职称英语(卫生类)新增文章译文及解析

2009年职称英语卫生类教材新增部分内容参考译文第四部分：阅读理解（六篇）第五篇呼吁今年7月4日安全国庆去年七月四日，彼德，一个l4岁的男孩正在他所住的街区欣赏照亮的天空和放烟花的巨响。

突然，可怕的事情发生在这个夜里。

一只爆竹射进他的眼里，他马上感到了剧痛。

他的家人急忙把他送人急诊室治疗。

由于这次受伤，彼德患上了青光眼和自内障。

今天，彼德那只伤眼已经由于那次爆竹的伤害而永久失明了。

六月是烟火与眼睛安全意识月，美国眼科学会想通过自己的亮眼运动提醒消费者让专业人员去放烟火。

“没有什么比7月4日欢度国庆因某人被爆竹炸伤眼睛而遭到破坏更糟糕的了，”约翰·C·哈根医生(学会的临床通讯员兼肯萨斯城的探索视力中心的一名眼科学家)，说道：“安全的庆祝活动就是让专业人员放烟火，而你作观赏者。

”根据美国消费者产品安全委员会的统计，每年由烟花爆竹导致的伤害事故超过9，000起。

其中，将近一半都是头部受伤，而头部受伤者中约30％是眼伤。

四分之一的烟火眼伤导致了永久性失明。

儿童是烟火燃放不慎最普遍的受害者。

在美国50％的烟火眼伤患者都是l5岁及l5岁以下的孩子。

哈根医生估算他每年在临床实践上能遇到三十多起由烟花炮竹引起的伤害。

即使是那些人们认为安全的烟花对眼睛也是一种威胁。

对于五岁以下的儿童，看起来无害的烟火棒导致的伤害占所有烟火伤害的三分之一。

事实上烟火棒燃烧的温度能接近华氏2000度。

第九篇美国将在一月启动一项耗资三十二亿美元的儿童健康研究项目美国卫生部门官员在星期五称：美国将在一月份启动一项耗资三十二亿美元的研究项目，此项目将对十万名美国儿童的健康状况进行跟踪研究，研究对象的年龄从出生前一直到二十一岁，这项研究预计将持续二十余年。

来自美国国立卫生研究院的官员称：他们希望此项将在全国范围内的一百零五个地点展开的研究，将有助于识J型IJL童早期生活对El后发展的影响，其目标是研究出新的治疗和防止疾病的方法。

阅读理解第一篇Who Want to Live Forever? （谁想永生？）If your doctor could give you a drug that would let you live a healthy life for twice as long ，would you take it?如果你的医生能给你一种药，这个药能让你健康的活两倍长的时间，你会服用吗?The good news is that we may be drawing near to that date，Scientists have already extended the lives of flies ，worms and mice in laboratories. Many now think that using genetic treatments we will soon be able to extend human life to at least 140 years. This seems a great idea. Think of how much more time we could spend chasing our dreams，spending time with our loved ones，watching our families grow and have families of their own.好消息是我们离这一天越来越近了。

科学家已经在实验中延长了苍蝇、蠕虫和老鼠的寿命。

许多人认为，采用基因疗法，我们很快就能将人类的寿命延长到至少140年。

这看似一个好主意。

想想我们将会延长多少时间来追逐我们的梦想、与爱人厮守、看看我们的孩子成长并组成他们自己的家庭。

"Longer life would give us a chance to recover from our mistakes and promote long term thinking," says Dr Gregory Stock of the University Of California School Of Public Health. "It would also raise productivity by adding to the year we can work."加州大学公共健康学院的格里戈里嘶托克博士认为：“长寿能使我们有机会改正错误，亦能促使人从长计划。

职称英语考试卫生类完型填空课文译文1.找到速效治疗剂可以更好控制结核病世界卫生组织估计全球有大约三分之一的人感染了导致结核病的病菌。

大多数时候，这种感染是不活跃的。

但是每年大约有八百万结核病病例，通常是在肺部。

两百万人因此丧命。

结核病发病率由于艾滋病的传播和抗药型结核病的出现而增加。

目前的治疗至少需要六个月。

患病者不得不每日服用多种抗生素药品。

许多人在稍感舒适后就停止使用药品，这么做可能导致抗药性感染。

公共卫生专家一致认为针对结核病的速效治疗剂将会更加有效果。

现在有一项研究评估这种速效治疗剂究竟效力有多大。

这项研究由美国哈佛大学国际卫生方面的教授率领。

Joshua Salomon说，疗程较短的治疗计划可能不仅仅意味着更多病人被治好，也意味着将感染传给别人的病人会更少。

研究者们设计了一个数学模型来检测两个月治疗计划的效果。

他们以东南亚目前的结核病情况来检验这个模型。

科学家们发现两个月的治疗可以防止大约20％的新病例，也可能防止大约5％因结核病引起的死亡。

这个模型表明，如果速效治疗剂可以在2012年前研发出来并大规模使用的话，减少结核病例在2012年到2030年间就可以实现。

世界卫生组织在1990年制定了DOTS计划，DOTS意指短期直接观察治疗。

卫生工作者监督结核病人每天服药，以确信他们继续治疗。

今年年初，一个国际组织同盟宣布了一项扩大DOTS的计划。

这个十年计划也旨在资助新结核药品的研究。

现在四种最常用的药品也有四十多年的历史了。

全球结核病药物开发联盟宣称它的长期目标是找到一种治疗方法，可以通过十次剂量就效果。

Better Control of TB Seen If a Faster Cure Is Found The World Health Organization1 estimates that about one-third of all people are infected with bacteria that cause tuberculosis . Most times, the infection remains inactive. But each year about eight million people develop active cases of TB, usually in their ______1______. Two million people die ______2______ it. The disease has ______3______ with the spread of AIDS and drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis.Current treatments take at least six months. People have to ______4______ a combination of several antibiotic drugs daily. But many people stop ______5______ they feel better. Doing that can _______6______ to an infection that resists treatment. Public health experts agree that a faster-acting cure for tuberculosis would be more effective. Now a study estimates just how _______7______it might be. A professor of international health at Harvard University2led the study. Joshua Salomon says a shorter treatment program would likely mean not just more patients _______8_____. It would also mean ______9______infectious patients who can pass on their infection to others.The researchers developed a mathematical model to examine the effects of a two-month treatment plan. They ______10______the model with current TB conditions in Southeast Asia. The scientists found that a two-month treatment could prevent about twenty percent of new cases. And it might ______11______about twenty-five percent of TB deaths. The model shows that these ______12_____would take place between two thousand twelve and two thousand thirty. That is, if a faster cure is developed and in wide use by two thousand twelve.The World Health Organization ______13______the DOTS3program in nineteen ninety.DOTS is Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course. Health workers watch tuberculosis patients take their daily pills to make ______14______they continue treatment.Earlier this year, an international partnership of organizations announced a plan to expand the DOTS program. The ten-year plan also aims to finance research ______15______new TB drugs. The four most common drugs used now are more than forty years old. The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development4 says its long-term goal is a treatment that could work in as few as ten doses.1. A) kidneys B) lungs C) bones D) livers2. A) with B) without C) of D) out of3. A) increased B) decreased C) changed D) disappeared4. A) make B) take C) try D) test5. A) as if B) as though C) as far as D) as soon as6. A) refer B) apply C) lead D) amount7. A) effective B) ineffective C) expensive D) inexpensive8. A) cured B) to cure C) being cured D) having been cured9. A) many B) more C) few D) fewer10. A) provided B) introduced C) tested D) tempted11. A) bring about B) contributed to C) promote D) prevent12. A) increases B) reductions C) creations D) collections13. A) developed B) invented C) delayed D) refused14. A) easy B) uneasy C) sure D) unsure15. A) with B) to C) onto D) into2.8名纽约学生感染甲型N1 H1流感疾病预防控制中心已经证实来自纽约一所预备学校的八名学生感染甲型N1HI流感，纽约市长迈克尔．布隆伯格周日称。

