第１０卷第４期２００８年８月
黄山学院学报
ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＨｕａｎｇｓｈａｎＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ
Ｖ０１．１０．ＮＯ．４
Ａｕｇ．２００８
商务英语中被动语态的语用功能及翻译策略
任芳
（南京人口管理干部学院外语系，江苏南京２１００４２）
摘要：商务英语中被动语态的大量使用实现了正式、公正、礼貌，委婉等语用功能，是合作原则与礼貌原则的体现。由于汉语中较少使用被动语态，因此翻译上应注重功能对等，在措辞上遵循汉语表达的同等语用功能。
关键词：商务英语；被动语态；语用功能；翻译策略
中图分类号：Ｈ３１５．９文献标识码：Ａ文章编号：１６７２－４４７Ｘ（２００８）０４－００８６－０４
一、引言
被动语态是英语中较为常见的语法现象。被动语态能避免给人以主观臆断的感觉，使文本表现得更为客观、正式、语气更加委婉。Ｑｕｉｒｋ等人指出，与创作性的作品相比，信息型（Ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｖｅ）文本中使用被动语态的情况更为常见。【１Ⅳ御信息型文体就是陈述事实的文体，内容涉及科技、商务、工业、经济、新闻、发表议论等。［ｚ｝４０被动语态是这类文体中一种常见的语言手段，有重要的语用功能。商务英语句式和汉语句式存在诸多差异，其中最突出的方面体现在商务英语中被动语态的广泛应用。
二、商务英语中被动语态的语用功能
商务英语信函与合同中．被动语态常用来提供建议、表达愿望、提醒对方应尽的责任和义务等，同时也可表达一种客观、客气、委婉、公正的语气。被动语态的使用与语用学上指导会话的两大原则“合作原则”（ＣｏｏｐｅｒａｔｉｖｅＰｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅ）“礼貌原则”（Ｐｏ—ｌｉｔｅｎｅｓｓＰｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅ）有关。美国语言学家Ｇｒｉｃｅ提出“合作原则”，描述了人们在言语交际中对合作的遵守和违反，包括４个范畴：量的准则（ＱｕａｎｔｉｔｙＭａｘ．ｉｍ），质的准则（ＱｕＭｉｔｙＭａｘｉｍ），关系准则（ＲｅｌｅｖａｎｔＭａｘｉｍ），方式准则（ＭａｎｎｅｒＭａｘｉｍ）。田７帅而英国学者Ｌｅｅｃｈ认为人们违反合作原则是出于礼貌。在此基础上他提出了礼貌原则，目的是为了弥补合作原则的不足。他的礼貌原则包括６项准则：得体准则（ＴａｃｗＭａｘｉｍ），慷慨准则（ＧｅｎｅｒｏｓｉｔｙＭａｘｉｍ），赞誉准则（ＡｐｐｒｏｂａｔｉｏｎＭａｘｉｍ），谦逊准则（ＭｏｄｅｓｔｙＭａｘｉｍ），一致准则（ＡｇｒｅｅｍｅｎｔＭａｘｉｍ），同情准则（ＳｙｍｐａｔｈｙＭａｘｉｍ）。［３ｐ７－－孵
（一）ｉＣｉ务英语信函中被动语态的语用功能
商务英语信函特别强调客观业务的履行．要求突出动作的对象，而不重视动作的完成者。注重所传达信息的准确性和规范性，注意措辞和语气上的礼貌、委婉、严谨，即使有时表示不满和反对意见甚至责备时，仍要讲究说话的策略，而被动语态结构恰好符合了这一要求。商务英语中被动语态的语用功能主要有以下几种：
１．在不知施动者是谁的情况下进行表达。正式
收稿日期：２００７—１２—２４
基金项目：南京人口管理干部学院科研基金资助项目“应用翻译策略研究”（２００７Ｃ２０）
作者简介：任芳（１９７２－），江西德兴人．南京人口管理干部学院外语系讲师。硕士．研究方向为翻译理论与实践．应用语言学。
万方数据
第４期任芳：商务英语中被动语态的语用功能及翻译策略．８７。
的英语句子中至少要具备主语和谓语，而在不知施动者怒谁酶时候，就有必要使用被动语态。请看下例：
例１．强ｅｗａｔｅｒｐｒｏｏｆｌｉｎｉｎｇＷＲ￥ｂａｄｌｙｔｏｍａｎｄｉｔｗｉｌｌｂｅｎｅｃｅｓｓａｒｙｔｏｓｅｎｄｓｅｖｅｎｏｆｔｈｅｐｏｔｓｆｏｒｃｌｅａｎｉｎｇ
ｂｅｆｏｒｅｗｅｃａｎｏｆｆｅｒｔｈｅｍｆｏｒｓａｌｅ．呼１译文：防水屡被撕破，有７个罐子必须送去清洁后才能出售。
该句中提到货物的防水层被撕破，但并不知道是谁干的，因此采用了被动语态。
２．强调行动本身。在商务交往中宥时施动者是谁并不重要，而动作本身才是重点。在此情况下使震被动语态可以使行动本身在旬手孛处予突滤位置。
例２．…ａｎｄｔｈｅｇｏｏｄｓａｌｅａｔｔｒａｃｔｉｖｅｌｙｐａｃｋｅｄ，ｔ粥
译文：货物巍装得缓精英。
该句提到货物的包装。而货物包装得如何远眈是谁包装的重要。在此处使用被动语态可以使句子重点突出。
３．根据礼貌原则不愿提及施动者。在谈论到一些敏感的、有可能引起不快的话题时，应设法保全双方的西子。蔻了把话说褥婉转，可使用被动谖态。
例３．…ｂｕｔｗｅｍｕｓｔｒｅｍｉｎｄｙｏｕｔｈａｔｉｔｄｏｅｓｎｏｔｓｅｅｍｑｕｉｔｅｆａｉｒｔｈａｔｔｈｅｅｎｔｉｒｅｏｎｕｓｏｆｒｅｓｐｏｎ－ｓｉｂｉｌｉｔｙｉｎｗｈａｔｉｓ，ａｆｔｅｒａｌｌ，ａｊｏｉｎｔｔｒａｎｓａｃｔｉｏｎ，ｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｅｔｈｒｏｗｎｏｎＵＳ．１４１１嬲
