（0174）《欧洲文化入门》复习思考题
I. Complete each of following sentences with the most likely answer.
1.___A_ culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C..
a. Greek
b. Roman
c. Egyptian
d. Chinese
2. Two major elements in European culture are _D___.
a. the Greek and Roman
b. the Judaism and Christianity
c. the Greco-Roman
d. a and b
3. __B__ deals with the Trojan War (the Greek states led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy ).
a. The Odyssey
b. The Iliad
c. Prometheus Bound
d. Persians
4. The play Prometheus Bound was written by ___A__.
a. Aeschylus
b. Aristophanes
c. Euripides
d.Sophocles
5. The best writer of comedy of the ancient Greece was __B__ , who is Father of Comedy.
a. Euripides
b. Aristophanes
c. Sophocles
d. Aeschylus
6. Herodotus , Father of History, wrote about the war between ___D_ .
a. Athens and Sparta
b. Athens and Syracuse
c. Athens and Persians
d. Greeks and Persians
7. ___B__ ever said that “ You can not step twice into the river?”
a. Home
b. Heracleitue
c. Democritus
d. Socrates
8. __C___ by Plato is a book about the ideal state ruled by a philosopher but barring poets.
a. Dialogues
b. The Apology
c. The Republic
d. Symposium
9. Dante called __A___ “ the master of those who know”.
a. Aristotle
b. Plato
c. Socrates
d. Archimedes
10. Euclid is even now well-known for his _A___.
a. Elements
b. Poetics
c. Ethics
d. Politics
11. The theory of __B__ is that one should endure hardship and misfortune with courage.
A. the Epicurans b. the Stoics c. the Sceptics d. the Cynics
12. __C__ has been a big subject for discussion among writers and artists.
a, Discus Throwe r b, Venus de Milo c, Laocoon group d, Parthenon
13. It is ___D__ who was the founder of scientific mathematics.
a. Heracleitus
b. Aristotle
c. Socrates
d. Pythagoras
14. Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus in _B_____.
a. 146 B.C.
b. 27 B.C.
c. 27 A. D.
d. 30 B.C.
15. In _C____ the West Roman Empire ended when the last emperor of the West was deposed by the Goths.
a. 27 B. C.
b. 395
c. 476
d. 1453
16. After the 27 B. C. the Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasting 200 years . It is known as __D___.
a. the Roman Law
b. the Roman roads
c. the Roman Empire
d. the Pax Romana
17. __C__by Julius Caesar are models of succinct Latin.
a. The Aeneid
b. Poetics
c. Commentaries
d. Elements
18. The great epic, The Aeneid, was written by __B___.
a. Lucretius
b. Virgil
c. Julius Caesar
d. Cicero
19. __A__ wrote the philosophical poem On the Nature of Things to expound the ideas of Epicurus the Greek atomist.
a. Lucretius
b. Crassus
c. Julius Caesar
d. Pompey
20. __D__ is not Roman architecture.
a. The Colosseum
b. Pont du Gard
c. The Parthenon
d. The Panthenon
21. _D___ is a statue which illustrates the legend of creation of Rome.
a. The Colosseum
b. Spoils from the Temple in Jerusalem
c. Constantine the Great
d. She-Wolf
22. __C___ is by far the most influential in the West.
a. Buddism
b. Islamism
c. Christianity
d. Judaism
23. ___A__ was the land promised by God to Abraham.
a. Canaan
b. the Middle East
c. Egypt
d. the Garden of Eden
24. The word “Testament” means _C____.
a. Jesus Christ
b. God and Man
c. the agreement between God and Man
d. God and Christ
25. The first five books, called __C____, are the oldest and most important of the Old Testament of 39 books
a. Deuteronomy
b. Exodus
c. the Pentateuch
d. Genesis
26. Around 1300 B. C., Moses led the Hebrews to leave Egypt. With this began__D___.
a. Genesis
b. Leviticus
c. Numbers d the Exodus
27. __A__ is a collection of 150 poetic pieces.
a. Book of Psalms诗篇
b. Proverb
c. Book of Job
d. Ecclesiastes
28. In __B__ the Jews were carried away into the Babylonian Captivity(巴比伦之囚).
a. 169 B. C.
b. 586 B. C.
c. 536 B. C. d, 721 B.C.