xx职称英语教材新增文章详解xx年时间已经公布，距离现在还有20天时间。

今年的职称英语考试新增了文章，也出现了一个很有趣的现象，理工卫生综合的新增文章都是补全短文，都是新增了5篇文章，而且内容也一样。

了“Common Questions about Dreams”这篇补全短文，这是综合C,理工C以及卫生C的新增文章，供大家学习。

Common Questions about DreamsDoes everyone dream?Yes. Research shows that we all dream. We have our most vivid dreams during a type of sleep called Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep. During REM sleep, the brain is very active. The eyes move quickly back and forth1 under the lids, and the large muscles of the body are relaxed. REM sleep ours every 90-100 minutes, three to four times a night, and it lasts longer as the night goes on. 1 We dream at other times during the night, too, but those dreams are less vivid.Do people remember their dreams?A few people remember their dreams. However, most people forget nearly everything that happened during the night —dreams, thoughts, and the short periods of time when they were awake. 2 It seems that the memory of the dream is not totally lost, but for some reason it is very hard to bring itback2. If you want to remember your dream，the best thing to do is to write it down as soon as you wake up.Are dreams in color?Most dreams are in color. However, people may not be aware of it for two reasons ：They don’t usually remember the d etails of their dreams, or they don’t notice the color because it is such a natural part of our lives. 3Do dreams have meaning?Scientists continue to debate this issue.3 4 Some people use dreams to help them learn more about their feelings, thoughts, behavior, motives, and values. Others find that dreams can help them solve problems. It’s also true that artists, writers, and scientists often get creative ideas from dreams.How can I learn to understand my dreams?The most important thing to remember is that your dreams are personal. The people, actions, and situations in your dreams reflect your experience, your thoughts, and your feelings. Some dream experts believe that there are certain types of dreams that many people have，even if they e from different cultures or time periods. Usually, however, the same dream will have different meanings for different people. For example, an elephant in a dream may mean one thing to a zookeeper and something very different to a child whosefavorite toy is a stuffed elephant. 5 Then look for links between your dreams and what is happening in your daily life. If you think hard and you are patient, perhaps the meaning of your dreams will bee clearer to you.词汇：vivid /'vivid/ adj. 清晰的，生动的，逼真的lid /lid/ n. 眼睑(=eyelid)motive /m?utiv/n. 动机stuffed /st?ft/adj. 填充的，塞满了的注释：1. back and forth：来回地，反复地。

2012年职称英语卫生类阅读和完型新增文章(含练习解析D2012年职称英语卫生类新增文章篇目第十九篇Prolonging Human LifeProlonging human life has increased the size of the human population. Many people alive today would have died of childhood diseases if they had been born 100 years ago. Because more people live longer, there are more people around at any given time. In fact, it is a decrease in death rates, not an increase in birthrates, that has led to the population explosion.Prolonging human life has also increased the dependency load. In all societies, people who are disabled or too young or too old to work are dependent on the rest of society to provide for them. In hunting and gathering cultures, old people who could not keep up might be left behind to die. In times of famine, infants might be allowed to die because they could not survive if their parents starved, whereas if the parents survived they could have another child. In most contemporary societies, people feel a moral obligation to keep people alive whether they can work or not. We have a great many people today who live past the age at which they want to work or are able to work; we also have rules which require people to retire at a certain age. Unless these people were able to save money for their retirement, somebody else must support them. In the United States many retired people live on social security checks which are so little that they must live in near poverty. Older people have more illness than young or middle-aged people; unless they have wealth or private or government insurance, they must often "go on welfare" if they have a serious illness.When older people become senile or too weak and ill to care for themselves, they create grave problems for their families. In the past and in some traditional cultures, they would be cared for at home until they died. Today, with most members of a household working or in school, there is often no one at home who can care for a sick or weak person. To meet this need, a great many nursing homes and convalescent hospitals have been built. These are often profit-making organizations, although some are sponsored by religious and other nonprofit groups. While a few of these institutions arc good, most of them are simply "dumping grounds" for the dying in which "care" is given by poorly paid, overworked, and under-skilled personnel.词汇：culturesA it was a moral responsibility to keep old-aged people alive.B infants could be left dead in times of starvation.C parents had to impart the cultural wisdom of the tribe to their children.D death was considered to be freedom from hardships.3. According to the passage, which of the following statements about retired people in the United States is true?A Many of them have a very hard life.B They cannot live a decent life without enough bank savings.C They rely mainly on their children for financial support.D Most of them live with their children and therefore are well looked after.4. In Paragraph 3, the phrase "this need" refers toA the need to prolong the lives of old people.B the need to enrich the life of the retired people.C the need to build profit-making nursing homes.D the need to take care of a sick and weak person.5. Which of the following best describes the writer's attitude toward most of the nursing homes, and convalescent hospitals?A Sympathetic.B Unfriendly.C Optimistic.D Critical.答案与题解:1. C 第一段最后一句说：In fact, it is a decrease in death rates, not an increase in birthrates, that has led to the population explosion. 事实上，是由于死亡率的下降，而不是出生率的上升，导数了人口爆炸。

2010年职称英语考试（卫生类）阅读理解新增文章-书中第5篇第五篇U.S. Eats Too Much SaltPeople in the United States consume more than twice the recommended amount1 of salt, raising their risk for high blood pressure, heart attacks and strokes,government health experts said on Thursday.They found nearly 70 percent of U. S. adults are in high-risk groups that would benefit from a lower-salt of no more than 1,500 mg per day2, yet most consume closer to 3,500 nig per day."It's important to eat people to eat less salt. People who adopt a hearthealthy eating pattern that includes a diet low in sodium and rich in potassium and calcium can improve their blood pressure," Dr. Darwin labarthe of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said in a statement."People need to know their recommended daily sodium limit and take action to reduce sodium intake," Labarthe said.The study in CDC's report on death and disease used national survey data to show that two out of three adults should be consuming no more than 1,500 mg of sodium per day because they are black or over the age of 40-- which are considered high-risk groups.Yet studies show most people in the United States eat 3,436 mg of sodium per day, according to a 2005-2006 CDC estimate.Most of the sodium eaten comes from package, processed and restaurant foods.The CDC said it will join other agencies in the Health and Human Services department in working with major food manufacturers and chain restaurants to reduce sodium levels in the food supply.Nationwide, 16 million men and women have heart disease and 5.8 million are estimated to have had a stroke. Cutting salt consumption can reduce these risks,the CDC said.词汇Sodium n. 钠calcium n. 钙Potassium n. 钾intake n. 纳入量注释1. More than twice the recommended amount: 比推荐量的两倍还多2, They found nearly 70 percent of U.S. adults are in high-risk groups thatwould benefit from lower-salt diet of no more than 1,500 mg per day: 他们发现将近百分之七十的美国成年人属于高危人群，如果他们的日食盐量降至1500 毫克，则会从中受益。