译文：但必须提醒贵公司，将全部责任推给我方似乎有失公平，毕竟这是双方的共髑交易。
该句事实上在批评对方将责任垒部推给己方，但考虑到双方的合作和对方的面子，使用被动语态使语气缓和，不驻得嘧咄遇入。
可见被动语态在商务英语信函中的使用符合上述会话语震原剿：强调客观事实，突出动｛乍簿合合作原灵ｔ中量的准则（“所说的话应包含交谈舀的所需要的信息；不应包含超出需要的信息”阳）和关系准则（“要有关联”印），两措辞豹委婉符合耗貌骧则中的得体准则幂日同情准则，“尽量少让别人吃亏，尽量多使别人得益；尽量减少双方的反感，尽最增加双方的孺帻”。附
（－－）商务英语合同中被动语态的语用功能
商务英语合同作为一种法律英语．有其特殊的语言风格。合露语言所承载的信息就是字蘑赞递的信息．不能有任何引申意义。合同语富必须准确、严谨，行文必须客观、公正。而能体现上述特点的一个缀重要豹语法手段就是被动语态。比如。合阉中经常使用Ｉｔｉｓａｇｒｅｅｄｔｈａｔ…和Ｉｔｉｓｕｎｄｅｒｓｔｏｏｄｔｈａｔ…簿这样的旬式，ｉｔ做形式主语，由予指称上的变化两使用了被动语态。
例４．ＩｔｉｓｍｕｔｕａｌｌｙａｇｒｅｅｄｔｈａｔｔｈｅｃｅｒｔｉｆｉｃａｔｅｏｆｑｕａｌｉｔｙａｎｄｑｕａｎｔｉｔｙｏｒｗｅｉｇｈｔｉｓｓｕｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｍａｎｕｆａｃｔｕｒｅｒｓｈａｌｌｂｅｐａｒｔｏｆｔｈｅｄｏｃｕｍｅｎｔｆｏｒｐａｙｍｅｎｔｗｉｔｈｔｈｅａｄｏｐｔｅｄＬｅｔｔｅｒｏｆＣｒｅｄｉｔ．［５１３４０译文：双方同意以制造商签发的质量或重量检验证书作为有关信用谖项下付款的单据之～。
另外。为了不使对方感觉到是把义务强加给哪一方，商务会藤中经常使用事或物做主语，句法上用被动语态。例如：
例５．ＡｌｌｔａｘＧ强．ｃｕｓｔｏｍｓｄｕｔｉｅｓａｎｄｏｔｈｅｒｅｘ．ｃｉｓｅｓａｒｉｓｉｎｇｉｎｃｏｎｎｅｃｔｉｏｎｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｐｅｒｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅｏｆｔｈｅＣｏｎｔｒａｃｔｏｕｔｓｉｄｅｔｈｅｔｅｒｒｉｔｏｒｙｏｆＰａｒｔｙＡ’ＳＣｏｕｎｔｒｙｓｈａｌｌｂｅｂｏｒｎｅｂｙＰａｒｌⅣＢ．ｇｑ３４０
译文：凡因履行本合懑悉发生在甲方隰家以外的一切税费。均由乙方负担。
无论是用ｉｔ做形式主语。还是用事或物做主语，入称的转化避免了主飘性，达到了追求客观公磁的效果。所以，商务英语合同中的被动语态最为明显的语用意义是客观、公正。根据语用学理论，在语言交往中，向对方发出命令或请求、给对方以压力，或向对方提出建议或忠告时，如果使用方式不当。可能会威胁到对方的面子，从而导致合作失败。“有意违反合｛乍原英《的‘方式’准则往往是邂宣礼貌上的需要”。翩地所以为了避免不愉快的发生，双方有意识地避免直言不讳，但能让慰方推断斑自己的意图，跌而既维护了双方的面子，又达到了合作的翻的。被动语态的使用无疑是实现这一目的的有效手段，符合礼貌原则。
三、商务英语中被动语态的翻译策略
ＰｅｔｅｒＮｅｗｍａｒｋ明确指出：“…‘交际翻译法’用予‘信息型’和‘呼唤型’文本”。岍如前所述，商务荚落精于信息型文本。对予“信息型文本”，Ｎｅｗｍａｒｋ量大为信息传达的“真实性”是此类文本的“核心”。翻译时应注重接受者的理解和反映．即信息传递的效果，因焉他建议采耀“交际黧译”戆手法。意在让译文读者获取尽可能接近原文读者的效果，突出信息
万方数据
?８８?黄山学院学报２００８年传达的准确与真实。嘟他的这一说法与奈达的
“动能对等”不谍燕合，奈达主张麴译中充分考虑语
髑因素和交际意图，使译文对予译文读者和淼文对
于原文读者产生大致相同的效果。而商务英语信函
和合同被动语态的翻译策略可运用交际翻译的原
则，翻译嚣寸因遵罐汉语的表达秘惯，不能过分受翩
予漂文黼痔稻结构．实现语震功能对等。
（一）商务英语信函中被动语态的翻译
汉语属于意和语言。重内在的逻辑关系而不是
形式的屈折变化。在语态上表现为“受事格施事化
倾运。……施事格比较謇然、直接，磊不必掏滗予形
式”。ｆ】ｌ掰大部分情况下，汉语靠主动旬的语义逻辑
来显现被动意义，按照汉族人的思维方式，即使是
受事者做主语．也常用主动形式来表达被动意义，
毖如“事情做好了”、“作监微完了”等。因此，汉语中
被动结构用得较少，汉语表达礼貌时往往通过词汇
手段。因为中国人的礼貌原则是贬己尊人，使用谦
卑的字眼称呼自己或跟自己有关的人或事，如“鄙
人”、“寒舍”等。两用尊敬的字眼称呼对方或与对方
有关懿入或事。如“贵方”、“府上”等。
英汉两种语言在表达礼貌原则方面以及在语
态方面的差别．为翻译商务英语信函提供了依据。
在骝译实践中．可以把英语的被动语态结构翻译成
汉语中的主动形式，无主旬，或避然被动訇（酃具有
