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Building design terminology for architectsArchitects play a crucial role in designing and planning various types of buildings. They possess a unique skill set that enables them to communicate their ideas effectively and efficiently. To ensure effective communication within the architectural community, it is important for architects to be familiar with the English vocabulary specific to their field. In this article, we will explore a range of key English words and phrases commonly used in architecture.1.Blueprint: A detailed plan, usually in the form of a drawing, thatoutlines the design of a building, including its structure and layout. Blueprints are essential for conveying the architect’s vision to construction teams.2.Elevation: A drawing or representation of the vertical surfaces of abuilding, showing its height, proportions, and architectural details. Elevation drawings help architects visualize the overall appearance of a building from different angles.3.Floor plan: A diagram that illustrates the layout of a building at aspecific level. Floor plans typically indicate the positioning of walls, doors,windows, and other structural elements.4.Foundation: The part of a building that supports its entire weight andtransfers it to the ground. Foundations are typically made of concrete and are essential for ensuring the stability and structural integrity of a building.5.Structure: The framework that supports a building and ensures itsstability. Structural elements include beams, columns, and walls, which work together to distribute the building’s weight evenly.6.Facade: The exterior face or wall of a building. The facade is animportant aspect of a building’s design, as it often reflects the architecturalstyle and character.7.Roofing: The materials and construction techniques used to create theuppermost covering of a building to protect it from the elements. Commonroofing materials include tiles, shingles, and metal sheets.8.Interior design: The art and science of enhancing the interior of abuilding to achieve a healthy and aesthetically pleasing environment. Interior designers focus on creating functional, safe, and visually appealing spaces.9.Materials: The substances used in the construction of a building, suchas wood, concrete, glass, and steel. Architects must choose materials carefully to ensure durability, sustainability, and aesthetic appeal.10.Sustainability: The practice of designing and constructing buildingsthat minimize their impact on the environment. Sustainable design aims toreduce energy consumption, maximize natural light, and implement greenbuilding materials.11.Urban planning: The process of designing and organizing cities, towns,and other urban areas. Urban planners consider factors such as transportation, zoning, and population growth to create functional and livable spaces.ndscaping: The design and arrangement of outdoor spacessurrounding a building. Landscape architects focus on creating visuallyappealing and functional outdoor areas, incorporating elements such as plants, paths, and water features.13.Construction: The process of building or assembling a structure.Architects work closely with construction teams to ensure the design isimplemented correctly and to address any challenges that may arise.14.Client: The person or organization for whom the architect is designinga building. Architects must collaborate closely with clients to understand theirneeds and preferences and to deliver a design that meets their requirements.15.Building codes: Regulations and guidelines that govern the design,construction, and occupancy of buildings. Architects must ensure their designs comply with relevant building codes to ensure safety and functionality.By familiarizing themselves with these architectural terms, architects can enhance their abilities to communicate their ideas effectively and collaborate with other professionals in the field. A strong command of these words and phrases is essential for successful architectural design and implementation.。
建筑方案文本目录英语Architecture Proposal Text Catalogue1. Introduction- Background information about the project and its purpose- Summary of the architectural proposal- Statement of objectives and goals to be achieved through the proposed design2. Site Analysis- Detailed description and analysis of the site's characteristics and constraints- Assessment of the environmental conditions and their impact on the proposed design- Evaluation of the site's context and surroundings, including nearby buildings and infrastructure3. Design Concept- Description of the overarching design concept and approach- Explanation of the design principles, such as sustainability, functionality, aesthetics, and user experience- Presentation of design inspirations and precedents that influenced the proposed concept4. Building Massing and Layout- Illustration of the building's massing and overall layout- Explanation of the rationale behind the chosen form and layout, considering factors such as site constraints, program requirements, and design principles- Demonstration of how the proposed massing and layout respondto the site and create a sense of place5. Spatial Organization- Description of the interior spatial organization, including the arrangement of different functions and spaces within the building - Discussion of the circulation patterns and flow of users within the building- Explanation of the spatial qualities and characteristics aimed to be achieved in each space6. Materiality and Finishes- Presentation of the proposed materials and finishes for the building's exterior and interior- Explanation of the rationale behind the material selections, considering factors such as durability, aesthetics, and sustainability - Demonstration of how the proposed materials and finishes complement the overall design concept7. Sustainability Measures- Description of the sustainability measures incorporated into the design, such as energy-efficient systems, renewable materials, and water-saving strategies- Analysis of the potential environmental benefits and cost savings associated with the proposed sustainability measures- Explanation of how the design integrates with its surrounding environment and minimizes its carbon footprint8. Building Systems- Overview of the proposed building systems, such as structural, mechanical, electrical, and plumbing- Explanation of the design decisions made regarding the building systems, considering factors such as efficiency, reliability, and user comfort- Discussion of how the building systems integrate into the overall design concept and enhance the building's functionality9. Implementation and Phasing- Description of the proposed implementation plan and construction phasing, if applicable- Discussion of any potential challenges or risks associated with the construction process- Outline of the proposed timeline and milestones for the project's completion10. Cost Estimation- Evaluation of the estimated construction costs for the proposed design- Breakdown of the different cost components, such as materials, labor, and fees- Discussion of any cost-saving strategies or alternatives considered during the design process11. Conclusion- Recap of the main points discussed in the proposal- Reiteration of the objectives and goals to be achieved through the proposed design- Invitation for further discussion, feedback, or clarification of any aspects of the proposal。
介绍建筑的方式英文作文英文回答：Introduction to Architecture。
Architecture is the art and science of designing and constructing buildings and other physical structures. It is a complex discipline that combines technical skills, aesthetic judgment, and cultural understanding. Architects must be able to think creatively and solve problems in order to design buildings that are both functional and beautiful.The History of Architecture。
Architecture has a long and rich history, dating back to the earliest civilizations. The first buildings were simple shelters that protected people from the elements. Over time, buildings became more complex and began to reflect the cultures and beliefs of the people who builtthem.Some of the most famous examples of ancientarchitecture include the pyramids of Giza, the Parthenon in Athens, and the Great Wall of China. These buildings are marvels of engineering and have stood for centuries as symbols of human achievement.The Different Types of Architecture。
建筑专业英语作文范文英文回答：Architecture: A Multidisciplinary Field.Architecture is a multidisciplinary field that encompasses engineering, art, and science. It involves the design and construction of buildings and other structures, as well as the planning of urban and rural environments. Architects must have a strong understanding of both the technical and aesthetic aspects of building design, as well as the ability to work collaboratively with other professionals.Engineering Aspects of Architecture.The engineering aspects of architecture primarily focus on the structural integrity and safety of buildings. Architects must ensure that their designs meet all applicable building codes and regulations. They must alsoconsider factors such as environmental loads (e.g., wind, snow, earthquakes) and the materials used in construction. Structural engineers play a vital role in the design process, ensuring that buildings are safe and habitable.Art and Aesthetic Aspects of Architecture.In addition to engineering considerations, architects must also pay attention to the aesthetic aspects of their designs. Buildings should be visually appealing and reflect the needs and desires of their users. Architects must consider factors such as the building's form, color, and texture, as well as the relationship between the building and its surroundings. Interior designers play a key role in the aesthetic aspects of architecture, creating spaces that are both functional and visually pleasing.Science and Sustainability in Architecture.Recent advances in science and technology have had a significant impact on architecture. Architects are now able to design buildings that are more energy-efficient,sustainable, and environmentally friendly. Green building practices, such as using recycled materials and incorporating renewable energy sources, are becoming increasingly common. Architects must be aware of the latest scientific advancements and incorporate sustainable principles into their designs.Collaboration and Teamwork in Architecture.Architecture is a collaborative field, and architects must be able to work effectively with a variety of professionals, including engineers, contractors, and clients. They must be able to communicate their ideas clearly and concisely, and they must be able to work within a team environment. Architects must also be able to adapt their designs to the needs of their clients and the constraints of the site.Importance of Architecture.Architecture is essential for creating livable and sustainable communities. Buildings provide shelter,protection, and a sense of place. They can also contribute to the social and economic well-being of a community. Well-designed buildings can improve air quality, reduce crime, and promote physical and mental health. Architects have a responsibility to design buildings that are safe, sustainable, and aesthetically pleasing.中文回答：建筑学，一门多学科领域。
accreditation 委派accuracy 准确度acquisition 获取activity patterns 活动模式added value 附加值adjacency邻接Aeolian 伊奥利亚人的, 风的, 风蚀的Age of Discovery 发现的年代aggregation聚合algorithm, definition算法,定义ambiguity 不明确analytical cartography 分析制图application programming interfaces(APIs) 应用编程接口ARCGis 美国ESRI公司开发的世界先进的地理信息系统软件ArcIMS 它是个强大的，基于标准的工具，让你快速设计和管理Internet地图服务ArcInfo 在ArcGIS软件家族中，ArcInfo是GIS软件中功能最全面的。
它包含ArcView和ArcEditor 所有功能，并加上高级空间处理和数据转换ArcNews 美国ESRI向用户终生免费赠送的ArcNews报刊ArcSDE ArcSDE在ESRI GIS软件和DBMS之间提供通道，是一个空间数据引擎ArcUser Magazine 为ESRI用户创建的报刊ArcView 桌面GIS和制图软件，提供数据可视化，查询，分析和集成功能，以及创建和编辑地理数据的能力ARPANET ARPA 计算机网（美国国防部高级研究计划局建立的计算机网）aspatial data 非空间数据？Association of Geographic Information (AGI) 地理信息协会attribute data 属性数据attributes, types 属性，类型attributive geographic data 属性地理数据autocorrelation 自相关Autodesk MapGuide 美国Autodesk公司生产的Web GIS软件Automated mapping/facility management(AM/FM) systems 自动绘图/设备管理系统facilities 设备avatars 化身A VIRIS 机载可见光/红外成像光谱仪azimuthal projections 方位投影batch vectorization 批量矢量化beer consumption 啤酒消费benchmarking 基准Berry, Brianbest fit line 最优线binary counting system 二进制计算系统binomial distribution 二项式分布bivariate Gaussian distribution 二元高斯分布block encoding 块编码Bosnia, repartitioning 波斯尼亚，再分离成两个国家buffering 缓冲区分析Borrough, PeterBusiness and service planning(retailing) application in petroleum and convenience shopping 石油和便利购物的业务和服务规划（零售）应用business drivers 业务驱动business, GIS as 业务，地理信息系统作为Buttenfield, Barbaracadasters 土地清册Callingham, Martincannibalizing 调拨Cartesian coordinate system笛卡尔坐标系Cartograms 统计地图cartographic generalization 制图综合cartographic modeling 地图建模cartometric transformations 量图变换catalog view of database 数据库目录视图census data人口普查数据Census of Population 人口普查central Place Theory 中心区位论central point rule 中点规则central tendency 中心倾向centroid 质心choropleth mapping分区制图choosing a GIS 选择一个地理信息系统class 类别classification generalization 分类综合client 客户端client-server C/S结构客户端-服务器cluster analysis 聚类分析clutter 混乱coastline weave 海岸线codified knowledge 编码知识COGO data 坐标几何数据COGO editing tools 坐标几何编辑工具Collaboration 协作Local level 地方级National level 国家级Collection-level metadata 获取级元数据Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) systems 成熟的商业化系统chemas-microsoft-comfficeffice" />>> Commom object request broker architecture (CORBA) 公共对象请求代理体系结构Community, GIS 社区，地理信息系统Competition 竞争Component GIS 组件地理信息系统Component object model (COM) 组件对象模型Computer assisted mass appraisal (CAMA) 辅助大量估价，>>Computer-aided design (CAD)-based GIS 基于计算机辅助制图的地理信息系统Models 数据模型Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tool 计算机辅助软件工程工具Concatenation 串联Confidence limits 置信界限Conflation 异文合并Conformal property 等角特性Confusion matrix 混淆矩阵Conic projections 圆锥投影Connectivity 连接性Consolidation 巩固Constant term 常数项Contagious diffusion 传染扩散Continuing professional development (CPD) 持续专业发展Coordinates 坐标Copyright 版权Corridor 走廊Cost-benefit analysis 成本效益分析Cost-effectiveness evaluation 成本效率评估Counting method 计算方法Cresswell, PaulCustomer support 客户支持Cylindrical Equidistant Projection 圆柱等距投影Cylindrical projections 圆柱投影> >Dangermond, Jack 美国ESRI总裁>> dasymetric mapping 分区密度制图>>data 数据>>automation 自动化>>capture costs 获取代价>>capture project 获取工程>>collection workflow 采集工作流>> compression 压缩>>conversion 转换>>definition 定义>>geographic, nature of 地理数据，数据的性质>> GIS 地理信息系统>>industry 产业>>integration 集成>>mining 挖掘>>transfer 迁移>>translation 转化>>data model 数据模型>> definition 定义>>levels of abstraction 提取等级>> in practice 实际上>>types 类型>>database 数据库>>definition 定义>>design 设计>>generalization 综合>>global 全球的>>index 索引>>multi-user editing 多用户编辑>> structuring 结构>>database management system (DBMS) 数据库管理系统>>capabilities 能力>>data storage 数据存储>>geographic extensions 地理扩展>>types 类型>>Dayton Accord 达顿协定，1995年12月达顿协定(DAYTON ACCORD)签订,巴尔干和平已经实现,波斯尼亚(包括黑塞哥维那)再被分解成两个国家>>decision support 决策支持>>deductive reasoning 演绎推理>>definitions of GIS 地理信息系统的各种定义>>degrees of freedom 自由度>>density estimation 密度估算>>dependence in space 空间依赖>>desktop GIS 桌面地理信息系统>>desktop paradigms 桌面范例>>Digital Chart of the World (DCW) 世界数字化图>>digital divide 数字鸿沟>>Digital Earth 数字地球>>Digital elevation models (DEMs) 数字高程模型>>Digital line graph (DLG) 数字线划图>>Digital raster graphic (DRG) 数字影像图>>Digital representation 数字表现>>Digital terrain models 数字地形模型>>Digitizing 数字化>>DIME (Dual Independent Map Encoding) program 美国人口调查局建立的双重独立地图编码系统>> Dine CARE >>Discrete objects 离散对象>>Douglas-Poiker algorithm 道格拉斯-普克算法，一种矢量数据抽稀算法>>Dublin Core metadata standard 都柏林核心元数据标准>>Dynamic segmentation 动态分割>>Dynamic simulation models 动态仿真模型>>> >Easting 朝东方>>Ecological fallacy 生态谬误>>e-commerce 电子商业>>editing 编辑>>education 教育>>electromagnetic spectrum 电磁光谱>>ellipsoids 偏振光椭圆率测量仪>>of rotation 旋转的>>emergency evacuation 应急撤退>>encapsulation 封装>>environmental applications 环境应用>>environmental impact 环境影响>>epidemiology 流行病学>>equal area property 等面积特性>>Equator 赤道>>ERDAS ERDAS公司是世界上最大的专业遥感图像处理软件公司，用户遍布100多个国家，软件套数超过17000套。