卫生B补全短文新增文章*第七篇 Power Napping is Good for the I.Q.Today we hear more and more about the importance of getting enough sleep—about eight hours a night. Sleep can help heal and give energy to both the body and the brain. Medical experts now believe that sleep is even more important for health than diet or exercise It seems almost certain that the third of our lives that we spend asleep has a great effect on the two-thirds that we are awake. Sleep affects our emotions, memory, focus, and behavior.Studies show that people in developed countries spend less time asleep and more time at work or commuting. Dr. Karine Spiegel, at the University of Chicago, has found that the average length of sleep has gone down from nine hours a night in 1910 to seven-and-a-half hours a night today. However, our bodies cannot function well without enough sleep. Losing just one or two hours of sleep a night, over a long period of time, can cause serious health problemsAccording to Canadian scientist Dr. Stanley Coren, every hour of lost sleep at night causes us to lose one I.Q. point the next day. For example, when someone gets only five or six hours of sleep each night for a week, the person’s I.Q. could go down 15 points or more. That’s why, without enough sleep, a normally intelligent person may start to have difficulty doing daily tasks 。

职称英语卫生类考试的阅读理解及原文参考as Beneficial to Health as Fruits and Veggies1A European study has revealed that 100 percent fruitand vegetable juices are as effective as their wholefruit/vegetable counterparts in reducing risk factorsrelated to certain diseases. The conclusion is the resultof the study designed to question traditional thinking that 100 percent juices play a less significant role in reducing risk for both cancer and cardiovascular disease than whole fruits and vegetables.Juices are parable in their ability to reduce riskpared to2 their whole fruit/ vegetable counterparts,aording to several researchers in the United Kingdom who conducted the literature review. The researchers analyzed a variety of studies that looked at risk reduction attributed to3 the effects of both fiber and antioxidants. As a result, they determined that the positive impact fruits and vegetables offer e not from just the fiber but also from antioxidants which are present in both juice and the whole fruits and vegetables.4When considering cancer and coronary heart diseases prevention, there is no evidence that pure fruit and vegetable juice sare less beneficial than whole fruit and vegetables, the researchers said. The researchers addedthat the positioning of juices as being nutritionallyinferior to6 whole fruits and vegetables in relationship to chronic disease development is unjustified and that policies, which suggest otherwise about fruit and vegetable juices, should be re-examined.。

2012年职称英语卫生类A级新增文章-阅读理解(含练习解析及译文)Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like OthersLow—salt foods may be harder for some people to like than others，according to a study by a Penn State College of Agricultural Sciencesl food scientist．The research indicates that genetic factors influence some of the difference in the levels of salt we like to eat．Those conclusions are important because recent，well—publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food2 have left many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others3，pointed out John Hayes，assistant professor of food science，who was lead investigator4 0n the study．Diets high in salt Can increase the risk of high blood pressure and stroke．That is why public health experts and food companies are working together on ways to help consumers lower salt intake through foods that are enjoyable to eat．This study increasesunderstanding of salt preference and consumption．The research involved 87 carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods such as soup and chips，on multiple occasions，spread out over weeks5．Test subjects were 45：men and 42 women, reportedly healthy，ranging in age from 20 t0 40 years．The sample was composed of individuals who were not actively modifying their dietary intake and did not smoke cigarettes．They rated the intensity of taste on a commonly used scientific scale，ranging from barely detectable to strongest sensation of any kind．“Most of us like the taste of salt．However，some individuals eat more salt，both because they like the taste of saltiness more，and also because it is needed to block other unpleasant tastes in food,”said Hayes. “Supertasters, people who experience tastes more intensely, consume more salt than nontasters do. Snack foods have saltiness as their primary flavor, andbitter．”he said．“Response to bitter compounds is one of many ways to identify biological differences in food preference because supertastin7 is not limited to bitterness．词汇：Publicize v．引起公众对…的注意；(用广告)宣传Dietary adj．饮食的；规定食物的Ferment v．(使)发酵Geneticist n．遗传学家Acuity n．敏锐；尖锐注释：1．Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences：即Penn State University--College of Agricultural Sciences宾州州立大学农学院。

2011年职称英语阅读理解新增文章译文---卫生类厨房油烟可致癌卫C医学专家们经过5年的研究调研后指出，城市人群中，男性患肺癌的首要原因是吸烟，而女性患此绝症的罪魁祸首是厨房油烟。

医生们昨天宣布这一结果，并对肺癌患病的一些新趋势做出分析。

他们认为病人越来越年轻化，尤其是女性。

据上海肿瘤研究所统计显示，本市死于肺癌的居民多于死于其他疾病的人。

肺癌成为继乳腺癌之后的第二大高发病率肿瘤。

上海民生中医肿瘤诊疗中心何裕民医生指出：“不健康的生活习惯是致癌的一个重要原因。

”他对2,276名肺癌患者进行了长达5年的追踪调研。

这些患者中有1,483名师男性。

报告显示，案例中男性患者中70%是由吸烟诱发癌症的，而直邮18%的女性患者是由于吸烟或被迫吸入二手烟才诱发癌症的。

然而，60%以上患肺癌的女性都长期接触厨房油烟并主诉眼睛和喉咙疼痛难受。

大约32%的女性在滚开的油里煎炸食物而厨房却密不透风。

而大约25%的女性居住的卧室紧邻厨房。

但是，妇女们知道厨房油烟可以致癌时都很惊讶。

其中一些人表示要改变准备饮食的方式。

“我每天都得下厨做饭，除非我和家人都不在家用餐”，李旭，一名45岁的妇女说，“我知道油烟对皮肤不好，但是还是第一次听说油烟竟能致癌、我以后要少煎炸食物。

”医生们认为，女性患肺癌和个人健康及身体状况联系极少，但和肿瘤家族病史、不健康的饮食习惯和脆弱的免疫系统联系紧密。

其它专家同意何医生的意见。

“吸烟已经成为诱发男性肺癌最最大的因素，”上海复旦大学医学院呼吸道疾病研究所名誉主席谭彬用指出，“二手烟和厨房油烟的确是诱发女性肺癌的主要原因。

”他的研究同时也警告人们不要站在卖油炸食品的摊点旁，因为他们使用的油都是劣质的。

专家称，如果长时间接受油烟，患肺癌的几率有常人的3倍那么高。

老年糖尿病患者进行体育锻炼可以取代胰岛素治疗卫B 哥本哈根的《贝林时报》周一刊登了一则最新医疗研究结果称，大多数II型老年糖尿病患者只要每周坚持三次轻快的体育锻炼，每次30分钟，都可以不用注射胰岛素。

【经典资料，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可编辑修改】
【经典考试资料，答案附后，看后必过，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可修改】2015年职称英语（卫生类）新增文章译文及解析
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第十六篇Eat to Live
第十六篇为生存而食
A meager diet may give you health and long life, but it’s not much fun — and it might not even be necessary.
粗茶淡饭或许能给你健康和长寿，但这并不有趣——很有可能也没必要 We may be able to hang on to most of that youthful vigor even if we don’t start to diet until old age.
即便在年老以后才开始节食我们也能在很大程度上保持住青春活力。