被动意义的主动结构），或以“幽字句”、“受字句”等
形式出现的汉语被动句。但在遗词造句方面应注意
原文的语气特点。保持信函中被动结构体现的礼
貌、委婉猖严谨，传达鲞被动语态豹语惩功能。
＜１）译成汉语主动旬
例６．ＹｏｕｒｆｉｎｎｈａｓｂｅｅｎｒｅｃｏｍｍｅｎｄｅｄｔＯｍｅ
ｂｙＣｉｔｉｚｅｎＣｏ．ｏｆＳｉｎｇａｐｏｒｅ，ｗｉｔｈｗｈｏｍｗｅｈａｖｅ
ｄｏｎｅｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓｆｏｒｍａｎｙｙｅａｒｓ．
译文：与敝公司有多年生意来往携新船坡Ｃｉｔｉ—
ｚｅｎ公司．向在下推荐了贵公司。阳
（２）译成无燕旬
侧７．Ｙｏｕｒｅａｒｌｙｒｅｐｌｙｗｉｌｌｂｅｈｉｇｈｌｙａｐｐｒｅｃｉａｔ－
蕊．
译文：如蒙翠复。不胜感激。
（３）译成当然被动句
例８．Ｙｏｕｒｄｒａｆｔｏｆ１２ｔｈＭａｒｃｈｈａｓｂｅｅｎａｃ—
ｃｅｐｔｅｄａｎｄｗｉｌｌｋｇｉｖｅｎ
ｏｕｒｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｏｎ。
译文：责方３月１２曰汇票巴承兑，到期当照付。玛（４）译成汉语被动句
例９．Ｍｔｅｒｔｈｅｓａｉｄｌｉｃｅｎｓｅｉｓａｐｐｒｏｖｅｄ．ｗｅｓｈａｌｌｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈ趿Ｌ／Ｃｉｎｙｏｕｒｆａｖｏｒ．
译文：许可证获准后，即开立以你方为受益入的信用证。［ｓｌｓ０
上述例句中，译文并未拘泥于原文语序和结构，焉是按照汉语的潮惯表达处理，但同时也兼颟了原文轧貌、委婉、严谨的语气。如采用了“敝公司”、“贵公司”、“蒙”等表示对对方的尊敬。遵循了礼貌原则，保存了原文的语用功能，实现了功能对等。
（纛）商务英语合瓣中被动语态豹蘸译
商务英语合同中使用大量的被动结构来表现客观公正的语用功能。但汉语合同中却很少使用被动形式，往往使用主动语态，并常用无生句。无主旬中没有说出动作的发瘵者，实际上等英文中的“ｉｔ”做形式主语的意甏相似，都是为了避免说出动｛乍酶实际发出者，从而保持语气的客观、公正、礼貌。按照Ｎｅｗｍａｒｋ“交际翻译”和Ｎｉｄａ的“功能对等”理论。在翻译商务英语合麟时。可借助无主旬、当然被动旬等汉语句式使译文符合汉语含离的特点。双面实现信息型文本信息的等效传达。在翻译实践中。商务英语合同中的被动语态通常可译成如下几种形式：
（１）译为主动旬《突寓藐事者》
例９．ＴｈｉｓＣｏｎｔｒａｃｔｉｓｍａｄｅｂｙａｎｄｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｔｈｅＢｕｙｅｒａｎｄｔｈｅＳｅＵｅｒ＇ｗｈｅｒｅｂｙｔｈｅＢｕｙｅｒａ—ｇｒｅｅｓｔＯｂｕｙａｎｄｔｈｅＳｅｌｌｅｒａｇｒｅｅｓｔｏｓｅｌｌｔｈｅｕｎ－ｄｅｒ－ｍｅｎｔｉｏｎｅｄｃｏｍｍｏｄｉｔｙａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇｔｏｔｈｅｔｅｒｍｓａｎｄｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓｓｔｉｐｕｌａｔｅｄｂｅｌｏｗ。
译文：买卖双方阎意按下列条款购买、出售下述商品．并签订本合同。阳６
（２＞译为无主旬
例１０．ＩｔｉｓｅｓｓｅｎｔｉａｌｌｙｓｔｒｅｓｓｅｄｔｈａｔｔｈｅＢｕｙｅｒｓａｒｅｒｅｑｕｅｓｔｅｄｔｏｓｉｇｎａｎｄｒｅｔｕｒｎｔｈｅｄｕｐｌｉｃａｔｅｏｆｔｈｉｓＣｏｎｔｒａｃｔｗｉｔｈｉｎ３ｄａｙｓｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｄａｔｅｏｆｒｅ—ｃｅｉｐｔ．Ｉｎｔｈｅｅｖｅｎｔ
ｏｆｆａｉｌｕｒｅｔｏｄｏｔｈｉｓ，ｔｈｅＳｅｌｌｅｒｓｒｅｓｅｌ＇ＶｅｔｈｅｆｉｇｈｔｔｏｃａｎｃｅｌｔｈｅＣｏｎｔｒａｃｔ。
译文：必须强调：买方应于收到本合同之日起３日内签字并退还合同的副本，如买方不这样做，卖方保暾取消合同的权利。阳，
（３）译为被动每
例ｌ１．Ａｌｌ凼ｅｅｑｕｉｐｍｅｎｔａｎｄｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｓｓｕｐ。ｐｌｉｅｄｂｙｔｈｅＳｅｌｈｒｓｈａｌｌｂｅｉｎｓｐｅｃｔｅｄｂｙｔｈｅＢｕｙ
万方数据
第４期任芳：商务英语中被动语态的语用功能及翻译策略‘．８９．
ｅｌ＂ａｎｄｔｈｅｑｕａｌｉｔｙｃｅｒｔｉｆｉｃａｔｅｓａｎｄｉｎｓｐｅｃｔｉｏｎａｎｄｔｅｓｔＩｌｅｃｏｒｄｓｓｈａｌｌｂｅｉｓｓｕｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｍａｎｕｆａｃｔｕｒｅｒ．译文：卖方所提供的全部设备和材料将由买方负责检验；质量合格证、检验和试验记录应由制造厂出具。［５１３４０
（４）译为当然被动句
例１２．Ａｒｂｉｔｒａｔｉｏｎｓｈａｌｌｂｅｈｅｌｄｉｎｔｈｅｃｏｕｎｔｒｙｗｈｅｒｅｔｈｅｄｅｆｅｎｄａｎｔｒｅｓｉｄｅｓ．
