epolymer

/Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites/content/30/19/1621The online version of this article can be found at:DOI: 10.1177/07316844114268102011 30: 1621 originally published online 7 November 2011Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites N. Venkateshwaran, A. ElayaPerumal and M. S. JagatheeshwaranEffect of fiber length and fiber content on mechanical properties of banana fiber/epoxy compositePublished by: can be found at:Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites Additional services and information for/cgi/alerts Email Alerts:/subscriptions Subscriptions: /journalsReprints.nav Reprints:/journalsPermissions.nav Permissions:/content/30/19/1621.refs.html Citations:What is This?- Nov 7, 2011OnlineFirst Version of Record- Dec 16, 2011Version of Record >>ArticleEffect of fiber length and fiber contenton mechanical properties of banana fiber/epoxy compositeN.Venkateshwaran,A.ElayaPerumal and M.S.JagatheeshwaranAbstractThe main factors that influence the properties of composite are fiber length and content.Hence the prediction of optimum fiber length and content becomes important,so that composite can be prepared with best mechanical prop-erties.Experiments are carried out as per ASTM standards to find the mechanical properties namely,tensile strength and modulus,flexural strength and modulus,and impact strength.In addition to mechanical properties,water absorption capacity of the composite is also studied.Further,fractured surface of the specimen are subjected to morphological study using scanning electron microscope.The investigation revealed the suitability of banana fiber as an effective reinforce-ment in epoxy matrix.Keywordspolymer composites,banana fiber,mechanical properties,scanning electron microscopeIntroductionNowadays,polymers are used everywhere in the day-to-day life.Plastics found its way when the need for low weight high strength material became important for various applications.The research in thefield of poly-mer and polymer-based components has gained wide-spread recognition owing to its property;however,its bio-degradability is still a matter of concern.Further, glassfiber reinforced polymers(GFRP)have become appealing substitutes for aluminum,concrete,and steel due to its high strength-to-weight ratio,ease of handling,and for being corrosion-free.Moreover, they can also be engineered to get the desired proper-ties.1Since large-scale production and fabrication of glassfiber causes environmental problems and also health hazards,a suitable alternate which is environ-mental friendly is the need of the hour.Naturalfibers that are low cost,lightweight and environmental friendly provide an excellent alternative to glassfiber. Joshi et al.2reviewed the life cycle assessment of natural fiber and glassfiber composite and found that natural fibers are environmentally superior to glassfiber,and also reduces the polymer content as reinforcement. Schmidt and Beyer,Wotzel et al.,and Corbiere et al.carried out some important works using the natural fibers as reinforcement in polymer matrix for use in automobile parts.Schmit and Beyer3have replaced the glassfiber polypropylene(PP)with hemp-PP com-posite for auto-insulation application.Wotzel et al.4 have used hemp-epoxy to replace glassfiber acryloni-trile butadien–styrene(ABS)for usage in auto-side panel.Similarly,Corbiere et al.5replaced glassfiber PP with Curaua PP for transporting pallet.All these studies revealed that the naturalfiber based polymer composite has successfully replaced the glassfiber. Pothan et al.6studied the effect offiber length and con-tent on the mechanical properties of the short banana/ polyester composite.Study shows that30–40mmfiber length and40%fiber loading provides better mechan-ical properties.Idicula et al.7investigated the mechan-ical performance of banana/sisal hybrid composite and Department of Mechanical Engineering,Anna University,Chennai,India.Corresponding author:N.Venkateshwaran,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Anna University,Chennai,IndiaEmail:venkatcad@Journal of Reinforced Plasticsand Composites30(19)1621–1627!The Author(s)2011Reprints and permissions:/journalsPermissions.navDOI:10.1177/0731684411426810the positive hybrid effect for tensile strength was found to be in the ratio of4:1(banana:sisal). Further,the tensile strength of the composite is better when bananafiber is used as skin and sisal as core material.Visco-elastic property of the banana/ sisal(1:1ratio)hybrid composite was studied by Idicula et al.8The study shows that sisal/polyester composite has maximum damping behavior and high-est impact strength as compared to banana/polyester and hybrid composite.Sapuan et al.9prepared the composite by reinforcing woven bananafibers with epoxy matrix.Tensile test result showed that the woven kind of reinforcement has better strength and the same was confirmed using Anova technique also. Venkateshwaran and ElayaPerumal10reviewed the various work in thefield of bananafiber reinforced with polymer matrix composite with reference to phys-ical properties,structure,and application. Venkateshwaran et al.11studied the effect of hybridi-zation on mechanical and water absorption properties. Investigation revealed that the addition of sisal in bananafiber composite upto50%increases the mechanical properties.Sapuan et al.12designed and fabricated the household telephone stand using woven banana fabric and epoxy as resin.Zainudin et al.13studied the thermal stability of banana pseudo-stem(BPS)filled unplastisized polyvinyl chlo-ride(UPVC)composites using thermo-gravimetric analysis.The study revealed that the incorporation of bananafiller decreases the thermal stability of the composite.Zainudin et al.14investigated the effect of bananafiller content in the UPVC matrix.The inser-tion offiller increases the modulus of the composite and not the tensile andflexural strength.Zainudin et al.15studied the effect of temperature on storage modulus and damping behavior of bananafiber