Stephen Spindler and his colleagues from the University of California at Riverside have found that some of an elderly mouse’s liver genes can be made to behave as they did when the mouse was young simply by limiting its food for four weeks.
加州大学Riverside分校的斯蒂芬?斯潘德尔及其同事发现，只要连续四周限制一些衰老的老鼠进食，它们的肝脏基因就会变得和衰老前一样充满活力。

Eat to LiveA meager diet may give you health and long life, but it’s not much fun — and it might not even be necessary. We may be able to hang on to most of that youthful vigor even if we don’t start to diet until old age. Stephen Spindler and his colleagues from the University of California at Riverside have found that some of an elderly mouse’s liver genes can be made to behave as they did when the mouse was young simply by limiting its food for four weeks. The genetic rejuvenation won’t reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse, but could help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins.Spindler’s team fed three mice a normal diet for their whole lives, and fed another three on half-rations3. Three more mice were switched from the normal diet to half-feed3 for a month when they were 34 months old — equivalent to about 70 human years.The researchers checked the activity of 11,000 genes from the mouse livers, and found that 46 changed with age in the normally fed mice. The changes were associated with things like inflammation and free radical production一probably bad news for mouse health. In the mice that had dieted all their lives,27 of those 46 genes continued to behave like young genes. But the most surprising finding was that the mice that only started dieting in old age also benefited from 70 per cent of these gene changes."This is the first indication that these effects kick in pretty quickly,”says Huber Warner from the National Institute on Aging near Washington D. C.No one yet knows if calorie restriction works in people as it does in mice, but Spindler is hopeful. “There’s attracting and tempting evidence out there that it will work,” he says.If it does work in people,there might be good reasons for rejuvenating the liver. As we get older, our bodies are less efficient at metabolizing drugs, for example. A brief period of time of dieting, says Spindler, could be enough to make sure a drug is effective.But Spindler isn’t sure the trade-off is worth it. “The mice get less disease, the y live longer, but they’re hungry,” he says. “Even seeing what a diet does, it’s still hard to go to a restaurant and say: ‘I can only eat half of that,. ”Spindler hopes we soon won’t need to diet at all. His company, Lifespan Genetics in California, is looking for drugs that have the effects of calorie restriction.练习：1. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?D We have to begin dieting since childhood.2. Why does the author mention an elderly mouse in paragraph 2?B To illustrate the effect of meager food on mice.3. What can be inferred about completely normally fed mice mentioned in the passage?D They are more likely to suffer from inflammation.4. According to the author, which of the following most interested the researchers?A The mice that started dieting in old age.5. According to the last two paragraphs, Spindler believes thatC dieting is not a good method to give us health and long life.第二十九篇“Don’t Drink Alone” Gets New MeaningIn what may be bad news for bars and pubs，a European research group has found that people drinking alcohol outside of meals have a significantly higher risk of cancer in the mouth and neck than do those taking their libations with food. Luigino Dal Maso and his colleagues studied the drinking patterns of 1,500 patients from four cancer studies2 and another 3，500 adults who had never had cancer.After the researchers accounted for the amount of alcohol consumed, they found that individuals who downed a significant share of their alcohol outside of meals3 faced at least a 50 to 80 percent risk of cancer in the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus, when compared with people who drank only at meals. Consuming alcohol without food also increased by at least 20 percent the likelihood of laryngeal4 cancer. “ Roughly 95 percent of cancers at these four sites5 traced to smoking or drinking6 by the study volunteers，”Dal Maso says. The discouraging news, his team reports, is that drinking with meals didn’t eliminate cancer risk at any of the sites.For their new analysis，the European scientists divided people in the study into four groups，based on how many drinks they reported having in an average week7. The lowest-intake group included people who averaged up to8 20 drinks 狂week. The highest group reported downing at least 56 servings of alcohol weekly for an average of eight or more per day.9 Cancer risks for the mouth and neck sites rose steadily with consumption even for people who reported drinking only withmeals. For instance, compared with people in the lowest-consumption group, participants who drank 21 to 34 alcohol servings a week at least doubled their cancer risk for all sites other than the larynx10. If people in these consumption groups took some of those drinks outside meals, those in the higher consumption group at least quadrupled their risk for oral cavity and esophageal cancers.People in the highest-consumption group who drank only with meals had 10 times the risk of oral cancer, 7 times the risk of pharyngeal cancer, and 16 times the risk of esophageal cancer compared with those who averaged 20 or fewer drinks a week with meals. In contrast, laryngeal cancer risk in the high-intake, with-meals-only group11 was only triple that12 in the low-intake consumers who drank with meals. “Alcohol can inflame tissues. Over time, that inflammation can trigger cancer. ”Dal Maso says. He suspects that food reduced cancer risk either by partially coating digestive-tract tissues or by scrubbing alcohol off those tissues. He speculates that the reason laryngeal risks were dramatically lower for all study participants traces to the tissue’s lower exposure to alcohol.1. Researchers have found that the risk of cancer in the mouth and neck is higher with peopleA who drink alcohol outside of mealsur2. Which of the following is NOT the conclusion made by the researchers about “drinking with meals”?C It increases by 20 percent the possibility of cancer in all sites.3. Approximately how many drinks do the lowest-intake group average per day?A 3 drinks.4. Which cancer risk is the lowest among all the four kinds of cancer mentioned in the passage?B Laryngeal cancer.5. According to the last paragraph, tissue’s lower exposure to alcoholD reduces the risk of laryngeal cancer.第三十九篇SaunaCeremonial bathing has existed for thousands of years and has many forms, one of which is the sauna. The Finns have perfected the steam bath，or sauna, which may be taken, usually in an enclosed room, by pouring water over hot rocks or as a dry heat bath. The Japanese, Greeks, Turks and Russians as well as Native Americans have forms of the sweat bath in their bathing rituals. Dry heat and steam baths had advocates in ancient Rome and' pre-Columbian Americans used sweat lodges.The earliest saunas were probably underground caves heated by a firethat naturally filled with smoke as chimney making was unknown at that time. A fire kept in a fire-pit would heat the rock walls of the cave. After reaching full heat, the smoke was let out of the cave and the stones would retain heat for several hours. A few people today say that the smoke sauna, “ savusauna”，is the only true sauna experience and that all saunas should have at least a background odor or smoke. Today most saunas use electric stoves, although gas and wood-burning stoves are available.Saunas are relaxing and stress relieving, Those with muscle aches or arthritis may find that the heat relaxes muscles and relieves pain and inflammation. Asthma patients find that the heat enlarges air passageways of the lung and facilitates breathing. Saunas do not cure