29. In Babylon the Hebrews formed _A___ to practice their religion.
a. synagogues 犹太教会堂
b. laws
c. Paradise
d. the Law of Torah
30. In __D__, Emperor ____ made Christianity the official religion of the empire and outlawed all other religions.
a. 313, Constantine
b. 305, Diocletian
c. 64 A. D., Nero Caesar
d. 392, Theodosius 迪奥多西一世
31. Towards the end of __A__ four accounts (Gospels ) were accepted as part of the New Testament, which tells the beginning of ____.
a. the 4th century, Christianity
b. the 1st century, Jesus Christ
c. the 3rd century, Crucifixion
d. 392, Christianity
32. Revelation启示录is the last book of __D__.
a.the Bible
b. Jesus
c. the Old Testament
d. the New Testament
33. Juses went with his disciples to Jerusalem for the _B___ , but was betrayed by Juda and caught at ____.
a. Easter, Temple
b. Passover, the Last Supper
c. Big Day, the Last Supper
d. high day, supper
34. The most important and influential of English Bible is _D___, first published in 1611.
a. The Septuagint
b. The Vulgate
c.Wycliff’s version
d. Authorized version
35. __A__ is the oldest extant 现存的Greek translation of t he Old Testament.
a. The Septuagint 旧约希腊文本
b. The Vulgate
c. Wycliff’s version
d. Authorized version
36. The standard American edition of the Revised Version appeared in __C__.
a. 1539
b. 1885
c. 1901
d. 1979
37. It is generally accepted that __B__ and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English.
a. the Bible
b. the English Bible
c. the New Testament
d. the Old Testament
38. In European history, the period between ancient times and modern times is also called _B___.
a. The Germanic Ages
b. the Age of Faith
c. Medieval
d. Scholasticism
39. Under feudalism, ___C___ were the three classes of people of western Europe.
a. clergy, knights and serfs
b. Pope, bishop and peasants
c. clergy, lords and peasants
d. knights, nobles and serfs
40. A knight was not pledged to __D__.
a. be loyal to his lord
b. fight for the church
c. respect women of noble birth
d. collect taxes
41. In 1054, the Christian Church was divided into __C__ and the Eastern Orthodox Church.
a. Christianity
b. the Roman Church
c. the Roman Catholic Church
d. the Western Catholic
42. ____B___, ruler of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex, inspired the compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.编年史
a. St. Thomas Aquinas
b. Alfred the Great阿尔弗列徳大王
c. Charlemagne
d. Roger Bacon
43. _A___ by Aquinas 阿奎那forms an enormous system and sums up all the knowledge of medieval theology.
a. Summa Theologica 神学大纲
b. Summa Contra Gentiles
c. Opus maius
d. Beowulf
44. The Anglo-Saxon epic _C___ originated from the collective effort of oral literature.
a. Song of Roland
b. the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.
c. Beowulf贝奥武甫
d. the Divine Comedy
45. Dante Alighieri’s masterpiece , __D___, is one of the landmarks of world literature.
a. Song of Roland
b. the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.
c. Beowulf
d. the Divine Comedy 神曲
46. __B___ were Chaucer乔叟’s most popular work for their power of observation, piercing irony, sense of humor and warm humanity.
a. Beowulf
b. The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集
c. Song of Roland
d. the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.