★be absent from缺少的（=scarce缺乏的=deficient不足的；缺陷的）→in the absence of缺乏（=in sufficien cy缺乏；不足=in adequa cy不足=deficien cy缺乏）abstract抽象的/摘要→abstract ion抽象反义：concrete具体的★account ability有责任→applic ability适用性→avail ability有用（=valid ity有效性）→credi bility可信度→credit ability可信性→（eligible合格的→）eligi bility for合格→（feas ible 可能的→）feasi bility可行性；可能性（=like lihood）→（inevit able不可避免的；必然性→）inevit ability必然性；不可避免→（liable for→）li ability责任（=obligat ion）/倾向→（mutable 易变的→）mut ability易变性→（not able显著的；著名的→）not ability→plaus ibility似乎合理→practic ability实用性；可行性→re li ability可靠性→（soci able友善的；好交际的→）soci ability社交能力→vari ability变化性；易变性→（viable可生存的；可行性→）vi ability 生存能力；可行性→visi bility能见度abnormal反常的→abnormal ity异常；变态accent口音；强调n.→accent uate强调（=underline）access ible可接近的；可进入的；可得到的→access ion到达→access o ry配件；附件（=attach ment）/附属的；辅助的（=attached附属的）accommodate提供住宿；容纳（=contain）/适应（~ sb. to）→accommodat ion住宅；住处（=reside ncy）；/和解；适应→accommodat ing乐于助人的（in）accurate精确的→accura cy（=precision准确；精确度）acquaint sb.with使了解v.→acquaint ed熟悉的；认识的→acquaint ance熟人；认识acquire获得（=obtain=pro cure获得）→acqui sition→acquire ment获得；学识→acquir able 可获得的（=obtain able能获得的）/安全的；可靠的ad a pt适应；调整（=adjust）→adapt ation改编；适应→adapt ed适合的；适应的→adapt able →adapt ability适应性addict…to上瘾；沉溺于v.（=indulge in沉溺；放纵=obsess沉迷）→addict ed to沉溺于的→addict ion沉溺（=indulg ence沉溺；放纵）→addict ive使人上瘾的辨析：addi tion增加→addit ive添加的★adequate to/for足够的/适当的（=ample充分的=sufficient for足够的；充分的=competent 胜任的；足够的）→adequa cy足够（=sufficiency充足）；适当→in adequate不充分的（=in sufficient不足的=defic ient不足的；缺陷的=scarce缺乏的；不足的=destitute穷困的；缺乏的）；不恰当的→in adequa cy不足（=scarc ity缺乏；不足=in sufficien cy缺乏；不足=deficien cy缺乏）；不充分admit to doing（=recognize承认；意识到=acknowledge=concede承认；让步）→admit ted准许的；承认的（=acknowledge d公认的=recognize d公认的）→admit tance准入adj acent邻近的→adj acency邻近→adj unct附属物；附件（=accessory=attachment）→adj oin 毗连；邻近→adj oining邻近的→adj ourn换地方；延期（~ till）→adj udicate in判决；裁定（=refer ee=judge）→adjudicat ion（=judge ment）→adj ust调节（=regulate调整；校准=modulate 调节；调音）；适应（~ to=adapt）→adj ustment调整；调节→adj ustable可调节的administer管理（=supervise监督）→admin istrate经营；实施（=conduct=implement=carry out=actual ize实现；执行）→admin istration实施；管理；行政→admin istrator→admin istrative 管理的；行政的ad o pt采用；收养→adopt ed→adopt ion采用；采纳；收养→adopt ive收养的→adopt able可采用/收养的辨析：ad a pt适应；改编ad o pt采用；收养ad e pt内行advent n.到来→advent ure冒险→advent urous爱冒险的advice/advise→advis able明智的（=sensi ble合理的；明智的）→advise ment考虑；劝告→advis ability适当；明智→advis ory顾问的affect影响；感动（=impact=influence）→affect ive情感的（=emotional）→affect ion感情；影响（=emotion）→affect ionate充满感情的→un affect ed未受影响的affirm证实；断言→affirm ance断言→affirm ative肯定的；正面的=definite→affirm ationagony n.→agon ize使痛苦→agoniz ing苦恼的ally结盟；联合v./同盟者→in all iance with联盟（=coalition联盟=union工会；联盟）alleviate减轻；缓和（=relieve）→alleviat ion→alleviat ive减轻的alter（=vary=transform）→alter ation改变→un alter able/un alter ed不变的→alter n ate…with 交替v./交替的；轮流的→alter nation交替；交互→alter n ative可供选择的/选择对象n.amb itious=aspiring有雄心的→amb ition雄心；抱负ambi g u ous adj.→ambi guity模棱两可；模糊不定→un ambi guous不含糊的amb ient→amb ience环境；气氛（=atmosphere）amplif y扩大；增强→amplif ied放大的→amplif ication扩大analogous类似的→analog ue类似物→analog y n.相似；类比analy ze分析→analy tical分析的→analy sis分析n.anx ious渴望的（=desirous of=desired=wistful渴望的=eager to热切的；渴望的）；焦虑的（=upset不安的；苦恼的）→anxious ly焦虑地；不安地→anx iety焦虑；忧虑spont aneous自发的；自然的→simult aneous=contempor aneous=coinstant aneous同时（发生）的→consent aneous一致的→instant aneous瞬间的；即刻的（=instant立刻的=immediate立即的）applau d称赞（=ac claim喝彩；称赞=commend推荐；称赞=pay compliments to=pay a trait to 称赞）；鼓掌v.→applau se鼓掌；称赞n.→plaus ible似乎合理/可信的→plaus ibility似乎合理apply适用；应用（~ to）/申请（~ for）→appl ication请求；申请（~ for）/应用→appl icant 申请者→applied应用的→appl icable合适的；适用的→appli cability适用性appoint任命（=ordain任命；注定）；委派（=assign分配；委派；指定）→appoint ed指定的→appoint ment任命；约会（=ord ination任命=engagement约会；婚约/雇佣）→disappoint ment失望（=despair）→disappoint ed 失望的appraise评价（=evaluate评价=assess评估）；鉴定（=identify）→apprais al评估；估计→appraise ment评价；估计（=estimat ion估计=evaluat ion=assess ment评价）→apprais able评价的（=appreci able）appreciate领会/欣赏；赏识（=admire）/感激→appreciat ive有鉴赏能力的；感激的→appreciat ion 欣赏→appreci able可感知的；可评估的apprehend理解；忧虑/逮捕→apprehen sive忧虑的（~ for/about）；理解的→apprehen sion理解；忧虑/逮捕appropriate占用（=occupy≈expropriate征用）；拨出v./适当的（=adequate足够的；适当的=proper for合适的；正当的=apt适宜的；恰当的）adj.（~ to适合于）→appropriat ion拨款；挪用→appropriat eness适当→in appropriate不适当的arbit rate仲裁v.（=judge=referee）→arbitr al仲裁的→arbitr ation仲裁→arbit rary武断的；任意的（=random随机的；随意的）architect建筑师→architect ure结构（=structure结构；构造v./n.=framework框架；结构=fa bric 结构）；建筑→architectur al建筑的（=structur al结构的；构造的）argue争论；辩论（=debate=dispute）→argument辩论；争论（=contention争论；争辩=de bate on=dispute on争论；争端n.=controver sy争论；争端）/论点（=thesis）；论据→argument ative 爱辩论的ascend上升（=raise up增长；上升=）→ascen t上升；提升n.→ascend ant上升的（=mount ing 上升的）；优势的→ascend ancy统治权；优势ascribe…to归（因）于v.（attribute…to）→ascri ption归因（=attribution）；归属→ascri bable to可归于的adj.aspire to向往；有志于v.→aspir ation愿望；抱负；志愿assert断言；声张（=affirm断言；肯定；证实=swear to断言）→assert ion断言；宣称（=with assurance断言）→assert ive自信的；断定的辨析：ass et财产ass ert断言；声张as similate同化；吸收→similar→similar ity相似→assimilat ion消化；同化assist帮助；协助（=aid帮助v./n.）→assist ance援助；帮助→assist ant助手associate…with联合（=joint联合/共同的/关节=unite联合；合并/统一v.）；交往（=contact with）v./伙伴/副的adj.（~ professor）→associat ion协会/交往；联想→associat ed联合的（=combine d 结合的）assume假设；承担→assum ption假定（=premise前提；假设=pre sum ption）→assum ptive 假设的assure确保；确信（~ sb. of）→assur ance保证；确信（have ~ of）→re assure使安心；再保证→re assur ance安慰；信心→re assur ing安心的；可靠的astonish使惊讶→astonish ing惊人的→astonish ment惊讶attach…to系在…上；依附于→attach ed附加的；附属的（=accessory adj.）→attach ment附属物（=access ory n.）；附件（=enclos ure）/依恋attribute属性；品质；归因于→attribut ion归因；属性→attribut ive定语的authority权威→author ize批准→authorit ative权威性的avail of利用；有助于v./效用n.→avail able可用的；可得到的→avail ability有效；有用avoid避免；回避→avoid ance避免；回避→avoid able可以避免的→un avoid able不可避免的automate d自动化的→automat ion→auto matic自动的；无意识的（=unconscious=unaware）→auto mobile汽车→auto motive机动的→auto nomy自治；人身自由；自主权benefit利益/有益于v.（=profit利润；利益/获利v.）→benefi cial有益的（=profit able）；有利可图的→benefi cence善行→benefi cent慈善的；友善的；善行的.bias偏见；偏爱（=preference=prejudice n./有偏见v.）n./偏心v.→bias ed有偏见的（=prejudice d）bound跳跃v./范围；界限n./受约束的→bound ary边界→bound ed→bound less无限的（=in finite 无限的）capable有能力的（be ~ of）→capa bility能力；性能/容量→capacity容量（have a ~ of）/能力；职位→capa cious容量大的；广阔的（=spacious=vast）caution警告；慎重→caution ary警告的→pre caution预防；警惕→caut ious小心的ac cede to同意；继承→ac cession到达→con cede承认（=recognize承认；意识=admit to doing =acknowledge承认；感谢=confess to承认；供认；忏悔）；让步→con cession不情愿地承认（≈recogn ition承认=acknowledge ment）→re cede后退；退去→re cession不景气→pre cede 领先；优先；在…之前→pre ced ence优先→pre ced ing先前的→pre ced ent先例；惯例certain肯定的（=positive=affirm ative）；确定的/某人；某种adj.→certain ty必然；肯定certify证明（=substantiate证实；证明=test ify to作证；证明=verify证实）；发证书给→certif icate执照；证书n./认可；发证书给v.→certifi cation证明；认证cite引用v.（=quote引用；引述）→cita tion引用（=quot ation引用；报价）con ceive设想；想出→de ceive欺骗v.→re ceive得到（→recei pt收到；收据）→per ceive as 察觉到；注意到；理解辨析：re ceipt收到；收据re cept ion 接待；欢迎re peti tion重复celebrate→celebrat ion庆祝；典礼→celebr ity名望（=re nown）；著名（=fame=reputat ion）；名声；知名人士central中心的；中央的→central ize集中（=concentrate on=focus on）→central ization集中（=concentrat ion）→centralized集中的（=concentrate d集中的；全神贯注的）circum围绕；在…周围prep.→circum ference周围（=surrounding）→circum scribe限制（=restrict=bound to=confine）；圈出→circum scription界限（=confine）；限定（=limit=restriction）→circum spect慎重的→circum spection慎重→circum stantial依情况而定的；详细的（=elaborate详尽的=exhaust able彻底的；详尽的）→circum stantially根据情况地；偶然地→circum stantiate详细说明（=explicate阐述=expound详细说明=formulate系统阐述=el a borate详细说明v./详尽的=specif y详细说明）→circum stance环境；情况→circum vent绕行；规避civic=civil公民的；民事的→civil ize使文明v.→civil ized文明的→civil ization文明；开化→civil ity礼貌；谦恭→civil ian平民的/平民claim要求；声称/索赔v./n.→claim able可要求的→ac claim称赞（=commend表扬；称赞/推荐=app laud称赞；鼓掌=pay a trait to）；欢呼；喝彩→ex claim呼喊；大叫→pro claim宣布；声明（=declare宣布=announce宣布；预示）→pro claim ation→re claim收回；退回（=withdraw 取回=revoke撤回；取消=re possess收回）clar ity清楚→clar ify澄清；证明v.→clar ification澄清class ic杰作n.（literary classic文学著作）→class ical古典的；传统的（=conventional）（classical literature古典文学）→class ify分类；归类→class ified分类的→class ification分类coerce强制v.（=compel…to=constrain强迫；限制=impose…on=en force…on强迫；强制/实施；执行）→coerc ion强迫（=compul sion强迫；强制=impos ition强迫）→coerc ive强制的；强迫的（=compul sory强制的=compul sive=）cog itate思考；考虑（=contemplate考虑；沉思；注视=meditate沉思；考虑=reflect on=ponder 思索；考虑；沉思）→cogitat ion深思熟虑cogn itive认知的（~ abilities认知能力）→cogn ition认识；认知→cogn ize认识（=be acquainted with）→re cognize→re cogn ition承认（=acknowledge=admit to）cohere with凝聚；一致v.（=accord=correspond with=concur with=conform with=coincide with）→cohere nt一致的（=conform able=compatible=consist ent=correspond ing）；连贯的→coheren ce一致（=accord ance=in conform ity with一致=a concurrence of一致=uniform ity一致）→cohe sive凝聚的coincide with一致；符合（=accord=correspond with=concur with=conform with=cohere with）/同时发生v.→coin cidence巧合/一致（=accordance=in conform ity with一致=a concurrence of 一致=uniform ity一致）→coin cidental巧合的con clude总结→ex clude…from排除→in clude包括→pre clude…from阻止；排除→（=obviate 避免；排除=rule out排除；消除=exempt…from免除）combine with结合；联合（=conjunct结合v./共同的adj.=con join结合v.）→re combine重组→combine d结合的；组合的（≈oint联合的=con joint联合的=associat ed联合的）→combin ation结合；合并（=con junct ion结合；关联）comm and命令（=instruct教/命令v.）；指挥（~ sb. to）/ 掌握（under ~）n.→command ing 指挥的→command ment指令（=instruct ion指令）→command er指挥官comm end推荐（~ sb. to）；称赞→commend ation赞赏；推荐→commend able值得称赞的→re commend推荐；建议（~ sb. to）→re commend ation推荐；建议→re commend able可推荐的commer ce贸易；商业→commer cial商业的；贸易的→commer cialize使商业化→commer cialized商业化的→commodity商品辨析：comme n ce开始comme r ce贸易；商业commit…to使…承担/托付给/犯；干→commit ment承诺；保证（=guarantee=pledge v./n.）；献身；委托→committ ee委员会（=council）→committ ed忠诚的；坚定的comm ual公有的；公社的→comm unity社区；社会→comm unicate to/with传达；通讯/交流→comm unication交流；通讯compare with比较；对比（=contrast）→compar ison比较n.（in compar ison with）→compar ative比较的；相当的→compar able可比的；比得上的→compart ment间隔/划分v.辨析：compatible一致的；兼容的/合得来的compart分隔→compart ment间隔n./划分v.（=interval间隔=department隔间）→compart mentalize划分→compart mental间隔的compensate for赔偿；补偿→compensat ion赔偿；补偿→compensat ory赔偿的；补偿的compete with/for竞争（=contend with/for=rival vt.把…当做对手竞争）→compet ent有能力的adj.→compet ence/y能力；胜任→compet itive竞争的→compet ition（=contest竞争；驳斥≈content ion争斗）complement相配；相辅相成vt.→complement ary to补充的；辅助的（=supple ment al补充的；辅助的=supple ment ary辅助的=auxiliary辅助的）；互补的→complement arity互补性；补充（=suppl ement补充；增刊）complicate复杂化v./复杂的adj.（=intricate复杂的）→complicat ion复杂→complicate d复杂的（=comprehensive复杂的；合成的；综合的=soph isticate d复杂的；尖端的be compose d of组成/创作；作曲v.→compos ite of复合的；合成的；综合的adj./合成物→compos ition成分（=ingredient=constituent成分）；作文→compos ure镇静comprehend（=apprehend）理解；包括→comprehen sive广泛的；综合的；全面的→comprehen sion（=apprehen sion）理解力→comprehen sible可理解的compul sion强迫（=impos ition强迫=coerc ion强迫）；强制→compuls ive强迫的（=coerc ive 强制的；强迫的）；有趣的→compul sory强制的；义务的（=forc ible强制的；有说服力的=obligat ory强制的；义务的）辨析：compel…to do强迫；迫使v.→compel ling引人注目的；令人信服的concentrate on集中（=central ize=focus on）→concentrat ion集中（=central ization）；浓度→concentrate d全神贯注的（=absorbed）；浓缩的concept=conception概念；构想→concept ual概念的→pre conception预想conclude结束；总结（=summar ize）→conclus ion结论→conclus ive决定性的；结论的（=crucial决定性的；关键的=decis ive决定性的；果断的=definitive明确的；决定性的）condense浓缩；凝结v.（be condensed into）→condens ed浓缩的→condens ation浓缩conduct→conduct or指挥；导体；售票员→conduct ive传导性的→conduct ion传导；输送→conduct ivity传导性confer on商讨（=consult with商讨；请教→consult ation请教；咨询）；授予（=grant同意；给予=com mission授予v.）→confer ment给予；授予→confer ence会议confess to承认（= recognize=admit to=acknowledge=concede承认；让步）；供认；忏悔→confess ion承认；忏悔（=recogn ition承认=acknowledge ment）conform with使一致（=coordinate…with协调；一致=cohere with=coincide with和…一致=concur with一致v.）；遵守/批准（=approve）→conform ation构造（=fabric结构；构造=construc tion =structure结构；构造n./v.）；形态→in conform ity with符合；一致→conform ance 遵守；一致（=concurrence同意；一致=coheren ce一致=accordance）→conform able一致的（=cohere nt一致的；连贯的=correspond ing相应的；一致的=consist ent with=compatible with）；顺从的confuse with使困惑；混淆→confus ion混乱；混淆（=chaos=mess混乱）→confuse d混乱的；困惑的（=perplexed困惑的）→confus ing令人困惑的conquer征服（=vanquish）；克服（=overcome）；战胜vt.→conque st征服（make a ~ of）★con science良心→con scien tious认真的（=earnest认真的；真诚的/认真n.=serious严重的；认真的）；谨慎的（=cautious谨慎的=discreet谨慎的）；负责的conscious意识/自觉的；意识到的；有意的→conscious ness意识；知觉★consent to同意；赞成（=have no objection to=assent to同意；赞成=approve of=fall in with 赞成=subscribe to赞成；订阅=accede to同意/继承=grant同意；答应）→consen sus一致同意n.（=with the permission of得到同意=be in agreement with）→consent aneous一致的（=be consist ent in/with=conform able=be compatible with一致的/兼容的=correspond ing相应的；一致的=according=cohere nt一致的；连贯的）consequen ce结果；后果（in ~）→consequent结果的；随后发生的（=result ant结果的；合成的=result ing结果的）→consequent ial重大的/间接的→consequent ly因此；所以adv.★consider考虑（=take account of考虑；顾及=meditate考虑；沉思）；认为→consider ate 体贴的；周到的（~ of sb.）→in consider ate不考虑别人的；轻率的→consider ation考虑；思考/体贴→consider able重要的（=moment ous重要的；重大的=significant重要的；有意义的）；值得考虑的/相当大的；可观的→consider ably相当地；可观地adv.→in consider able无足轻重的；不值得考虑的constant持续的（=persistent连续的；持续的=success ive=contin uous连续的）→in constan cy 反复无常constitute构成；组成v.（=compose构成；组成/创作v.→constitu ent组成的adj./成分n.（=ingredient成分；原料=compos ition成分/作文）→constitut ion构成；宪法→constitut ional 宪法的；本质的constrain约束；强制（=restrict to=be bound by受…约束）→constrain t约束n.（=restrict ion 限制；约束）→constrain ed勉强的；拘泥的construct建造；解释；说明（=illustrate=explain=interrupt=expound详细说明；阐述=explicate 阐述；解释≈demonstrate证明；演示）→construct ive建设性的；积极的→construct ion建设；结构；建造（=structure=architecture）→construct or制造商consult请教；商讨→consult ant顾问→consult ancy咨询公司→consult ative顾问的content（to/with）使满足v./内容；目录/满足的→content ment满足→content ed满足的→content ion争论；争辩（=de bate on争论；辩论n.=dispute on争论；争端n.=controver sy 争论；争端）；论点（=argument论点；论据=thesis论文；论点）→content ious好辩的continue→dis continue停止；放弃→contin uous连续的；继续的（=persist ent连续的；坚持的=success ive连续的=serial连续的=con secutive连续的=conti guous临近的；连续的）→continu al连续的；不断的（=un interrupted=un intermitted不间断的）→continu ing连续的；持续的（=constant持续的）→continu ity连续性→continu ation延续→contin ent大陆；洲contradict反驳；与…有矛盾（=conflict with≈collide冲突）→contradict ion矛盾；冲突（= collision）→contradict ory矛盾的controver t议论→controver sial争议的→controvert ible可辩论的→controver sy争论；争端convenient→convenien ce便利；方便（at one’s ~）→in convenient不方便的→in convenien ce 不便convention协定；公约（=pact协定；公约）/大会（=session）/惯例（=institution惯例=routine）；习俗（=custom风俗；习惯=tradition）→convention al传统的；惯例的→convention alize照惯例con vert（…）into转变（=transform…into=vary=alter改变）→converted修改的（=modif ied 修改的）；转换的→con version转换；转变（=alter ation改变）convict sb. of判决…有罪（=condemn sb. to判决…=sentence sb. to判决…）→convict ion定罪；坚信→convict ed已判刑的→convict ive有说服力的（=persuasive）convince of使确信v.（=assure…of确保；确信=insure确保）→convince d确信的→convinc ing 令人信服的c oo p e rate with合作→cooperat ive合作的；协作的（~ enterprise）→cooperat ion合作；协作辨析：c oo p e rate合作→c oo p e ration合作c or p o rate公司的；共同的adj.→c or p o ration公司coordinate使协调/同等的/坐标→coordinate d（=concerted协调的）→coordinat ion协调（=harmony→harmon ize with使协调）c or p o rate法人的；公司的；共同的→corporat ion公司；企业（multinational ~跨国公司）coun sel（~ sb. to do）劝告；建议v./n.