the common cold but they may help to alleviate congestion arid speed recovery time. The body’s core temperature usually rises a 1-2 degrees while in the sauna, thus imitating a slight fever. The sauna could be considered to fol low the old saying “feed a cold，starve a fever' The regular use of a sauna may decrease the likelihood of getting a cold in the first place.Sauna is good for your skin as the blood flow to the skin increases and sweating occurs. Adults sweat about 2 lbs8 of water per hour on average in a sauna. A good sweat removes dirt and grime from pores and gives the skin a healthy glow. The loss in water weight is temporary as the body's physiological mechanisms will quickly restore proper volumes. The cardiovascular system9 gets a work out10 as the heart must pump harder and faster to move blood to the surface for heat exchange. Heart rate may increase from 72 beats per minute on average to 100-150 beats per minute.A normal heart can handle these stresses but those with heart trouble wishing to begin to use a sauna should seek a doctor's advice. The elderly and those with diabetes should check with their doctor prior to beginning to take saunas. Pregnant women should not take saunas, particularly in the first three months. Indeed, everyone just starting out should take short sessions11 at first to become accustomed to this type of bath.1. Ceremonial bathing _________.C) has various forms2. What is understood by some people to be the true sauna experience?B) Saunas with smoke.3. According to the third paragraph, saunas can do all of the following EXCEPT .D) curing asthma4. According to the fourth paragraph, sauna gives the skin a healthy glow because_________.A) pores are cleaned by sweat5. Who are advised not to take a sauna?D) All of the above.第二篇 A Biological ClockEvery living thing has what scientists call a biological clock that controls behavior. The biological clock tells _ plants when to form flowers and when the flowers should open. It tells _ insects _ when to leave the protective cocoons and fly away，and it tells animals and human beings when to eat, sleep and wake.Events outside the plant and animal _ affect the actions of some biological clocks. Scientists recently found, for example, that a tiny animal changes the color of its fur _ because of _ the number of hours of daylight. In the short _ days _ of winter, its fur becomes white. The fur becomes gray brown in color in the longer hours of daylight in summer.Inner signals control other biological clocks. German scientists found that some kind of internal clock seems to order birds to begin their long migration _ flight _ twice each year. Birds _ prevented from _ flying become restless when it is time for the trip，_ but _ they become calm again when the time of the flight has ended.Scientists say they are beginning to learn which _ parts _ of the brain contain biological clocks. An American researcher, Martin Moorhead, said a small group of cells near the front of the brain _ seems to control the timing of some of our actions. These _ cells _ tell a person when to _ awaken _ ，when to sleep and when to seek food . Scientists say there probably are other biological clock cells that control other body activities.Dr. Moorhead is studying _ how _ our biological clocks affect the way we do our work. For example, most of us have great difficulty if we must often change to different work hours._ It _ can take many days for a human body to accept the major change in work hours. Dr. Moorhead said industrial officials should have a better understanding of biological clocks and how they affect workers. He said _ such _ understanding could cut sickness and accidents at work and would help increase a factory’s production,第九篇The Case of the Disappearing FingerprintsOne useful anti-cancer drug can effectively erase the whorls and other characteristic marks that give people their distinctive fingerprints. Losing _ them._ could become troublesome. A casereleased online in a letter by Annals of Oncology indicates how big a _ problem _ of losing fingerprints is.Eng-Huat Tan, a Singapore-based medical doctor describes a 62-year old man who has used capecitabine to _ treat._ his nasopharyngeal cancer. After three years on the _ drug. ，the patient decided to visit U. S. relatives last December. But he was stopped by U. S. customs officials _ for 4 hours after entering the country when those officials couldn't get fingerprints from the man. There were no distinctive swirly _ marks _ appearing from his index finger.U. S. customs has been fingerprinting incoming foreign visitors for years, Tan says. Their index fingers are printed _ and screened against digital files of the fingerprints of bad guys—terrorists and potential criminals that our federal guardians have been tasked with keeping out of the country. Unfortunately, for the Singaporean traveler，one potential _ side _ effect of his drug treatment is a smoothing of the tissue on the finger pads. _ Hence _ ，no fingerprints.“It is uncertain when fingerprint loss will _ begin _ to take place in patients who are taking capecitabine，” Tan points out. So he cautions any physicians who _ prescribe _ the drug to provide their patients with .a doctor’s note pointing out that their medicine may cause fingerprints to disappear.Eventually, the Singapore traveler made it into the United States. I guess the name on his passport didn’t raise any red flags. But he，s also now got the explanatory doctor’s note —and won’t leave home _ without _ it.By the way, maybe the Food and Drug Administration, _ which _ approved use of the drug11 years ago, should consider _ updating _ its list of side effects associated with this medicine. The current list does note that patients may experience vomiting, stomach pain and some other side effects. But no where _ does _ it mention the potential for loss of fingerprints.第十四篇Young Adults Who Exercise Get Higher IQ Scores Young adults who are fit have a higher IQ and are more _ likely _ to go on to university，reveals a major new study carried out at the Sahlgrenska Academy and Sahlgrenska University Hospital.The results were recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). The study involved 1.2 million Swedishmen doing military service who were born between 1950 and 1976. The research group analyzed the _ results _ of both physical and IQ tests the youngsters took right after they started serving the army.The study shows a clear link _ between _ good physical fitness andbetter results for theIQ test.Thestrongestlinks are for _ logical_thinking and verbal comprehension. But it is only fitness that plays arole _ in the results for the IQ test，and not strength. “Being fit meansthat you also have good heart and lung _ capacity _ and that your braingets plenty of oxygen _ ，”says Michael Nilsson, professor at theSahlgrenska Academy and chief physician at the SahlgrenskaUniversity Hospital. “This may be one of the reasons why _ we can seea clear link with fitness, but not with muscular strength _. We are alsoseeing that there are growth factors that are important. ”By analyzing data for twins, the researchers have been able _ todetermine that it is primarily environmental factors and not genes thatexplain the link between fitness and a _ higher _ IQ.“We have also shown that those youngsters who _ improve _ theirphysical fitness between the ages of 15 and 18 increase their cognitiveperformance,” says Maria Aberg, researcher at the SahlgrenskaAcademy and physician at Aby health centre. “This being th e case6,physical _ education _ is a subject that has an important place in schools,and is an absolute must if we want to do well in maths and othertheoretical subjects.”The researchers have also compared the results from fitness tests _during _ national service with the socio-economic status of the menlater in _ life _. Those who were fit at 18 were more likely to go intohigher education, and many secured more qualified jobs.X。

2012职称英语教材-卫生类15篇完形填空及参考译文（红色为书中选项答案）1 Better Control of TB Seen If a Faster Cure Is FoundThe World Health Organization1 estimates that about one-third of all people are infected with bacteria that cause tuberculosis . Most times, the infection remains inactive. But each year about eight million people develop active cases of TB, usually in their lungs. Two million people die of of it.The disease has increased with the spread of AIDS and drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis.Current treatments take at least six months. People have to take a combination of several antibiotic drugs daily. But many people stop as soon as they feel better. Doing that can lead to an infection that resists treatment.Public health experts agree that a faster-acting cure for tuberculosis would be more effective. Now a study estimates just how effective it might be.A professor of international health at Harvard University2 led the study. Joshua Salomon says a shorter treatment program would likely mean not just more patients cured. It would also mean fewer infectious patients who can pass on their infection to others.The researchers developed a mathematical model to examine the effects of a two-month treatment plan. They tested the model with current TB conditions in Southeast Asia.The scientists found that a two-month treatment could prevent about twenty percent of new cases. And it might prevent about twenty-five percent of TB deaths.The model shows that these reductions would take place between two thousand twelve and two thousand thirty. That is, if a faster cure is developed and in wide use by two thousand twelve.The World Health Organization reductions the DOTS3 program in nineteen ninety. DOTS is Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course. Health workers watch tuberculosis patients take their daily pills to make sure they continue treatment.Earlier this year, an international partnership of organizations announced a plan to expand the DOTS program. The ten-year plan also aims to finance research into new TB drugs. The four most common drugs used now are more than forty years old. The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development4 says its long-term goal is a treatment that could work in as few as ten doses.2 Going on a diet （新增）Atypical person needs about 1,800 calories per day to stay alive. These calories keep your heart beating and your lungs breathing. They keep your organs operating properly andyour brain running. They also keep your body warm. A person gains weight because he or she consumes more calories per day than needed. The only way to lose fat is to reduce the number of calories that you consume per day. This is the basic principle behind going on a diet.unfortunately，diets don't work for most people. They do lose weight but then go off the dietand put it back. Building a sensible diet and exercise plan is the key to maintaining a consistent weight. You need to figure out how many calories you need in a day and how many you actually take in. The next step is to add ，exercise so that you can raise the number of calories you can consume per day.Exercise charts can show you how many calories different forms of exercise can burn. Burning 250 or 500 calories per day can make a big difference. You can ride an exercise bike while you are watching TV or you can climb the stairs instead of the elevator. Find an exercise partner. Exercise can be a lot easier if there is someone to talk to. It's a good idea to wear firm-fitting clothes if you are on a diet.tight clothing acts as a reminder of what you are trying to accomplish.3 One Good Reason to Let Smallpox LiveIt’s now a fair bet that we will never see the total extinction of the smallpox virus. The idea was to cap the glorious achievement of 1980, when smallpox was eradicated in the wild, by destroying the killer virus in the last two labs that are supposed to have it—one in the US and one in Russia. If smallpox had truly gone from the planet, what point was there in keeping these reserves?in reality, of course, it was naive to imagine that everyone would let go of such a potential weapon. Undoubtedly several nations still have a fewmuch vials. And the last “official” stocks of lice virus bred mistrust of the US and Russia, for no obvious gain.Now American researchers have found an animal model of the human disease, opening the way for tests on new treatments and vaccines. So one again there’s a good reason to keep the virus —just in case t he disease puts in a reappearance.How do we_deal with the mistrust of the US and Russia? Simple Keep the virus under international auspices in a well-guarded UN laboratory that’s open to all countries. The US will object, of course, just as it rejects a multilateral approach to just about everything. But it doesn’t mean the idea is wrong. If the virus is useful, then let’s make it the servant of all humanity—not just a part of it.4 Diet, Alcohol Linked to Nearly One Third of CancersDiet is second only to tobacco as a leading cause of cancer and, along with alcohol, is responsible for nearly one third of cases of the disease in developed countries, a leading researcher said on Tuesday.Dr. Tim Key, of the University of Oxford, told a cancer conference that scientists are still discovering how certain foods contribute to cancer,but they know that diet, alcohol and obesity .play a major role.“Five percent of cancers could be avoided if nobody was obese,”he said.While tobacco is blinked to about 30 percent of cancer cases, diet is involved in an estimated 25 percent and alcohol in about six percent.Obesity raises the risk of breast, womb, bowel and kidney cancer,while alcohol is known to cause cancers of the mouth,throat and liver, Its dangerous impact is increased when combined with smoking.Key told the meeting of the charity Cancer Research UK that other elements of diet linked to cancer are still unknown but scientists are hoping that the EPIC study,which is comparing the diets of 500,000 people in 10 countries and their risk of cancer, will provide some answers.Early results of the study have revealed that Norway, Sweden and Denmark have the lowest consumption of fruit and vegetables among European countries while Italy and Spain have the highest.Eating at least five portions of fruit and vegetables a day is recommended to reduce the risk of cancer.Key, principal scientist on the EPIC study, said it is looking at dietary links to some of the most common cancers including colorectal, breast and prostate.5 Men Too May Suffer from Domestic ViolenceNearly three in 10 men have experienced violence at the hands of an intimate partner duringtheir lifetimes, according to one of the few studies to look at domestic violence and healthamong men."Many menactually do experience domestic violence, although we don't hear about it often," Dr. Robert J. Reid of the University of Washington in Seattle, one of the study'sauthors, told Reuters Health. "They often don't tell __ and__ we don't ask. We want to get themessage out to men who do experience domestic violence that they are not alone and thereare resources available to them "The researchers asked study participants about physical abuse and non-physical abuse ,such as threats that made them fear for their safety, controlling behavior (for example,being told who they could associate with and where they could go), and constant name-calling.Among men 18 to 54 years old, 14.2 percent said they had experienced intimate partner__violence in the past five years, while 6. 1 percent reported domestic violence in the previousyear.Rates were lower for men 55 and older ,with 5.3 percent reporting violence in the pastfive years and 2.4 percent having experienced it in the past 12 months.Overall, 30.5 percent of men younger than 55 and 26.5 percent of older men said they hadbeen victims of domestic violence at some point in their lives. About half of the violence themen experienced was physical.However, the physical violence men reported wasn't as harsh as that suffered bywomen in a previous study; 20 percent to 40 percent of the men rated it as severe, compared to 61percent of womenMen who reported experiencing domestic violence had more emotional and mentalhealthproblems than those who had not, especially older men, the researchers found.*6 Once-daily Pill Could Simplify HIV TreatmentBristol-MyersMyers Squibb and Gilead Sciences have combined many HIV drugs into a single pill Sometimes the best medicine is more than one kind of medicine. Malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS,2 for example, are all treated with combinations of drugs. But that can mean a lot of pills to take. It would be simpler if drug companies combined all the medicines into a single pill, taken just once a day.Now, two companies say they have done that for people just starting treatment for HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. The companies are Bristol-Myers Squibb and Gilead Sciences. They have developed a single pill that combines three drugs currently on the market.3 Bristol-Myers Squibb sells one of them under the name of Sustiva.4 Gilead combined the others, Emtriva and Viread, into a single pill in two thousand four.Combining drugs involves more than technical issues. It also involves issues of competition if the drugs are made by different companies. The new once-daily pill is the result of what is described as the first joint venture agreement of its kind in the treatment of HIV In January the New England Journal of Medicine5published a study of the new pill. Researchers compared its effectiveness to6that of the widely used combination of Sustiva and Combivir. Combivir contains two drugs, AZT7 and 3TC.8 The researchers say that after one year of treatment, the new pill suppressed HIV levels in more patients and with fewer side effects.9 Gilead paid for the study. Professor Joel Gallant at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland, led the research. He is a paid adviser to Gilead and Bristol-Meyers Squibb as well as the maker of Combivir, GlaxoSmithKline.Glaxo Smith Kline reacted to the findings by saying that a single study is of limited value. It says the effectiveness of Combivir has been shown in each of more than fifty studies.The price of the new once-daily pill has not been announced. But Gilead and Bristol-Myers Squibb say they will provide it at reduced cost to developing countries. They plan in the next few months to ask the United States Food and Drug Administration10 to approve the new pill.There are limits to who could take it because of the different drugs it contains. For example, pregnant women are told not to take Sustiva because of the risk of birth disorders.11 Experts say more than forty million people around the world are living with HIV*7 ExerciseWhether or not exercise adds to the length of life, it is common experience that a certain amount of regular exercise improves the health and contributes a feeling of well-being. Furthermore, exerise which involves play and recreation, and relieves nervous tension and mental fatigue in so doing, is not only pleasant but beneficial.How much and what kind of exercise one should take merits careful consideration.Thegrowing child and the normal young man and young woman thrill with the exhilaration of strenuous sports. They fatigue to the point of exhaustion but recover promptly with a period of rest. But not so with those _of middle age and beyond. For them moderation is of vital importance. Just how much exercise a person of a given age can safely take is question hard _to answer. Individual variability is too great to permit of generalization. A game of tennis may be perfectly safe for one person of forty but folly for another. The sage limit for exercise depends on the condition of the heart, the condition of the muscles, the type of exercise, and the regularity with which it is taken. Two general suggestions, however, will serve as sound advice for anyone. The first is that the condition of the heart and general health should be determined periodically by careful, thorough physical examinations. The other is that exercise should be kept below the point of physical exhaustion.What type of exercise one should choose _depens upon one’s physical condition. Young people can safely enjoy vigorous competitive sports, but most older persons do better to limit themselves to less strenuous activities. Walking, swimming, skating are among the sports that one can enjoy and safely participate in throughout life. Regularity is important if one is to get the most enjoyment and benefit out of exercise.*第八篇 Old And Active（新增）It is well—known that life expectancy is longer in Japan than in most other countries. A recent report also shows that Japan has the longest health expectancy in the world．A healthy long life is the result of improvement in social environment.Scientists are trying to work out exactly what keeps elderly Japanese people so healthy, and whether there is a lesson to be learnt from their lifestyles for the rest of us. Should we make any changes to our eating habits, for instance, or go jogging each day before breakfast? Is there some secret ingredient in the Japanese diet that is particularly beneficial to the human body?Another factor contributing to the rapid population aging in Japan is a decline in birthrate．Although longer life should be celebrated, it is actually considered a social problem．The number of older people had doubled in the last half century and that has increased pension and medical costs．The country could soon be facing an economic problem, if there are so many old people to be looked after and relatively few younger people working and paying taxes to support them．Raising the retirement age from 65 to 70 could be one solution to the problem. Work can give the elderly a sense of responsibility and mission in life. It’s important that the elderly play active roles in the society and live in harmony with all generations.*9 Many Women Who Beat Cancer Don't Change HabitsMany women who battle breast cancer will tell you it's a life-changing experience. However,a new study shows that for many women, the changes aren't always positive or permanent.Beth Snoke has watched her mother and both grandmothers battle and survive breast cancer So when she was diagnosed, there was no doubt in her mind what she had to do."I do exactly what the doctors say as far as the medicine that I'm on, as far as thevitamins, the diet, and the fitness. And I can't stress enough how important that is," saysBeth Snoke. But a surprising new study shows that no every woman who beats breastcancer is getting that message. In fact, nearly 40% bf them say even after surviving breastcancer, they haven't made significant changes in the way they eat or how much theyexercise."Not all survivors are taking advantage of this teachable moment and making positive healthchanges in their life," says Electra Paskett, PhD, at Ohio State University's ComprehensiveCancer Center. Paskett says diet and exercise have been proven to not only help women feel betterduring and after treatment, they may also play a role in preventing some cancers fromcoming back. Despite growing evidence, some women just aren't listening."Colon cancer survivors who exercise have actually been shown to have improvedsurvival rates. So, yes, it is true that perhaps by making some of these healthy choices we canactually increase their health," says Paskett.As a breast cancer survivor herself , Paskett knows first hand how much difference dietand exercise can make The challenge, she says, is to get more survivors to be more likeBeth, during and after treatment.Experts say exercising more and eating a healthier diet can also cut down on stress andhelp women overcome depression. There are more than 2 million breast cancer survivors living inthe U.S. Of those, nearly a million have yet to change their diet or exercise routines.*10 Hospital MistreatmentAccording to a study, most medical interns report experiencing mistreatment, including humiliation by senior doctors, being threatened, or physical abuse in their first year out of medical school.The findings come from analysis of the responses to a 13-page survey mailed in January 1991 to 1, 733 second-year residents. The survey and analysis appear in the April 15th issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association.Overall, out of the 1,277 residents who completed surveys, 1,185 said that they hadexperienced at least one incident of mistreatment in their intern year. In addition to reporting incidents where they were abused, more than 45% of the residents said they had witnessed at least one incident where other persons had made false medical records. Moreover, nearly three quarters of the residents said they had witnessed mistreatment of patients by other residents, attending physicians, or nurses. Almost 40% said patient mistreatment was a frequent event.More than 10% of the residents said they were not allowed to have enough sleep, and the average number of hours without _ sleep was 37.6. The average on-call hours during a _ typical week was 56.9 hours, but about 25% of the residents said their on-call assignments were more than 80 hours some weeks. Although30% of the residents said they experienced some type of sexual harassment or discrimination, verbal abuse was the most common problem cited. When abusive incidents were limited to events occurring three or more times, 53% of the respondents reported that they were belittled or humiliated by more senior residents, while just over 21% reported someone taking credit for their work. Being “given tasks for punishment,”“being pushed, kicked or hit,”and having someone “threatening your reputation or career,”were reported as a more frequent occurrence by over 10% of the responding residents.+11 Migrant WorkersIn the past twenty years, there has been an increasing tendency for workers to move from one country to another. While some newly independent countries have understandably restricted most jobs to local people, others have attracted and welcomed migrant workers. This is particularly the case in the Middle East,1where increased oil incomes have enabled many countries to call in outsiders to improve local facilities. Thus the Middle East has attracted oil-workers from the USA and Europe. It has brought in construction workers and technicians from many countries, including South Korea and Japan.In view of the difficult living and working conditions in the Middle East, 2 it is not surprising that the pay is high to attract suitable workers. Many engineers and technicians can earn at least twice as much money in the Middle East as they can in their own country, and this is a major attraction. An allied benefit is the low taxation or complete lack of it. 3This increases the net amount of pay received by visiting workers and is very popular with them.Sometimes a disadvantage has a compensating advantage. For example, the difficult living conditions often lead to increased friendship when workers have to depend on each other for safety and comfort. In a similar way, many migrant workers can save large sums of money partly because of the lack of entertainment facilities. The work is often complex and full of problems but this merely presents greater challenge to engineers who prefer to find solutions to problems rather than do routine work in their home country.One major problem which affects migrant workers in the Middle East is that their jobs are temporary ones. They are nearly always on contract, so it is not easy for them to plan ahead with great confidence. This is to be expected since no country welcomes a large number of foreignworkers as permanent residents. In any case, migrant workers accept this disadvantage, along with others, because of the considerable financial benefits which they receive.+12 Dreams（新增）Everyone can dream．Indeed, everyone does dream．Those who claim that they never dream at all actually dream just as frequently as the rest of us, though they may not remember anything about it．Even those of us who are perfectly aware of dreaming night after night very seldom remember those dreams in great detail but merely retain an untidy mixture of seemingly unrelated impressions. Dreams are not simply visual-we dream with all our sense, so that we appear to experience sound, touch, smell, and taste．One of the world's oldest known written documents is the Egyptian Book of Dreams．This volume is about five thousand years old, so you can see that dreams were believed to have a special significance even then．Many ancient civilizations believed that you should never ask a sleeping person as, during sleep, the soul had left the body and might not be able to return in time if the sleeper were suddenly awoken .From ancient times to the present day ,people have been making attempts to interpret dreams and to explain their significance．There are many books available on the subject of dream interpretation．although unfortunately there are almost as many meanings for a particular dream as there are books．+13 Scientists Develop Ways of Detecting Heart AttackGerman researchers have come up with a new generation of defibrillators and early-warning software aimed at offering heart patients greater protection from sudden death from cardiac arrest.In Germany alone around 100,000 people die annually as a result of cardiac arrest and many of these cases are caused by disruption to the heart’s rhythm. Those most at risk are patients w ho have already suffered a heart attack, and for years the use of defibrillators has proved useful in diagnosing life-threatening disruption to heart rnythms and correcting them automatically by intervening within seconds. These devices take on a range of functions, such as that of pacemaker.Heart specialists at Freiburg’s University Clinic have now achieved a breakthrough with an implanted defibrillator capable of generating a six-channel electrocardiogram (ECG) within the body. This integrated system allows early diagnosis of acute blood-flow problems and a pending heart attack. It will be implanted in patients for the first time this year. Meanwhile, researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Mathematics in Kaiserslautern have developed new computer software that renders of ECG data more precise.The overwhelming majority of patients at risk will not have an implanted defibrillator andmust for this reason undergo regular ECGs. “Many of the current programs only get into account a linear correlation of the data. We are, however, making use in a non-linear process that reveals the chaotic patterns of heart beats as an open and complex system,” Hagen Knaf says, “In this way changes in the heart beats over time can be monitored and individual variations in patients taken into account.” An old study of ECG data, based upon 600 patients who had suffered a subsequent heart attack, enabled the researchers to compare risks and to show that the new software evaluates the data considerably better.+14 A Health Profile（新增）A Health profile is a portrait of all of the factors that influence your health．To draw your health profile，you will need to know what diseases run in your family，what health hazards you may be exposed to at work,ow your daily diet compares to the recommended standards，how nluch time per week you spend exercising and what type of exercise you engage in,how stressful your work and family environments are，what kinds of illnesses you get regularly,and whether or not you have any one of a number of addictions. To complete this portrait,you should have a checkup to determine how your blood，heart，and lungs are functioning.This checkup will serve as a baseline,to which you can then compare later tests．Once this profile is thoroughly drawn，you can begin to think about setting health priorities based on your particular portrait．For example，if you drink two martinis every evening,have a high-stress job ,are overweight，smoke a pack of cigarettes a day,and use marijuana occasionally on weekends，you should quit smoking first，followed by losing the excess weight，reducing the stress of your job，giving up your marihuana habit，and then finally giveing some thought to those martinis if you want to prevent first cancer，and then heart disease．Even for the youthful working person who has never been sick a day in his life,who is in excellent health．a good look at all health habits and at work and home environments may suggest changes that will benefit him in the future．+15 Life Expectancy in the Last Hundred Years（新增）A hundred years ago，life expectancy in developed countries was about 47: in the early 21st century, men in the United States and the United Kingdom can expect to live to about 74. Women to about 80, and these ages are rising all the time. What has brought about these changes? When we look at the life span of people l00 years ago, we need to look at the greatest killers of the time. In the early 20th century, these were the acute and often high infectious diseases such as smallpox. Many children died very young from these diseases and others, and the weak and elderly were always at risk.In the developed world these diseases are far lessdeadly today, and in some cases have almost disappeared. A number of factor shave led to this: improvements in sanitation and hygiene, the discovery and use of antibiotics, which make bacterial diseases much less dangerous, andvaccinations against common diseases.In addition, people's general health has improved with improvements in our general environment: cleaner air, better means of preserving food，better and warmer housing，and better understanding of nutrition.Genetically，we should all be able to live to about 85 but while people do live longer today, there are still some big killers around that are preventing US from consistently reaching that age. The problems that affect people today are the more chronic illnesses, such as heart disease and strokes, and those spread by viruses, such as influenza and AIDS l. Of course, cancer is a huge killer as well. In most cases these diseases affect older people, but there are worrying trends in the developed world with problems such as obesity leadingto more heart disease and illnesses such as diabetes at younger ages.The killers today can be classed as "lifestyle diseases"，which means that it may be possible to halt their progress.卫生类完型填空课文译文1.找到速效治疗剂可以更好控制结核病世界卫生组织估计全球有大约三分之一的人感染了导致结核病的病菌。

第一篇Bringing Nanotechnology to Health Care for the PoorNanotechnology uses matter at the level of molecules and atoms. Researchers are finding different uses for particles with a length of one nanometer, or one-billionth of a meter. These include things like beauty products1 and dirt-resistant clothing. But one area where many experts believe nanotechnology holds great promise is medicine.Last week, speakers at a program in Washington discussed using nanotechnology to improve health care in developing countries. The program took place at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Peter Singer at the University of Toronto says a nanotechnology called quantum dots2 could be used to confirm cases of malaria. He says k could offer a better way than the traditional process of looking at a person's blood under a microscope.In poor countries, this process is often not followed. As a result, sick people may get treated for malaria even if they do not have it. Such misuse of medicines can lead to drug resistance. Quantum dots are particles that give off3 light when activated. Researchers are studying ways to program them to identify diseases by lighting up in the presence of a targeted molecule.4Experts say nanotechnology shows promise not just for diagnosing diseases, but also for treating them. Piotr Grodzinski of the National Institutes of Health5 talked about how nanotechnology could make drugs more effective. He talked about cancer drugs already developed with nanotechnology. He says if a drug can target a cancer locally in the body, then much less of it might be needed, and that means lower side effects.6Andrew Maynard is chief scientist for the Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies at the Woodrow Wilson Center. He noted that Brazil, India, China and South Africa are currently doing nanotechnology research that could help poor countries. But he also noted that there is some risk in using nano-materials. He says nanometer-sized particles behave differently in the body and the environment compared to larger particles7. Experts say more investment in research is needed to better understand these risks.词汇：nanotechnology / 'naensutekinDbdsi In.纳米技术matter /丨maet9(r)/ n.物质molecule /'mDlikjuil/ n.分子atom /'aetsm/ n.原子nanometer /'naensumiito(r) / n.纳米，毫微米(长度单位，=10_9m) one-billionth n.十亿分之一dirt-resistant adj.防尘的，防污的promise /'prDmis/ n.希望，前途program /'prsugraem/ ( = programme) n.节目，节目单；vt.为……编制程序scholar /丨skDb(r) / n.学者quantum /'kwDntom/ n.量；量子dot /dDt/ n.(小）点，圆点confirm /kan丨f3:m/ vt.确认;证实case / keis/ n.病症；病例；患者malaria /m^'lesria/ n.症（疾）misuse /ifnis'juis/ vt.误用，滥用；n.误用，滥用particle /'paitikl/ n.颗粒，微粒；粒子activate /'aektiveit/ vt.使激活identify /(a)i丨dentifai/ vt.辨认diagnose /'daisgn^uz/ vt.诊断（疾病）investment /in1 vestment/ n.投资；投资额注释：1. beauty product:美容产品2. quantum dot (QD):量子点。