47. The Gothic 哥特式的was an outgrowth of the Romanesque, and it flourished during __D__.
a. the 11th and 12th centuries
b. the 12th and 13th centuries
c. the 12th and 14th centuries
d. the mid-12th and the end of 15th centuries
48. Generally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between __B__.
a. the 13th and 15th centuries
b. the 14th and mid-17th century
c. the 15th and 16th centuries
d. the 14th and 16th centuries
49. ___D_ is the essence of the Renaissance.
a.The revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture
b.Attempts to get rid of conservatism
c.The flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture
d.Humanism
50. With _A___ by Boccaccio 薄伽丘the courtly themes of medieval literature began to give way to the voice and mores of early modern society.
a. the Decameron十日
b. Canzoniers
c. David
d. Sleeping Venus
51. Fracesco Petrarch彼特拉克, the author of __B__, is known as Father of Humanism.
a. the Decameron
b.Canzoniers抒情歌管集
c. David
d. Sleeping Venus
52. _C___ , Father of political science in the West, wrote Prince and Discourses.
a. Fracesco Petrarch,
b. Dante
c. Niccolo Machiavelli 马基雅弗利
d. John Calvin
53. ___B_ , one of the creators of modern painting, was a close friend of Dante.
a. Petrarch
b. Giotto 乔托
c. Boccaccio
d. Da Vinci
54. Which one of the following is Da Vinci’s painting?D
a. The Ssistine Madonna
b.Betrayal of Judas
c. Sleeping Venus
https://www.doczj.com/doc/1017062206.html,st Supper
55. Which one is NOT true about Michelangelo?D
a. A Florentine painter
b. A poet
c. A towering figure of the Renaissance
d. A musician
56. Raphael was best known for his __A___.
a. Virgin Mary
b. portrait painting
c. elegance
d. short life
57. The Reformation happened in the __C___ century.
a. 14th
b. 15th
c. 16th
d. 17th
58. The main idea of __A__ was to make open protests against the indulgences.
a.Martin Luther’s 95 These
b.Wycliff’s Version of Whole Bible
c. Calvin’s Institutes of the Christian Religion
d. the Hus War
59. The head of the Church of England is _B____ .
a. the Pope
b. the king or queen
c. the Archbishop
d. Juses
60. After Reformation, ___D__ came into being.
a. Christianity
b. Calvinism
c. Lutheranism
d. Protestantism
61. “ What do I know?” is _A___’s world-famous motto.
a. Montaigne
b. Ronsard
c. Descartes
d. Francis Bacon
62.With the publication of Miguel de Cervantes’s _D____ in 1602, the European novel entered a new stage.
a. the Praise of Folly
b. the Decameron
c. Canzoniers
d. Don Quxiode
63. ___B_, a great Dutch scholar and humanist, published the first Greek edition of the New Testament.
a. El Greco
b. Erasmus
c. Bruegel
d. Durer
64. Which was NOT true about Durer?C
a, The leader of the Renaissance in Germany
b, A master of woodcut
c, Never being to Italy
d, A follower of Martin Luther
65. ___B__ discovered the Cape of Good Hope.
a. Nicolaus Copernicus
b. Bartholomen Dias
c. Vasco Gama
d. Amerigo Vespucci
66. Father of modern astronomy is _C___.
a. Da Vinci
b. Amerigo Vespucci
c. Nicolaus Copernicus
d. Marchiavelli
67. Andreas Vesalius’s work __A___ marked the beginning of a new era in the study of anatomy.
a. Fabrica
b. Lives of the Artist s
c. the Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs
d. Prince
68. Vasari was best known for his entertaining biographies of __D___.
a. Fabrica
b. Prince
c. the Divine Comedy
d. Lives of the Artist s
69. __B___’s laws formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton’s discovery of _____ .
a.Kepler , heliocentric theory
b. Kepler , the laws of gravitation
c. Galileo , the colors of the spectrum
d. Copernicus, the laws of gravitation
70. ___B__’s theories have given rise to important developments of modern science, ranging from Freudian psychology to Einsteinian physics.
a. Galileo Galilei
b. Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz
c. Sir Isaac Newton
d. Johannes Kepler
71. In the first __D___ , Locke flatly rejected the theory of divine right of kings.
a.the Advancement of Learning
b.the New Atlantis
c. Essay Concerning human Understanding
d. Treatise of Civil Government
72. Thomas Hobbes’s _A____ is one of the most celebrated political treatises in European literature.
a.Leviathan
b.the Advancement of Learning
c. Essay Concerning human Understanding
d. Treatise of Civil Government
73. The theme of __D___ is the fall of men.
a.New Method
b.Treatise of Civil Government
c.Essay Concerning human Understanding
d.Paradise Lost
74. __C___ was the best representative dramatist of French classical comedies.