rein-forced with UPVC.Uma Devi et al.16studied the mechanical properties of pineapple leaffiber rein-forced with polyester composite.Study found that optimum mechanical properties are achieved at 30mmfiber length and30%fiber content.Dabade et al.17investigated the effect offiber length and weight ratio on tensile properties of sun hemp and palmyra/polyester composite.The optimumfiber length and weight ratio were30mm and around 55%,respectively.From the above literatures,it is evident that the fiber length and content are the important factors that affect properties of the composite.Hence in this work,the effect offiber length and weight percentage on the mechanical and water absorption properties of the bananafiber epoxy composite is investigated. Further,the fractured surface of the composite are subjected to fractography study to evaluate the frac-ture mechanism.ExperimentalFabrication of compositeA molding box made of well-seasoned teak wood of dimensions300Â300Â3mm3is used to make a com-posite specimen.The top,bottom surfaces of the mold and the walls are coated with remover and kept for drying.Fibers of different length(5,10,15,and 20mm)and weight percentage(8,12,16,and20)are used along with Epoxy(LY556)and Hardener (HY951)for the preparation of composite.Testing standardsThe tensile strength of the composite was determined using Tinnus Olsen Universal Testing Machine (UTM)as per ASTM D638standard.The test speed was maintained at5mm/min.In this case,five specimens were tested with variedfiber length andfiber weight ratio.The average value of tensile load at breaking point was calculated.Theflexural strength was determined using the above-mentioned UTM as per ASTM D790procedure.The test speed was maintained between1.3and1.5mm/min. In this case,five samples were tested and the average flexural strength was reported.The impact strength of the composite specimen was determined using an Izod impact tester according to ASTM D256 Standards.In this case,five specimens were tested to obtain the average value.Figures1to5show the effect offiber length and weight content on ten-sile,flexural,and impact properties.Water absorp-tion behavior of banana/epoxy composites in water at room temperature was studied as per ASTM D570to study the kinetics of water absorption. The samples were taken out periodically andFigure1.Effect of fiber length and weight percentage on tensile strength.1622Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites30(19)weighed immediately,after wiping out the water from the surface of the sample and using a precise 4-digit balance to find out the content of water absorbed.All the samples were dried in an oven until constant weight was reached before immersing again in the water.The percentage of moisture absorption was plotted against time (hours)and are shown in Figures 6–13.Scanning electron microscopeThe fractured surfaces of the specimens were exam-ined directly by scanning electron microscope Hitachi-S3400N.The fractured portions of the sam-ples were cut and gold coated over the surface uni-formly for examination.The accelerating voltage used in this work was 10kV.Figures 14to 17show the fractured surface characteristics of the compositespecimen.Figure 6.Effect of moisture on fiber content;Fiber length –5mm.Figure 3.Effect of fiber length and weight percentage on flexural strength.Figure 2.Effect of fiber length and weight percentage on tensilemodulus.Figure 4.Effect of fiber length and weight percentage on flexuralmodulus.Figure 5.Effect of fiber length and weight percentage on impact strength.Venkateshwaran et al.1623Figure 12.Effect of moisture on fiber length;Fiber wt%–16.Figure 7.Effect of moisture on fiber content;Fiber length –10mm.Figure 11.Effect of moisture on fiber length;Fiber wt%–12.Figure 10.Effect of moisture on fiber length;Fiber wt%–8.Figure 8.Effect of moisture on fiber content;Fiber length –15mm.Figure 9.Effect of moisture on fiber content;Fiber length –20mm.1624Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 30(19)Results and discussion Mechanical propertiesFor the tensile test,composite specimens are made of fibers of different length (5,10,15,and 20mm)and weight ratio (8,12,16,and 20)were used to calculate the tensile strength.Figures 1and 2show the effect of fiber length and weight ratios on tensile strength and modulus of the composite,respectively.Figure 1shows that the increase in fiber length and weight ratio increases the tensile strength and modulus upto 15mm fiber length and 12%weight ratio.Further increases cause the properties to decrease because of lower fiber–matrix adhesion and the quantity of fiber content being more than matrix.From Figures 1and 2,the maximum tensile strength and modulus oftheFigure 14.SEM micrograph of tensile fracturedspecimen.Figure 15.SEM micrograph of fractured specimen under flexuralload.Figure 16.SEM micrograph of fractured specimen under impactload.Figure 17.Micrograph of poorinterface.Figure 13.Effect of moisture on fiber length;Fiber wt%–20.Venkateshwaran et al.1625composite are16.39MPa and0.652GPa,respectively for thefiber length of5mm and12%weight ratio. Flexural strength and modulus for differentfiber lengths(5,10,15,and20mm)and weight ratios(8, 12,16,and20)are shown in Figures3and4,respec-tively.It was found that the maximumflexural strength and modulus are57.53MPa and8.92GPa,respectively for thefiber length of15mm andfiber weight of16%.The results of the pendulum impact test are shown in Figure 5.As thefiber weight and length increases impact strength also increases upto16%fiber weight ratio and then begin to decrease.The maximum impact strength of 2.25J/m was found for thefiber length 20mm and16%fiber weight.Although the variousfiber lengths and weight per-centage provides the maximum mechanical properties, from Figures10,12,and14it can be concluded that the optimumfiber length andfiber weight percentage is 15mm and16%respectively as the properties variation with15mm and16%are negligible when compared to the maximum mechanical properties