→counsel ling咨询→counsel or法律顾问辨析：coun cil委员会；理事会credi ble可靠的；可信的→credi bility可信性（=reliable可靠的；可信的）→in cred ible不可相信的credit相信v./信用；荣誉；学分；赞扬；贷款n.→credit able可信的；可靠的（=reliable可靠的；可信的）→credit ability可信性critic on批评；评论n.（=comment on=remark on）/评论家→critic al批评的/决定性的（=fate ful 重大的；决定性的=crucial决定性的；关键的=conclusive决定性的；最后的=decis ive决定性的=definitive明确的；决定性的）→critic ize批评；挑剔v.→critic ism批评；评论n.cultivate耕作；栽培/培养（=culture栽培；培养v.=nurture培育）→cultivat ion教化；培养（=nurtur ance=nourish ment）→cultivat able可培养的cur ious好奇的→curious ness→cur iosity好奇心custom习惯；风俗→custom s海关→custom er顾客（=client顾客；委托人）→custom ary习惯的；惯例的（=habit ual习惯的）→custom ize定制v.→custom ization→ac custom…to使习惯v.→accustom ed to习惯的；通常的辨析：custom风俗custom s海关custom er顾客costume服装consumer 消费者declare宣布；声明（=announce=proclaim宣布；声明≈pronounce宣告）→declar ation宣言；宣布dedicate奉献（=devote/contribute…to）→dedicat ion奉献（=devot ion=commit ment献身）辨析：de liberate故意的；深思熟虑的de dicate奉献→de dicated专注的de licate微妙的；灵敏的/精美的；脆弱的de sperate绝望的deduct演绎；推论→deduct ion演绎；推论（=inference推理；推论=reason ing推理；推论n.）；扣除→deduct ive推论的defect缺点；不足n.（=shortcoming缺点=im perfect ion缺点=flaw缺陷；裂缝）→defect ive 有缺陷的→defect ion背叛（=betray al）defer to推迟；延期（=postpone=put off=delay耽搁）→defer red→defer ral延期→defer ence 顺从（=obed ience=submission屈从）→defer ential恭敬的defic it赤字；逆差→defic iency缺乏；不足→defic ient不足的；缺陷的define限定（=restrict to限制；约束=confine限制/范畴n.=circum scribe限制；圈出）/下定义→definite明确的（=explicit明确的；清楚的；坦率的=specific明确的；具体的=in dubitable 明确的）；一定的→definit ive明确的；确定的；决定性的deliver交付（=submit）；传递/解救→deliver y交付；传递n.→deliver ance解救（=salvage救助；抢救=extricate解脱；救出=rescue救援）demonstrate证明；演示；示范→demonstrat ion示范；示威游行（=parade）dense浓厚的→dens ity密度；比重→dense nessdeny否认；拒绝v.（=reject拒绝；排斥=refuse=decline拒绝；下降）→den ial否认；拒绝n.（=reject ion=refus al拒绝）depart for离开；启程v.→depart ment部门（=sect ion章节；部分/部门；地区=sect or部分；部门=ministry部门）→depart mental部门的→depart ure离开（启程）；出发depend on依赖（=rely on=reckon on指望；依靠=bank on=lean on依靠；依赖）；取决于→depend ent on依靠的→depend ence依赖（=rel iance依靠；依赖）→in depend ent独立的；自主的→in dependen ce独立depress使沮丧；使萧条→depress ion沮丧（=despond ense沮丧；悲观）；萧条→depress ed 沮丧的（=frustrated失意的；沮丧的=dejected沮丧的；灰心的）；不景气的→depress ive抑郁的；压抑的desc ribe描述（=depict描述；描绘v.≈narrate）；形容→descr iption描述（=depict ion）→descr ipt ive=describe d描述的；叙述的desire→desir able令人满意的；称心的；值得的→desir ous渴望的（be ~ of=anxious for渴望的/anxious to忧虑的=be eager for热切的；渴望的）→un desir able不受欢迎的dest iny命运（=fate=fortune命运；财产）→dest ine to注定（=doom注定v.）→destine d命中注定的→dest ination目的地；终点destruct毁灭；破坏v.（=destroy破坏；摧毁=perish毁灭；消失；凋谢=damage损坏）→destruct ion破坏；消灭（=extinguish ment消灭；灭火=）→destruct ive破坏性的detect发觉；探测v.（=probe探测；调查v./n.=explore探究；勘察）→detect ion探测（explor ation 探究；勘探；探险）；察觉→detect able可发现的ad dict上瘾；沉溺于（=indulge in沉溺；放纵）→ad dict ive使人上瘾的→contra dict反驳；与…有矛盾（=conflict with）→contra dict ion矛盾；冲突（= collision）→contra dict ory矛盾的→dict ion措辞；发音→dict ate听写；口述（~ the order to…）→dict a tion听写；口述→in dict 起诉；控告（=accuse sb. of）→in dict ment起诉→pre dict预告；预测v.→pre dict ive预测的→pre dict ion预言；预报→ver dict裁定；评判n.（=arbitrate仲裁≈judge判断；审判）differ in与…不同；有区别v.→different→different ia=differ ence=different iation区别；分化；差异（=distinguish ment区别=diver gence差异）→different ial差别的→different iate from区分；区别v.（=discriminate from区分=discern between辨别；区分=distinguish from区别；辨认）diffuse散布；扩散；传播v.→diffus ion扩散；散布→diffus ive普及的→diffus er扩散器→diffus ivity扩散性digest摘要→digest ion消化；吸收（=absorption）→digest ive→digest ible易消化/理解的digni ty尊严→in digni ty侮辱→indign ant愤慨的→indign ation愤怒；愤慨（=outrage=wrath 愤怒）discriminate from区分/辨别→discriminat ion歧视；辨别→discriminat ory歧视的→discriminat ing有辨别能力的；有区别的dis passion冷静；客观→dis passion ate adj.=sober清醒的；冷静的dispute v./n.争论/争端→disput able有争议的；可疑的（=controvers ial）→disput ationdis solve溶解；解散=dismiss→dissol ved溶化的→dissol ute放纵的adj.→dissol ution瓦解distinct明显的；清晰的/截然不同的（be distinct from）→distinct ive独特的；与众不同的→distinct ion荣誉/差别（=contrast）distinguish区别（~ from）/辨认（~ with）→distinguish able可辨别的→distinguish ment区别diver t转移v.（=distract分散；转移=transfer=migrate转移；迁徙）→diver ted转移的→diver ting 有趣的；快乐的→diver se不同的；多样的→divers ity差异；多样性→diver sify使多样化v.→diver sified多样化的→diver sification多样化；多元化→diver sion（~ from）转向；转移（=transfer ence调任；转移）→diver ge分歧v.→diver gence of差异→diver gent有分歧的adj.divide into划分→divid ing区分的→in divid ual单独的；个人的（~ interest）/个人；个体→divi sion划分；部门→in divid uality个性（=character=personality个性）；个人→divid end股息；红利dominate支配；控制；统治v.（=govern支配；统治；管理）→domin ation=domin ance支配；控制→dominant主要的；占优势的→dominat ing主要的（=chief主要的=master主要的/掌v.=lead ing领先的；首位的；主要的）→pre domin ant占主导地位的；占优势的→pre domin ance 领先地位；优势（=super iority优越性；优势= ad vantage=ascend ancy优势；统治权）辨析：do main领域；范围dom estic家庭的；国内的dorm itory宿舍→dorm ant睡眠的；静止的→dorm ancy休眠dura tion→dura ble耐用品；耐久的=per dura ble→dura bility≈endur ance忍耐力；耐性e duce引出；得出→de duce演绎；推测（=speculate）→pro duce→in duce引起；引诱=se duce 引诱→re duce→ad duce举证effi cient高效的（=effic acious）；胜任的；有能力的（=competent）→efficien cy效率→in efficient 无效的；不称职的辨析：potent=effect ive有效的effuse散布；流出（=diffuse=outflow=issue）→effus ion→effus ive溢于言表的emerge浮现；出现v.→emergent（=urgent）紧急的→emergenc y紧急状况；突发事件（=urgen cy 紧急）→emergen ce出现；浮现emit发射→emi ssion散发；排放（=exhaust=discharge排出）emot ion情感（=affection感情=sensi bility感情；感性=sentiment感情；情绪/意见）；情绪→emot ional情绪的→emot ive感情的（=sentient有知觉的；有感情的=sentiment al感情的；感伤的）empire帝国→empir ical经验的→emperor帝王（=monarch）辨析：imperial帝国的emphas ize强调（=accent uate强调=underline=stress强调v./压力=highlight强调；加亮v.）→emphas is on（=accent强调；口音n.）→empha ticenclose围住；附上（=attach）→enclos ure围住；附件（=attach ment附件=access ory附件；配件）endeav our/strain to尽力v.→endeav or努力n.（=effort=strive奋斗；努力）（make ~ to/at doing）endure容忍v.（=for bear=toler ate）→endur ance忍耐（=forbear ance克制；容忍=toler ance 容忍；宽容）→endur ing持久的（=permanent永久的；持久的）；忍耐的→endur able可忍受的engage in雇佣；参加（=participate in）；从事（=undertake）；预订；与…交战（~ with）→engage ment约会（=appoint ment）；约定；婚约enlighten启发；开导→enlighten ed开明的（=civil文明的）；进步的→enlighten ment启蒙enter tain with娱乐；招待（=amuse消遣；娱乐=re creation消遣；娱乐）→enter tainment招待；娱乐（=amuse ment=pastime消遣；娱乐）→entertain ing有趣的→enter prise企业entitle给…权利；有资格/题名→be entitl ed to有资格的→entitle ment权利equal to→equal ity→in equal ity不平等→equal ize使相等→equa te同等看待→equa tion相等；方程=equal ization相等；均衡equity公平（=impart iality公平；无私=justice公平；公正）→equit able公平的；公正的（=impart ial公平的；公正的=justicial正义的；公平的=fair）→equ ivalent相等的；等价的→equi valence相等esteem（for）尊重n./v.→dis esteem轻视→esteem ed（=respected=honor ific）肃然起敬的evolve逐步形成；进化→evolve ment进化（=evolut ion）→evolv able进化的（=evolution ary）；展开的excel in优于；超过→excel lent杰出的；优秀的→excel lence优秀；优点；卓越exclude…from→exclus ive排斥的（~ of不包括）/专有的；专用的→exclu sion排斥/除exc eed超过v.（=over take赶上；超过（=in advance of先于；超过=excel in优于；超过v.=sur pass 超越；超过v.=trans cend超过）→exceed ing超过的→exceed ingly极端地；非常adv.excess过量n./过剩的（in excess of）→excess ive过度的；过多的（=sur plus剩余的/过剩n）→excess ively过分地execute执行；实行（=implement=carry out=conduct）→execut ive行政的/总经理；决策者n.→execut ion执行；处决exemplify举例证明v.（=instance举例说明v./例子=illustrate举例说明；图解=demonstrate 证明；示范）→exemplif ication范例（=example）；例证exem plar模范n.（=model）→exem plary模范的exhaust耗尽；使精疲力尽→exhaust ive彻底的；详尽的→exhaust ion疲惫→exhauste d精疲力尽的→in exhaust ible用之不竭的exist in→exist ing现有的→exist ent存在的→non exist ent不存在的→（be in）exist ence存在expect预期；期待（=await=look forward to）→expect ation预期；期望→expect ed预期的辨析：ex pect预期；期待ex cerpt片段ex cept除…之外expedite加快；加速v.（=accelerate）→expedit ious迅速的→expedi tion远征；探险；迅速expend花费；消耗（=consume）→expen se花费；费用→expens ive昂贵的→expend iture开支；消耗（=consum ption）→expend able可消耗的explore探究；勘察（=detect探测=probe探测；调查）；探险→explor ation探究；勘探；探险（=expe dition）→explor atory探索的（~ stage）辨析：explo sion爆炸→explo sive爆炸的explore探究；勘察；探险express表达/快速的/快递→express ion言论/表情；表达→express ive表达的；意味深长的expulse逐出（=expel=banish）→expuls ion→expuls ive逐出的ex tend延长（=pro long）→extent范围；程度n.（=spec trum知识范围=range of范围n./v.=sphere 领域；范围=bound范围；界限；跳跃）→ex ten sion延长；扩展→ex tend ed广大的；长期的→ex ten sive广泛的；广阔的辨析：expand膨胀；扩张→expan sion扩展exter ior外表/外部的→exter nal外部的→exter nality外表；外在性→exter nalize外在化→exter minate消灭；扑灭facilit ate促进（=promote）；使变容易v.→facilit y/facilit ies才能（=capacity）；天赋（=talent 天赋/人才=genius天才；天赋=gift for天赋n./赋予v.）/设备；设施（=equipment）→facilit ation 促进；简易化faith信仰（=brief）；信念（=principle）→faith ful忠诚的（=loyal to=allegiant）→faithfully 忠诚地；如实地be familiar with熟悉的（≈intimate亲密的）→familiar ity熟悉→familiar ize使熟悉fantas y→fantas ize幻想v.→fantas tic奇异的；幻想的；极好的（=magnif icent极好的；宏伟的；壮丽的=splendid极好的；壮观的；辉煌的=terrific极好的；极度的=fab ulous寓言式的；极好的=superb极好的）fascinate吸引住（be fascinat ed with/by着迷的）→fascinat ing迷人的→fascina tionfavor偏爱（=prefer ence）；赞成→favor able有利的→favo u r able赞成的；有用的→favor ite fault→fault less完美的★feasible可能的（=probable很可能的=possible）；可行的（=viable）→feasib ility可能性（=likeliness=like lihood=probab ility=possib ility）；可行性（=viab ility生存能力；可行性=practic ability可行性；实用性）fore cast预测；预报v./n.→fore go放弃→fore going前面的→fore ground前景（=prospect=outlook）→fore ign→fore know预知→fore most最重要的→forerunner先驱（=pioneer）→fore see预见；预知（=prognos ticate预知；预言）→fore seen预知的→fore sight 远见→fore stall抢先一步→fore tell预言；预告（=predict预言=pre announce=proph esy预告）→fore thought远虑→fore warn预先警告formal正式的；正规的→in formal非正式的→formal ization形式化→formal ity仪式（=ritual 仪式；典礼=ceremony仪式=celebr ation典礼）；礼节format样式；安排n./格式化v.→form ation形成→form ulate阐述；构想；制定→formulat ion 公式化；规划；构想forth向前；向外adv.→forth coming即将到来的→forth right直率的；坦白的（=frank直率的；坦白的=straight forward易懂的；坦率的）fortune命运（=fate=destiny）；财产（=property）；运气→fortun ate幸运的→un fortun ate不幸的→mis fortune不幸（=distress苦恼；不幸）；灾难（=disaster）frag ment碎片→fragmented→fragile易碎的（=crisp）；虚弱的frequent频繁的→frequen cy频率→frequen ce频繁；频率frustrate=defeat挫败；使沮丧/灰心→frustrate d失意的；沮丧的（=depressed）→frustrat ion 挫折（=setback）→frustrat ing令人沮丧的function as起作用v./功能；职责n.→function al实用的（=practic al实际的；实用的=practic able 适用的；实用的）；功能的→function ary官员；职员fund基金；资金/拨款；资助v.→re fund退还；偿还（=compensate赔偿；补偿=repay偿还）→over fund ing过度投资n.→under fund ing资金不足n.→fund ament基础→fund amental基本的；根本的（=elementary基本的；初级的=ultimate最终的/根本的；基本的=radical基本的；根本的=underlying以…为基础的；根本的）general普遍的；一般的→general ize概括；归纳（=summar ize）/推广→generaliz ed普遍的；概括的→generaliz ation一般化；概括→gener ate产生；发生→gener ous慷慨的；宽宏大量的gen uine真诚的；真正的；真实的→in gen uity心灵手巧；独创性→in gen ious机灵的；精巧的（=cunning狡猾的；巧妙的/狡猾）；独创的→in gen uous天真的；坦白的；直率的（=frank 直率的；坦白的=straight forward易懂的；坦率的=forth right直率的；坦白的）辨析：gen ius天才；天赋grace优美；优雅→graceful优雅的→grac ious亲切的；高尚的；仁慈的ag gregate聚集v.（=gather聚集；收集=accumulate积累=assemble集合；收集v.）/总计n./合计的adj.→dis ag gregate隔离；分开→se gregate分离；隔离（=sever切断；分开=dis junct 分离=dis connect分离；拆开=separate分开v.=detach分开）grie f n.悲伤→grieve for使悲伤→griev ance委屈→ag grieve使苦恼→griev ous痛苦/悲伤的habit→in habit居住→in habit able适合居住的→in habit ant居民；住户harmon ize with协调；和谐v.（=coordinate with=concert）→harmon y和谐；协调n. （= coordinat ion协调=symph ony和谐；协调）→harmon ious和谐的；和睦的heave举起；扔→heave n天堂；天空hesitate犹豫v.→hesitat ion→hesit ant犹豫的horrify使害怕；使恐惧（=terri fy使害怕；恐吓）→horrif ic恐怖的；可怕的（=awful糟糕的；可怕的=awesome可怕的=terr ible可怕的=fear ful=dread ful）→horr ible令人恐怖的；讨厌的human e人道的→human ity人类；人性/人文科学→human ism人道主义→human kind人类（=mankind）→in human野蛮的humility谦虚；谦卑（=modesty谦逊；端庄=courtesy谦恭）→humil iate使蒙羞→humili ated 蒙羞的→humil iating屈辱的→humil iation羞辱ident ity一致；身份→ident ify认识；鉴别（=recognize）→ident ified→ident ifiable可辨认的→ident ification确认；鉴定→identi cal to相同的；同样的（=alike相同的；相象的/同样地adv.）ignore忽视（=dis regard忽略；忽视；不顾v./n.=neglect）→ignor ant愚昧的；无知的（=innocent 无知的/清白的；无辜的）→ignor ance无知；愚昧illuminate照明；阐释（=illumine）→illuminat ion照明；启发→illuminat ing启发的；照明的image形象；图像（=figure图像；数字；人物）→imagine→imagin ation想象（力）→imagin ative 有想象力的（人）→imagin able可想象的（物）→imagin ary虚构的imitate模仿；效仿（=pattern仿制；模仿v./图案=simulate模仿；模拟/假装=mock模仿v.）→imitat ion模仿；赝品（=fake=counterfeit=imitat ion赝品）→imitative模仿的artificial人造的；假的=（=simulate =imitate→）imitate d仿造的；假冒的假装的；模拟的=fake 伪造v./假的/假货n.（=counterfeit=imitat ion赝品）。
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. ARCHITECTURE 建筑专业建筑专业a. DESIGN BASIS 设计依据设计依据设计依据b. DESIGN STAGE 设计阶段设计阶段c. CLIMATE CONDITION 气象条件气象条件d. GENERAL ROOM NAME常用房间名称常用房间名称e. ROOFING & CEILING ROOFING & CEILING f. WALL (CLADDING) 墙体(外墙板) g. FLOOR & TRENCH 地面及地沟地面及地沟h. DOORS 、GLASS、WINDOWS & IRONMONGERY (HARDWARE) 门、玻璃、窗及五金件门、玻璃、窗及五金件门、玻璃、窗及五金件i. STAIRCASE、LANDING & LIFT (ELEV A TOR) 楼梯、休息平台及电梯楼梯、休息平台及电梯j. BUILDING MA TERIAL WORDS AND PHRASES 建筑材料词汇及短语建筑材料词汇及短语砖和瓦】【 Bricks and Tiles 砖和瓦】灰、砂和石】【Lime, Sand and Stone 灰、砂和石】水泥、砂浆和混凝土】【Cement, Mortar and Concrete 水泥、砂浆和混凝土】饰面及粉刷材料】【Facing And Plastering Materials 饰面及粉刷材料】沥青和石棉】【Asphalt (Bitumen) and Asbestos 沥青和石棉】木材】【Timber 木材】金属材料】【Metallic Materials 金属材料】有色金属】【Non-Ferrous Metal 有色金属】防腐蚀材料】【Anti-Corrosion Materials防腐蚀材料】建筑五金】【Building Hardware 建筑五金】油漆】【Paint 油漆】k. OTHER ARCHITECTURAL TERMS 其它建筑术语其它建筑术语专业】【Discipline 专业】一般通用名词】【Conventional Terms 一般通用名词】建筑物理】【Architectural Physics 建筑物理】职务名称】【Name Of Professional role 职务名称】制图】【Drafting 制图】2. STRUCTURE 结构专业结构专业a. LOAD 荷载荷载b. GROUND BASE AND FOUNDATION 地基及基础地基及基础c. REINFORCEMENT CONCRETE STRUCTURE 钢筋混凝土结构钢筋混凝土结构d. STEEL STRUCTURE 钢结构钢结构钢结构 e. DESIGN FOR ANTISEISMIC 抗震设计抗震设计f. GENERAL WORDS FOR DESIGN 设计常用词汇设计常用词汇g. GENERAL WORDS FOR CONSTRUCTION 施工常用词汇施工常用词汇1. ARCHITECTURE 建筑专业建筑专业a. DESIGN BASIS 设计依据设计依据设计依据 计划建议书planning planning proposalsproposals 设计任务书design design orderorder 标准规范standards and codes条件图information information drawingdrawing 设计基础资料设计基础资料 basic data for design工艺流程图process process flowchartflowchart 工程地质资料engineering geological data原始资料original original data data 设计进度设计进度 schedule of designb. STAGE OF DESIGN 设计阶段设计阶段方案scheme, scheme, draftdraft 草图 sketch会谈纪要summary of discussion谈判 negotiation可行性研究feasibility feasibility studystudy 初步设计preliminary preliminary designdesign 基础设计basic basic designdesign 详细设计detail detail designdesign 询价图enquiry enquiry drawingdrawing 施工图施工图 working drawing, construction drawing竣工图竣工图 as built drawingc. CLIMATE CONDITION 气象条件气象条件气象条件 日照 sunshine风玫瑰wind wind roserose 主导风向prevailing prevailing windwind wind direction direction 最大(平均)风速maximum (mean) wind velocity风荷载wind wind loadload 最大(平均)降雨量maximum (mean) rainfall雷击及闪电雷击及闪电 thunder and lightning飓风 hurricane台风 typhoon旋风 cyclone降雨强度rainfall intensity年降雨量annual annual rainfallrainfall 湿球温度wet wet bulbbulb bulb temperature temperature 干球温度dry dry bulbbulb bulb temperature temperature 冰冻期frost frost periodperiod 冰冻线frost frost lineline 冰冻区frost frost zone zone 室外计算温度calculating outdoor temperature采暖地区with heating provision不采暖地区region without heating provision绝对大气压absolute atmospheric pressure相对湿度relative relative humidityhumidity d. GENERAL ROOM NAME 常用房间名称常用房间名称办公室 office服务用房service service roomroom 换班室shift shift roomroom 休息室休息室 rest room (break room)起居室living living roomroom 浴室 bathroom淋浴间 shower更衣室locker locker room room 厕所 lavatory门厅 lobby诊室 clinic工作间 workshop电气开关室 switchroom走廊 corridor档案室 archive电梯机房电梯机房 lift motor room车库 garage清洁间cleaning cleaning roomroom 会议室(正式) conference room会议室meeting meeting roomroom 衣柜间ward ward roberobe 暖风间 H.V .A.C .A.C roomroom 饭店 restaurant餐厅canteen, canteen, diningdining dining room room 厨房 kitchen入口 entrance接待处reception reception areaarea 会计室accountant accountant roomroom 秘书室secretary secretary roomroom 电气室electrical electrical roomroom 控制室control control roomroom 工长室foreman foreman officeoffice 开关柜室switch switch geargear 前室antecabinet antecabinet (Ante.)(Ante.) 