学外语的十条经验
1、学习外语一天也不能中断。倘若确实没有时间，哪怕每天挤出10分钟也行；早晨是学习外语的大好时光。
2、要是学厌了，不必过于勉强，但也不要扔下不学。这时可以改变一下学习方式；比如把书放到一边去听听广播，或暂时搁下课本的练习去翻翻词典等。
3、绝不要脱离上下文孤立地去死背硬记。
4、应该随时地记下并背熟那些平日用得最多的“句套子”。
5、尽可能‘心译’你接触到的东西，如一闪而过的广告，偶而听到的话语，这也是一种休息的方式。
6、只有经过教师修改的东西才值得牢记。不要反复去看那些做了而未经别人修改的练习，看多了就会不自觉地连同错误的东西一起记在脑了里。假如你纯属自学而无旁人相助，那你就去记那些肯定是正确无误的东西。
7、抄录和记忆句子和惯用语时要用单数第一人称，如“I am only pulling your leg"(我只是要戏弄你)
8、外语好比碉堡，必须同时从四面八方向它围攻：读报纸，听广播，看原文电影，听外语讲演，攻读课本，和外国朋友通讯，来往，交谈等等。
9、要敢于说话，不要怕出错误，要请别人纠正错误。尤为重要的当别人确实为你纠正错误时，不要难为情，不要泄气。
10、要坚信你一定能达到目的，要坚信自己有坚强不屈的毅力和语言方面的非凡才能……
What is in the classroom
How many students are there in the classroom Where are 5 students
There are not 5 students in the classroom. Are there 5 students in the classroom
Yes, there are. No, there aren’t.
Are you from Jinhua or Ningbo
There are not 5 students in the classroom, aren’t there
He is a teacher, isn’t he
There be 结构用法
There be 句型归纳与练习
There be 句型
1. 定义：There be句型表示某处存在某物或某人。
2. 结构：(1) There is +单数可数名词/不可数名词+ 地点状语.
There is an apple on the table.
There is some water in the bottle.
(2) There are +复数名词+地点状语.
There are 2 books in my bag.
there是引导词，在句中不充当任何成分，翻译时也不必译出。句子的主语是某人或某物，谓语动词be要与主语（某人或某物）的数保持一致。当主语是两个或两个以上的名词时，谓语动词要与跟它最近的那个名词一致---就近原则。
eg. ① There is a bird in the tree.树上有一只鸟。
② There is a teacher and many students in our classroom.
我们教室里有一位老师和许多学生。
③ There are two boys and a girl under the tree. 树下有两个男孩，一个女孩。
3. There be句型与have的区别：
(1) There be 句型和have都表示“有”的含义。区别如下：There be表示“某处存在某物或某人”；have表示“某人
拥有某物/某人”，它表示所有、拥有关系。 eg.
①He has two sons.他有两个儿子。
②There are two men in the office.办公室里有两个男人。
(2)当have表示“包括”、“存在”的含义时，There be 句型与其可互换。
eg. A week has seven days. =There are seven days in a week. 一个星期有七天。
一、否定句
There be句型的否定式的构成和含有be动词的其它句型一样，在be后加上not即可。注意not是副词
例如：
There are some pictures on the wall. →There are n't any pictures on the wall. =There are no pictures on the wall. There is a bike behind the tree. → There isn't a bike behind the tree. =There is no bike behind the tree.
二、一般疑问句
There be句型的一般疑问句变化是把be动词调整到句首，再在句尾加上问号即可，此为\"调整法\"。但同时要注意：当肯定句中有some时，要将其改为any（否定变化也一样）。看看下面两句是如何改变的：
There is some water on Mars. → Is there any water on Mars There are some fish in the water. →Are there any fish in the water
三、特殊疑问句
There be句型的特殊疑问句形式有以下三种变化：
① 对主语提问：
当主语是人时，用"Who's+介词短语 "；
当主语是物时，用"What's + 介词短语"。
注意：无论原句的主语是单数还是复数，对之提问时一般都用be的单数形式(回答时却要根据实际情况来决定)。如：
There are many things over there. →What's over there There is a little girl in the room. →Who is in the room ② 对地点状语提问：提问地点用 "Where is / are+主语"
例如：
There is a computer on the desk. → Where is the computer There are four children on the playground. →Where are the four children
③ 对数量提问：一般有两种句型结构：
How many+复数名词+are there+介词短语
How many books are there on the desk？
How much+不可数名词+is there+介词短语
How much money is there in your pocket
There be 结构在英语中是一个常见的句子结构，组成为“引导词there +be+主语+状语”。
句子的特殊用法较多，下面就there be 结构归纳如下：
1. There和live, lie, come, stand, exit, remain, happen, enter等表示存在、状态的动词连用。
例：There once lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea.