provided by differ-entfiber lengths and weight percentage indicated as above.The mechanical properties provided above are better than coir18and palmyra.19Water absorption studyThe effects offiber length and content on the water absorption study are shown in Figures6–13.Figures 6to9show the effect offiber content on the water absorption property of the banana/epoxy composite. It shows that as thefiber content increases the moisture uptake of the composite also increases.This is due to the affinity of the bananafiber towards the moisture. The maximum moisture absorption for the composite is around5%for all length and weight percentage of composite.Figures10to13show the effect offiber length on the water uptake capability of composite.It indicates that the variation of length(5,10,15,and 20mm)does not have much impact as compared with thefiber content.The moisture absorption percentage of bananafiber/epoxy composite seems to be lesser than hempfiber20andflaxfiber21composite. Fractography studyMicrographs of fractured tensile,flexural,and impact specimens are shown in Figures14–17.Figure14shows the micrograph of fractured surface of specimen under tensile load.It clearly indicates that the failure is due to fiber pull out phenomenon.Figure15shows the frac-tured surface of the specimen under bending load. Micrograph also shows the bending offibers due to the application of load.Figure16shows the failure of the composite under impact load.Further,it also shows the striation occurring on the matrix surface and the presence of hole due tofiber pull out.Figure17shows the micrograph of20mmfiber length and20%fiber weight composite specimen.It clearly indicates that the clustering offibers result in poor interface with matrix,and in turn decreases the mechanical properties of the composite.ConclusionBased on thefindings of this investigation the following conclusions can be drawn:.The optimumfiber length and weight ratio are 15mm and16%,respectively for bananafiber/ epoxy composite..Moisture absorption percentage of banana/epoxy composite for all length and weight percentage is around5..Also,the moisture uptake capability of the compos-ite is greatly influenced byfiber content than length. .SEM image shows that increasing thefiber content above16%results in poor interface betweenfiber and matrix.References1.Houston N and Acosta F.Environmental effect of glassfiber reinforced polymers.In:Proceedings of2007Earth Quake Engineering Symposium for Young Researcher, Seattle,Washington,2007.2.Joshi SV,Drzal LT,Mohanty AK and Arora S.Are nat-ural fiber composites environmentally superior to glass fiber reinforced posite Part A2004;35: 371–376.3.Schmidt WP and Beyer HM.Life cycle study on a naturalfiber reinforced component.In:SAE Technical Paper 982195.SAE Total Life-Cycle Conference,1–3 December,1998,Graz,Austria.4.Wotzel K,Wirth R and Flake R.Life cycle studies onhemp fiber reinforced components and ABS for automo-tive parts.Die Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie1999;272:121–127.5.Corbiere-Nicollier T,Laban BG and Lundquist.Lifecycleassessment of bio-fibers replacing glass fibers as reinforce-ment in plastics.Resour Conserv Recycl2001;33:267–287.6.Pothan LA,Thomas S and Neelakantan NR.Shortbanana fiber reinforced polyester composites:mechanical, failure and aging characteristics.J Reinf Plast Compos 1997;16:744–765.7.Idicula M,Neelakantan NR and Oommen Z.A study ofthe mechanical properties of randomly oriented short banana and sisal hybrid fibre reinforced polyester compos-ites.J Appl Polym Sci2005;96:1699–1709.1626Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites30(19)8.Idicula M,Malhotra SK,Joseph K and Thomas S.Dynamic mechanical analysis of randomly oriented short banana/sisal hybrid fibre reinforced polyester pos Sci Technol2005;65:1077–1085.9.Sapuan SM,Leenie A,Harimi M and Beng YK.Mechanical property analysis of woven banana/epoxy composite.Mater Design2006;27:689–693.10.Venkateshwaran N and ElayaPerumal A.Banana fiberreinforced polymer composite-a review.J Reinf Plast Compos2010;29:2387–2396.11.Venkateshwaran N,ElayaPerumal A,Alavudeen A andThiruchitrambalam M.Mechanical and water absorption behavior of banana/sisal reinforced hybrid composites.Mater Design2011;32:4017–4021.12.Sapuan SM and Maleque MA.Design and fabrication ofnatural woven fabric reinforced epoxy composite for household telephone stand.Mater Design2005;26: 65–71.13.Zainudin ES,Sapuan SM,Abdan K and MohamadMTM.Thermal degradation of banana pseudo-stem fibre reinforced unplastisized polyvinyl chloride compos-ites.Mater Design2009;30:557–562.14.Zainudin ES,Sapuan SM,Abdan K and MohamadMTM.The mechanical performance of banana pseudo-stem reinforced unplastisized polyvinyl chloride compos-ites.Polym Plast Technol Eng2009;48:97–101.15.Zainudin ES,Sapuan SM,Abdan K and MohamadMTM.Dynamic mechanical behaviour of bananapseudo-stem filled unplasticized polyvinyl chloride com-posites.Polym Polym Compos2009;17:55–62.16.Uma Devi L,Bhagawan SS and Sabu Thomas.Mechanical properties of pineapple leaf fiber-reinforced polyester composites.J Appl Polym Sci1997;64: 1739–1748.17.Dabade BM,Ramachandra Reddy G,Rajesham S andUdaya kiran C.Effect of fiber length and fiber weight ratio on tensile properties of sun hemp and palmyra fiber reinforced polyester composites.J Reinf Plast Compos 2006;25:1733–1738.18.Harish S,Peter Michael D,Bensely A,Mohan Lal D andRajadurai A.Mechanical property evaluation of natural fiber coir composite.Mater Characterisation2009;60: 44–49.19.Velmurugan R and Manikandan V.Mechanical proper-ties of palmyra/glass fiber hybrid posite Part-A2009;38:2216–2226.20.Dhakal HN,Zhang ZY and Richardson MOW.Effect ofwater absorption on the mechanical properties of hemp fibre reinforced unsaturated polyester composites.Compos Sci Technol2007;67:1674–1683.21.Alix S,Philippe E,Bessadok A,Lebrun V,Morvan V andMarais S.Effect of chemical treatments on water sorption and mechanical properties of flax fibres.Bioresour Technol2009;100:4742–4749.Venkateshwaran et al.1627。