译文：仲裁在被诉方所在国进行。
上述各例译文采用了符合汉语特点的各种句式，如主动结构，无主旬，以及特殊的汉语被动旬，并相应调整了语序，使译文通顺，并保留了原文公正客观的语气。英语合同中被动语态的语用功能在译文中得以传达。
由于商务英语属于信息型文本。其翻译策略应当侧重交际翻译，实现语用功能的对等。因此，在处理被动语态的翻译时。应注重语用意义的等值转换，在措辞上遵循汉语表达同等语用功能的方式，力求译文通畅、信息传达准确。
参考文献：
【１］Ｑｕｉｒｋ，Ｒ．ｅｔａ１．ＡＧｒａｍｍａｒｏｆＣｏｎｔｅｍｐｏｒａｒｙＥｎｇｌｉｓｈ［Ｍ］．ＵＫ：ｌ＿ｏｎｇｍｔｍ．１９７３．
［２］Ｎｅｗｍａｒｋ．ＡＴｅｘｔｂｏｏｋｏｆＴｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎＩＭ】．上海：上海外语教育出版社．２００１．
［３】何自然．语用学概论【Ｍ】．长沙：湖南教育出版社，１９８８．【４】耿秉钧．商用英文和国贸实务［Ｍ】．北京：世界图书出版公司．１９９９．
网胡庚申，王春晖，申云桢．国际商务合同起草与翻译嗍．北京：外文出版社．２００３．
【ｑ贾文波．应用翻译功能论【Ｍ】．北京：中国对外翻译出版公司．２００４．
【７】刘宓庆．现代翻译理论【Ｍ】．南昌：江西教育出版社，１９９０．【８】刘季春．实用翻译教程【明．广州：中山大学出版社，１９９６．
责任编辑：曲晓红
ＰｒａｇｍａｔｉｃＦｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｓａｎｄＴｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎＳｔｒａｔｅｇｉｅｓｏｆＰａｓｓｉｖｅＶｏｉｃｅｉｎＢｕｓｉｎｅｓｓＥｎｇｌｉｓｈ
ＲｅｎＦａＩｌｇ
（ＦｏｒｅｉｇｎＬａｎｇｕａｇｅＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔ，ＮａｎｊｉｎｇＣｏｌｌｅｇｅｆｏｒＰｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎＰｒｏｇｒａｍｍｅＭａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ，Ｎａｎｊｉｎ９２１００４２，Ｃｈｉｎａ）Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：ＴｈｅｕｓｅｏｆｐａｓｓｉｖｅｖｏｉｃｅｉｎｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓＥｎｇｌｉｓｈｌｅｔｔｅｒｓａｎｄｃｏｎｔｒａｃｔｓｒｅｆｌｅｃｔｓｔｈｅＣｏｏｐｅｒａｔｉｖｅＰｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅａｎｄＰｏｌｉｔｅｎｅｓｓＰｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅ，ｃｒｅａｔｉｎｇ
ｔｈｅａｉｒｏｆｅｘａｃｔｎｅｓｓ，ｊｕｓｔｉｃｅ，ｃｏｕｒｔｅｓｙａｎｄｐｏｌｉｔｅｎｅｓｓ．ＷｈｅｎｉｔｃｏｍｅｓｔｏｔｈｅｓｔｒａｔｅｇｉｅｓｆｏｒｔｈｅｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆｐａｓｓｉｖｅｖｏｉｃｅｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｉｎｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓＥｎｇｌｉｓｈ，ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｖｅｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｌｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｃｅｐｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅｓｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｅａｐｐｌｉｅｄ．
Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ：ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓＥｎｓｌｉｓｈ；ｐａｓｓｉｖｅｖｏｉｃｅ；ｐｒａｇｎｍｔｉｃｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｓ；ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎｓｔｒａｔｅｇｉｅｓ
?徽州文化小资料?