There stands a big tree on the top of the mountain. There happened an event.
There came shouts for help from that river.
There lies a large tree in front of our office. 2．There和情态动词连用，使存在的状态更加具体化、形象化，描述的语气多样化。
例： There may be 3500 students in our school.
There must be some mistakes.
There ought to be no trouble.
There used to be a temple here.
3. There和seem to be, appear to be, happen to be, be bound to be, be likely to be等连接，表示“碰巧有”、“可能有”、“一定有”。
例：There happened to be an old friend of mine in the factory.
There seems to be something wrong with it.
4. There be+名词，它的后面可以接状语、定语从句、不定式结构或ing分词和ed分词结构。
例：There are many reasons for animals dying out.
There will be an English party in our school this evening.
There are always new things to be discovered.
There were many people in the street watching the film.
注：如有两个或两个以上并列主语时，be常与最靠近的主语在人称和数上一致。
例：There is only a table, four chairs and a small bed in the room.
is 和there be 结构比较：it is和there be 句型的区别要通过具体的环境来看，有时意义相同，有时含义差距较大。
例：It is windy today.=There is a wind toady.（It is+形容词，there be+名词）
It is a long way from Beijing to Shanghai.从北京到上海路程很远。
There is still a long way to go.还有很长的路要走。
There is someone at the door. I think it is the man to deliver the papers.
There is no doubt that he is not at home now.毫无疑问他现在不在家。
There be 句型练习
一.根据所给汉语完成句子。
1. 桌子上有一本书和两支钢笔。
There _____ a book and two pens on the desk.
2. 钱包里有些钱。There ____ some money in the wallet.
3. 在吉姆的书包里有一些卡片。____ _____ some cards in Jim’s bag.
4. 里面还有其他的东西吗_____ _____ anything else in it？
5. 我们学校有许多班。There _____ many _____ in our school.
6. 树上没有鸟。There __are_not/no___ birds in the tree.
二.选择填空：
1. Are there any maps on the wall ___
A. Yes, there are some.
B. Yes, there is.
C. Yes, there is one.
D. No, there are.
2. How many ____ are there in the picture
A. woman
B. women
C. buy
D. milk
3. There aren’t ___ trees near the house. There is only one.
A. any
B. some
C. many
D. much
4. There ___ two bowls of rice on the table.
A. is
B. have
C. has
D. are
5. Are there ___ houses near the river Yes, there are .
A. some, some
B. any, some
C. any, any
D. some, any
三.句型转换：
1. There is a woman near the house.（变复数）
There are many women near the house.
2. There are some buses near the hill.（变单数）
There is a bus near the hill.
3. There are some apples in the tree.（变一般问句）
Are there any apples in the tree？
4. There are some oranges in the glass.（变否定句）
There are not any oranges in the glass.
5. Is there a baby in the room(变复数）
Are there babies in the room？
6. There are many beautiful flowers in the garden. (就划线部分提问) What is in the garden？
7. There is a bookcase in my study. （变一般问句）
_Is there a bookcase in your study？
8. There is a soccer ball and a basketball on the floor.
___What’s on the floor？
9. My new dress is in the wardrobe.
____Where is your new dress？
10. There are some big trees behind my house.
__Where are_the _big trees
四.there be 与have区别专练。
1. This desk __has___ four legs.
2. __There are____ some books on the desk.
3. Everyone ___has___ a dictionary in my class.
4. There are not/no_(没有) knives in the room.
5. I __have___ a new sweater.
6. _There are_____ some flowers and a desk in the room.
7. There is nothing in the bag.
8. They __have_ something to eat.
反意疑问句的特殊用法
反意疑问句的句型结构是:"陈述句+附加问句"。附加问句部分与陈述句部分在人称。时态和数等方面须一致,而且"前否后肯,前肯后否"。在做反意疑问句改写时应特别注意下列情况:
1. 陈述句部分的主语是one时,附加问句部分主语正式场合用one,非正式场合用he。例如:
One should do one's best for the work, shouldn't one (he) One must do one's duty, needn't one (he)
Must I come Yes, you must. No, you needn’t.
