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2018 年南京联合体一模

2018 年南京联合体一模
2018 年南京联合体一模

2018 年南京联合体一模

物理

(测试时间:90 分钟试卷满分:100 分)

一、选择题(本题共12 小题,每小题2 分,共24 分.每小题给出的选项中只有一个选项符合题意)

1. 如图所示,将钢质尺的一端紧压在水平桌面上,另一端伸出桌面,拨动钢尺使它振动,

改变钢尺伸出桌面的长度,拨动的幅度不变,则听到声音的()

A.音调变化

B.响度变化

C.音色变化

D.速度变化

2. 以下说法中符合生活实际的是()A.人正

常步行的速度约15k m/h B.对人体最适宜的洗

澡水温度约为60℃ C.光在空气中的传播速度

约为340m/s D.家用挂壁式空调正常工作时功率

约为1.2kW

3. 关于家庭电路和安全用电常识中,错误的是()A.家庭电路

中,用电器的金属外壳一定要接地B.家用保险丝被烧断后,不能用

铁丝或铜丝代替C.使用试电笔时,笔尖应该接触被测导体,手应该

接触笔尾金属体D.家庭电路中,空气开关跳闸一定是发生了短路

4. 如图所示,舞台上经常用干冰(主要成分二氧化碳)制造白雾,以渲染气氛.则白雾是()

A.二氧化碳液化形成的

B.水蒸气液化形成的

C.干冰凝固形成的

D.水蒸气升华形成的

5. 如图所示,按动电火花发生器按钮,盒盖飞出,以下四个事例中能量转化与此相同的是

()

(1)水壶中的水沸腾后,壶盖被水蒸气顶起

(2)两手相互摩擦,手心变热

(3)汽油机的做功冲程

(4)流星与空气摩擦生热、发光

A.(1)(2)B.(1)(3)

C.(2)(3)D.(2)(4)

6. 如图所示,人眼中 A 处看见水中鹅卵石 B 的像在 B ’处.若要在 A 处用激光笔照亮鹅卵石 B ,则正确的光路是( )

A

B C D

7. 关于惯性,下列四个现象及其对应的说明错.误.

的是( ) A .箭离开弓弦后,仍能向前飞行,说明箭有惯性 B .拍打刚晒过的被子,灰尘脱落,说明

灰尘有惯性 C .汽车紧急刹车,车上的人会向前倾,说明车有惯性 D .手握

锤柄在地面上撞击几下,锤头就能紧套在锤柄上,说明锤头有惯性

8. 如图所示,木块 A 、B 静止叠放在水平地面上,下列各对力中属于平衡力的是( )

A .木块 A 对木块

B 的压力和木块 A 的重力

B .木块 A 对木块 B 的压力和木块 B 对木块 A 的支持力

C .地面对木块 B 的支持力和木块 B 的重力

D .木块 B 对木块 A 支持力和木块 A 的重力 9. 如图所示,闭合开关 S ,在滑动变阻器滑片 P 向右滑动过程中,下列说法正确的是( )

A .电压表 V 1 示数变小,灯泡 L 的功率变小

B .电压表 V 2 示数变大,灯泡 L 的功率变小

C .电流表 A 示数变大,灯泡 L 的功率变小

D .电压表 V 1 与电流表 A 示数比值变小

10. 小华在综合实践中自制的简易电动机示意图如图所示.矩形线圈由漆包线绕制而成,漆包

线的两端分别从线圈的一组对边的中间位置引出,并作为线圈的转轴.将线圈架在两个金 属支架之间,线圈平面位于竖直面内,永磁铁置于线圈正下方.为了使电池与两金属支架 连接后线圈能连续转动起来,则小华应将( )

A .电池的正、负极对调一下

B .在线圈正上方增加磁体 S 极

C .左右转轴下侧绝缘漆刮掉一半

D .左右转轴绝缘漆全部刮掉

11. 小明同学在一支铅笔的下端粘上一块橡皮泥,将它分别置于甲、乙两杯液体中,观察到

静止时的情形如图,下列说法正确的是()

A.铅笔在甲杯液体中受到的浮力较大

B.铅笔在乙杯液体中受到的浮力较大

C.甲杯液体的密度比乙杯液体密度大

D.乙杯液体的密度比甲杯液体密度大

12. 如甲图所示的电路中,电源电压恒定.R0 为定值电阻,R 为滑动变阻器,闭合开关S 后,

在滑片P 滑动的过程中,电压表与电流表示数的变化关系如图乙所示,根据图像信息可知,下列判断错误的是()

A.R0 的阻值是10ΩB.滑动变阻

器的最大阻值是70ΩC.R0 的最

小功率是3.2W D.电路的最大总

功率是25.6W

13. 田野里油菜花盛开,走在田埂上闻到沁人的花香,这说明分子水很难被压缩,

说明分子间有(选填“引”或“斥”)力,若把水分子看成一个小球,水分子直径的数量级为10-10m,合μm.