生产区production production areaarea 马达控制中心 Mcc多功能用房utility utility roomroom 化验室laboratory laboratory roomroom 经理室manager manager roomroom 披 屋(阁楼) penthouse警卫室guard guard househouse e. ROOFING AND CEILING 屋面及天棚屋面及天棚女儿墙 parapet雨蓬 canopy屋脊roof roof ridgeridge 坡度 slope坡跨比 pitch分水线 water-shed二毡三油二毡三油 2 layers of felt & 3 coats of bitumastic 附加油毡一层附加油毡一层 extra ply of felt檐口 eave挑檐overhanging overhanging eave eave 檐沟eave eave guttergutter 平屋面flat flat roofroof 坡屋面pitched pitched roofroof 雨水管雨水管 downspout, rain water pipe(R.W.P) 汇水面积catchment catchment areaarea 泛水 flashing内排水interior interior drainagedrainage 外排水exterior exterior drainagedrainage 滴水 drip屋面排水roof roof drainagedrainage 找平层leveling leveling coursecourse 卷材屋面built-up built-up roofingroofing 天棚 ceiling檩条 purlin屋面板roofing roofing boardboard 天花板ceiling ceiling boardboard 防水层water-proof water-proof coursecourse 检查孔inspection inspection holehole 人孔 manhole吊顶吊顶 suspended ceiling, false ceiling檐板(窗帘盒) cornicef. WALL (CLADDING) 墙体墙体(外墙板)砖墙brick brick wallwall 砌块墙block block wallwall 清水砖墙清水砖墙 brick wall without plastering抹灰墙rendered rendered wallwall 石膏板墙石膏板墙 gypsum board, plaster board空心砖墙空心砖墙 hollow brick wall承重墙bearing bearing wallwall 非承重墙non-bearing non-bearing wallwall 纵墙longitudinal longitudinal wallwall 横墙transverse transverse wallwall 外墙external external (exterior)(exterior) (exterior) wall wall 内墙内墙 internal (interior) wall填充墙filler filler wallwall 防火墙fire fire wallwall 窗间墙wall wall betweenbetween between window window 空心墙cavity cavity wallwall 压顶 coping圈梁gird, gird, girt,girt, girt, girth girth 玻璃隔断glazed glazed wallwall 防潮层damp-proof damp-proof coursecourse course (D.P.C) (D.P.C) 遮阳板 sunshade阳台 balcony 伸缩缝expansion expansion jointjoint 沉降缝settlement settlement jointjoint 抗震缝seismic seismic jointjoint 复合夹心板sandwich sandwich boardboard 压型单板压型单板 corrugated single steel plate外墙板cladding cladding panelpanel 复合板composite composite panelpanel 轻质隔断light-weight light-weight partitionpartition 牛腿 bracket砖烟囱brick brick chimneychimney 勒脚(基座) plinthg. FLOOR AND TRENCH 地面及地沟地面及地沟地坪 grade地面和楼面地面和楼面 ground and floor素土夯实rammed rammed earthearth 炉渣夯实tamped tamped cindercinder 填土filled filled earthearth 回填土夯实tamped tamped backfillbackfill 垫层垫层 bedding course, blinding面层covering, covering, finishfinish 结合层bonding bonding (binding)(binding) (binding) course course 找平层leveling leveling coursecourse 素水泥浆结合层neat cement binding course混凝土地面concrete concrete floorfloor 水泥地面cement cement floorfloor 机器磨平混凝土地面machine trowelled concrete floor水磨石地面terrazzo terrazzo flooringflooring 马赛克地面mosaic mosaic flooringflooring 瓷砖地面瓷砖地面 ceramic tile flooring油地毡地面linoleum linoleum flooringflooring 预制水磨预制水磨 石地面precast precast terrazzoterrazzo terrazzo flooring flooring 硬木花地面hard-wood hard-wood parquetparquet parquet flooring flooring 搁栅 joist硬木毛地面hard-wood hard-wood roughrough rough flooring flooring企口板地面tongued and grooved flooring防酸地面acid-resistant acid-resistant floorfloor 钢筋混凝土楼板钢筋混凝土楼板 reinforced concrete slab (R.C Slab)乙烯基地面vinyl vinyl flooringflooring 水磨石嵌条水磨石嵌条 divider strip for terrazzo地面做2％坡％坡 floor with 2% slope集水沟 gully集水口 gulley排水沟drainage drainage trenchtrench 沟盖板trench trench cover cover 活动盖板活动盖板 removable cover plate集水坑sump sump pitpit 孔翻边hole hole upup up stand stand 电缆沟cable cable trenchtrench h. DOORS,GLASS,WINDOWS & IRONMONGERY(HARDWARE) 门、玻璃、窗及五金件门、玻璃、窗及五金件门、玻璃、窗及五金件 木 (钢)门 wooden (steel) door镶板门panelled panelled doordoor 夹板门plywood plywood doordoor 铝合金门铝合金门 aluminum alloy door卷帘门卷帘门 roller shutter door弹簧门swing swing doordoor 推拉门sliding sliding doordoor 平开门side-hung side-hung doordoor 折叠门folding folding doordoor 旋转门revolving revolving doordoor 玻璃门glazed glazed doordoor 密闭门air-Tight air-Tight doordoor 保温门保温门 thermal insulating door镀锌铁丝网门galvanized steel wire mesh door防火门fire fire doordoor (大门上的)小门 wicket门框door door frameframe 门扇door door leafleaf 门洞door door openingopening 结构开洞structural structural openingopening 单扇门single single doordoor 双扇门double double doordoor 疏散门emergency emergency doordoor 纱门screen screen doordoor 门槛door door sillsill 门过梁door door lintellintel 上冒头top top railrail 下冒头bottom bottom railrail 门边木 stile门樘侧料side side jumbjumb 槽口 notch木窗wooden wooden windowwindow 钢窗steel steel windowwindow 铝合金窗铝合金窗 aluminum alloy window百叶窗百叶窗 (通风为主) sun-bind, louver (louver, shutter, blind) 塑钢窗塑钢窗 plastic steel window空腹钢窗hollow hollow steelsteel steel window window 固定窗fixed fixed windowwindow 平开窗side-hung side-hung window window 推拉窗sliding sliding windowwindow 气窗 transom上悬窗top-hung top-hung windowwindow 中悬窗center-pivoted center-pivoted windowwindow 下悬窗hopper hopper windowwindow 活动百叶窗adjustable adjustable louverlouver 天窗 skylight老虎窗dormer dormer windowwindow 密封双层玻璃密封双层玻璃 sealed double glazing钢筋混凝土过梁reinforced concrete lintel钢筋砖过梁reinforced reinforced brickbrick brick lintel lintel 窗扇casement casement sashsash 窗台window window sillsill 窗台板window window boardboard 窗中梃 mullion窗横木 mutin窗边木 stile压缝条cover cover mouldmould 窗帘盒curtain curtain boxbox 合页(铰链) hinge (butts)转轴 pivot长脚铰链parliament parliament hingehinge 闭门器door door closercloser 地弹簧floor floor closercloser 插销 bolt门锁door door locklock 拉手 pull链条 chain门钩door door hangerhanger 碰球ball ball latchlatch 窗钩window window catchcatch 暗插销insert insert boltbolt 电动开关器electric electric openeropener 平板玻璃plate plate glassglass夹丝玻璃wire wire glassglass 透明玻璃clear clear glassglass 毛玻璃(磨砂玻璃) ground glass (frosted glass)防弹玻璃bullet-proof bullet-proof glassglass 石英玻璃quartz quartz glassglass 吸热玻璃heat heat absorbingabsorbing absorbing glass glass 磨光玻璃polished polished glassglass 着色玻璃pigmented pigmented glassglass 玻璃瓦glass glass tiletile 玻璃砖glass glass block block 有机玻璃organic organic glassglass i. STAIRCASE, LANDING & LIFT (ELEV ATOR) 楼梯、休息平台及电梯楼梯、休息平台及电梯楼梯 stair楼梯间 staircase疏散梯emergency emergency stairstair 旋转梯旋转梯 spiral stair (circular stair)吊车梯crane crane ladderladder 直爬梯vertical vertical ladderladder 踏步 step扇形踏步winder winder (wheel(wheel (wheel step) step) 踏步板 tread档步板 riser踏步宽度tread tread widthwidth 防滑条non-slip non-slip insertinsert insert (strips) (strips) 栏杆railing railing (balustrade)(balustrade) 平台栏杆platform platform railingrailing 吊装孔栏杆吊装孔栏杆 railing around mounting hole 扶手 handrail梯段高度height height ofof of flight flight 防护梯笼防护梯笼 protecting cage (safety cage)平台landing landing (platform)(platform) 操作平台operating operating platformplatform 装卸平台platform for loading & unloading楼梯平台stair stair landinglanding 客梯passenger passenger liftlift 货梯goods goods liftlift 客/货两用梯goods/passenger goods/passenger liftlift 液压电梯hydraulic hydraulic liftlift 自动扶梯 escalator观光电梯observation observation elevatorelevator 电梯机房电梯机房 lift mortar room电梯坑lift lift pitpit 电梯井道lift lift shaftshaftj. BUILDING MATERIAL WORDS AND PHRASES 建筑材料词汇及短语建筑材料词汇及短语【Bricks and Tiles 砖和瓦砖和瓦】红砖red red brickbrick 粘土砖clay clay brickbrick 瓷砖瓷砖 glazed brick (ceramic tile)防火砖fire fire brickbrick 空心砖hollow hollow brickbrick 面砖facing facing brickbrick 地板砖flooring flooring tiletile 缸砖clinkery clinkery brick brick 马赛克 mosaic陶粒混凝土ceramsite ceramsite concreteconcrete 琉璃瓦glazed glazed tiletile 脊瓦ridge ridge tiletile 石棉瓦石棉瓦 asbestos tile (shingle)波形石棉水泥瓦corrugated asbestos cement sheet 【Lime, Sand and Stone 灰、砂和石】灰、砂和石】石膏 gypsum大理石 marble汉白玉white white marblemarble 花岗岩 granite碎石crushed crushed stonestone 毛石 rubble蛭石 vermiculite珍珠岩 pearlite水磨石 terrazzo卵石 cobble砾石 gravel粗砂course course sandsand 中砂medium medium sandsand 细砂fine fine sandsand 【Cement, Mortar and Concrete 水泥、砂浆和混凝土】水泥、砂浆和混凝土】波特兰水泥(普通硅酸盐水泥) Portland cement硅酸盐水泥silicate silicate cementcement 火山灰水泥pozzolana pozzolana cementcement 白水泥white white cementcement 水泥砂浆cement cement mortarmortar 石灰砂浆lime lime mortarmortar 水泥石灰砂浆(混合砂浆) cement-lime mortar保温砂浆thermal thermal mortarmortar 防水砂浆water-proof water-proof mortarmortar 耐酸砂浆acid-resistant acid-resistant mortarmortar 耐碱砂浆alkaline-resistant alkaline-resistant mortarmortar沥青砂浆bituminous bituminous mortarmortar 纸筋灰纸筋灰 paper strip mixed lime mortar麻刀灰麻刀灰 hemp cut lime mortar灰缝mortar mortar jointjoint 素混凝土plain plain concreteconcrete 钢筋混凝土reinforced reinforced concreteconcrete 轻质混凝土lightweight lightweight concreteconcrete 细石混凝土细石混凝土 fine aggregate concrete沥青混凝土asphalt asphalt concreteconcrete 泡沫混凝土foamed foamed concrete concrete 炉渣混凝土cinder cinder concreteconcrete【Facing And Plastering Materials 饰面及粉刷材料】饰面及粉刷材料】水刷石granitic granitic plasterplaster 斩假石artificial artificial stonestone 刷浆lime lime washwash 可赛银 casein大白浆white white washwash 麻刀灰打底麻刀灰打底 hemp cuts and lime as base喷大白浆两道sprayed twice with white wash 分格抹水泥砂浆cement mortar plaster sectioned 板条抹灰板条抹灰 lath and plaster【Asphalt(Bitumen) and Asbestos 沥青和石棉】沥青和石棉】沥青和石棉】 沥青卷材asphalt asphalt feltfelt 沥青填料asphalt asphalt fillerfiller 沥青胶泥asphalt asphalt groutgrout 冷底子油adhesive adhesive bitumenbitumen bitumen primer primer 沥青玛啼脂asphaltic asphaltic masticmastic 沥青麻丝bitumastic bitumastic oakumoakum 石棉板asbestos asbestos sheetsheet 石棉纤维asbestos asbestos fiberfiber【Timber 木材】木材】裂缝 crack透裂 split环裂 shake干缩 shrinkage翘曲 warping原木 log圆木round round timbertimber 方木square square timbertimber 板材 plank木条 batten板条 lath木板 board红松red red pinepine 白松white white pinepine 落叶松deciduous deciduous pinepine 云杉 spruce柏木 cypress白杨white white poplarpoplar 桦木 birch冷杉 fir 栎木 oak榴木 willow榆木 elm杉木 cedar柚木 teak樟木camphor camphor woodwood 防腐处理的木材preservative-treated lumber 胶合板 plywood三(五)合板 3(5)-plywood企口板企口板 tongued and grooved board层夹板laminated laminated plankplank 胶合层夹木材glue-laminated glue-laminated lumberlumber 纤维板 fiber-board竹子 bamboo【Metallic Materials 金属材料】金属材料】黑色金属ferrous ferrous metalmetal 圆钢 steelbBar方钢square square steelsteel 扁钢steel steel atrapatrap 型钢steel steel sectionsection section (shape) (shape) 槽钢 channel角钢angle angle steelsteel 等边角钢equal-leg equal-leg angleangle 不等边角钢unequal-leg unequal-leg angleangle 工字钢 I-beam宽翼缘工字钢宽翼缘工字钢 wide flange I-beam丁( 之)字钢T-bar T-bar (Z-bar)(Z-bar) 冷弯薄壁型钢light gauge cold-formed steel shape 热轧 hot-rolled冷轧 cold-rolled冷拉 cold-drawn冷压 cold-pressed合金钢alloy alloy steelsteel钛合金titanium titanium alloyalloy 不锈钢stainless stainless steelsteel 竹节钢筋corrugated corrugated steelsteel steel bar bar 变形钢筋deformed deformed barbar 光圆钢筋plain plain roundround round bar bar 钢板steel steel plateplate 薄钢板thin thin steelsteel steel plate plate 低碳钢低碳钢 low carbon steel冷弯cold cold bendingbending 钢管steel steel pipe pipe pipe (tube) (tube) 无缝钢管无缝钢管 seamless steel pipe焊接钢管welded welded steelsteel steel pipe pipe 黑铁管iron iron pipepipe 镀锌钢管镀锌钢管 galvanized steel pipe铸铁cast cast ironiron 生铁pig pig ironiron 熟铁wrought wrought ironiron 镀锌铁皮镀锌铁皮 galvanized steel sheet 镀锌铁丝镀锌铁丝 galvanized steel wire 钢丝网钢丝网 steel wire mesh多孔金属网expanded expanded metalmetal 锰钢managanese managanese steelsteel 高强度合金钢高强度合金钢 high strength alloy steel【Non-Ferrous Metal 有色金属】有色金属】 金 gold白金 platinum铜 copper黄铜 brass青铜 bronze银 silver铝 aluminum铅 lead【Anti-Corrosion Materials 防腐蚀材料】防腐蚀材料】聚乙烯polythene, polythene, polyethylenepolyethylene 尼龙 nylon聚氯乙烯聚氯乙烯 PVC (polyvinyl chloride) 聚碳酸酯 polycarbonate聚苯乙烯 polystyrene丙烯酸树酯acrylic acrylic resinresin 乙烯基酯vinyl vinyl esterester 橡胶内衬rubber rubber lininglining 氯丁橡胶 neoprene沥青漆bitumen bitumen paintpaint 环氧树脂漆epoxy epoxy resinresin resin paint paint 氧化锌底漆zinc zinc oxideoxide oxide primer primer 防锈漆anti-rust anti-rust paintpaint 耐酸漆acid-resistant acid-resistant paintpaint 耐碱漆alkali-resistant alkali-resistant paintpaint 水玻璃sodium sodium silicatesilicate 树脂砂浆resin-bonded resin-bonded mortarmortar 环氧树脂epoxy epoxy resinresin【Building Building Hardware Hardware 建筑五金】建筑五金】钉子 nails螺纹屋面钉spiral-threaded roofing nail 环纹石膏板钉annular-ring gypsum board nail 螺丝 screws平头螺丝flat-head flat-head screwscrew 螺栓 bolt普通螺栓commercial commercial boltbolt 高强螺栓high high strengthstrength strength bolt bolt 预埋螺栓insert insert boltbolt 胀锚螺栓cinch cinch boltbolt 垫片 washer【Paint 油漆】油漆】底漆 primer防锈底漆rust-inhibitive rust-inhibitive primerprimer 防腐漆anti-corrosion anti-corrosion paintpaint 调和漆mixed mixed paintpaint 无光漆flat flat paintpaint 透明漆 varnish银粉漆aluminum aluminum paintpaint 磁漆enamel enamel paintpaint 干性油drying drying oiloil 稀释剂 thinner焦油 tar沥青漆asphalt asphalt paintpaint 桐油桐油 tung oil, Chinese wood oil红丹red red leadlead 铅油lead lead oiloil 腻子 puttyk. OTHER ARCHITECTURAL TERMS 其它建筑术语其它建筑术语【Discipline 专业】专业】建筑 architecture土木 civil给排水给排水 water supply and drainage总图plot plot planplan 采暖通风H.V H.V.A.C.A.C .A.C (heating (heating 、ventilation and air conditioning) 电力供应电力供应 electric power supply电气照明electric electric lightinglighting 电讯 telecommunication 仪表 instrument热力供应heat heat powerpower power supply supply 动力mechanical mechanical powerpower 工艺process process technologytechnology 管道 piping【Conventional Terms 一般通用名词】一般通用名词】建筑原理 architectonics建筑形式architectural architectural stylestyle 民用建筑civil civil architecturearchitecture 城市建筑urban urban architecturearchitecture 农村建筑rural rural architecturearchitecture 农业建筑farm farm buildingbuilding 工业建筑industrial industrial buildingbuilding 重工业的heavy heavy industrialindustrial 轻工业的light light industrialindustrial 古代建筑ancient ancient architecturearchitecture 现代建筑modern modern architecturearchitecture 标准化建筑standardized standardized buildingsbuildings 附属建筑auxiliary auxiliary buildingsbuildings 城市规划city city planningplanning 厂区内within within sitesite 厂区外 offsite封闭式closed closed typetype 开敞式open open typetype 半开敞式semi-open semi-open typetype 模数制modular modular systemsystem 单位造价unit unit costcost 概算preliminary preliminary estimateestimate 承包商constructor, constructor, contractorcontractor 现场 site扩建 extension改建 reconstruction防火 fire-prevention防震aseismatic, aseismatic, quake-proofquake-proof 防腐 anti-corrosion防潮 dump-proof防水 water-proof防尘 dust-proof防锈 rust-proof车流量traffic traffic volumevolume 货流量freight freight traffictraffic traffic volume volume 人流量pedestrian pedestrian volume volume 透视图perspective perspective drawingdrawing 建筑模型building building modelmodel【Architectural Architectural Physics Physics 建筑物理】建筑物理】照明 illumination照度degree degree ofof of illumination illumination 亮度 brightness日照 sunshine天然采光natural natural lightinglighting 光强light light intensityintensity 侧光side side lightlight 顶光top top lightlight 眩光 glaze方位角 azimuth辐射 radiation对流 convection传导 conduction遮阳 sun-shade保温thermal thermal insulationinsulation 恒温constant constant temperaturetemperature 恒湿constant constant humidityhumidity 噪音 noise隔音 sound-proof吸音sound sound absorptionabsorption 露点dew dew pointpoint 隔汽 vapor-proof【Name Of Professional role 职务名称】职务名称】项目经理项目经理 project manager (PM)设计经理design design managermanager 首席建筑师principal principal architectarchitect总工程师chief chief engineerengineer 土木工程师civil civil engineerengineer 工艺工程师process process engineerengineer 电气工程师electrical electrical engineerengineer 机械工程师mechanical mechanical engineerengineer 计划工程师planning planning engineerengineer 助理工程师assistant assistant engineerengineer 实习生 probationer专家specialist, specialist, expertexpert 制图员 draftsman 技术员 technician【Drafting 制图】制图】总说明general general specificationspecification 工程说明project project specificationspecification 采用标准规范目录采用标准规范目录 list of standards and specification adopted 图纸目录图纸目录 list of drawings 平面图 plan局部放大图局部放大图 detail with enlarged scale．．．平面示意图schematic schematic planplan plan of... of... ．．．平剖面图．平剖面图 sectional plan of... 留孔平面图留孔平面图 plan of provision of holes 剖面 section纵剖面longitudinal longitudinal sectionsection 横剖面横剖面 cross (transverse) section 立面 elevation正立面front front elevationelevation 透视图perspective perspective drawingdrawing 侧立面side side elevationelevation 背立面back back elevationelevation 详图detail detail drawingsdrawings 典型节点typical typical detaildetail 节点号detail detail No.No. 首页front front pagepage 图纸目录及说明list of contents and description 图例 legend示意图 diagram草图 sketch荷载简图load load diagramdiagram 流程示意图flow flow diagramdiagram 标准图standard standard drawingdrawing ．．．布置图layout layout ofof of ... ... 地形图topographical topographical mapmap土方工程图earth-work earth-work drawing drawing 展开图developed developed drawing drawing 模板图formwork formwork drawingdrawing 配筋配筋 arrangement of reinforcement 表格 tables工程进度表working working scheduleschedule 技术经济指标technical and economical index 建、构筑物一览表list of buildings and structures 编号 coding序列号serial serial No. No. 