2. 陈述句部分是I'm...时,附加问句部分常用aren't I例如:
I'm twelve, aren't I
I'm a good driver, aren't I
3. 陈述句部分是there be时, 附加问句部分也要用there。例如:
There is some milk in the bottle, isn't there
There are many people in the park on Sunday, aren't there
4. 陈述句部分以let's开头时,附加问句部分要用shall we;
若以 let us开头时,附加问句部分要用will you
例如:
Let's have a break, shall we
Let us stop here, will you
5. 陈述句部分的主语是everybody, everyone, someone, anyone, no one, nobody, somebody等不定代词时,附加问句部分可用he,也可用they。例如:
Everyone knows his own language, doesn't he
Everybody enjoyed the film, didn't he/they
6. 陈述句部分有never, none, nothing, no等否定词或few, little, hardly 等半否定词时,附加问句部分要用肯定形式。例如: You never read this novel, do you
Few people can live to 150, can they
7. 当陈述句部分是一个含有从句的主从复合句时,附加问句部分的形式要看主句,其主语及动词都要与主句保持一致。例如: He says she is a good teacher, doesn't he
They said the teacher had left, didn't they
但当主句是I think, I believe等结构时,附加问句部分形式要看从句。例如:
I think she is all right now, isn't she
I don't believe he is here, is he
8. 陈述句部分是祈使句的否定形式时,附加问句部分常用will you 例如:
Don't make any noise, will you
反意疑问句是指先陈述一件事，再用省略的一般疑问句附加在其后构成的疑问句。通常用yes/no回答。
对于反意疑问句，我们必须知道的基本规则：
1、反意疑问句的陈述部分如果是肯定，附加的一般疑问句就用否定形式；如果陈述部分是否定，则附加部分用肯定形式。
（我们可以这样记忆这条规则：前肯后否，前否后肯）
如：This is a book, isn’t it？
This is not a book, is it？
You can speak some English, can’t you？
You can’t speak any E nglish, can you？
2、反意疑问句的附加部分（疑问句）的主语一定要用人称代词充当（前句为there be句型除外，在那样的情形里，句尾还用there），如果后部分是否定，一定要用缩写形式。（前部分为I am…时，后部分用aren’t I）
如：I am a teacher, aren’t I？
There will be a meeting, won’t there？
3、如何回答反意疑问句对于很多同学来说可能会是一个问题，因为在这点上英语和汉语的习惯不同。下面我们来进行对比。
汉语：“你不是一个老师，是吗”
英语：You aren’t a teacher, are you
No, I’m not.“是的，我不是老师。”
Yes, I am. 不，我是老师。
通过对比，我们可以发现汉语的答语可以前面是否定、后面是肯定，而英语绝对不行，前后必须一致，要么全部用肯定，要么全部用否定。回答反意疑问句的时候，总是先考虑答语的后部分到底该用肯定还是否定，然后再给这个答语的前面加上Yes或者No。其它规则：
1．陈述部分里的代词no one(nobody)、everyone(everybody)、someone(somebody)、anyone(anybody)等，在最后部分用he或者they 代替。
如：Everyone should work hard, shouldn’t he/they？2．must作必须讲，后部分用must或者need；must not作禁止讲，后部分用may。
如：We must keep quiet in the library, mustn’t/needn’t we？ They must not park their cars here, may they？
3．有时候前面的陈述部分看似陈述形式，但其中含有seldom（不常）、hardly（几乎不）、nobody（没人）、nothing（没有什么）、never （从不）、none（一个也没有）、neither(两者都不)、few（几乎没
有）、little（几乎没有）等表示否定意义的词，此时要把陈述部分看成否定，其后的附加疑问句要用肯定形式；
某些句子里含有dis-或者un-这样表示否定意义的前缀的复合词(如dislike和unusual)，还是要把它看成肯定句。
如：He is never late for school, is he？
He can hardly believe you, can he？
There is nothing new in today’s newspaper, is there？ It seldom rains here in spring, does it？
It is very unusual, isn’t it？
4．“(Don’t)+动词原形+其他”这样的祈使句无论否定还是肯定，反意疑问句的疑问部分都用“will you”。
Open the door. — Open the door, will you？
Don’t talk in class. —Don’t talk in class, will you 5．Let’s do 和Let us do
Let’s…（包含对方，所以后部分用shall we）
Let us…（不包含对方,所以后部分用 will you）
如：Let’s play football, shall we 这句话的含义是说话者邀请听话人和他一起去踢足球，所以后部分用人称代词we。
Let us play football, will you 这句话的含义是说话者请求听话人允许他去踢足球，所以后部分用人称代词you。
6．把感叹句看成一般意义的陈述句，然后照一般的规则处理。
如：What a good boy he is, isn’t he
How hard he works, doesn’t he
7．英语里没有am not的缩写形式，一般用aren’t。
如：I am your friend, aren’t I
8．前部分有“过去常常干某事used to d o sth.”这样的结构，后半部分用didn’t或者usedn’t。
如：You used to get up early in the morning, didn’t/usedn’t you
9．前部分含有“I think…”，如“I think he is right. ”，应该把它理解成“He is right”，然后做相应的疑问部分。因为think后的宾语从句不能含有not，所以“I don’t think he is right.”应该看成“He isn’t right”，然后做相应的疑问部分。
如：I think he is right, isn’t he？
I don’t think he is right, is he
疑问句可再分为一般疑问（General question）和特殊疑问（Special question）两种。
1.一般疑问：用be或助动词或情态动词置于句首，并以“Yes，…”，或“No，…”或相当于yes / no回答的问句称为一般疑问句.