徽州５６＂－ｆｆ的形成
古徽州是移民地区，北方移民把中原语音带到徽州，在徼州沉淀，成为徽州方言的主要成因。徽州方言中就保存着不少古词，甚至沿用古文。如“先”（先和）、“种种”（短）、“造化”（幸运）、大郎（哥哥）等等。
中原移民来自不同时间，不同地点。加上中原语言本身也有差异，在这里沉淀下来后，同当地的土音交融，形成自己的语音特点。徽州为丘陵山地。交通不便。但由于“隔山”不能交流，“隔河”不便交往，各县又形成自己的土话。加上微州又处于皖、浙、赣三省交界，各种方言土语易于相互渗透，尤其是徽商往来频繁，给徽州方言带来了复杂的影响，造成六县语言不能相通。
万方数据
初中被动语态语法讲解 (一) 语态分类 英语动词有两种语态，主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如： They will build a new bridge over the river. (主动) A new bridge will be built over the river. (被动) 汉语中常用“被”、“给”、“由”、“受”等词用来表示被动，而英语用： 助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词构成。 (二) 被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化 主要体现在be的变化上，其形式与系动词be的变化形式完全一样。不同时态的被动语态，列表如下：一般现在时：am / is / are + done 一般过去时：was / were + done 一般将来时：shall / will + be done 一般过去将来时：should / would + be done 现在进行时：am / is / are + being + done 过去进行时：was / were + being + done 现在完成时：have / has + been + done 过去完成时：had + been + done 将来完成时：shall / will + have been + done 过去将来完成时：should / would + have been + done ［注］被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。 (三)常见的八种时态中的被动语态 1. 一般现在时： (1)People grow rice in the south of the country. Rice is grown in the south of the country. (2)The school doesn't allow us to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher. We are not allowed to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher. 2. 一般过去时： (1)They agreed on the building of a new car factory last month. The building of a new car factory was agreed on last month. (2)The students didn't forget his lessons easily. His lessons were not easily forgotten 3. 一般将来时： (1)They will send cars abroad by sea. Cars will be sent abroad by sea. (2)They will give plenty of jobs to school-leavers. Plenty of jobs will be given to school-leavers. 4. 过去将来时： (1)The manager said they would complete the project by the end of the year. The manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year. (2) The workers told me they would mend the car as soon as possible. The workers told me that the car would be mended as soon as possible. 5. 现在进行时：
英语被动句的翻译举例 英语被动句翻译为汉语时，应根据具体情况灵活掌握。 1. 用“被”、“由”、“受（到）”、“挨”、“得到”、“给”、“叫……给”、“让……（给）”、 “是……的”、“为……所”、“加以”等译成汉语的被动句。例如： 1）The door was mended by him. 门被他修好了。/ 门叫（让）他给修好了。/ 门是他修的。 2）He was praised（表扬）. But we were criticized（批评；责备）. 3）The machine is used by many people. 这台机器为（被）许多人所使用。 4）The problem must be studied carefully. 这个问题必须仔细加以研究。 2. 借助句中的状语等做主语，译成汉语的主动句。例如： 1）All kinds of drinks are sold in that supermarket. 在那家超市里卖各种各样的饮料。或：那家超市卖各种各样的饮料。 2）Table tennis is played all over China. 中国各地都打乒乓球。 3．按照英语句子的主谓顺序，译成可省“被”字的汉语句。例如： 1）His homework has just been done. 他的家庭作业刚做完。 2）The food has been eaten up. 食物已吃光了。 4．成汉语的无主句。例如： 1）Soon the news was received. 不久就收到了那个消息。也可译为：不久那个消息就收到了。 2）After a while, many people were seen to run out. 过来一会儿，看到许多人跑了出来。 5. 添加“有人”、“人们”、“大家”、“我们”等泛指的主语译成汉语。或译为“据……”。 例如： 1）He was seen to take the book. 有人看见他拿走了那本书。 2）Air is known to be a mixture of gases. 人们（大家，我们）都知道空气是一种气体的混合物。 3）She is said to know nothing about it. 据说她对这件事什么也不知道。 4）It is said that …. 据说…… It is well known that …. 大家知道……；众所周知…… It is believed that …. 有人相信…… It will be said that…. 有人（将）会说…… It was reported that…据报道…… 6. 改译成主动句。例如： 1）A new dress was made for me by my mother. 我妈妈给我做了一条新裙子。 2）I was given many nice presents on my birthday. 在我的生日那天，我收到了许多漂亮的礼物。
动词语态 英语的语态是通过动词的形式表现出来的，用来表明主语与谓语动词之间的关系，英语的动词有两种语态形式，即主动语态和被动语态。 如果主语是动作的执行者，谓语动词用主动语态。如果主语是动作的对象，谓语动词用被动语态。如： They speak English.他们讲英语。 主语“他们”是“讲”这一行为的执行者，是主动句，动词用主动语态来表示； English is spoken by them.英语由他们讲。 主语“英语”是“讲”的承受者，是被动句，动词用被动语态的形式。 He opened the door.他打开了这扇门。（主动语态） The door was opened.这扇门被打开了。（被动语态） 一、被动语态的构成 1、助动词be+(及物动词的)过去分词构成动词的被动语态的形式。助动词be有人称、数和 时态的变化，其变化规则与be作为系动词的变化完全一样。 二、主动语态变被动语态 1、主动语态变为被动语态的步骤： （1）将主动句的宾语变为主语： 注意：如果主动句的宾语是代词，需将其由宾格变为主格。如： Tom killed him. →He was killed by Tom. 主动结构的主语变为介词by的宾语，组成介词短语，放在被动结构中谓语动词之后。在动作的执行者无须说明或不必要强调时，by短语可以省略。主动语态、被动语态两种时态要保持一致。 （2）将动词改为"be+过去分词"。 They held a meeting yesterday. →A meeting was held by them yesterday. 