行和栏rows rows andand and columns columns 备注 remarks 等级 grade直线straight straight Line Line 曲线 curves曲折线zigzag zigzag lineline 虚线dotted dotted lineline 实线solid solid lineline 影线hatching hatching line line 点划线点划线 dot and dash line 轴线 axis等高线contour contour Line Line 中心线center center LineLine 双曲线 hyperbola 抛物线 parabola切线tangent tangent Line Line 尺寸线dimension dimension LineLine 园形 round 环形 annular 方形 square 矩形 rectangle 平行四边形 parallelogram 三角形 triangle 五角形 pentagon 六角形 hexagon 八角形 octagon 梯形 trapezoid 圆圈 circle 弓形 sagment 扇形 sector 球形的 spherical 抛物面 paraboloid 圆锥形 cone椭圆形ellipse, ellipse, oblongoblong面积 area 体积 volume 容量 capacity 重量 weight 质量 mass 力 force 米 meter 厘米 centimeter 毫米 millimeter 公顷 hectate 牛顿/平方米Newton/square Newton/square metermeter 千克/立方米kilogram/cubic kilogram/cubic metermeter 英尺 foot 英寸 inch 磅 pound 吨 ton 加仑 gallon 千磅 kip平均尺寸average average dimension dimension 变尺寸variable variable dimension dimension 外形尺寸overall overall dimension dimension 展开尺寸developed developed dimension dimension 内径inside inside diameter diameter 外径outside outside diameter diameter 净重net net weight weight 毛重gross gross weight weight 数量 quantity 百分比 percentage 净空 clearance 净高 headroom净距clear clear distance distance 净跨clear clear spanspan 截面尺寸sectional sectional dimensiondimension 开间 bay 进深 depth单跨single single span span 双跨double double span span 多跨 multi-span标高elevation, elevation, levellevel 绝对标高absolute absolute elevation elevation 设计标高designed designed elevationelevation 室外地面标高ground ground elevation elevation 室内地面标高floor floor elevation elevation 柱网column column gridgrid坐标 coordinate厂区占地site site areaarea 使用面积usable usable area area 辅助面积service service area area 通道面积passage passage area area 管架pipe pipe rackrack 管廊pipeline pipeline gallerygallery 架空管线overhead overhead pipeline pipeline 排水沟drain drain ditch ditch 集水坑sump sump pit pit 喷泉 fountain地漏floor floor drain drain 消火栓fire fire hydrant hydrant 灭火器fire fire extinguisherextinguisher 二氧化碳灭火器carbon dioxide extinguisher卤代烷灭火器halon halon extinguisherextinguisher2. STRUCTURE 结构专业 a. Load 荷载荷载拔力pulling pulling force force 标准值standard standard value value 残余应力residual residual stressstress 冲击荷载冲击荷载 impact load, punch load残余变形residual residual deflectiondeflection 承压 bearing承载能力bearing bearing capacitycapacity 承重承重 bearing, load bearing承重结构bearing bearing structure structure 脆性材料brittle brittle material material 脆性破坏brittle brittle failure failure 抵抗力resisting resisting power, power, power, resistance resistance 吊车荷载crane crane load load 分布荷载distributed distributed load load 风荷载wind wind loadload 风速风速 wind velocity, wind speed风压wind wind pressure pressure 风振wind wind vibration vibration 浮力buoyance, buoyance, floatage floatage 符号symbol, symbol, mark mark 负弯矩负弯矩 negative moment, hogging moment附加荷载additional additional load load 附加应力additional additional stress stress 副作用side side effect,effect, effect, by-effect by-effect刚度 rigidity 刚度比刚度比 ratio of rigidity刚度系数rigidity rigidity factor factor 刚接rigid rigid connectionconnection 刚性节点rigid rigid joint joint 恒载dead dead load load 荷载传递荷载传递 transmission of load固端弯矩fixed-end fixed-end moment moment 活荷载live live load load 积灰荷载dust dust load load 集中荷载concentrated concentrated loadload 加载, 加荷 loading 剪力剪力 shear, shearing force剪切破坏shear shear failure failure 剪应变shear shear strain strain 剪应力shear shear stress stress 简支simple simple support support 静定结构静定结构 statically determinate structure 截面模量截面模量 modulus of section,section section modulusmodulus 静力static static forceforce 静力分析static static analysisanalysis 局部压力局部压力 local pressure, partial pressure局部压屈local local bulkling bulkling 绝对值absolute absolute valuevalue 均布荷载均布荷载 uniformly distributed load抗拔力pulling pulling resistance resistance 抗剪刚度shear shear rigidityrigidity 抗剪强度抗剪强度 shear strength, shearing strength抗拉强度tensile tensile strength strength 抗扭torsion torsion resistanceresistance 抗扭刚度torsional torsional rigidity rigidity 抗弯bending bending resistanceresistance 抗弯刚度bending bending rigidityrigidity 抗压强度抗压强度 compressive strength, compression strength 可靠性 reliability可靠性设计reliability reliability design design 拉力tensile tensile force force 拉应力拉应力 tensile stress, tension stress 拉应变拉应变 tensile strain, tension strain临界点critical critical point point 临界荷载critical critical load load 临界应力critical critical stressstress 密度 density离心力centrifugal centrifugal forceforce 摩擦力friction friction forceforce 摩擦系数frictional frictional factorfactor 挠度 deflection内力内力 internal force, inner force 扭矩扭矩 moment of torsion, torsional moment疲劳强度fatigue fatigue strengthstrength 偏心荷载偏心荷载 eccentric load, non-central load偏心距eccentric eccentric distance,distance, distance, eccentricity eccentricity 偏心受拉eccentric eccentric tension tension 偏心受压eccentric eccentric compressioncompression 屈服强度yield yield strengthstrength 使用荷载working working loadload 水平力horizontal horizontal forceforce 水平推力horizontal horizontal thrustthrust 弹塑性变形elastoplastic elastoplastic deformationdeformation 弹性弹性 elasticity, resilience, spring塑限plastic plastic limitlimit 弹性变形elastic elastic deformationdeformation 塑性变形plastic plastic deformationdeformation 弹性模量弹性模量 modulus of elastic, elastic modulus 体积体积 volume, bulk, cubature, cubage 土压力土压力 earth pressure, soil pressure弯矩bending bending moment,moment, moment, moment moment 弯曲半径弯曲半径 radius at bent, radius of curve 位移 displacement温度应力temperature temperature stressstress 温度作用temperature temperature actionaction 系数coefficient, coefficient, factorfactor 雪荷载snow snow loadload 压应变compression compression strainstrain 压应力compression compression stressstress 应力集中应力集中 concentration of stress 预应力预应力 prestressing force, prestress 振动荷载振动荷载 vibrating load, racking load支座反力support support reactionreaction 自重own own weightweight 作用action, action, effecteffect 作用点作用点 point of application,application jointb. Ground Base and Foundation 地基及基础地基及基础板桩板桩 sheet pile, sheeting pile 板桩基础板桩基础 sheet pile foundation。
设计大楼英语作文Designing a SkyscraperThe modern skyline of a city is often defined by the towering structures that pierce the horizon, reaching ever higher towards the sky. These architectural marvels, known as skyscrapers, have become symbols of urban progress and economic might, captivating the imagination of both residents and visitors alike. As an architect, the challenge of designing a skyscraper is one that requires a delicate balance of form, function, and vision.The first and perhaps most crucial consideration in designing a skyscraper is its purpose. Is it intended to serve as a commercial hub, housing the offices of multinational corporations? Or is it envisioned as a residential tower, providing luxurious living spaces for the city's elite? The intended use of the building will inform the overall design, from the layout of the interior spaces to the choice of materials and the incorporation of specialized features.For a commercial skyscraper, the focus must be on creating an efficient and productive work environment. This means designing floor plans that maximize the use of available space, with ampleroom for workstations, meeting rooms, and collaborative spaces. The incorporation of advanced technology, such as high-speed elevators and intelligent building management systems, is essential to ensure the smooth flow of people and resources throughout the building.In contrast, a residential skyscraper must prioritize the comfort and well-being of its occupants. This may involve the inclusion of amenities such as fitness centers, swimming pools, and communal lounges, as well as the careful consideration of factors like natural lighting, ventilation, and soundproofing. The design of the individual living units must also strike a balance between functionality and aesthetics, creating spaces that are both practical and visually appealing.Regardless of the building's primary purpose, the overall design of a skyscraper must take into account the local climate, cultural context, and environmental impact. In regions prone to natural disasters, such as earthquakes or hurricanes, the structural integrity of the building becomes a paramount concern, requiring the incorporation of advanced engineering techniques and materials. Similarly, the environmental impact of a skyscraper, from its energy consumption to its carbon footprint, must be carefully considered and mitigated through the use of sustainable design strategies.One of the most crucial aspects of skyscraper design is theintegration of the building into the surrounding urban landscape. A well-designed skyscraper should not only be a functional and visually striking structure but also a cohesive part of the city's overall architectural fabric. This may involve the incorporation of public spaces, such as plazas or gardens, that seamlessly connect the building to the street level and encourage interaction between the structure and the community.The design of a skyscraper must also consider the psychological and emotional impact it has on those who experience it. A towering structure can evoke a sense of awe and wonder, but it can also be perceived as intimidating or overwhelming. The architect must carefully balance these competing emotions, creating a design that is both visually compelling and psychologically accessible.One way to achieve this balance is through the incorporation of design elements that humanize the scale of the building. This may involve the use of materials, textures, and colors that create a sense of warmth and approachability, or the inclusion of architectural features that break up the monotony of a tall, uniform facade.Additionally, the integration of public art and cultural elements can help to anchor a skyscraper within the local community, fostering a sense of pride and ownership among residents. By creating spaces that are not only functional but also visually and emotionallyengaging, the architect can transform a skyscraper from a mere structure into a beloved landmark that enhances the overall quality of life within the city.In conclusion, the design of a skyscraper is a complex and multifaceted endeavor that requires a deep understanding of engineering, architecture, and urban planning. From the initial conceptualization to the final execution, the architect must navigate a web of technical, aesthetic, and social considerations, all while striving to create a structure that is both functionally efficient and emotionally resonant. By embracing this challenge, the architect has the power to shape the skyline of a city, leaving an indelible mark on the urban landscape and the lives of those who experience it.。
a(an) [e,ei,ə] art. (非特指的)一（个）;同业事物中的）任何一个;每一（个）A.D. ['ei'di:] n.公元abandon [ə'bændən] v.放弃;抛弃,离弃abdomen ['æbdəmen]n.腹;腹部abide [ə'baid] v.（by）坚持;遵守;容忍ability [ə'biliti]n.能力,智能;才能,才干;技能able ['eibəl] adj.有能力的,能干的abolish [ə'bɔliʃ] v.废除,取消about [ə'baut]p rep.关于;在...周围adv.周围,附近;大约above [ə'bʌv] prep.在...之上,高于abroad [ə'brɔ:d] adv.国外,海外abrupt [ə'brʌpt] adj.突然的,意外的;陡峭的,险峻的;(举止,言谈等) 不流畅的absence ['æbsəns] n.缺席,不在场;缺乏absent ['æbsənt,əb'sent] adj.(from) 缺席的,不在场的;漫不经心的absolute ['æbsəlu:t]adj.绝对的;完全的;专制的absorb [əb'sɔ:b] 吸收;吸引,使专心abstract ['æbstrækt] adj.抽象的;深奥的n.摘要;抽象v.摘要;转移absurd [əb'sə:d] adj.愚蠢的;荒唐的abundant [ə'bʌndənt] adj.丰富的;充足的abuse [ə'bju:z] v.& n.滥用;谩骂academic [`ækə'demik]adj.学院的;学术的,教学的accelerate [ək'seləreit] v.加速;促进accent ['æksənt,æk'sent]n.腔调,口音;重音(符号) accept [ək'sept] v.接受;认可access ['ækses] n.接近,进入;入口,通路;接近(或进入) 的方法accident ['æksidənt] n.意外的事,偶然的事accidental [`æksi'dentl] adj.偶然的,意外的accommodate [ə'kɔmədeit] v.留宿,收容;供应,供给;容纳accommodations [ə`kɔmə'deiʃən] (-s) accompany [ə'kʌmpəni] v.陪伴,陪同accomplish [ə'kʌmpliʃ] v.完成,实现according [ə'kɔ:diŋ] (to)account [ə'kaunt] n.账(目,户);算账;叙述, 说明;原因,理由v.说明,解释;以为;向...报账;占accumulate [ə'kju:mjuleit] v.积累,积蓄;堆积accurate ['ækjurət] adj.精确的,准确的accuse [ə'kju:z] v.(of) 控告,谴责accustom [ə'kʌstəm] v.(to) 使习惯ache [eik] v.痛;哀怜n.疼痛,酸痛achieve [ə'tʃi:v] v.完成,达到;获得acid ['æsid] n.酸adj.酸的;酸性的acquaint [ə'kweint]v.(sb.with) 使认识,使了解acquaintance [ə'kweintəns] n.熟人;相识;熟悉acquire [ə'kwaiə] v.取得,获得;学到acre ['eikə] n.英亩acrobat ['ækrəbæt] n.杂技演员across [ə'krɔs] prep.横过,穿过;在...的对面act [ækt] v.行动;做action ['ækʃən]n.行动,行为;动作,活动;(on) 作用active ['æktiv] adj 活动的,活泼的,活跃的;主动的,积极的;敏捷的;剧烈的activity [æk'tiviti] n.活动;活力;敏捷actor ['æktə] n.男演员actress ['æktris] n.女演员actual ['æktʃuəl] adj.实际的,事实上的;真实的ad [æd] (=advertisement)n.广告adapt [ə'dæpt] v.(to)(使) 适合;改编,改写add [æd]v.加,加上;进一步说(或写);(to) 增添addition [ə'diʃən] n.加,加法;附加物additional [ə'diʃənəl] adj.附加的,另外的address [ə'dres] n.地址,住址;演说,讲话v.在...上写姓名地址;向...讲话adequate ['ædəkwət]adj.足够的,充分的;符合要求的adhere [əd'hiə] v.(to) 粘附;坚持,遵循adjective ['ædʒiktiv] n.形容词, adj.形容词的adjust [ə'dʒʌst] v.调节,校正;(to)(使)适应administration [əd`minis'treiʃən] n.管理,经营;行政(机关,部门);政府admire [əd'maiə] v.羡慕,赞赏,钦佩admit [əd'mit] v.承认,供认adopt [ə'dɔpt] v.采用,采纳;收养adult ['ædʌlt]n.成(年)人;成体adj.成年人的;已成熟的advance [əd'vɑ:ns] v.前进;取得进展advanced [əd'vɑ:nst] adj.高级的,先进的advantage [əd'vɑ:ntidʒ] n.优点,优势adventure [əd'ventʃə] v.大胆进行,拿...冒风险n.冒险活动,冒险;奇遇1advertise ['ædvətaiz] v.(=advertize)做广告advice [əd'vais] n.忠告,劝告,意见advise [əd'vaiz] v.劝告,建议adviser [əd'vaizə] n.(政府,公司等的) 顾问affair [ə'feə] n.事情,事件affect [ə'fekt] v.影响,传染;感动affection [ə'fekʃən] n.爱,慈爱affirm [ə'fə:m] v.断言;(法庭上) 陈述affirmative [ə'fə:mətiv] adj.肯定的n.(指言语) 表示同意的词语afford [ə'fɔ:d] v.买得起,担负得起afraid [ə'freid]adj.害怕的,恐惧的;担心的,惟恐的Africa ['æfrikə] n.非洲African ['æfrikən] a dj.非洲的n.非洲人after ['ɑ:ftə] prep.在...以后,在...后面afternoon [`ɑ:ftə'nu:n] n.下午,午后afterward ['ɑ:ftəwəd] adv.(-s)后来,以后again [ə'gein] adv.再一次,又一次against [ə'genst] prep.倚在,紧靠着age [eidʒ] n.年龄agency [eidʒənsi] n.代理处,代办处agent ['eidʒənt] n.代理人,代表ago [ə'gəu] adv.以前agony ['ægəni] n.苦恼;极大痛苦agree [ə'gri:] v.同意agreement [ə'gri:mənt] n.达成协定,协议;同意,一致agricultural [ægri'kʌltʃər(ə)l] adj 农业的agriculture ['ægrikʌltʃə] n.农业,农学ahead [ə'hed] adv.& adj.在前面地(的);向前地(的);提前地(的)aid [eid]v.援助,救援;帮助n.援助,救护;助手aim [eim] v.把...瞄准,把...对准air [eə] n.空气;天空aircraft ['eəkrɑ:ft] n.飞机,航空器airline ['eəlain] n.航线;航空公司airmail ['eəmeil] n.航空邮件;航空邮政airplane ['eəplein] (=aero plane)n.飞机airport ['eəpɔ:t] n.机场,航空站alarm [ə'lɑ:m]n.警报;惊恐v.使惊恐,惊动,惊吓;向...报警alcohol ['ælkəhɔl] n.酒精,乙醇alert [ə'lə:t] adj.警惕的;机灵的n.警报;警戒状态;警戒期间v.使警觉alike [ə'laik] adj.相同的;相像的adv.相同地,一样地alive [ə'laiv]adj.活着的;存在的;有活力的,活跃的all [ɔ:l] adj.所有的,全部的pron.一切,全体adv.(常用以加强语气)完全,全部allied ['ælaid] adj.联合的;同盟的;同源的allow [ə'lau] v.准许,允许;承认ally ['ælai,ə'lai] n.同盟国,同盟者;支持者v.(with) 使结盟,结成同盟almost ['ɔ:lməust] a dv.几乎,差不多alone [ə'ləun]adj.独自一人的adv.单独;只有,仅仅along [ə'lɔŋ] prep.沿着alongside [əlɔŋ'said] prep.在...旁边,横靠adv.并排地,并肩地aloud [ə'laud] adv.出声地,大声地already [ɔ:l'redi] adv.早已,已(经)also ['ɔ:lsəu] adv.同样地alter ['ɔ:ltə] v. 改变,变样alternate [ɔ:l'tə:nit,'ɔ:ltə:neit] adj.交替的;预备的n.代理人v.交替,轮流although [ɔ:l'ðəu] conj.虽然;尽管;即使altogether [`ɔ:ltə'geðə] adv.完全,全部地always ['ɔ:lweiz] adv.总是,无例外地;永远,始终AM [m,əm,æm] (=A.M.,a.m.)am [m,əm,æm] v.(是) be的第一人称单数形式amaze [ə'meiz] v.认使惊奇,使惊愕,使惊叹ambassador [æm'bæsədə] n.大使ambiguous [æm'bigjuəs] adj.模棱两可的ambition [æm'biʃən] n.雄心,野心;抱负ambitious [æm'biʃəs] adj.有雄心的,野心勃勃的;劲头十足的ambulance ['æmbjuləns] n.救护车;野战医院America n.美洲;美国American adj.美洲的;美国的;美国人的n.美国人among [ə'mʌŋ]prep.(=amongst)在...之中,在...之间amount [ə'maunt] n.数量;总额,总数v.(to) 合计,等于ample ['æmpəl] adj.充分的,富裕的;宽敞的,宽大的amuse [ə'mju:z] v.逗...笑,给...以娱乐(消遣)amusement [ə'mju:zmənt] n.娱乐,消遣;娱乐活动analysis [ə'næləsis] n.分析,分解analyze ['ænəlaiz] (=analyse)v.分析;分解;解析ancient ['einʃənt] adj.古代的,古老的and [ənd,ænd] conj.和,与,及;那么,则angel ['eindʒəl] n.天使anger ['æŋgə] v.使发怒,激怒n.愤怒,气愤angle ['æŋgəl] n.角;角度,观点2angry ['æŋgri] adj.愤怒的,生气的animal ['æniməl] n.动物野兽牲畜adj.动物的野兽的anniversary [`æni'və:səri]n.周年(纪念日) adj.周年的announce [ə'nauns] v.宣告,宣布annoy [ə'nɔi]v.使恼怒,使生气;打扰,干扰annual ['ænjuəl] adj.每年的,年度的;一年一次的n.年报,年刊another [ə'nʌðə] adj.再一个的,另一个的;别的,不同的prep.另一个answer ['ɑ:nsə]n.回答,答复;答案v.回答,答复;响应ant [ænt] n.蚂蚁anxiety [æŋ'zaiəti] n.挂念;焦虑;渴望anxious ['æŋkʃəs] a dj.(about)忧虑的,担心的;渴望的any ['eni]adj.(否定、疑问、条件句中)什么;一些;任何的,任一的prep.无论哪个,无论哪些anybody ['eni`bɔdi,'enibədi]prep.(否定、疑问、条件句中)任何人;(肯定句中)随便哪一个人anyhow ['enihau] adv.无论如何,不管怎么说anyone ['eniwʌn] pron.任何人anything ['eniɵiŋ]pron.(否定、疑问、条件句中)任何事物,任何东西;(肯定句中)无论什么东西,随便什么事情anyway ['eniwei] adv.不管怎么说,无论如何;不论以何种方式anywhere ['eniweə]adv.(否定、疑问、条件句中)在(或往)什么地方,在(或往)任何地方;(肯定句中)随便什么地方apartment [ə'pɑ:tmənt] n.(英) 房间,套间;(美) 公寓apologize [ə'pɔlədʒaiz] (=apologise)v.道歉,认错apology [ə'pɔlədʒi] n.道歉,认错apparent [ə'pærənt] adj.(to)明显的,显而易见的;表面的,貌似的appeal [ə'pi:l] v.呼吁,请求;上诉,申诉;求助于n.呼吁,请求;上诉appear [ə'piə]v.出现,显露;来到;看起来像,好像是appearance [ə'piərəns]n.出现,出场,露面;外表,外貌,外观appendix [ə'pendiks] n.附录;附属物appetite ['æpitait] n.食欲,胃口;欲望,爱好;要求applaud [ə'plɔ:d] v.喝彩,鼓掌;称赞apple ['æpəl] n.苹果;苹果树application [`æpli'keiʃən] n.请求;申请(书,表);应用,运用apply [ə'plai]v.(for) 申请,请求;(to) 适用,应用,运用appoint [ə'pɔint] v.任命,委任;约定,指定appointment [ə'pɔintmənt] n.约会,预约;任命,选派appreciate [ə'pri:ʃieit] v.感谢,感激;正确评价;欣赏,赏识approach [ə'prəutʃ] v.靠近,接近,临近n.方法,途径;探讨approval [ə'pru:vəl] n.赞成,同意;认可,批准approve [ə'pru:v] v.(of) 赞成;批准,通过April n.四月apt [æpt]adj.恰当的,适宜的;(习性) 易于...的,有...倾向的Arabian n.阿拉拍人adj.阿拉伯(人) 的arch [ɑ:tʃ] n.拱门;弓形结构v.拱起;(使) 成弓形architect ['ɑ:kitekt] n.建筑师;设计师architecture ['ɑ:kitektʃə]n.建筑(式样,风格);建筑学Arctic ['ɑ:ktik] adj.北极的,北极区的n.北极, 北极圈are [ɑ:,ə] v.是area ['eəriə] n.面积;地域,地区;范围,领域argue ['ɑ:gju:] vi.论证,认定;争论,争吵argument ['ɑ:gjumənt] n.争论,争吵arise [ə'raiz] vi.出现;呈现arm [ɑ:m] n.手臂;武器,武装v.武装,装备army ['ɑ:mi] n.军队,军;大群,大批around [ə'raund] adv.各处,周围prep.在...周围(或附近)arouse [ə'rauz] v. 唤醒;激起arrange [ə'reindʒ] v.整理,排列;安排arrest [ə'rest] v.逮捕;扣留;阻止;吸引n.逮捕;扣留arrival [ə'raivəl] n.到达,到来;到达的人或物arrive [ə'raiv] v.到来,到达;来临;(at) 达到,达成arrow ['ærəu] n.箭(状物);箭头符号;箭头art [ɑ:t] n.美术,艺术;技艺,技术,(需要技术的) 行业;(用作复数) 文科,人文学科artificial [`ɑ:ti'fiʃəl] adj.人工的,人造的;矫揉造作的artist ['ɑ:tist] n.美术家;艺术家as [əz] conj.当...时,在...的同时;如同...那样,以...的方式,像...一样;因为,由于;以致于prep.作为,当作adv.同样地,一样地ash [æʃ] n.灰,灰末ashamed [ə'ʃeimd] adj.惭愧的,害臊的3ashore [ə'ʃɔ:] adv.在岸上;上岸Asia ['eiʃə] n.亚洲Asian adj.亚洲的;亚洲人的n.亚洲人aside [ə'said] a dv.在旁边;到旁边ask [ɑ:sk] v.问,询问;请求,要求;邀请,约请asleep [ə'sli:p] adj.睡着的aspect ['æspekt]n.样子,外表,面貌;(问题等的) 方面assemble [ə'sembəl] v.集合,集会;装配,组装assembly [ə'sembli] n.集会,会议;装配assert [ə'sə:t] v.断言,宣称;维护assignment [ə'sainmənt] n.分配,委派;任务,(课外)作业assist [ə'sist] v.帮助,援助,协助assistance [ə'sistəns] n.帮助,援助assistant [ə'sistənt] n.助理,助手,助教adj.助理的;辅助的associate [ə'səuʃieit] v.(with) 使联系;交往,结合n.合作人,伙伴,同事,同行adj.合伙的;副的association [ə`səusi'eiʃən] n.协会,团体;联合,交往;联想assume [ə'sju:m] v.假装;假定,设想;采取,承担assure [ə'ʃuə] v. 使确信,使放心;保证,担保astonish [ə'stɔniʃ] v. 使惊讶;使惊恐at [æt] prep.在...里,在...上;向,朝;在...时刻;(指价格,速度等)以,达;在...方面Atlantic adj.大西洋的(the～) 大西洋atmosphere ['ætməsfiə]n.大气(层);空气;气氛,环境atom ['ætəm] n.原子;微粒attach [ə'tætʃ] v.(to) 缚上,系上,贴上attack [ə'tæk]v.攻击,进攻n.攻击,进攻;(病) 发作attain [ə'tein] v.达到;获得;完成attempt [ə'tempt] v.企图,试图n.努力,尝试;企图attend [ə'tend] v.出席,参加(会议等);护理,侍候;照料,关心;看管attendant [ə'tendənt] n.服务员,值班员;护理人员adj.在场的;伴随的attention [ə'tenʃən] n.注意,留心attentive [ə'tentiv] adj.注意的,留神的attitude ['ætitju:d] n.(to, towards) 态度,看法;姿势attorney [ə'tə:ni] n.律师;代理人attract [ə'trækt] v.诱惑,吸引attractive [ə'træktiv] adj.有吸引力的;引起注意的attribute [ə'tribju:t] v.(to) 把...归因于,把...归咎于n.属性,特征audience ['ɔ:diəns] n.听众,读者;会见August n.八月aunt [ɑ:nt] n.伯母;婶母;姑母;姨母;舅母aural ['ɔ:rəl] adj.听觉的Australia n.澳大利亚Australian adj.澳大利亚的,澳州区的;澳大利亚人的n.澳大利亚人author ['ɔ:ɵə] n.著者;创始人authority [ɔ:'ɵɔriti] n.权力,权威;权威者;有权威性的典籍;(pl.)当局auto ['ɔ:təu] n.(=automobile)汽车autumn ['ɔ:təm] n.秋,秋季available [ə'veiləbəl] adj.可用的,可得到的;可以见到的,随时可来的avenue ['ævənju:,'ævinju:]n.林荫道,大街;途径,手段average ['ævəridʒ] n.平均数,平均v.均分(利益等),平均adj.平均的;通常的,一般的avoid [ə'vɔid] v.避免;回避,躲开await [ə'weit] v.等候;期待awake [ə'weik] adj.醒着的v.唤醒;醒award [ə'wɔ:d] n.奖(品) v.授予,奖给aware [ə'weə] adj.(of) 知道的,意识到的away [ə'wei] adv.远离,离开awful ['ɔ:ful] adj.令人恐惧的;威严的;可怕的;极坏的;糟糕的awfully ['ɔ:fuli] adv.非常,很awkward ['ɔ:kwəd] adj.笨拙的,不灵活的;棘手的,尴尬的;使用不便的axe [æks] (=ax)baby ['beibi] n.婴儿,孩子;年龄最小的人back [bæk]n.背部;背面,后面v.使后退,使倒转;支持;位于...的后面adj.背后的,后面的adv.向后,后background ['bækgraund] n.背景,经历;(画等的)后景backwards ['bækwədz] (-s)adv.&adj.向后地(的), 相反地(的)bacon ['beikən] n.咸猪肉,熏猪肉bad [bæd]adj.坏的,不好的;严重的;严重的;腐败的badly ['bædli]adv.坏,不好;严重,厉害adj.有病的badminton ['bædmintən] n.羽毛球bag [bæg] n.袋;提包baggage ['bægidʒ] n.(美)行李bake [beik] v.烘,烤bakery ['beikəri] n.面包房;面包糕点店balance ['bæləns] v.称;使平衡,平衡n.天平,秤;平衡,均衡;差额,结余bald [bɔ:ld] adj.秃的;秃头的ball [bɔ:l] n.球,球状物;舞会4balloon [bə'lu:n] n.气球banana [bə'nɑ:nə] n.香蕉band [bænd] n.条,带;乐队;波段;一群,一伙v.认缚,绑扎bandage ['bændidʒ] n.绷带v.用绷带扎缚bang [bæŋ] n.砰砰的声音;猛击v.砰地关上;猛撞bank [bæŋk] n.银行,库;岸,堤bankrupt ['bæŋkrʌpt] adj.破产的v.使破产n.破产者banner ['bænə] n.旗(帜);横幅bar [bɑ:]n.条,杆,棒,棍,闩;酒吧闩上;阻拦,妨碍barber ['bɑ:bə] n.理发师,,队理发bare [beə] adj.赤裸的,光秃的;稀少的,仅有的v.露出,暴露barely ['beəli]adv.赤裸裸地,无遮蔽地;仅仅,勉强bargain ['bɑ:gin] n.协定,契约,合同;交易;特价商品,便宜货v.认讲价还价;达成协议bark [bɑ:k] v.吠叫;咆哮n.吠声,狗叫声barn [bɑ:n] n.谷仓,仓库;草料房barrel ['bærəl] n.桶;枪管,炮管base [beis] n.基(础),底(座);基地v.(on) 把...建立在...基础上baseball ['beisbɔ:l] n.棒(垒)球运动;棒(垒)球basement ['beismənt] n.地下室,地窖basic ['beisik]adj.基础的,根本的;主要的,首要的basin ['beisən] n.脸盆,盆;盆地basis ['beisis] n.基础,根据;主干basket ['bɑ:skit] n.篮,篓basketball ['bɑ:skitbɔ:l] n.篮球bat [bæt] n.球拍,球棒;蝙蝠v.用球棒(拍) 打球batch [bætʃ] n.一批,一组,一群bathe [beið] v.洗澡bathroom ['bɑ:ɵrum] n.浴室battery ['bætəri] n.电池(组);炮兵连,炮组battle ['bætl] n.战役v.战斗,斗争bay [bei] n.海湾,(港) 湾BC (=B.C.)abbr.公元前be [bi:] v.(就) 是,等于beach [bi:tʃ] n.海滨,海滩beam [bi:m] n.(横) 梁,桁条;(光线的) 束,柱v.微笑;发光bean [bi:n] n.豆,菜豆,蚕豆bear [beə] n.熊v.忍受,容忍;负担,承担;结(果实);生(孩子)beard [biəd] n.胡须beast [bi:st] n.兽,牲畜;凶残的人,举止粗鲁的人beat [bi:t] n.(心脏等的) 跳动(声);有节奏的敲击(声) v.(连续地) 打,击;打败,战胜beautiful ['bju:tiful] adj.美丽的,漂亮的beauty ['bju:ti] n.美,美丽;美人;美的东西because [bi'kɔz] conj.因为become [bi'kʌm] v.变成,成为bed [bed] n.床,床位bedroom ['bedrum,'bedru:m] n.卧室bee [bi:] n.蜜蜂beef [bi:f] n.牛肉v.抱怨;发牢骚beer [biə] n.啤酒before [bi'fɔ:] prep.在...以前;在...前面conj.在...以前adv.以前beforehand [bi'fɔ:hænd] adv.提前地,超前地adj.预先准备好的;提前的beg [beg] v.乞讨,乞求;恳求,请求begin [bi'gin] v.开始beginner [bi'ginə] n.初学者;创始人beginning [bi'giniŋ] n.开始,开端,起点behalf [bi'hɑ:f] n.利益behave [bi'heiv] v.举止,表现;运转behaviour [bi'heiviə] (=behavior)behind [bi'haind] prep.在...的背后,在...后面,落后于adv.在背后,向后,落在后面being ['bi:iŋ] n.生命;存在,生存belief [bi'li:f] n.信仰;相信,信念believe [bi'li:v] v.相信,认为bell [bel] n.钟,铃belong [bi'lɔŋ] v.(to) 属于beloved [bi'lʌvd] adj.受爱戴的,敬爱的n.爱人,心爱的人below [bi'ləu] prep.在...下面,在...以下adv.在下面,到下面belt [belt] n.腰带;长形地带v.系上腰带bench [bentʃ] n.长凳,长椅bend [bend] n.弯曲(处) v.(使)弯曲beneath [bi'ni:ɵ] prep.在...下边,在...之下adv.在下方,低于benefit ['benifit] n.利益,好处;恩惠v.有益于;(from, by) 受益bent [bent]adj.弯曲的;下决心的n.(for)嗜好;倾向beside [bi'said] prep.在...旁边(或附近);和...相比besides [bi'saidz] adv.而且,此外best [best] adv.& adj.最好(的)5bet [bet] v.赌,打赌;相信n.打赌,赌注betray [bi'trei] v.背叛,出卖;暴露,泄露;辜负better ['betə] adj.较好的,更好的adv.更好地between [bi'twi:n] prep.在...(两者)之间beware [bi'weə] v.当心,谨防;留神beyond [bi'jɔnd] prep.在(或向)...的那边,远于;超出,超过adv.在更远处Bible n.《圣经》bicycle ['baisik(ə)l] (=bike)n.自行车v.骑自行车bid [bid]v.祝愿;命令,吩咐;报价;投标n.出价,投标big [big] adj.大的,巨大的;重要的,重大的bill [bil] n.账单,账款;清单,单子;招贴,海报;(美) 钞票v.给...开账单billion ['biljən] n.(美) 十亿;(英) 万亿bind [baind] v.捆,绑,包扎;束缚;凝固biography [bai'ɔgrəfi] n.传记bird [bə:d] n.鸟,禽birth [bə:ɵ] n.出生,分娩;起源,根源birthday ['bə:ɵdei] n.生日birthplace ['bə:ɵpleis] n.出生地biscuit ['biskit] n.饼干bit [bit] n.一点,一些bite [bait] v.& n.咬,叮bitter ['bitə] adj.痛苦的;寒冷入骨的;有苦味的。
软件工程术语表软件工程术语表目录1. A (17)abstractclass:抽象类 (17)Abstraction:抽象 (17)accessmodifier:存取权限 (17)accessormethods:存取器方法 (17)acceptance:验收 (17)action:动作 (17)actionsequence:动作序列 (18)actionstate:动作状态 (18)activation激活： (18)activeclass：主动类 (18)activity：活动 (18)activeobject：主动对象 (18)activitygraph：活动图 (18)actor：主角 (19)actorclass：主角类 (19)actor-generalization：主角泛化关系) (19)actualparameter：实参 (19)adhocreview：临时评审 (19)aggregateclass：聚合类 (19)aggregation：聚合关系 (20)AmericanStandardCodeforInformationInterchange(ASCII)：美国国家信息交换标准代码 (20)analysis：分析 (20)analysisclass：分析类 (20)analysis&design：分析设计 (20)analysismechanism：分析机制 (21)analysispattern：分析模式 (21)analyst：分析员 (21)API：应用程序编程接口 (21)APPC：高级程序间通信 (21)applicationprogramminginterface(API)：应用程序编程接口(21)appraisal：评估 (21)architecturalbaseline：构架基线 (22)architecturalmechanism：构架机制 (22)architecturalpattern：构架模式 (22)architecturalview：构架视图 (22)architecture：构架 (22)artifact：工件 (23)artifactguidelines：工件指南 (23)ASCII：美国国家信息交换标准代码 (23)ASP：活动服务器页 (23)association：关联关系 (23)associationclass：关联类 (23)associationend：关联关系端 (23)asynchronousaction：异步动作 (24)asynchronousreview：异步评审 (24)attribute：属性 (24)2. B (24)baseclass：基类 (24)baseline：基线 (24)Bean (24)BeanInfo (25)behavior：行为 (25)behavioralfeature：行为特性 (25)behavioralmodelaspect：模型的行为侧重面 (25) betatestingBeta：测试 (25) binaryassociation：二元关联关系 (25) binding：绑定 (25)boundaryclass：边界类 (25)breakpoint：断点 (26)build：工作版本 (26)businessactor：业务主角 (26) businessactorclass业务主角类 (26) businesscreation：业务创建 (26) businessengineering：业务工程 (26) businessentity：业务实体 (26) businessimprovement：业务改进 (27) businessobjectmodel：业务对象模型 (27) businessmodeling：业务建模 (27) businessprocess：业务过程 (27) businessprocessengineering：业务过程工程 (27) businessreengineering：业务重建 (27) businessrule：业务规则 (28) businessusecase：业务用例 (28) businessuse-caseinstance：业务用例实例 (28) businessuse-casemodel：业务用例模型 (28) businessuse-casepackage：业务用例包 (28) businessuse-caserealization：业务用例实现 (28) businessworker：业务角色 (28)3. C (29)capsule封装体 (29)cardinality基数 (29)CBD (29)CCB (29)CDR (29)CGI (29)changecontrolboard(CCB)变更控制委员会 (30) changemanagement变更管理 (30)changerequest(CR)变更请求 (30)checklist检查表 (30)checkpoints检查点 (30)class类 (30)classdiagram类图 (30)classhierarchy类分层结构 (31)classlibrary类库 (31)classmethod类方法 (31)classifier分类器 (31)client客户端 (31)client/server客户机/服务器 (31)collaboration协作 (31)collaborationdiagram协作图 (32)COM (32)comment注释 (32)commit提交 (32)CommonGatewayInterface(CGI)公共网关接口 (32) CommonObjectRequestBrokerArchitecture(CORBA) (33) communicate-association通信关联关系 (33) communicationassociation通信关联关系 (33) component构件 (33)componentdiagram构件图 (33)componentmodel构件模型 (33)component-baseddevelopment(CBD)基于构件的开发 (34) compositeaggregation组装关系 (34) compositebean组合Bean (34)compositeclass组装类 (34)compositestate组合状态 (34)compositesubstate组合子状态 (34)composition组装 (35)concrete具体 (35)concreteclass具体类 (35)concurrency并行 (35)concurrentsubstate并行子状态 (35)configuration配置 (35)configurationitem配置项配置中的实体 (36) configurationmanagement配置管理 (36)construction构建 (36)constructor构造函数 (36)container容器 (36)containmenthierarchy容器分层结构 (37)context环境 (37)controlchart控制图 (37)controlclass控制类 (37)conversational会话式 (37)Cookie (37)CORBA (37)CR (38)criticaldesignreview(CDR)关键设计评审 (38)customer客户 (38)cycle周期 (38)4. 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Architecture: The Expression of Creativity, Functionality, andAestheticsArchitecture is an art form that embraces both aesthetics and functionality. It is a reflection of the creativity and ingenuity of mankind, serving as a tangible representation of human achievements throughout history. This article explores the significance and characteristics of architecture, highlighting its role in shaping our built environment.The Essence of ArchitectureArchitecture encompasses the design, planning, and construction of structures that fulfill various human needs. It involves the meticulous crafting of spaces, forms, and materials to create functional and visually appealing structures.Beyond mere construction, architecture reflects the culture, values, and aspirations of a society. It is a testament to human innovation and the desire to create living spaces that enhance our quality of life. Through architecture, we express our identity and leave a lasting legacy for future generations.The Elements of ArchitectureArchitecture encompasses several key elements that contribute to its overall design and purpose.1. Form and StructureThe form and structure of a building are essential aspects of architecture. Buildings are carefully designed to withstand environmental factors such as wind, earthquakes, and climate conditions. The structural integrity of a building ensures the safety and longevity of its occupants.2. FunctionalityFunctionality is another crucial aspect of architecture. Well-designed spaces should cater to the needs of their occupants. Architects consider factors such as space allocation, circulation, and the efficient use of natural light and ventilation to create functional spaces that promote productivity and well-being.3. AestheticsAesthetics play a vital role in architecture, as buildings shape our visual landscape. Architectural design balances form and function to create visually stimulating structures that captivate and inspire. The use of colors, materials, and textures define the aesthetic quality and character of a building.4. Context and EnvironmentArchitecture does not exist in isolation; it is deeply intertwined with its surroundings. Architects carefully consider the context and environment in which a building will be situated. This includes factors such as climate, topography, and cultural heritage. By harmonizing with its surroundings, a building contributes to the overall coherence and beauty of its environment.Architectural Styles and MovementsThroughout history, different architectural styles and movements have emerged, showcasing the evolution of architectural design.1. Classical ArchitectureClassical architecture, often associated with ancient Greece and Rome, is characterized by its symmetrical and proportioned designs. It features elements such as columns, arches, and domes, embodying a sense of harmony and balance.2. Gothic ArchitectureGothic architecture emerged during the medieval period, with its intricate stonework, pointed arches, and ribbed vaults. It is renowned for its tall, soaring structures and the extensive use of stained glass windows, creating a spiritual and ethereal aesthetic.3. ModernismModernism, which emerged in the 20th century, aimed to break away from traditional styles and embrace new materials and technologies. Modernist buildings often feature clean lines, geometric shapes, and an emphasis on functionalism.4. PostmodernismPostmodernism challenged the principles of modernism and emphasized diversity, ornamentation, and contextualism. Postmodern architecture often combines elements from various styles, creating visually striking and expressive structures.The Impact of ArchitectureArchitecture has a profound impact on our daily lives and the societies we inhabit.1. Cultural IdentityArchitecture is an expression of cultural identity. It serves as a visual representation of a community’s history, values, and aspirations. Iconic structuresbecome cultural landmarks, symbolizing the collective pride and achievements of a society.2. Sustainable DesignIn recent years, the importance of sustainable architecture has gained significant attention. Architects are increasingly incorporating environmentally friendly design principles to minimize the ecological footprint of buildings. Concepts such as green roofs, solar energy systems, and natural ventilation contribute to a more sustainable built environment.3. Urban PlanningArchitecture plays a crucial role in urban planning and city development. Well-designed buildings and public spaces foster social interaction, create a sense of place, and enhance overall livability. Architecture contributes to the creation of harmonious and functional cities.ConclusionArchitecture is more than just building construction; it is an amalgamation of creativity, functionality, and artistic expression. It shapes our environment, providing structures that resonate with our cultural identity and enhance our well-being. From the grandeur of classical architecture to the innovation of modern design, architecture stands as a testament to human achievement and the pursuit of beauty and functionality.。