a. Corneille
b. Racine
c. Molière
d. Descartes
75. Which of the following artists helped to bring the Roman Baroque style to its climax?C
a. Rubens
b. Bernini
c. Borromini
d. Caravaggio
76. Whose doctrines of the separation of powers became one of the most important principles of the U.S. constitution? __D____
a. John Locke
b. Rousseau
c. Voltaire
d. Montesquieu 孟德斯鸠
77. In which of Diderot’s works, the author developed his materialist philosophy and fore-shadowed the doctrine of evolutions as later proposed by Charles Darwin? ___C___
a. Philosophical Thoughts
b. Rameau’s Nephew
c. Elements of Physiology
d. Encyclopedia
78. ___D__ , novelist, is often called the founder of English domestic novel.
a. Walter Scott
b. Henry Fielding
c. Samuel Johnson
d. Samuel Richardson
79. Which of the Lessing’s works was a landmark in the 18th-century German drama? ___A__
a. Minna V on Barnhelm
b. Laocoon
c. Hamburgische Dramaturgie
d. Nathan the Wise
80. In ___B__ , Goethe draws on a immense variety of cultural material. It is not only his own masterpiece but the greatest work of German literature.
a. the Sorrow of Young Werther
b. Faust
c. Wilhelm Meister’s Travels
d. Poetry and Truth
81. Among Schiller’s works, __C___ was a play best known to the Chinese audience.
a. The Robbers
b. Wallenstein
c. Cabal and Love
d. Wilhelm Tell
82. Kant’s years of his philosophical studies are crystallized in th ree difficult books; among them ,___D__ was the most important single book by any modern philosopher.
a.General History of Nature and Theory of the Heavens
b.Critique of Practical Reason
c.Critiquue of Judgement
d.Critique of Pure Reason
83. It has been said that “ the world had waited centuries for _C____ and he was only to remain here a moment”.
a. Beethoven
b. Haydn
c. Mozart
d. Bach
84. Which of the following writers or poets is usually called the father of European historical novel? __D____.
a. Goethe
b. Victor Hugo
c. Daniel Defoe d Walter Scott
85. Romanticism, which developed in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, started from the ideas of __A____ in France and from _____ movement in Germany.
a.Rousseau, the Storm and Stress
b. V oltaire, Hamburgische
c. Diderot, Pantheism
d. Montesquieu, Lyric Songs
86. In 1798, ____B___, a volume of poems by Wordsworth and Coleridge, made literary history.
a. Songs of Experience
b. Lyrical Ballads抒情民谣
c. Isles of Greece
d. Ode to the West Wind
87. Which of the following Romantic writers ever fought for women’s freedom in love and marriage? ___A__
a. George Sand
b. Victor Hugo
c. Daniel Defoe
d. Henry Fielding
88. ____D__ stood in the van of the Romantic movement in Russia, ______ is generally recognized as his masterpiece.
a. Lermontov, A Hero of Our Time
b. Pushkin, Luslan and Liudmila
c. Pushkin, Boris Godunov
d. Pushkin, Eugene Onegin
89. The publication of Mickiewicz’s _C____ is uaually taken as the beginning of Romanticism in Polish literature.
a. Sonnets from the Crimea
b. Konrad Wallenrod
c. Ballads and Ramances
d. Pan Tadeusz
90. __A___ was among the first ones in European art history to comment in his art on the events of the day.
a. Goya 戈雅
b. David
c. Delacroix
d. Gericault
91.__C___ was the foremost painter of the romantic movement in France.
a. Goya
b. David
c. Delacroix
d. Gericault
92. Beethoven’s ___D__ is a choral symphony, choosing as a text for the finale Shiller’s Ode to Joy.
a. Symphony No. 3
b. Symphony No. 5
c. Symphony No. 6
d. Symphony No. 9
93. __C___ sought to revolutionize the opera by making it a combination of the arts: dramatic, musical, and scenic.