他们昨天开会了。 （3）将主动语态的主语改为be…放在谓语动词后。 注意：如果原主语是代词，则应由主格变为宾格。 He sang a song. →A song was sung by him. 2、主动语态变为被动语态的注意事项： 含有双宾语，即直接宾语（常指事物）和间接宾语（常指人）的句子，每个宾语都可变为被动语态的主语，即其被动语态有两种形式。但多以间接宾语作主语。 Jack told us the truth.杰克告诉了我们真相。 We were told the truth by Jack. The truth was told (to) us by Jack. 三、各种时态的被动语态 1、一般现在时：am/is/are +过去分词 We are taught English by her.由她教我们英语。 2、一般过去时：was/were+过去分词 A present was given to me by Mary.玛丽给了我一件礼物。 3、一般将来时：will be+过去分词 The desk will be mended by him.这张桌子将由他修理。 4、现在进行时：am/is/are +being + 过去分词 The walls are being painted now.正在粉刷墙壁。 5、过去进行时：was/were +being + 过去分词
【英语】英语被动语态用法总结(完整) 一、单项选择被动语态 1．Louis Cha (金庸) passed away. As for his achievement, there is such a comment, “He ______ the Nobel Prize for Literature with his written works translated into English.” A．could have been rewarded B．must have been rewarded C．should be rewarded D．need have been rewarded 【答案】A 【解析】 【详解】 考查情态动词+have done用法。句意：金庸去世了，至于他的成就，有这样的评论：他本能获得诺贝尔文学奖用他的被翻译成了英语的著作。A. could have been rewarded本可以被授予；B. must have been rewarded一定被授予；C. should be rewarded应该被授予；D. need have been rewarded本必要被授予。根据语境，A选项正确。 【点睛】 could have done可用于肯定句、疑问句和否定句。用于肯定句既可以表示过去能够做而实际未做，有惋惜、遗憾或委婉批评之意，通常译为“本来可以”“本来能”，也可以表示对过去动作的推测，常可译为“可能（已经)”。本句表达金庸本能获得诺贝尔文学奖，但却没有获得的惋惜。故A选项正确。 2．—Are we about to having dinner? —Yes, it ________ in the dining room. A．serve B．is serving C．is being served D．has been serving 【答案】C 【解析】考查时态和语态。句意：——我们准备去吃饭吗？——是的，饭菜正在餐厅被供应。it是指饭菜，和动作serve之间是被动关系，且动作正在进行，四个选项中只有C项是现在进行时的被动语态，故选C。 3．The affairs of each country should be by its own people. A．elected B．settled C．developed D．contained 【答案】B 【解析】考查动词。句意为：各国事务应由自己国家的人们解决。由句意可知，选settle，意为“解决”。elect选举；develop 发展；contain 包含，控制。故选B。 4．—Will Uncle Peterson come to my birthday party tomorrow? —Pity he ______ to Zimbabwe as a volunteer teacher. A．was sent B．has been sent C．had been sent D．would be sent
动词的主动语态和被动语态【用法讲解】考试要求： 中考要求掌握：动词的主动语态和被动语态区别与使用，不同时态的被动语态形式及情态动词的被动语态形式。英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态，主动语态表示句子的主语是谓语动作的执行者；被动语态是表示句子的主语是谓语动作的承受者。 如：We often clean the blackboard.（我们是擦黑板的执行者即主动语态）The blackboard is often cleaned by us.（黑板是clean的承受者即被动语态）。 1.被动语态的结构 一般现在时：am / is / are +及物动词的过去分词 一般过去时：was / were +及物动词的过去分词 一般将来时：will / shall be +及物动词的过去分词 现在完成时：have / has been +及物动词的过去分词 现在进行时：am / is / are being +及物动词的过去分词 过去完成时：had been +及物动词的过去分词 如：Youare wantedon the phone.有你的电话。 Chinawas liberatedin 1949. 1949年中国解放。 The problemwill be discussedtomorrow. 明天将对这个问题进行讨论。 Not a book in the libraryhas been taken away. 图书馆里没有一本书被人拿走。 My bikeis being repaired.我的自行车正在修理。
The bookhad been borrowedwhen I got to the library.我到了图书馆时,那本书已经借出去了。 2.主动语态与被动语态的转换 （1）把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。（2）把谓语变成被动结构（be＋过去分词），根据被动语态句子里主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式。 （3）把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。 如：All the people laughed at him. →He was laughed at by all people. They make the bikes in the factory. →The bikes are made by them in the factory. He cut down a tree. →A tree was cut down by him. 3.含有情态动词的被动语态 含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动词＋be＋过去分词”构成，原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。 We can repair this watch in two days. →This watch can be repaired in two days. They should do it at once. →It should be done at once. 4.含有双宾语的主动语态变为被动语态 主动语态:主语+谓语动词+间接、直接宾语+其他
第八节英语被动语态的翻译 汉英对比，英语的被动句显然多于汉语，因为英语重视形态（形式），汉语不重视形态，重视语感。如： （1）海水不可斗量。（2）文章总算写好了。说汉语的 人自古以来有一种主体思维方式，认为“成事者必在 人”，施事者“尽在不言之中”。所以很多被动关系不必 一定用“被”字句。 一、被动语态的语义价值 第一、被动语态有强调受事者，将它置于话题(topic)的主位的语用功能。 1).Peter was robbed to pay Paul. Peter was robbed by him to pay Paul. 他偷了彼得的钱去还保尔的债。(他剜肉补疮。） 2).The happy man cannot be harried. 吉人自有天相。 第二、被动语态有承接上句的修辞功能。 3）Many advances in computer technology took place in the twenty years after 1950.They are generally classified into four stages or generations. 第三、被动语态在特定的语境中表达对主语的尊敬或说话者的谦恭。 4)Where can you be reached?