建筑方案介绍英文Introduction to Architectural DesignArchitectural design is a critical process that involves creating plans, drawings, and models for the construction of buildings. It is a creative and technical profession that requires the coordination of various elements to achieve functional and aesthetically pleasing structures. This essay aims to provide an overview of architectural design, including its key concepts and methods, as well as the importance of sustainability and innovation in the field.Key Concepts in Architectural DesignArchitectural design encompasses several key concepts that serve as the foundation for creating successful and effective buildings. These concepts include functionality, aesthetics, context, and sustainability.Functionality is perhaps the most fundamental concept in architectural design. It refers to the ability of a building to serve its intended purpose. Architects must carefully analyze the needs and requirements of the clients and develop designs that address these needs. The layout, spatial arrangement, and circulation within the building must be carefully planned to ensure smooth functionality. Aesthetics play a crucial role in architectural design by enhancing the overall visual appeal of the building. Architects must carefully consider the use of materials, colors, and forms to create visually pleasing and harmonious designs. The proportions and scale of the building also contribute to the aesthetics and must be carefullybalanced.Contextual design is an essential aspect of architectural design that considers the surrounding environment and the historical, cultural, and social context of the site. Buildings should respond to their physical settings and complement the existing architectural fabric. This helps establish a sense of place and creates a cohesive urban or rural landscape.Sustainability is a critical factor in contemporary architectural design. With growing concerns about climate change and resource depletion, architects have a responsibility to design buildings that minimize their environmental impact. Sustainable design incorporates strategies such as energy-efficient systems, renewable materials, and green building practices to reduce energy consumption and promote environmental stewardship.Methods in Architectural DesignArchitectural design employs various methods and processes to develop, refine, and communicate design concepts. These methods typically include research, conceptualization, sketching, and digital modeling.Research is an essential step in architectural design as it helps architects gather information about the project's site, context, and client's requirements. This includes studying the site's physical characteristics, climate, and surrounding urban fabric. Research also involves analyzing precedents and case studies to identify design strategies that have been successful in similar contexts.Conceptualization involves brainstorming and exploring different design ideas and approaches. Architects use techniques such as diagramming, mind mapping, and sketching to translate their thoughts into visual representations. This phase allows architects to experiment and generate innovative design concepts that address the project's functional and aesthetic requirements.Sketching is a crucial tool in architectural design that helps architects communicate and refine their ideas. Hand-drawn sketches allow for quick iterations and exploration of different design options. This method also encourages creativity and can lead to unique and original design solutions.Digital modeling has become increasingly prevalent in architectural design, allowing architects to create accurate 3D representations of their designs. Computer-aided design (CAD) software enables architects to visualize spaces, manipulate forms, and simulate lighting conditions. This method allows for more precise design development and aids in the communication of complex ideas to clients and stakeholders.Importance of Sustainability and InnovationSustainability and innovation are crucial drivers in contemporary architectural design. As the world faces pressing environmental challenges, architects must adopt sustainable design strategies to minimize the negative impacts of buildings on the planet. This includes designing energy-efficient buildings, utilizing renewable materials, and employing green construction practices.Innovation in architectural design is essential to push the boundaries of creativity and functionality. Architects must continuously explore new materials, construction techniques, and technologies to improve building performance and user experience. Innovations such as smart building systems, adaptive reuse of existing structures, and biophilic design are transforming the field of architecture and creating more sustainable and responsive buildings.ConclusionArchitectural design is a complex and multifaceted process that entails the creative and technical expertise of architects. By incorporating key concepts such as functionality, aesthetics, context, and sustainability, architects can create buildings that are not only visually appealing but also responsive to their surroundings. Through research, conceptualization, sketching, and digital modeling, architects can develop innovative design solutions. The integration of sustainable design strategies and the exploration of new materials and technologies ensure that architecture continues to evolve and meet the challenges of the future.。
建筑方案术语大全最新建筑方案术语大全1. 建筑方案（Architectural Design）：指建筑项目的总体构思和规划的初步设计方案。
2. 方案设计（Concept Design）：是指建筑方案设计的初步概念设计，包括建筑形态、空间布局和功能分区等要素。
3. 建筑风格（Architectural Style）：指建筑作品在设计中所体现出的风格特点，如古典风格、现代风格、抽象风格等。
4. 建筑特色（Architectural Feature）：指建筑作品在造型、材料、构造等方面的独特之处。
5. 建筑布局（Building Layout）：指建筑物的平面布局和空间分配。
6. 立面设计（Facade Design）：指建筑物外墙的设计，包括外立面的材料、造型、色彩等方面的选择。
7. 空间布局（Spatial Layout）：指建筑物内部空间的布局和分区，包括功能分区、流线布置等。
8. 环境设计（Environmental Design）：指建筑物与周围环境的融合设计，包括景观布置、绿化设计等。
9. 结构设计（Structural Design）：指建筑物的结构系统设计，包括承重结构的选择和布置。
10. 平面布置（Floor Plan）：指建筑物地面层的平面布局和空间分配。
11. 立面图（Elevation）：指建筑物外墙的立面图纸，用于显示建筑物的外观特征。
12. 剖面图（Section）：指建筑物在垂直方向上的剖面图纸，用于显示建筑物的内部结构和布局。
13. 立体模型（3D Model）：指建筑物的三维模型，用于直观展示建筑物的外观和内部空间。
14. 草图设计（Sketch Design）：指建筑师对建筑方案的初步草图设计。
15. 设计理念（Design Concept）：指设计师对建筑项目的整体设计思路和理念。
16. 空间感知（Spatial Perception）：指人们对建筑空间的感官认知和体验。
Acrylic［ə'krɪlɪk］亚克力Construction：指建造的那个建筑，construct对应的名词，如“建筑工程”construction project Architecture：指具体的建筑物,风格Building: 一般指的是某幢建筑物.Stage1: Architectural Conceptual design建筑概念设计●Plan 平面图●Reference pictures 参考图片/风格意向图●Presentation document汇报文件Stage2: Architectural Schematic design方案设计●Renders效果图●方案: Elevation立面图，Section剖面图●Construction design 施工设计●Presentation document汇报文件Stage3：Interior Conceptual design室内概念设计●Plan 平面图●Reference pictures 参考图片/风格意向图●Presentation document汇报文件Stage4：Interior Schematic design方案设计●Renders效果图●方案: Elevation立面图, Section剖面图●Construction design 施工设计●Presentation document汇报文件plot ratio/site ratio/floor area ratio(FAR) 容积率:Gross Floor Area总建筑面积：Total covered area on all floors of all buildings on a certain plot area of the plot 建筑用地面积：The size of the piece of land upon which it is builtFloor area ratio = (Gross Floor Area) / （area of the plot）地上总建筑面积÷建筑用地面积Parcel 地块single-story building 单层建筑multi-story building 多层建筑Schematic design方案设计Site location 场地位置Architectural style建筑风格Analysis of position区位分析analysis of existing circumstance现状分析analysis of function功能分析analysis of traffic/circulation/streamline交通/流线分析vehicle circulation车型流线carriageway车道drop off落客点analysis of sunshine日照分析analysis of landscape景观分析landscape sight/view/vision景观视线analysis of space sequence空间序列分析philosophy of design设计理念bubble diagram气泡图architecture conception建筑构思architectural creation建筑创作architectural sketch建筑草图layout建筑布局perspective透视图hand drawing手绘效果图a birdˊs-eye view鸟瞰图façade 建筑物正面Preliminary design初步设计Legend图例cover封面content内容design explanation设计说明general layout/master plan/site plan总平面图first floor plan一层平面ground floor plan基础平面图typical floor plan标准层平面图basement plan地下室平面图（B1）first basement floor负一层（G1）garage车库roof plan屋顶平面图elevation立面section剖面enlarged preliminary design扩大初步设计Licensed architect注册建筑师electrical engineer电机工程师licensed structural engineer注册结构工程师plant engineer设备工程师mechanical engineer机械工程师landscape architect景观设计师licensed planner注册规划师plot plan engineer总图工程师project budget工程预算air-conditioning system空调系统heating and ventilation供暖与通风water supply and drainage给水与排水structure design结构设计acoustic design声学设计lighting/illuminated design照明设计indoor environment design室内环境设计Construction drawing design施工图设计Full—size drawing/Details drawing详图、大样图building code建筑规范working drawing and the specification施工图与施工说明书Technical and economic index技术经济指标Construction site建筑地基boundary line of roads道路红线boundary line of land/property line用地红线/建筑红线building line建筑控制线building density/building coverage ratio建筑密度/建筑密度率greening rate/ratio of green space绿地率Theory理论Eclecticism折衷主义functionalism功能主义post—modernism后现代主义minimalism极简主义deconstruction/deconstructivism解构主义Italian Renaissance意大利文艺复兴green building绿色建筑Doric order多立克柱式Ionic order爱奥尼柱式Corinthian order科斯林柱式Gothic Revival哥特复兴greek temple希腊神庙Triumphai arch凯旋门住宅专业词汇总结Sale center售楼中心/售楼部Villahouse/detached house独栋别墅semi-detached house双排别墅row house连排别墅townhouse联体别墅high—grade residential高档住宅duplex apartment跃层住宅tall building of apartment单元式高层住宅apartment of towerbuilding塔式高层住宅gallery tall of apartment通廊式高层住宅houseing cluster/group住宅组团residential community居住区residential density居住密度low-rise medium-density cluster housing低层中密度住宅群business-living building商住楼multiple-use building综合楼multiple-use high-rise building多功能高层住宅dwelling size套型habitable space居住空间bedroom卧室living room起居室family room家庭活动室kitchen厨房bathroom卫生间balcony阳台terrace露台,平台ramp坡道passage过道gallery（corridor gallery）走廊overhanging corridor挑廊eaves gallery檐廊cloister回廊bridge way架空走廊semi—basement半地下室empty space(open floor）架空层refuge storey避难层mechanical floor设备层cabinet壁柜wall—hung cupboard吊柜view room眺望间overhang骑楼arcade过街楼stair step楼梯踏步stair well楼梯井stair landing楼梯平台stair railing楼梯栏杆envelop enclosure围护结构enclosing curtain wall围护性幕墙decorative faced curtain wall装饰幕墙French windows落地橱窗dormant window天窗dormer window老虎窗bay window凸窗/飘窗sash-window上下推拉窗eaves and gable屋檐与山墙window-blinds百叶窗parapet女儿墙/矮墙plinth勒脚/柱基canopy雨篷masonry structure砖石/砖混结构frame structure框架结构steel-frame structure钢框架结构frame-shear wall structure框架—剪力墙结构megastructure巨型结构bearing wall承重墙bearing strength承载力concrete beam混凝土梁concrete shell混凝土薄壳reinforced concrete slab钢筋混凝土楼板reinforced concrete column钢筋混凝土柱子deformation joint变形缝duration of fire resistance耐火极限safety exit安全出口hang wall挡烟垂壁suspended ceiling吊顶pipe shaft管道井smoke uptake/flue烟道air relief shaft通风道motor repair shop修车库parking area停车场under ground garage地下汽车库high rise garage高层汽车库mechanical and stereoscopic garage机械式立体车库compound garage复式汽车库Minimumturn radius of car汽车最小转弯半径规划Town and county planning（urban and rural planning）城乡规划city and regional planning城市与区域规划urban planning law of PRC中华人民共和国城市规划法城市发展战略层面：comprehensive planning/master plan城市总体规划landuse planning土地利用总体规划建筑控制引导层面：Detailed plan详细规划regulatory plan控制性详细规划site plan修建性详细规划Urban land城市用地R residential land居住用地黄色C pubic facilities公共设施用地红（commercial：商业）M industrial land工业用地熟褐（manufacture：制造）W warehouse land仓储用地紫T intercity transportation land对外交通用地中灰S roads and squares道路广场用地留白U municipal utilities市政公用设施用地蓝灰G green space绿地中草绿D specially-designed land特殊用地深草地色E water and miscellaneous水域和其他城市分区规划：city/district planning城市规模：city size城市发展模式：urban development pattern城市用地评价：urban landuse evaluation城市用地平衡：urban landuse balance城市总体布局：urban（city）layout城市结构：urban structure城市形态：urban morphologyIndustrial/commercial/residential/warehouse/institutes and college/central business/mixed—use district工业/商业/居住/仓储/文教中心/商务/综合区scenic zone风景区公共设施分布：utility distribution快速路：express way步行街：pedestrian street城市给水系统：water supply system城市排水系统：sewerage system城市供电系统：power supply system城市供暖系统：district heating system城市燃气系统：gas supply system城市通信系统：communication system城市绿地系统：urban green space system绿带：green belt防护绿地：green buffer城市生态系统：city ecosystem城市生态平衡：balance of city ecosystem城市环境质量:city environmental quality城市环境评价：city environment assessment可持续发展：sustainable development。
8 Application Architecture8.1 IntroductionThis chapter describes an abstract architecture for OPC UA applications with different layers having defined responsibilities regarding OPC UA functionality. Afterward the deliverables of the OPC Foundation and their features are listed and it is pointed out how these are reflected in the abstract architecture.8.2 Architectural OverviewWhen you intend to develop an application based on OPC UA you first have to think about what it should do by specifying the requirements and the functionality. Having that in mind you normally start designing the architecture of your applica-tion. Thereby certain design goals (e.g., portability, performance, or security) have to be agreed upon before first architectural concepts are developed. In this chapter, we will take a look at OPC UA from the design perspective and introduce a poten-tial application scenario. We expect that this scenario will be applied by many application vendors. The main design goal thereby is the reuse of components and artifacts.In this scenario, we assume that we have to develop an OPC UA client and a server. Both client and server will have application logic covering functionality tailored to concrete use cases. For example, the server has to access special data sources (e.g., data bases, devices, or other applications) or the client has to be integ-application logic covering common functionality like managing connections, cre-ating and processing OPC UA messages as well as securing them. Since we defined reuse as our main design goal it would make sense to separate use-case-specific and common functionality when designing the architecture. The common part can tions and processing Service messages and lower level functions like encoding, securing, and transmitting messages. The part providing the higher level functions can be considered as a Software Development Kit (SDK) and the part with the lower level functions can be represented by a protocol stack. The client and server applications are layered on top of the SDK. Based on these blocks we come to a very high level architecture shown in Fig. 8.1.The above-described software layers are named as Application, SDK, and Stack and are described in more details in the following sections.255DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-68899-0_8,be further divided into two parts: the higher level functions like managing connec-W. Mahnke et al., OPC Unified Architecture ,rated into another application (e.g., in a MES application). But they will also have © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2009Fig. 8.1 Architectural overview8.3 StackAs mentioned in Sect. 8.2, the Stack is a common part covering lower level func-tionality. In this section, we want to structure the Stack further into different partsleading to a more detailed architectural view like the one shown in Fig. 8.2.Fig. 8.2 Stack overview8.3.1InterfacesFirst of all, the layers above need somehow to access the Stack in order to send and receive