第27卷　第1期2006年2月特种橡胶制品Special Purpose Rubber Products Vol.27　No.1　February 2006NBR/EPVC 共混物压缩永久变形的研究晏才圣1,　罗权2(11广州市建筑材料工业研究所有限公司,广州　510030;21华南理工大学材料科学与工程学院,广州　510640)摘　要:研究了聚氯乙烯糊树脂(EPVC )用量、增塑剂DOP 用量、硫化体系、交联剂DCP 用量、补强剂品种对NBR/EPVC 共混物压缩永久变形的影响。

结果表明,加入EPVC 使NBR/EPVC 共混物的压缩永久变形显著增大;DOP 也会使共混物的压缩永久变形增大;采用过氧化物硫化体系、半有效硫化体系和有效硫化体系硫化的NBR/EPVC 共混物压缩永久变形较小,在半有效硫化体系中加入交联剂DCP 可进一步降低共混物的压缩永久变形;采用炭黑补强的NBR/EPVC 共混物压缩永久变形比采用白炭黑补强的小。

关键词:聚氯乙烯糊树脂;丁腈橡胶;压缩永久变形中图分类号:TQ33419 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1005-4030(2006)01-0006-03收稿日期:2005-08-26作者简介:晏才圣(1979-),男,湖南浏阳人,硕士,毕业于华南理工大学,主要从事高分子材料改性和加工,阻燃及防火材料的开发和测试技术的研究。