在什么地方可以找到您？（请问您住在什么地方？） 5)When will I be interviewed? 我什么时候来参加面试呢？ 第四、被动语态常用以表示说话者对所提出的话题持有某种客观态度，因而比较委婉。 6)He is said to be the most respected teacher in our Department. 7)It is suggested that each speaker is alloted five minutes. 建议每位发言者讲话不要超过五分钟。 二、被动语态的翻译问题 （一）译成汉语主动句 1、原文中的主语在译文中仍作主语 2、原文中的主语在译文中作宾语 3、译成带表语的主动句“…的是…”或“……是……的” 4、常用被动句型的翻译 5、用“在…下”式（主动式动词+介短） （二）译成汉语被动句 1、“被…”或“给…”“让”“叫” 2、“（遭）受…” 3、“为…所” 4、“加以”“予以”“给以”
被动语态 1. The PRC (found) in 1949. 2. Edison’s mother (save) after the operation. 3. I (tell) the good news yesterday. I was pleased to hear that. 4. Dr. Bethune went on with the operation though he (ask) to leave. 5. Very little (know) about the universe thousands of years ago. 6. —Where is Peter? —He (tell) to meet some foreign friends just now. 7. He (live) in this house since it (build). 8. Trees must (put) in the hole so that it is straight. 9. Old people must (speak) to politely. 10. Let’s (go) home if your homework (do). 11. Miss Zhao usually (ask) us some questions in class but yesterday she (ask) a lot of questions by us. 12. Tom (catch) a bad cold. He (must take) good care of. 13. —Look! I (buy) a new dictionary. —When it (buy)? —The day before yesterday. 14. I can’t mend the machine. Uncle Wang should (send) for at once. 15. He showed me the kite as soon as it (make). 16. —this kind of flower (water) every day? —Certainly. It (need) much more water than the others. 17. —Which does Li Lei prefer, the long jump or the high jump? —Of course, the high jump. He (know) to be good at it. 18. Sometimes Tom (take) to school by bike, but now he (walk) to school by himself every morning. 19. No more bread (need) because my mother (buy) so much of it. 20. Stamps can (use) to send and receive letters. 21. My bike (not work) now. It must (mend). I (use) it tomorrow. 22. Your shoes (wear) out. But they can (mend) here. 被动语态专项练习 将下列句子变成被动语态(A) 1.They produce silk in Suzhou. _____________________________. 2. We take good care of our textbooks. ____________________________. 3. Many young people don’t speak Russian. ______________________________. 4. Do you often make lanterns for the traditional Lantern Festival in China?______________. 5. His mother gave him a present for his birthday.________________________________. 6. They didn’t choose me this term. _____________________________________. 7. I often hear him sing in his room. __________________________________. 8. The story made us laugh. ____________________________________. 9. We are going to build a school in the small village. ____________________________. 10. When will you held the match? _______________________________. 11. We should plant many trees on the mountains. ________________________________. 12. His mother told him not to waste time on fishing. _________________________________. 13. Father gave me a toy at Christmas. ______________________________________.
【精品】英语被动语态用法总结(完整) 一、单项选择被动语态 1．The house, which _____ last night, ____ my aunt but she doesn’t live there any more. A．was broken into; is belonged to B．broke into; is belonged to C．broke into; belonging to D．was broken into; belongs to 【答案】D 【解析】 【详解】 考查被动语态和主动语态。句意：这所房子昨晚被拆了，它属于我的姑妈，但她已经不在那里住了。第一空，根据last night 及句意可知句子用一般过去时态的被动语态，break into“破门而入”，答案为was broken into；第二空，belong to“属于”，无进行和被动语态，结合句意可知句子用一般现在时态，答案为belongs to。故选D。 2．(江苏四校第四次考试)The flood has caused a lot of damage to that area and the figures of the missing________shortly. A．will be published B．have been published C．had been published D．are published 【答案】A 【解析】 考查时态。shortly不久，不多时，在句中作时间状语，表示将来，所以空处应该用将来时。句意为：这场洪水给那一地区造成了很大损失，失踪人数很快就会公布。 答案：A 3．At the awarding ceremony held in Tokyo, the scientists were surprised by what ______ in science and technology. A．has discovered B．has been discovered C．had discovered D．had been discovered 【答案】D 【解析】句意：在东京举行的颁奖仪式上，科学家们惊讶于科学技术的发现。科学家们感到惊讶是过去式，故科学技术发现用过去完成时，what于动词discover是被动关系，故选D。 4．The si nger’s music video nearly 9 million times since it was posted on the Internet four weeks ago. A．viewed B．has viewed C．was viewed D．has been viewed 【答案】D 【解析】 试题分析：考查动词时态与语态辨析。A. viewed，一般过去式；B. was viewed过去式的被
初中英语被动语态的讲解 定义：英语中有两重语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态中的主语是动作的执行者，被动语态中的主语是动作的承受者，即主动语态中的宾语。所以只有及物动词才有被动语态。 规则：被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。第一，助动词be 要随着人称和数的变化而变化，第二，助动词be 要随着时态的变化而变化。 一、被动语态的构成形式1. 被动语态的基本时态变化以do 为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为： 1) am/is/are +done (过去分词) 一般现在时例Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. 2）was/were done 一般过去时例I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer. 3）shall/will be done 一般将来时例Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes. 4）am/is /are being done 现在进行时例A new cinema is being built here． 5）was/were being done 过去进行时例A meeting was being held when I was there. 6）should/would be done 过去将来时例The news would be sent to the soldier's mother as soon as it arrived. 7）has /have been done 现在完成时例All the preparations for the task have been completed, and we're ready to start. 8）had been done 过去完成时例By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing. 9）shall/will have been done 将来完成时（少用）例The project will have been completed before July. 2．被动语态句型变化肯定句主语+be+过去分词，否定句主语+be not+过去分词，一般疑问句Be+主语+过去分词，特殊疑问句疑问词+be+主语+过去分词。 3.被动语态的特殊形式 1) 带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词＋be＋过去分词。例The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter. 2) 双宾语结构。主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍
被动语态 授课人：授课时间： 一、语态概述 英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。 主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。巧记为：主动、主动、主去动。 例如：Many people speak English. 谓语：speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。 被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。巧记为：被动、被动、主被动。例如：English is spoken by many people.主语English是动词speak的承受者。 He opened the door.他开了门。(主动句) The door was opened.门被开了。(被动句) 判断：你来判断哪个是主动哪个是被动？ We call the doctor. People don’t play football here. The truck was cleaned yesterday. Mr Chen teaches us English. The classroom was cleaned. 二、被动语态的构成：be+动词的过去分词+by sb（be+done) 一般现在时：am／is／are＋taught 一般过去时：was／were＋taught 一般将来时：will／shall be＋taught 现在进行时：am／is／are being＋taught 过去进行时：have／has been＋taught 现在完成时：have／has been＋taught 含有情态动词的被动语态：can/may/must/should... +be done
歌诀是：被动语态be字变，过去分词跟后面。 三、主动变被动的方法 口诀：主变宾，宾变主，By 句尾跟 Be 字变，Vpp跟后面 一、选择题（2×15=30分） 一、选择题（2×15=30分） ( )1._____ a new library _____ in our school last year? A. Is; built B. Was; built C. Does; build D. Did ; build ( )2. An accident ____ on this road last week. A. has been happened B. was happened C. is happened D. happened ( )3.Cotton（棉花）____ in the southeast of China. A. is grown B. are grown C. grows D. grow ( )4.So far, the moon ____ by man already.A. is visited B. will be visited C. has been visited D. was visited ( )5.A talk on Chinese history _____ in the school hall next week. A. is given B. has been given C. will be given D. gives ( )6.How many trees ____ this year? A. are planted B. will plant C. have been planted D. planted ( )7.A lot of things ____ by people to save the little girl now.