14. 物理中经常说到“影”,这些“影”所满足的光学规律不尽相同.如:“路灯下的人影”是由于

光的形成的;“水中倒影”是由于光的形成的;“电影屏幕上的影”是由于光的形成的.

15. 手机通讯靠波传送信息,该波在真空中的速度为m/s.将一只手机置于

密闭的玻璃罩内,拨通瓶内手机,发现手机发出的铃声和闪烁的光(如图所示).逐渐抽出玻璃罩内的空气,发现铃声逐渐变弱直至消失而闪烁的光依然存在;再让空气逐渐进入玻璃罩内,发现铃声逐渐变强并仍然有闪烁的光.这说明①,②.

16. 小明测量色拉油的密度,进行了以下实验:

(1)把天平放在水平桌面上,游码移到标尺零刻度处,发现指针静止在分度盘中央刻度线的左侧,此时应将平衡螺母向(选填“左”或“右”)调节,使天平平衡.

(2)用调节好的天平测量色拉油和烧杯的总质量,小明的操作如图甲所示,其操作错误是: .

(3)小明正确测得色拉油和烧杯的总质量为58.2g,然后将一部分色拉油倒入量筒中,如图乙所示;再将烧杯放在天平上,称得剩余色拉油和烧杯的总质量如图丙所示,由此可知:量筒中色拉油的质量是g,色拉油的密度是k g/m3.

(4)小明在将色拉油倒入量筒时,量筒壁上沾上了部分色拉油,这会导致测量的色拉油的密度与真实值比(选填“偏大”、“偏小”或“不变”).

17. 天然气的使用,大大改善了我们的生活环境,天然气是(选填“可”或“不可”)

再生能源,在一个标准大气压下,把质量为100kg,温度为20℃的水烧开,水吸收的热量为J,若天然气燃烧放出的热量只有50%被水吸收,则需要完全燃烧m3 的天然气.[q 天然气=3×107J/m3,c 水=4.2×103J/(k g·℃)]

18. 如图所示,货物重6×103N,动滑轮重500N,起重机将货物匀速提升10m,用了10s.这

个过程中,起重机对货物做功为J,功率为W;若起重机的机械效率为80%,则起重机做的额外功为J.

第18 题图第19 题图

19. 如图所示电路,灯泡L1、L2、L3 分别标有“3V 0.3A”、“3V0.25A”、“5V 0.25A”字样(灯

丝电阻恒定),a、b 间接电源.

(1)若要求灯泡L1、L2 并联,则应闭合的开关有;若a、b 接入3V 电压,则电流表A 的示数为 A.

(2)只闭合S1 时,为了使一只灯泡正常发光,另一只灯泡不烧坏,那么正常发光的灯泡是,此时a、b 间的最大电压是V,通电1min 灯泡L1 产生的热量是J.

20. 按要求作图(请保留作图痕迹).

(1)如图甲所示,请在画出力F1 的力臂和B 点受到的阻力F2 示意图

(2)如图乙所示,请在用笔画线代替导线,将电灯、开关和插座正确接入家庭电路. (3)如图丙所示,根据通电螺线管的南北极,标出小磁针的N 极和电源的“+”极.

21. 用图甲所示的装置对冰进行加热,并且每隔相同的时间记录一次温度计的示数,同时观

察物质的状态.图乙和图丙中有一幅是根据实验记录的数据绘制而成的.回答下列问题:

(1)冰属于(选填“晶体”或“非晶体”).

(2)在图像中AB 阶段物质处于状态(选填“固体”、“液体”或“固液共存”),熔化时间经历min.

(3)图乙和图丙中CD 段正确的是;若CD 与AB 对应的物质的比热容分别是c1和c2,则正确的图中c1:c2= .