2.含系动词be的一般疑问句的构成
具体地说,am 只能跟在第一人称的单数 I 后面, are 搭配 you, 不管是单数还是复数, is 跟在第三人称单数 he, she 后面,be 动词的基本意思：是
如：I'm in Class 2, Grade 1.
→ Are you in Class 2, Grade 1
你是在一年级二班吗(如遇第一人称，最好将其置换成第二人称 )
It's a map of China. → Is it a map of China
这是一幅中国地图吗？
be 或 have（有）置于句首来表达疑问，
例：
* Am I wrong again （我又错了）
Yes, you are （wrong again）. （是的，你又错了。）No, you aren’t. （不，你没错。）
* Is it your bicycle （这辆自行车是你的吗）
Yes, it is. （是的，是我的。）
No, it isn’t. （不，那不是我的。）
* Were there many people at her birthday party
（她的生日宴会来了很多人吗）
Yes, there were. （是的，来了很多人。）
No, there weren’t. （没有，没有很多人。）
* Do you have money with you（你身上带钱了吗）
Yes, I do.（有，我带钱了。）
No, I don’t.（没有，我没带钱。）
3. 含情态动词的一般疑问句的构成
一般疑问句面前人人平等：情态动词与am / is / are一样，也可直接将它们提至主语前，所以问题迎刃而解了。如：
I can spell it. →Can you spell it 你会拼写它吗
*Shall I call a taxi for you （需要我替你叫一辆出租车吗）
Yes, please. Thank you. （好的，谢谢你。）
No, thank you.（不必了，谢谢你。）
* Will you do that for her （你愿意替她做那件事吗）
Yes, I will.（是的，我愿意。）
No, I won’t.（不，我不愿意。）
* Can she drive （她会开车吗）
Yes, she can.（是的，她会。）
No, she can’t.（不，她不会。）
4. 含实义动词的一般疑问句的构成
含实义动词的一般疑问句的构成稍微有点讲究，要在句首加do；如逢主语为第三人称单数，谓语动词为一般现在时单数第三人称形式"v-(e)s"时，用does,并要将谓语动词变回原形(如has→have，likes→like等)；有时陈述句中的some还要变作any 等。如：
* She lives in Beijing.
→Does she live in Beijing 她住在北京吗
* I like English.
→Do you like English 你喜欢英语吗
* There are some books on my desk.
→Are there any books on your desk？
* Do you speak Japanese （你会说日语吗）
Yes, I do.（是的，我会说。）
No, I don’t.（不，我不会说。）
* Does she swim very well（她游泳游得好吗）
Yes, she does. She is a good swimmer.
（是的，她游得好。她是游泳高手。）
No, she doesn’t. She doesn’t swim at all.
（不，她不会。她根本不会游泳。）
* Did you tell her the truth （你向她说了实话吗）
Yes, I did.（是的，我说了。）
No, I didn’t.（不，我没说。）
* Don’t you like to have a cup of cof fee
（你不喜欢喝一杯咖啡吗）
Yes, I do.（要，我要一杯。）
No, I don’t. Thank you. （不，我不要。谢谢你。）
依循否定疑问要表达否定答案时，中文的习惯是“是的，……不……（或没有……）”，但是英语应为“No，…not.”，不可如中文说成“Yes，…not.”。
6. 一般疑问句的应答
用yes / no(或相当于yes / no的词)回答，并怎么问怎么答(句首为情态动词/am / is / are还是do /does)，简略回答时要注意缩写(否定的n't)和采用相应的人称代词以避免重复：即"Yes，主语(代词)+情态动词或am / is / are或do / does."表示肯定；"No，主语(代词)+情态动词或am / is / are或者do / does not(n't)."表