messages. Both client and server can use the same stack since it pro-vides a lot of functionality that can be used for both sides such as encoding and securing messages. However, there are also functions specific to each side. For8 Application Architecture256example the client is only sending requests and processing responses, whereas the server processes requests and sends responses. Therefore an access layer (i.e., interface) is needed for both the client- and the server-side (Client and Server API in the figure). They could, for example, offer methods for configuring the Stack, for managing the connection establishment, for sending OPC UA Service mes-sages, and for notifying the layers above when messages are received.The encoding and the decoding of messages are processed in the Encoding Layer. Once data structures representing Service messages are provided from the API layer they are serialized according to the special rules defined by OPC UA and passed to the layer beneath for further processing. Service messages received from the Security Layer are deserialized and passed as arguments of callback functions registered by the upper layer.8.3.3Security LayerEncoded Service messages passed by the Encoding Layer to the Security Layer are then secured. Secured in this context means that depending on the configura-encrypted or only signed. In scenarios in which applications are running in iso-lated environments there must also be the possibility to disable message security by configuration. In addition, special security headers and footers are appended providing information for the receiver on how to decrypt the message and how to verify the signature of the message. The Security Layer of the receiver has to check the security headers and footers of incoming messages to know how they were secured. Depending on that messages are first decrypted and afterward the signature of the message is verified or only the signature is verified or none of these activities are done (in the case the message was not secured).8.3.4Transport LayerThe Transport Layer is responsible for transmitting and receiving messages as well as for dealing with errors at Network Layer. Before transmitting messages special transport headers are appended containing special information for example about the type and the length of the message. The Transport Layer of the receiver verifies whether it is well-formed meaning whether the type can be identified or whether the message is not too long 1 before forwarding it to the Security Layer.1In UA TCP, the maximum message lengths are negotiated and verified at Transport Level. 2578.3 Stack 8.3.2Encoding Layertion of the Secure Channel (Sect. 7.5.2.1) outgoing messages are signed and8.3.5Platform Layer The reuse factor of the Stack can be increased by adding an additional layer to this model – the Platform Layer. The basic idea thereby is that all other layers of the Stack are developed in platform-neutral manner. Only the Platform Layer contains for managing sockets, threads, or cryptographic operations (e.g., encrypting and signing messages). This means that only the Platform Layer has to be changed in order to port the Stack to another platform, the other parts of the code can be reused.8.4 Software Development ToolkitOn top of the Stack, the SDK Layer is located covering the higher level function-ality. This layer can be in general composed of three parts which are illustrated in Fig. 8.3.Fig. 8.3 SDK overview8.4.1UA-Specific FunctionalityThe UA-specific part represents the implementation of the concepts and the Services specified in OPC UA. Note, that all the different aspects (like Sessions, Events, or Nodes) depicted in Fig. 8.3 have to be addressed by both the client and the server.8 Application Architecture258However, the semantic of these aspects for client and server is different (e.g., Client creates a Session request and server processes the client’s Session request).One important aspect is the management of OPC UA Sessions. As we learned the connection establishment of OPC UA includes creating a Secure Channel, establishing a Session, and activating the Session. The SecureChannel Services should be implemented in the Stack Layer to reduce the complexity in the SDK. Therefore, the Secure Channels should also be managed in that layer. The Session Services (i.e., CreateSession, ActivateSession, and CloseSession) are implemented in the present model in the SDK Layer. However, managing OPC UA Sessions does not only mean processing the Service requests and responses. There has also to be special logic behind like associating Sessions with the Secure Channel that secures the exchanged messages for that context. In addition, Sessions are run on behalf of users that have to be authenticated and authorized. Furthermore there are special Session parameters that have to be taken care of like the lifetime of the session or used locales. Such tasks are handled by a management class which can be called as a Session Manager.Another important aspect is working with Nodes. Nodes are very essential to OPC UA and are used for organizing Address Spaces as well as for providing attribute values. Address Spaces in OPC UA reside on the server-side allowing clients to access and manipulate them via the NodeManagement and Attribute Service Sets. This means that on the server-side there has to be entities managing the Nodes (e.g., Node Manager) of the Address Space (i.e., Nodes and References) and the manipulation of the values contained in the Nodes (e.g., I/O Manager). Other concepts and Services like Subscriptions, Events, and History can be approached in a similar way.OPC UA defines certain diagnostics information for Services and exposes it in the Address Space. It contains for example information about how often Services have been called. Managing this information is also a task for the SDK Layer since is also manages the Services of which the upper layer may not be aware of.8.4.2Common FunctionalityThe second part of the SDK Layer covers more general functionality that has to be implemented by clients and servers.OPC UA exchanges certificates in order to establish secure connections. Before using them it has to be verified whether a received certificate can be trusted or not. OPC UA specifies what part of a certificate has to be validated to be trusted, how-ever, it does not state how it has to be validated. Therefore common functionality has to be provided allowing the applications to validate certificates and accessing their associated certificate stores. An alternative to implementing that function-ality in the SDK is using the Stack for that purpose. Since the Stack is a common component that should be used for large range of applications it is assumed that all applications use the same way of validating certificates. In heterogeneous 2598.4 Software Development Toolkitenvironments, it sometimes can make more sense to implement that in SDK or even in the Application Layer when different sources for gathering certificates or certificate-related information (e.g., certificate revocation lists, private keys, or validation rules) have to be consumed.Other important topics that belong to the common part are application configu-ration and logging.8.4.3InterfacesThe last part of the SDK discussed in this context represents the interfaces to the Application Layer. Client interfaces are needed for sending requests to the server and for receiving responses from it (i.e., callback interfaces). On the server side some interfaces for initializing and configuring the SDK should be provided as well as for integrating underlying systems acting as data providers.8.5 ApplicationThe Application Layer includes in principle two kinds of applications: clients and servers. The way how the architectures of these applications look like differs very much depending on the concrete scenario.8.5.1ClientOne example for an OPC UA client application is a generic browser used for exploring and manipulating the Address Space provided by a server. The main tasks of the client is visualizing data provided by the SDK Layer and translating user interactions into calls to the SDK’s API. The design of such an application from the functionality point of view can be quite simple which is shown in Fig. 8.4.Fig. 8.4 Example of a high-level client architecture8 Application Architecture2608.5.2ServerIn principle there are two kinds of server applications: one managing the whole address space in the main memory and another one accessing underlying systems for gathering Address Space information.In the first case, the Address Space is stored in a special data source (e.g., data-base or XML file) and completely loaded into the main memory when the server starts up. This provides a fast access to information contained in the Address Space requested by clients.In the second case, an OPC UA server facades an underlying system like a device, controller or DCS. In the last case, typically several sources are accessed, like a configuration database and several controllers. It is expected that many sys-tem vendors will first head such an approach in order to smoothly migrate existing applications to OPC UA. The main responsibilities of this layer are reading and writing data from the underlying system. A SDK could for example provide spe-cial callback interfaces for exchanging data in a simple way to reduce the complexity of the server implementation on top of the SDK. An example of that architecture is given in Fig. 8.5.Fig. 8.5 Example of a high-level server architecture8.6 Deliverables Provided by the OPC FoundationThe OPC Foundation provides a set of deliverables that can make your life easier when developing OPC UA applications. Some of the deliverables follow the archi-tecture described in Sect. 8.5. All of them are available in the so-called UA SDK. It contains thereby various Stacks, libraries, and sample applications.2618.6 Deliverables Provided by the OPC Foundation8.6.1 StacksBoth an ANSI-C-based and a C#-based Stack is provided with the UA SDK.A Java-based Stack was under development at the time when this book was writ-ten. It is recommended to use the UA stacks provided by the OPC Foundation in order to ensure interoperability between applications implemented in different development environments.The ANSI-C Stack is implemented according to the architecture depicted in Conversation for the Security Layer, and UA TCP for the Transport. For securing messages and validating certificates, the OpenSSL crypto library is applied and integrated in the platform-specific part of the Stack.Alternatively there is also a .NET Stack written in C# which does not have a Platform Layer. Therefore the architecture is different to the one shown above. For the Encoding Layer it supports UA Binary and XML, UA-SecureConversation and WS-SecureConversation as Security Layer protocols, and the transport protocols UA TCP and SOAP/HTTP. However, only the following combinations of the pro-tocols (also named as Stack profiles or mappings schemes; see Chap. 6 for more details) can be used:•HTTP/SOAP, WS-SecureConversation, UA Binary •HTTP/SOAP, WS-SecureConversation, XML •HTTP/SOAP, WS-SecureConversation, UA Binary, and XML 8.6.2 SDKsThere are two C#-based libraries contained in the UA SDK: a client library and a server library. These libraries can be considered as the SDK Layer described ear-lier. Both are providing the base functionality for handling the UA protocol and for processing common tasks regarding logging, security, and configuration. The server library provides special interfaces that can be used to integrate underlying systems for example in order to read or write certain values. The client library implements a NodeCache for buffering Nodes and References. In addition to the client and server libraries, the SDK also provides a C#-based discovery server used by clients for identifying running endpoints of the server they can connect to. C++-based UA SDKs for clients and servers were developed by a group of early adopter companies and are available as commercial libraries from Unified Automation. They are using the ANSI-C stack and are providing platform layers for different operating systems. Similar to the .NET UA SDK, the C++ SDKs are implementing common UA functionality to reduce the development effort for UA applications and are defining interfaces to integrate the application-specific infor-mation with the SDK.8 Application Architecture262• UA TCP, UA-SecureConversation, UA Binary.Fig. 8.2. It supports UA Binary encoding for the Encoding Layer, UA-Secure-8.6.3 ApplicationsThe OPC Foundation’s UA SDK provides both a sample client and server application written in C#. The client application is a generic OPC UA browser offering the base OPC UA functionality like browsing the Address Space, reading and writing Node attributes, subscribing for data changes and Events, and also more sophisti-cated concepts like calling Methods or using Views. Therefore, it is a powerful tool for learning and exploring the concepts of OPC UA. The server uses an in-memory Address Space including standard Nodes as well as an example describing a boiler and its components.8.7 Summary8.7.1 Key MessagesThis chapter describes how the architecture of an OPC UA application typically looks like. The main design goal is thereby the reuse of artifacts (e.g., code and components). Therefore the following layers with certain responsibilities are defined: Application Layer, SDK Layer, and Stack Layer.The Stack is responsible for the lower level functions like encoding and decod-ing messages, securing messages, as well as sending and receiving messages. In addition to that, it has a Platform Layer containing only platform-specific code whereas the other layers are written in platform neutral manner. This facilitates the portability of the Stack to other platforms.The SDK contains higher level functionality covering UA-specific functions and common functions. The UA-specific part implements the OPC UA concepts and Services whereas the common part deals for example with configurations and logging. Additionally the server-side of the SDK provides interfaces in order to integrate other systems used as data providers.The Application Layer covers the use-case-specific part of the functionality. Clients could, for example, process data received from the SDK in a special way in order expose it to the user. Servers could access underlying systems in order to expose its information via OPC UA to clients.The OPC Foundation offers a set of OPC UA standard deliverables that system vendors can reuse. Some of the components already implement similar architec-ture as described in this chapter.8.7.2 Where to Find More Information?More information about the OPC UA standard deliverables can be found on the OPC Foundation Web site (/). More information 2638.7 Summary2648 Application Architectureabout the C++ SDKs can be found at the Unified Automation Web site (http:// ). Finally, the Web site of the OPC programmers’ connection (/) provides a section with SDKs that can a useful source when intending to implement OPC UA applications.8.7.3 What’s Next?In Chap. 8 – System Architecture – different variants of OPC UA client–server concepts are introduced like chained or aggregating server. In addition, some related concepts regarding redundancy, discovery, and auditing are introduced.。