a. Berlioz
b. Chopin
c. Wagner瓦格纳
d. Verdi
94. Based on ___A__ , Marx and Engels恩格斯developed their own dialectical materialism.
a.the German classical philosophy
b.the English classical political economy
c.the Utopian Socialism
d.the Manifesto of the Communist Party
95. After his long and careful study, Marx discovered that _B____ was the source of profit, the
source of the wealth of the capitalist class.
a. capital
b. surplus value
c. remuneration
d. property
96. Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of __C___, so Marx discovered the law of development of _____.
a.the survival of the fittest, the communist party
b.the natural selection, the scientific socialism
https://www.doczj.com/doc/1017062206.html,anic nature, human history
d.natural species, historical societies
97. __A___, a French naturalist, developed the ideas on the evolution of animals 50 years before Darwin.
a. Lamarck 拉马克
b. Lyell
c. Marx
d. Henslow
98. In 1858 Darwin received a letter from __D___, who, working independently, also came to the conclusion concerning the origin of the species by means of natural selection.
a. John Stevens Henslow
b. Charles Lyell
c. Thomas Huxley
d. Alfred Russel Wallace
99. According to Darwin’s theory of evolution, the evolution of species is the result of _B____.
a. survival of the fittest
b. natural selection
c. all animal life
d. super-organic evolution
100. In Europe, the realist movement arose in __C___ of the 19th century and had its origin in _____.
a. the 30s, Britain
b. the 40s, France
c. the 50s, France
d. the 60s, Britain
101. Zola defined the theory of __A___ and illustrated it in his great work entitled _____.
a.naturalism, Les Rougen-Macquarts罗根.马塔里
b.naturalism, Madame Bovary
c.realism, the Human Comedy
d.realism, the Charterhouse of Parma
102. __A__ was the first master of fiction in Russia to leave romantic conventions and go to life for his subjects.
a. Nikolai Gogol 果戈尔
b. Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev
c. Fyodor Dostoyevsky
d. Count Leo Tolstoy
103. __B__ was the first Russian author to gain recognition in the West.
a. Nikolai Gogol
b. Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev
c. Fyodor Dostoyevsky
d. Count Leo Tolstoy
104. __C__ by Fyodor Dostoyevsky 托斯妥耶夫斯基is another study of criminal psychology. a. The House of Death b. The Brothers Karamzov
c. Crime and Punishment罪与罚
d. Idiot
105. ___D__ holds an important position in his own country’s cultural history as an ethical philosopher and religious reformer.
a. Nikolai Gogol
b. Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev
c. Fyodor Dostoyevsky
d. Count Leo Tolstoy 列夫.托尔斯泰
106. Among Ibsen挪威－易普生’s masterpieces, _B____ is a plea for the emancipation of women.
a. Ghosts
b. A Doll’s House 玩偶之家
c. the Wild Duck
d. Hedda Gabler
107. August Strindberg’s first significant play was _C____ which is considered Sweden’s first great drama.
a. the Son of Servant
b. A Fool’s Defense
c. Master Olaf
d. the Dance of Death
108. Among Charles Dickens’s works, __D___ has the most intricate, complicated plot.
a. Oliver Twist
b. Hard Times
c. David Copperfield
d. Bleak House荒凉山庄
109. ___A__, George Eliot乔治.艾略特’s masterpiece, is regarded by some critics as the finest English novel of the 19th century.
a. Middlemarch米德马其
b. The Mill on the Floss
c. Adam Bede
d. Silas Marner
110. ___B__, Whitman惠特曼’s best known poem, expresses his grief over the death of Lincoln.
a. Song of Myself
b. When Lilacs Last in the Dooeyard Bloom’d当花园里的紫丁香开放的时候悼念林肯
c. I sit and Look Ou t
d. Leaves of Grass
111. __C___ was noted for his great psychological subtlety and devotion to the art of fiction and was hailed as “ the Master beyond all masters”.
a. Walt Whitman
b. Mark Twain
c. