的说来还比较好，综合效益还比较可观。于是，两年以后，这位药商成了一名殷实的小财主。 第三位药材商则专门去大量收购价廉质劣的药材，然后略作加工，再换上精美的包装，俨然是一种精品的派头，可售价并不比另两家高多少，有时顾客还价或者添加一点的要求往往也能得到满足。因为“一个便宜三个爱”，外观也挺有档次，经营也灵活，所以许多人都争先恐后地来买药，生意总是特别兴隆，从不愁销路。不到两年，这位商人大发起来，成了远近闻名的一个大富翁。 这个故事说明不同的经营之道有不同的结果。第一位药商可贵，第二位药商可叹，第三位药商则可耻。不仅在市场，而且在其他方面都应当一要诚
实、二要灵活、三要不断改进。 (*) 黎丘老丈： 魏国都城大梁以北的黎丘乡，经常有爱装扮成乡人子侄兄弟的鬼怪出没。有一天，家住黎丘农村的一位老人在集市上喝了酒，醉醺醺地往家走，在半路上碰到了装做自己儿子模样的黎丘鬼怪。那鬼怪一边假惺惺地搀扶老人，一边左推右晃，让老人一路上受够了罪。老人回到家里以后，不脱鞋、合着衣，倒在床上就睡着了。 第二天，老人酒醒之后，想起自己醉酒回家时在路上吃的苦头，把儿子狠狠训斥了一顿。他气愤地对儿子说：“我是你的父亲，你有孝敬我的义务。可是昨天你在路上让我吃尽了苦头。我问你，这究竟是因为我平日对你不够慈爱，还是因为你生了别的什么坏心？” 老人的儿子一听这话，像是在晴天里听见一声霹雳。这到底是哪来的事呢？老人的儿子感到十分委屈。他伤心地落着泪、磕着头，对父亲叹息地说：“这真是作孽呵！我哪能对您做这种不仁不义的事呢？昨天您出门不久，我就到东乡找人收债去了。您从集市走回家的那一阵子，我还在东乡办事。您如果不相信，可以到东乡去问一问。” 老人知道自己的儿子素来诚实、孝顺，因此相信了他的话。可是那个长得很像自己儿子的人到底是谁呢？老人想着想着，一转念记起了黎丘鬼怪。他恍然大悟地说：“对了，一定是人们常说的那个鬼怪作的孽！”说到这
考试需知：考试前每一列学生把课本放在第一排。考试时间为2．5个小时，试卷1为闭卷考试，前面40分钟用于完成试卷1。待老师收上试卷1后，发下课本，学生做试卷2，试卷2 为开卷考试。可携带纸质词典进考场，不许携带电子词典及手机进考场。 Test Paper 1 Ⅰ. Filling the blanks: 1.Generally speaking, in terms of contextuality, the communication in the West is low-contextual while that in the East is high-contextual 2.Generally speaking, in terms of world views, the West adopts Dualistic view, while the East adopt s holistic view 3.Generally speaking, in terms of thought patterns, the West follows Analytic and abstract thinking, while the East follows synthetic and concrete thinking 4.Generally speaking, in terms of discourse patterns, the West uses Deductive pattern, while the East uses inductive pattern 5In the Axial Age, the great thinkers in China are Confucius,
改变人生的两则哲理故事 改变人生的两则哲理故事 一幅画让奥巴马当上总统 美国总统奥巴马，是美国历史上第一位黑人总统。他在《无畏的希望》一书中，曾深情地回忆了一幅画改变他命运的事。这幅深深打动他的画。就是19世纪英国艺术大师乔治-弗雷德里克·瓦兹创作的《希望》。画中，一位年轻女子坐在象征世界的地球上面，身体向前倾斜；低垂着头，眼睛被蒙上绷带，手里弹拨着仅剩下一根弦的古希腊七弦琴，并俯首倾听这根弦发出的微弱乐曲声。画家的意图是表现人类直到最后也不能丧失希望的主题。这幅画使奥巴马看后大受启发，他深情地回忆自己读画后的感受说：“虽然这名女子身有疼伤和血迹，穿着破烂不堪，竖琴也只剩下一根弦，但仍有希望；虽然世界被战争撕裂；虽然世界被仇恨摧残；虽然世界被猜疑蹂躏；虽然世界被疾病惩罚；虽然这个世界上充满了饥饿和贪婪；虽然她的竖琴被毁得只剩下一根琴弦，但这名女子仍有无畏的希望，在她那仅存的一根琴弦上，去弹奏音乐，去赞美世界。”奥巴马把这次看画的机遇当做他人生的转折点。就是在看了这幅画以后，他立志去竞选美国总统，以施展抱负，改变美国，改变自己的人生。经过了一番艰苦努力，他终于如愿以偿地当上了美国第44任总统。
一把椅子让菲利成为亿万富翁 一天午后，美国费城上空阴云密布，不一会儿就下起了倾盆大雨。这时，行人纷纷跑进附近的商店，一位浑身淋湿的老妇人也步履蹒跚地躲进费城的一家百货商店避雨。看着她那狼狈的模样和简朴的衣着，许多售货员都不理不睬，只有一位叫菲利的年轻售货员关心地问她说：“夫人，我能为您做点儿什么吗？”老妇人听了感激地一笑：“不用了，我在这儿躲会儿雨，过一会儿就离开。”随即老妇人便感到有些不安，心想不买东西光在人家屋子里避雨，这似乎有点儿不近情理。于是她便琢磨着该买点儿什么东西，以给在这里避雨找个正当理由。 正在她为难之时，那个年轻人又走过来说：“夫人，您不必为难，我给您搬了一把椅子。放在门口，您坐着休息好了。”这让老妇人更受感动。两个多小时后，雨过天晴。她向年轻人道了谢，又向他索要了一张名片，便匆匆离去。 几个月后，费城百货公司的总经理詹姆斯先生意外地收到一封来信，写信人要求将菲利派往苏格兰收取装潢一整座城堡的订单，并让他负责自己家族所属的几家大公司下一季度办公用品的采购任务。詹姆斯仔细一算，大为震惊，只这一封信带来的利益，就相当于
跨文化交际(胡超版)期末试题
Test Paper Ⅰ. Filling the blanks: 1.G enerally speaking, in terms of contextuality, the communication in the West is low-contextual while that in the East is high-contextual 2.G enerally speaking, in terms of world views, the We st adopts Dualistic view, while the East adopts holistic view 3.G enerally speaking, in terms of thought patterns, the West follows Analytic and abstract thinking, while the East follows synthetic and concrete thinking 4.Generally speaking, in terms of discourse patterns, the West uses Deductive pattern, while the East uses inductive pattern 5In the Axial Age, the great thinkers in China are Confucius, Lao Tze, Mo Tze, and the great thinker in India is Siddhartha Gautama, the great figure in Palestine are Hebrew prophets, and the great thinkers in the West are Plato, Homer and Archimedes Ⅱ. Choose the best answer: 1.Non-verbal messages are classified into two comprehensive categories: those that are primarily produced by the body, such as_________,________,_______; and those that the individual combines with the setting, such as _______, _______, _______.D A.physical contact, eye contact, paralanguage; space, time, man B.facial expression, touch, taste; space, time, silence C.appearance, movement, gesture; surrounding, occasion, man D.movement, smell, paralanguage; space, time, silence 2.In Chinese writing, there are usually more adjectives, proverbs and allusions than in English writing. Some Western scholars name this style “flowery”, stating that its aim is to give a more fanciful impression than information, and the information is usually of beauty, fragrance, happiness, and any other “goodness”aspects so as to attract people. We may term this style as_______-oriented. Western writing is more direct with objective inform ation. To them, much-repeated words may mean less after a while. We may term the Western writing as ________-oriented.C A. adjective, objective B. Chinese, Western C. impression, information C. indirect, direct 3. As to the human nature orientation, the traditional Western belief holds that _______, while the Asian people believe that_______.B A. basically good; basically bad B. evil but perfectible, basically good C. the mixture of good and evil; the mixture of good and evil; D. unknown 4. As to the Man-Nature orientation, the traditional Western belief holds that _______, while the Asian people believe that_______.D A. subjugation to nature; harmony with nature B. harmony with nature; mastery over nature
跨文化交际-unit1-6-课后translation中英对照
Unit 1 Page 22 The growth of intercultural communication as a field of study is based on a view of hi story that clearly demonstrates people and cultures have been troubled by a persistent i nability to understand and get along with groups and societies removed by space, ideol ogy, appearance, and behavior from their own. What is intriguing about many of huma n civilization's failure is that they appear to be personal as well as global. The story of h umankind is punctuated with instances of face-to-face conflicts as well as international misunderstanding--major and minor quarrels that range from simple name-calling to i solationism or even armed conflict. It is obvious that increased contact with other cultures and subcultures makes it impe rative for us to make a concerted effort to get along with and to try to understand peop le whose beliefs and backgrounds may be vastly different from our own. The ability, thr ough increased awareness and understanding, to peacefully coexist with people who do not necessarily share our lifestyles or values could benefit us not only in our own neigh borhoods but could be the decisive factor in maintaining world peace. 纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰 和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是，人类文明在 发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充 满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。 很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去 理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解，我 们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的 安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 Unit 2 Page 60 Culture is sometimes referred to as our mental programming，our “software of the mind. ” But we can take that computer analogy further and say that culture is the operating environment that enables software programs to run. Culture is like DOS or Unix or Windows：it is what enables us to process information in various specific application. The metaphor of windows seems to be very appealing to describe culture: culture is a mental set of windows through which all of life is viewed. It various from individual to individual within a society, but it shares important characteristics with menbers of a society. Culture is like the water fish swim in┄a reality that is taken for granted and rarely examined. it is in the air we breath and is as necessary to our understanding of who we are as air is to our physical life. Culture is the property of a community of people, not simply a characteristic of individuals. Societies are programmed by culture, and that programming comes from similar life experiences and similar interpretations of what those experiences mean. If culture is mental programming, it is also a mental map of reality. It tells us from early childhood what matters, what to prefer, what to avoid, and what to do. Culture
看懂下面三个寓言故事的，都不是一般人 能看懂下面三个寓言故事的，都不是一般人。 1、兔子和青蛙 森林里有一群兔子，它们特别胆小，害怕很多的动物， 兔子们很懊悔自己这么胆小，于是决定去悬崖边上纵身跳下，了结此生， 但他们快走到悬崖边上时，湖边的青蛙看到有一大群兔子赶来， 吓得纷纷跳进了水里，顿时水花四起，扑通扑通的， 兔子在悬崖上远远看见青蛙跳，突然醒悟说： 我们为什么要自杀呢，你看，那些青蛙比我们还要胆小，看到我们来了都吓跑了，于是他们，便决定要勇敢的活下来。 其实人也是如此，有时候觉得自己非常不如意，觉得很自卑，
但举目四望，发现还有比自己，活得更艰难的人，还有比自己更差的人，顿时有了一点点自信。 我们常常把别人的快乐当成了自己的痛苦，又常常把别人的不如当成了自己的优越。 其实有点这样子的阿Q精神也蛮好的，没心没肺，活着不累。 2、吃杂草的驴 有一只驴驮着一车的精美稻草和食物去田地里， 因为田地里有正在辛勤劳动的农民和耕地的牛。 稻草是给牛吃的，食物是给主人吃的。 卸了货以后，驴开始啃食树下的杂草， 这时，大黄狗走过来，朝小驴说：你驼拖了这么多好的食物，自己不吃，却在这里津津有味的吃杂草，丢不丢人。 驴子苦笑了两声说道：我最爱吃的就是杂草。
萝卜青菜各有所爱，没有说哪样固定是好的，哪样一定是差的，金窝银窝不如自己的狗窝， 金山银山不如够花， 合适自己的才是最好的，不用攀比，不要被世俗所限制和束缚。 3、家驴和野驴 有一只野驴，经过一家农民门前， 看到家驴躺在门口晒太阳，吃的饱饱的，毛发柔顺油光， 懒惰的野驴跟他打招呼：兄弟呀，你过得真好，真羡慕你啊。过了几天，这只懒惰的眼神又路过农民家门口， 看到家驴正在磨磨，主人还用皮鞭子驱赶它， 野驴叹了一口气：看来这种好日子是付出了这么高的代价。
定义题 1. What is “intercultural communication”? P6 refer to communication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their communication event. There are three kinds of things you need to learn if you want to be able to communicate effectively with Westerners. First, you need to learn a foreign language, usually English. Second, you should learn as much as possible about Western cultures. However, studying English language and Western culture is not enough. You should also learn something about what happens when people from different cultures try to communicate with each other —in other words, "intercultural communication." 2.What is a culture? P13 A culture is essentially a group of people who carry many of the same ideas in their heads. Culture: can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture. Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people 3.What are stereotypes?P13 Stereotypes means very broad generalizations such as “British people are polite,”“Americans are friendly”, and so forth. It is a derogatory word. It means that image, idea, character that has become fixed or standardized in a conventional form without individuality and is therefore false and shallow. Stereotypes may have a basis in fact, but they are too broad and shallow, and they give us the mistaken idea that a people’s culture can be summed up easily in a few short , simple statements. Stereotypes are also dangerous because they may trick us into believing that knowing a few stereotypes is the same thing as understanding another culture. 4.What does “interpretation” means?P24 A very important aspect of intercultural communication is “interpretation”, t he process of deciding what foreigners’ words and actions mean and why they do what they do. For example, when Xiao Li tries to understand why the taxi driver asked for so much money, she is “interpreting” his behavior. 5.I n dividualist p32 Individualist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as individuals and emphasize the needs of individuals. In general, Western culture tends to be individualist. They view themselves as independent of collectives; are primarily motivated by their own preferences, needs, rights, and the contacts they have established with others; give priority to their personal goals over the goals of others; and emphasize rational analyses of the advantages and disadvantages to associating with others. 6.Collectivist P32 Collectivist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as members of groups (families, work units, tribes, nations), and usually consider the needs of the group to be more important than the needs of individuals. Most Asian cultures, including China's, tend to be collectivist. People see themselves as parts of one or more collectives; are primarily motivated by the norms of, and duties imposed by, those collectives; are willing to give priority to the goals of
汉硕案例分析答题技巧 最近很多人问关于汉语国际教育考试中的案例分析题该怎样答，我根据自己的粗浅经验，现总结如下： 1.答题思路：按照发现问题-- 分析问题-- 解决问题的思路。具体如下：（1）发现问题：也就是提出问题。在所给的案例中，某个出国教汉语的志愿者教师或来中国教外语的外教等，遇到了什么样的困难。遇到的困难可能是课堂教学时的，比如学生上课都不积极回答问题，不愿意参与老师精心设计的课堂活动，或者问老师一些可能涉及到“隐私”的问题；也可以是这位老师在生活上遇到的问题，比如无法与当地人沟通或交流（语言障碍，文化障碍），无法适应当地人的生活，或不理解当地人做某事时为什么会采取那样的方式，等等。注意：遇到的问题可能是多方面的，要从多角度分析，一般情况下，也不只是一个问题，所以，要按条来答。 （2）分析问题：要求你具体分析一下这位老师或某人遇到这种困难是什么原因引起的，主要是文化方面的原因，可能还涉及到一些他所采用的文化策略等。比如，他由于对对方国家文化不了解，对方国家可能很注重“隐私”，而在我们国家这不被看做是“隐私”。同时要求你分析出我们的母语文化具有什么样的特点，最主要的是和对方国家有什么不一样，哪里不一样，因此造成了他在文化方面的不适应，以至于教学和生活中都出现了问题或遇到了困难。关于他所使用的文化策略，主要就是他自身有没有做到尊重当地的文化，有没有试着去融入这种文化，接受这种文化，还是一味的采取排斥策略，认为自己的一切都好，别人的一切都不好。这就是分析问题了。 （3）解决问题：这是最关键的部分了。怎么解决他遇到的问题或困难？你自己提出个对策就行了，当然，要根据一些你所知道的文化常识和应对策略。比如首先尊重当地文化，多和当地人交流，努力让自己适应当地人的文化和生活方式，做到求同存异，等等。这里需要注意的就是，有些文化的知识是很灵活的，比如中国人的谦虚、中庸的思想等等，都是我们日常生活就知道的，就是稍微总结一下，理顺一下，就能答题了。关于这个，如果时间还来得及，就看一下程裕祯的《中国文化要略》，看一下中国文化的特点等，很多东西是很细致的，自己要稍加总结。如果时间不是很充分了，就把刘珣的《对外汉语教育学引论》上的关于“跨文化交际”的那个章节仔细看一下，我觉得应对这道题应该够用了。 2.答题方法：其实思路清晰了就很好弄了，老师会看你的逻辑分析能力。强烈建议大家一定要分条论述，千万别想到哪说到哪，写出一大片，阅卷老师还得自己去给你找点，这样，老师会很疲劳的，老师最不喜欢的就是这种思维混乱的。所以说，大家答题时我觉得可以按两种方法来写： 第一种：按发现问题---分析问题---解决问题来写，一共三条，然后在每条的下边分几个小点，因为发现的问题肯定不止一个，相应的分析问题和解决问题也会不止一条。 第二种：按一共出现了几个问题分条，第一条，问题1：发现问题--分析问题--解决问题；问题2：发现问题--分析问题--解决问题；问题3--以此类推。 总结一下，以上两种方法都各有利弊，因为有时不同的问题是由同一个原因产生的，或者需要同一种解决策略。所以，大家可以根据自己的喜好来选择其中一种。按以上的问题全部分析完以后，最好再来个综述，大致总结一下，字数不用太多，就是有个小结尾。 最后，要跟大家说的是，字数和字迹的问题。这个案例分析要求是1000字以上
关于换位思考的三个小故事 生活中很多矛盾，都是没有换位思考所造成的，最常见的例子就是，丈夫觉得自己一天在外挣钱很累，而妻子在家带娃做家务、不用挣钱没压力很轻松，而妻子就觉得自己日复一日在家做家务带娃很枯燥很累，而出去上班挣钱打拼自己挣钱自己花才不受气，才活得有意思。其实真要换过来，都会发现对方的不容易。所以生活中多些换位思考，多些理解，人与人之间就多些幸福快乐。 今天为大家分享三个换位思考的小故事，让大家从此与人为善。 故事一
一头猪、一只绵羊和一头奶牛，被牧人关在同一个畜栏里。有一天，牧人将猪从畜栏里捉了出去，只听猪大声号叫，强烈地反抗。 绵羊和奶牛讨厌它的号叫，于是抱怨道：“我们经常被牧人捉去，都没像你这样大呼小叫的。” 猪听了回应道： “捉你们和捉我完全是两回事，他捉你们，只是分你们的毛和乳汁，但是捉住我，却是要我的命啊！” 人生在世，各有各的生活，也各有各的苦难。立场不同，所处的环境也不同，所以很难做到感同身受。
生活本来就不容易。当你觉得容易的时候，肯定是有人在替你承担着那份不容易，生活经常换位思考，珍惜才配拥有。 《了不起的盖茨比》里有一句话说得很好：“在你想要评判别人之前，要 知道很多人的处境并不如你。” 因此，对于他人的失意、挫折和伤痛，要将心比心，以一颗宽容的心去了解和关心，才是作为人，最适当的活法。 故事二： 一人请一个瞎子朋友吃饭，吃得很晚，瞎子说：很晚了我要回去了。 主人就给他点了一个灯笼，他就很生气地说：“我本来就看不见，你还给我一个灯笼，这不是嘲笑我吗？”
主人说：因为我在乎你才给你点个灯笼，你看不见，别人看得见，这样你走在黑夜里就不怕别人撞到你了。瞎子很感动！ 每一件事，用不同的角度去看，就会有不同的见解。见解不同，结果自然也会不一样。 尝试着理解别人的想法 把视野放宽一些，把烦心事抛得远一些。试着换位思考，多替别人着想。 理解别人的无奈，感恩自己的幸运，可能你才会觉得豁然开朗：世界原来如此美丽！ 换个思路，换种活法，人生或许会有不一样的风景 生老病死乃是人间常事。在生命存在的过程中，不如意、不顺心常有，心情也容易郁闷和惆怅。 一旦遇到不开心的事，不妨调整自己的心态，换个角度，才能看见不一样的风景。 故事三： 有这么一个故事：
三个经典寓言故事道理 我们都知道许多生动有趣的故事中其实蕴含着许多丰富的人生哲理，小学生正处于人生观价值观树立的阶段，多阅读些经典寓言故事是有益的。下面是小编为大家准备的3个经典寓言故事道理，希望大家喜欢! 3个经典寓言故事道理篇一 一个年轻人找到智者：老师，我觉得自己什么事也干不好。没有人看重我，我该怎么办? 智者说：我很同情你的遭遇，但不能帮你，因为我必须先处理好自己的问题。如果你愿意帮我，我就可以很快处理好自己的问题，然后也许就能帮你了。年轻人犹豫着答应了。 于是智者将一枚戒指交给年轻人，吩咐道：你到集市上把这枚戒指卖了，因为我需要钱还债。换回的钱越多越好，无论如何不能少于1个金币。年轻人到了集市，当他说戒指的最低价不能少于1个金币时，集市上的人有的哈哈大笑，有的说年轻人头脑发昏，只有一位慈祥的老太太告诉年轻人他要价太高了。年轻人穿过集市，到处兜售戒指，但没人肯出1个金币。 年轻人垂头丧气地回来了，智者笑了笑道：你再去一趟珠宝店，跟珠宝商说我要把戒指卖掉，问他能出多少钱，但不要真卖戒指，问完价格后你再带戒指回来。
珠宝商仔细看了看戒指后说：告诉你老师，如果他想卖戒指，我最多可以给他58个金币。58个金币!年轻人惊呼。珠宝商说：如果不着急的话，我可以出70个金币，可是如果你着急脱手 年轻人兴奋地跑回去，将发生的一切告诉智者。智者将戒指套回手指上，笑道：你就像这枚戒指，珍贵、独一无二，只有专家才能真正判定你的价值。你怎能期望生活中随便一个人就能发现你真正的价值呢? 的确，我们常常会像那位年轻人一样，迫不及待地向我们遇到的任何人求证自己的价值，迫不及待地以他们的价值为判定自己的依据，可是，事实上，并不是所有的人都能发现我们的价值。 3个经典寓言故事道理篇二 德行之力，十倍于身体之力。 一个穷苦的小孩，13岁时父亲就去世了，于是他到一家银行当工友，靠微薄的收入过日子。 有一天，银行派他到客户家中取300法郎，当他收到款项后回到银行仔细一算，却发现多了300法郎，他立即跑回客户那里，将多出的钱还给这个客户。这个客户是当时有名的数学家高斯先生，高斯收下钱后对他说：你真是一个诚实不贪的人啊!欢迎你有空时常来和我聊天，我想和你做个永久的朋友。 此后他便经常去高斯家中，向高斯请教有关数学及电报方面的知识。不久之后，他辞去了银行的工作，高斯便出资让他到柏林经营书店。经历了许多艰难险阻，他建立了欧陆通讯网，甚至于扩展到了全
Unit 1 Page 22 The growth of intercultural communication as a field of study is based on a view o f history that clearly demonstrates people and cultures have been troubled by a pers istent inability to understand and get along with groups and societies removed by sp ace, ideology, appearance, and behavior from their own. What is intriguing about m any of human civilization's failure is that they appear to be personal as well as globa l. The story of humankind is punctuated with instances of face-to-face conflicts as w ell as international misunderstanding--major and minor quarrels that range from si mple name-calling to isolationism or even armed conflict. It is obvious that increased contact with other cultures and subcultures makes it i mperative for us to make a concerted effort to get along with and to try to understan d people whose beliefs and backgrounds may be vastly different from our own. The ability, through increased awareness and understanding, to peacefully coexist with p eople who do not necessarily share our lifestyles or values could benefit us not only i n our own neighborhoods but could be the decisive factor in maintaining world peac e. 纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。 很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 Unit 2 Page 60 Culture is sometimes referred to as our mental programming，our “software of the mind. ” But we can take that computer analogy further and say that culture is the operating environment that enables software programs to run. Culture is like DOS or Unix or Windows：it is what enables us to process information in various specific application. The metaphor of windows seems to be very appealing to describe culture: culture is a mental set of windows through which all of life is viewed. It various from individual to individual within a society, but it shares important characteristics with menbers of a society. Culture is like the water fish swim in┄a reality that is taken for granted and rarely examined. it is in the air we breath and is as necessary to our understanding of who we are as air is to our physical life. Culture is the property of a community of people, not simply a characteristic of individuals. Societies are programmed by culture, and that programming comes from similar life experiences and similar interpretations of what those experiences mean. If culture is mental programming, it is also a mental map of reality. It tells us from