语态篇——常见与不常见的被动 [提问]在下面这个句子中，那些部分为被动语态“I had not originally been scheduled to work this day but I was extremely pleased when I was asked to help out at the last minute, for it would be one of the most memorable days of the games. (Experiencing English Integrated Book Page120)” 答：要分析上面这个句子，并划出相应的被动语态部分，首先要清楚地了解什么是被动语态和被动语态的结构。 在学中，语态是针对动词而言的一种形式，描述句子中和参与此动作的之间关系。语态分为主动Active Voice和被动Passive Voice两种。当主语是动作的发起者（或之一）时，称为主动语态；如果主语为动作的承受者时，称为被动语态。例如：“猫吃老鼠。”这句话是主动语态；而“老鼠被猫吃。”则是被动语态。 一点意见，我觉得这些语法太简单了 被动语态强调动作的对象或动作本身，句中主语是动作的受动者。分析句子时找到主语和谓语动词，如果主语并非主动行为，而是接受动作，是动作指向的对象，那么该句就是被动句。被动语态的基本构成为： be动词+及物动词过去分词。其中be动词随着句子的不同时态发生相应变化，并要注意随主语人称、单复数变化而使用正确形式。 1）一般现在时：am／is／are＋V-ed 2）一般过去时：was／were＋V-ed
一、选择题 1．—When can we go to watch the football match? —Not until the work________tomorrow. A．will be done B．has done C．is done D．does 2．Nick a job in a bank, but to our surprise, he didn't take it. A．is offered B．offered C．was offered D．has offered 3．His plays by millions of people. A．read B．will read C．are read D．is read 4．It's said that petrol(石油) _____________ in less than 100 years. So we should try to walk more instead of driving cars. A．used for B．will be used up C．used up D．will be used for 5．The Wandering Earth wins high praise from the public. I think the movie is well worth _____. A．watch B．to watch C．watching D．watched 6．Last year, the first made-in-China ballpoint pen tips（圆珠笔笔头）were _________ by Taiyuan Iron（铁）&Steel. A．divided B．required C．produced 7．When Tim ________ why he was late for school, he just kept silent. A．was asked B．asked C．was asking D．is asked 8．This special pen _________ for writing large size words. A．use B．uses C．is using D．is uesd 9．A new zoo in our town center next month. I think it will be a good place for the teenagers to see the animals. A．build B．will build C．will be built 10．—Zheng Yuan, why did you go on a vacation to Weifang? — You know I'm a fan of kites. The international kite festival _____there in April every year. A．is held B．was held C．will be held 11．The mobile phone has influenced people’s life a lot since it _________. A．invents B．invented C．is invented D．was invented 12．May to the party. She enjoyed herself with us. A．invites B．is invited C．was invited D．has invited 13．Too much water________ every day in the world. We should save it. A．wasted B．are wasted C．is wasted D．was wasted 14．We hope that more trees________in our city next year. A．plant B．were planted C．planted D．will be planted 15．All the kids here .
被动语态的基本时态变化 被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式, 被动语态由be＋过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变化。 以do为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为： 1) am/is/are +done (过去分词) 一般现在时例Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. 2）has /have been done 现在完成时例All the preparations for the task have been completed, and we're ready to start. 3）am/is /are being done现在进行时例A new cinema is being built here．4）was/were done一般过去时例I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer. 5）had been done 过去完成时例By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing. 6）was/were being done 过去进行时例A meeting was being held when I was there. 7）shall/will be done 一般将来时例Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes. 8）should/would be done 过去将来时例The news would be sent to the soldier's mother as soon as it arrived. 9）shall/will have been done 将来完成时（少用）例The project will have been completed before July. 被动语态的特殊结构形式 1)带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词＋be＋过去分词。例The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter. 2) 有些动词可以有两个宾语例His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为He was given a present by his mother for his birthday. 3) 当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，例Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette. 4）在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe 等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。 例Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改为A stranger was seen to walk into the building. 5) 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词＋介词”，“动词＋副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。例The meeting is to be put off till Friday. 非谓语动词的被动语态 v.+ing 形式及不定式to do 也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态) 。例I don't like being laughed at in the public.