为了获得耐臭氧性能较好的丁腈橡胶(NBR )胶料,常在胶料中共混一定比例的聚氯乙烯(PVC )[1～3]。

NBR 与PVC 的共混物可以用于耐油密封制品。

橡胶密封制品在装配状态下贮存或使用时,由于受机械作用力、介质及空气中氧和温度的共同作用产生累积永久变形,导致压缩永久变形增大而引起泄漏,丧失密封性能。

选择高温下压缩永久变形为评价指标可以对密封制品的贮存寿命进行预期评估[4]。

在NBR/硬质聚氯乙烯(SPVC )共混物制备过程中,需要高温塑化PVC 后才能与NBR 实现共混。

常用的几种卡波姆Carbopol 940：短流变性、高粘度、高清澈度，低耐离子性及耐剪切性，适用于凝胶及膏霜中Carbopol 941：长流变性、低粘度、高清澈度，中等耐离子性及耐剪切，适用于凝胶及乳液Carbopol ETD 2020：丙烯酸酯/C10-30烷基丙烯酸酯交链共聚物，长流变性、低粘度、高清澈度、高耐离子性及耐剪切性，适用清澈凝胶。

Carbopol AQUA SF-1：液体，长流变性、可配制清澈配方，与多种成份具优良的相容性，回酸增稠，可用于表面活性剂体系。

Carbopol Ultrez 21：丙烯酸酯/C10-30烷基丙烯酸酯交链共聚物，短流变性、用于凝胶、洗涤清洁用品、高电解质产品、膏霜、乳液。

Carbopol Ultrez 20：丙烯酸酯/C10-30烷基丙烯酸酯交链共聚物，长流变性、香波、沐浴凝胶、膏霜/乳液、含电解质的护肤、护发凝胶Pemulen TR-1：丙烯酸酯/C10-30烷基丙烯酸酯交链共聚物，增稠型乳化剂、短流变性、用于膏霜、乳液Pemulen TR-2：丙烯酸酯/C10-30烷基丙烯酸酯交链共聚物，增稠型乳化剂、长流变性、用于乳液Carbopol ULTREZ 20聚合物Carbopol® Ultrez 20 PolymerINCI Name: Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer Carbopol® Ultrez 20 polymer is a hydrophobically（疏水性地）modified cross-linked acrylate copolymer. This polymer offers many substantial benefits for formulators and marketers of personal care products. Like other "Ultrez" grade polymers, Carbopol Ultrez 20 polymer is exceptionally easy to use - it self-wets and disperses within minutes.This rheology （流变学）modifier and stabilizer also provides electrolyte tolerance（耐受性） and unique sensory benefits in formulations. It can be used in systems with moderate surfactant content, making it an ideal choice for many applications.Key Benefits of Carbopol Ultrez 20 PolymerPleasing Sensorial（知觉的，感觉的） Properties:Carbopol Ultrez 20 provides a rich, creamy skinfeelduring the rubout（擦掉，抹掉） phase of applyingoil-in-water based creams and lotions（洗液）. Theseproperties are featured in our SensiMap Formulating（明确叙述）Concept.Rapid Wetting:The unique structure of Carbopol Ultrez 20 polymer allows for rapid wetting and improved swelling （膨胀）time without the need for agitation. This processing benefit is offered without compromising the performance that the personal care industry expects from the Carbopol polymer product line.Efficient Thickening（高效增稠）: Carbopol Ultrez 20 polymer provides moderate-to-high viscosity with smooth, long flow properties. It's a versatile（通用的） product that can be used when your formulations require viscosity and suspending properties. Carbopol Ultrez 20 polymer performs effectively across a broad pH range, making it a versatile ingredient for many applications.Stability of Ingredients in Surfactant-Containing Formulation s（配方）: In shampoo and body wash formulations, Carbopol Ultrez 20 polymer helps to suspend and stabilize beads（珠子，水珠）, microcapsules and exfoliants（去角质系列）for excellent product stability and visual appeal（视觉的吸引力）. In 2-in-1 formulations, Carbopol Ultrez 20 polymer can stabilize silicone fluids and oils effectively.Aesthetic（美学的;审美的）Properties:Carbopol Ultrez20 polymer exhibits good clarity（透明） in gelformulations, along with providing a smooth,aesthetically pleasing gel（凝胶）quality. In creams andlotions（洗液）, it helps to create emulsions（乳剂） withexcellent skin feel.Excellent Clarity: Even at high polymer concentration, Carbopol Ultrez 20 polymer maintains superior clarity.It can be used with confidence（满怀信心地）in systemswhere sparkling（发泡的, 闪烁的）clarity is required. Excellent Electrolyte（电解质） Tolerance:Viscosity, clarity and stability are all maintained in the presence of（在面前）electrolytes with Carbopol Ultrez 20 polymer. It is ideally suited for use in formulations containing higher levels of oils, botanical（来自植物的; 植物的）ingredients, or humectants（湿润剂）like Sodium PCA.Carbopol Ultrez 20 polymer provides excellent performance in a wide range of products, including:ShampoosLotionsBody washesHair and skin gelsBath gelsCreamsCarbopol® Ultrez 20 polymer is a featured ingredient in theCarbopol® Ultrez 20 polymer is recommendedfor .Name: CARBOPOL® ULTREZ 20 POLYMERCompany:Trade Name: CARBOPOL®Description: Like other "Ultrez" grade polymers, Carbopol® Ultrez 20 polymer is exceptionally easy to use-it self wets and disperses within minutes. This new thickener and stabilizer also provides improved electrolyte tolerance and unique sensory benefits. It can be used in systems with a moderate surfactant content, making it an ideal choice for many applications.Documents Data SheetTechnical InformationProduct name : Carbopol Ultrez 21 Polymer Chemical name : Acrylates/C10-30 alkyl acrylate crosspolymerItems PropertiesAppearance：white powderOdor：mild acrylic odorTotal solids：100%pH (in water)： 30.5% mucilage（粘液）viscosity at 20 rpm：55, 000 mPa·s0.5% dispersionwetting time： 3 minutes0.5% mucilage* clarity(% Transmission)（传送）~ 95 Characteristics and Application :Carbopol Ultrez 21 Polymer is a hydrophobically(疏水性地) modified crosslinked polyacrylate polymer designed to efficientlyimpart(赋予)thickening, stabilizing, and suspending properties to a variety of personal care applications.Carbopol Ultrez 21 polymer is self wetting crosslinked polyacrylic acid polymer that is synthesized in a cosolvent(共溶剂)ethyl acetate/cyclohexane mixture.It provides greater versatility(多功能,多用途) in formulating because it quickly and easily self wets without any mixing required. Carbopol Ultrez 21 polymer has short flow characteristics with relatively high viscosity compared to other Carbopol polymers.Benefits :Facilitates(使容易) formulating and processing because it is a self-wetting polymer that requires no dispersion agitation.Provides excellent thickening efficiency to form very high clarity gels.Provides shear(切变) thinning(变稀) rheology(流变能力)to enable easy pumping(抽吸)and dispensing(分发; 分配)of finished products via trigger(扳柄)sprayers(喷雾器).Provides yield value(屈服值)to allow for the suspension of a wide variety of insoluble materials or particles(粒子). Yield value enables finished products to have vertical cling(附着) which is an important characteristic for products that are dispensed via a trigger spray(反柄喷雾器) or nozzle(管口, 喷嘴). Stabilizes oil-in-water emulsions.INCL命名：丙烯酸酯/C10-30烷基丙烯酸酯交联聚合物（Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer）一．工艺操作上的优点：在工艺操作上ULTREZ 20比ETD2020更简便。