22. (5 分)在“探究影响滑动摩擦力大小的因素”实验中:

(1)测量滑动摩擦力大小,用弹簧测力计水平拉动木块(或铁块),应使其做运动;(2)按甲、乙两图先后拉动形状相同的木块、铁块,并测出摩擦力大小,则这两次实验,(选填“能”或“不能”)比较出木块和铁块下表面的粗糙程度,这是因为;(3)为了完成(2)中的实验探究,可以在甲、乙两次的实验基础上进行改进,在不添加其他器材情况下,画出改进后的实验装置示意图(在答题纸对应的图中画出).(2 分)

甲乙

23. (3 分)用如图所示的装置“探究动能大小与哪些因素有关”:

(1)在探究速度对动能的影响时,要保持小球的不变,让小球从(选填“相同”或“不同”)的高度自由释放,推动木块在水平面上移动;

(2)在该装置的基础上,添加毛巾、玻璃可以完成探究“阻力对物体运动的影响”的实验,为了便于推理,以下水平面材料放置顺序符合该实验研究方法的是

A.木板、玻璃、毛巾

B.木板、毛巾、玻璃

C.毛巾、玻璃、木板

D.毛巾、木板、玻璃

24. (5 分)小明利用铅笔做了几个物理小实验.

甲乙丙丁

(1)如图甲所示,将铅笔斜放在注水的碗中,看到铅笔发生了弯折,这一现象说明了光从水斜射入空气发生了现象;

(2)如图乙所示,铅笔的长度为c m;

(3)如图丙所示,两只手的食指压住铅笔的两端静止时,铅笔对左、右手指的压强大小关系是p 左 p 右;

(4)如图丁所示,把一本厚厚的书放在桌面上,然后在书和桌面间垫几支相同的圆柱形铅笔,用橡皮筋可以轻易拉动书,这说明代替滑动可以减小物体间的摩擦,书由静止开始运动说明力可以改变物体的.

25. (4 分)在“探究凸透镜成像的规律”实验时,选用的凸透镜的焦距为10c m:

(1)实验时,观察到的清晰的像如图,生活中的(选填“放大镜”、“投影仪”或“照相机”)是利用这一原理制成的;保持凸透镜位置不动,把蜡烛向左移动一段距离,调节光屏位置使所成像清晰,则像与原来的相比(选填“变大”、“变小”或“不变”)了;

(2)实验时,不小心在凸透镜上溅了一个黑色小泥点.那么,移动光屏,能否在光屏上找到小泥点的像(或影子)?答:;

(3)将焦距适当的透镜放在图中45cm 刻度处,光屏上的像变模糊了.使光屏远离透镜,又能在光屏上看到蜡烛清晰的像.生活中,(选填“远视眼”或“近视眼”)的矫正原理与之相同的.

26. (8 分)在“测量小灯泡的电功率”实验中,实验器材有:电池组(恒为3V)、电流表、

电压表、小灯泡(额定电压2.5V,电阻约10Ω)、滑动变阻器、开关、导线若干,实物电路如图甲所示.

(1)测量小灯泡的电功率的实物如图甲所示,请用笔画线代替导线,将图甲的实物图连接完整,要求滑动变阻器滑片P 向右滑动时小灯泡变暗(2 分);

(2)连接好电路,闭合开关,调节滑动变阻器,发现小灯泡不亮,电压表示数近似等于3V,电流表示数几乎为零.电路故障可能是;

(3)排除故障后进行实验,实验数据如表格所示,则小灯泡额定功率是W.小灯泡

起小灯泡灯丝阻值变化的原因是;

(5)在实验时,电压表出现了故障不能使用,用图乙所示的电路,也能测量小灯泡的额定功率,其中定值电阻R0 已知,测量方法:先闭合开关S 和S1,调节滑动变阻器,使小灯泡正常发光,则电流表的示数I1=(用已知量的符号表示,下同);然后将S1 断开,S2 闭合,读出电流表的示数为I,则小灯泡的额定功率P 额= .

27. (6 分)如图所示是部分中小学投入使用的新型安全校车,这种校车完全符合校车安全

标准.中考期间,××中学的学生乘坐这种新型安全校车以36km/h 的速度匀速行驶了15min 安全到达考点,此过程中校车的输出功率为150kW,求:

(1)在15min 内校车行驶的路程;

(2)在15min 内校车牵引力所做的功;

(3)若校车和学生总质量为9000kg,车轮与地面的接触总面积为1500c m2,求校车对水平路面的压强.(g 取10N/k g)

28. (8 分)小刘设计了一个自动恒温箱的电路,其电路原理图如图甲所示,其中,电源电

压恒为U=5V,R 是阻值为0~180Ω的可变电阻器,R t是热敏电阻,其阻值随温度t 变化的关系如图乙所示,当R 两端电压低至2V 时,恒温箱内控制开关自动启动加热系统(不考虑控制开关对虚线框内电路的影响),对恒温箱加热,可使其温度保持在t0 附近.(1)若闭合开关S,当恒温箱内温度t=40℃时,热敏电阻R t= Ω;热敏电阻R t 随温度t 变化的关系式为R t = .

(2)将R 调至100Ω时,对应的t0 为多少℃?

(3)本装置t0 的最小值是多少℃?

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