一、什么是EM.EPR
E：Expansion 膨胀
M：Mold 模具
E：Evolutional 进化物
P：Polymer 聚合物
R：Realignment 重新组合
二、EM.EPR简介
EM.EPR是由晋江毅恒鞋材有限公司与日本共同开发研制的新型材料替代品。

EM.EPR产品，经过多年研发、试验，将超轻、耐磨与止滑融为一体，已取得同类产品先进水平，所有的物性经过权威机构（SATRA）的测试都已获得通过，耐磨、止滑已达到RUBBER OUTSOLE& PU大底的水平，并突破了耐磨与止滑相对抵触之缺点。

同时，随着消费者对品质要求的提高，对压缩歪需求的进一步提升，现EM.EPR 之压缩歪已超越了所有EVA的传统标准。

三、四大特性
（1）超轻
（2）耐寒
（3）止滑
（4）三重耐磨
四、五大功能
（1）反弹
（2）吸震
（3）支撑
（4）多种质感
（5）可手缝
反弹、吸震
为了适应市场及消费者的要求，EM.EPR可生产高技术高物性的功能鞋底，反弹加吸震及耐磨、止滑底一次发泡成型，其中反弹、吸震经权威机构的测试，已达到同类产品的顶尖水平，同时，可免去为生产功能鞋底的贴合不稳定性及成本上的负担。

可手缝
经长期的研发及测试，EM.EPR是可生产手缝底材，主要原因及特点是拉力、撕裂、剥离强度高于一般M/D标准。

产品已通过多家品牌CLARKS、ROCKPORT、LA NEM、REEBOK、HUSHPUPIESS认定使用，物性比其他材料更佳、比重更轻。

专利名称：POLYMER发明人：TAKAHASHI HIROSHI,ABE KATSUHIRO 申请号：JP4492381申请日：19810327公开号：JPS643218B2公开日：19890120专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：PURPOSE:A polymer rich in reactivity and excellent in heat resistance, rigidity and impact resistance, having structural units, 5-norbornene-2-carboxylate ester group and 5-norbornene-2-carboxylic acid group, at a specified ratio. CONSTITUTION:A polymer consisting of structural units of formulaI, wherein R<1> is H, an alkyl or a phenyl, R<2> is H or an alkyl, and structural units of formula II, wherein R<3> is an alkyl. An ester group-containing norbornene derivative monomer (e.g., methyl 5-norbornene-2-carboxylate) easily undergoes ring-opening polymerization by the help of a metathesis catalyst. The ring-opened polymer obtained by ring-opening polymerization is one consisting of structural units of formula III. The purpose polymer can be prepared by hydrolyzing the ester groups by dissolving the polymer in an organic solvent and adding a proper amount of an alkali to the solution.申请人：MITSUBISHI PETROCHEMICAL CO更多信息请下载全文后查看。

英文简称英文全称中文全称ABS Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene 丙烯腈/丁二烯/苯乙烯共聚物AES Acrylonitrile-ethylene-styrene 丙烯腈/乙烯/苯乙烯共聚物AS Acrylonitrile-styrene resin 丙烯腈/苯乙烯共聚物ASA Acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylate 丙烯腈/苯乙烯/丙烯酸酯共聚物CA Cellulose acetate 醋酸纤维塑料CE "Cellulose plastics, general" 通用纤维素塑料CF Cresol-formaldehyde 甲酚-甲醛树脂CMC Carboxymethyl cellulose 羧甲基纤维素CN Cellulose nitrate 硝酸纤维素CPE Chlorinated polyethylene 氯化聚乙烯CPVC Chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) 氯化聚氯乙烯EP "Epoxy, epoxide" 环氧树脂EPM Ethylene-propylene polymer 乙烯/丙烯共聚物EPS Expanded polystyrene 可发性聚苯乙烯EVA Ethylene/vinyl acetate 乙烯/醋酸乙烯共聚物HDPE High-density polyethylene plastics 高密度聚乙烯HIPS High impact polystyrene 高抗冲聚苯乙烯IPS Impact-resistant polystyre ne 耐冲击聚苯乙烯K树脂 Styrene- butadiene 苯乙烯/丁二烯共聚物LCP Liquid crystal polymer 液晶聚合物LDPE Low-density polyethylene plastics 低密度聚乙烯LLDPE Linear low-density polyethylene 线型低密聚乙烯LMDPE Linear medium-density polyethylene 线型中密聚乙烯MBS Methacrylate-butadiene-styrene 甲基丙烯酸/丁二烯/苯乙烯共聚物MC Methyl cellulose 甲基纤维素MDPE Medium-density polyethylene 中密聚乙烯MF Melamine-formaldehyde resin 密胺-甲醛树脂MPF Melamine/phenol-formaldehyde 密胺/酚醛树脂PA Polyamide (nylon) 聚酰胺（尼龙）PAE Polyarylether 聚芳醚PAEK Polyaryletherketone 聚芳醚酮PAI Polyamide-imide 聚酰胺-酰亚胺PAK Polyester alkyd 聚酯树脂PAN Polyacrylonitrile 聚丙烯腈PASU Polyarylsulfone 聚芳砜PAT Polyarylate 聚芳酯PAUR Poly(ester urethane) 聚酯型聚氨酯PB Polybutene-1 聚丁烯-[1] PBT Poly(butylene terephthalate) 聚对苯二酸丁二酯PC Polycarbonate 聚碳酸酯PE Polyethylene 聚乙烯PEEK Polyetheretherketone 聚醚醚酮PEI Poly(etherimide) 聚醚酰亚胺PEK Polyether ketone 聚醚酮PES Poly(ether sulfone) 聚醚砜PET Poly(ethylene terephthalate) 聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯PEUR Poly(ether urethane) 聚醚型聚氨酯PF Phenol-formaldehyde resin 酚醛树脂PI Polyimide 聚酰亚胺PMMA Poly(methyl methacrylate) 聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯PMS Poly(alpha-methylstyrene) 聚α-甲基苯乙烯POM "Polyoxymethylene, polyacetal" 聚甲醛PP Polypropylene 聚丙烯PPO Poly(phenylene oxide) deprecated 聚苯醚PP-R Polypropylene randon coplymer 无规共聚聚丙烯PPS Poly(phenylene sulfide) 聚苯硫醚PPSU Poly(phenylene sulfone) 聚苯砜PS Polystyrene 聚苯乙烯PSU Polysulfone 聚砜PTFE Polytetrafluoroethylene 聚四氟乙烯PU（或PUR）Polyurethane 聚氨酯PV AL Poly(vinyl alcohol) 聚乙烯醇PVC Poly(vinyl chloride) 聚氯乙烯PVCC chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride)(*CPVC) 氯化聚氯乙烯RP reinforced plastics 增强塑料RTP reinforced thermoplastics 增强热塑性塑料S/AN styrene-acryonitrile copolymer 苯乙烯/丙烯腈共聚物SBS styrene-butadiene block copolymer 苯乙烯/丁二烯嵌段共聚物SMC sheet molding compound 片状模塑料S/MS styrene-α-methylstyrene copolymer 苯乙烯/α-甲基苯乙烯共聚物TMC thick molding compound 厚片模塑料TPE thermoplastic elastomer 热塑性弹性体TPU thermoplastic urethanes 热塑性聚氨酯PVDC Poly(vinylidene chloride) 聚（偏二氯乙烯）PVDF Poly(vinylidene fluoride) 聚（偏二氟乙烯）SAN Styrene-acrylonitrile plastic 苯乙烯/丙烯腈共聚物SB Styrene-butadiene plastic 苯乙烯/丁二烯共聚物Si Silicone plastics 有机硅塑料SMS Styrene/alpha-methylstyrene plastic 苯乙烯/α-甲基苯乙烯共聚物TPE Thermoplastic elastomer 热塑性弹性体UF Urea-formaldehyde resin 脲甲醛树脂UHMWPE Ultra-high molecular weight PE 超高分子量聚乙烯UP Unsaturated polyester 不饱和聚酯缩写代号英文全称中文全称别名ABS Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene 丙烯腈/丁二烯/苯乙烯共聚物ABS树脂AES Acrylonitrile-ethylene-styrene 丙烯腈/乙烯/苯乙烯共聚物AES树脂AS Acrylonitrile-styrene resin 丙烯腈/苯乙烯共聚物AS树脂CN Cellulose nitrate 硝酸纤维素赛璐璐EPM Ethylene-propylene polymer 乙烯/丙烯共聚物乙丙树脂EPS Expanded polystyrene 可发性聚苯乙烯发泡聚苯乙烯EVA Ethylene/vinyl acetate 乙烯/醋酸乙烯共聚物EV A树脂GPPS Generral polystyrene 通用聚苯乙烯透明聚苯乙烯HDPE High-density polyethylene plastics 高密度聚乙烯低压聚乙烯HIPS High impact polystyrene 高抗冲聚苯乙烯改性聚苯乙烯K树脂Styrene- butadiene 苯乙烯/丁二烯共聚物K胶LCP Liquid crystal polymer 液晶聚合物LDPE Low-density polyethylene plastics 低密度聚乙烯高压聚乙烯LLDPE Linear low-density polyethylene 线型低密聚乙烯线型高压聚乙烯MF Melamine-formaldehyde resin 密胺-甲醛树脂密胺塑料PA Polyamide (nylon) 聚酰胺尼龙、锦纶PAI Polyamide-imide 聚酰胺-酰亚胺PBT Poly(butylene terephthalate) 聚对苯二酸丁二酯聚酯PC Polycarbonate 聚碳酸酯PE Polyethylene 聚乙烯PEI Poly(etherimide) 聚醚酰亚胺PES Poly(ether sulfone) 聚醚砜聚苯醚砜PET Poly(ethylene terephthalate) 聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯涤纶（线型）树脂PF Phenol-formaldehyde resin 酚醛树脂电木粉、胶木粉PI Polyimide 聚酰亚胺PMMA Poly(methyl methacrylate) 聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯有机玻璃POM "Polyoxymethylene, polyacetal" 聚甲醛PP Polypropylene 聚丙烯PP-R Polypropylene randon coplymer 无规共聚聚丙烯PPO Poly(phenylene oxide) deprecated 聚苯醚聚苯撑氧PPS Poly(phenylene sulfide) 聚苯硫醚聚次苯基硫醚PS Polystyrene 聚苯乙烯PSU Polysulfone 聚砜PTFE（F4）Polytetrafluoroethylene 聚四氟乙烯四氟、塑料王PUR Polyurethane 聚氨酯聚氨基甲酸酯PU Polyurethane 聚氨酯聚氨基甲酸乙酯PVC Poly(vinyl chloride) 聚氯乙烯SAN Styrene-acrylonitrile plastic 苯乙烯/丙烯腈共聚物SAN树脂TPE Thermoplastic elastomer 热塑性弹性体UF Urea-formaldehyde resin 脲甲醛树脂电玉粉UHMWPE Ultra-high molecular weight PE 超高分子量聚乙烯。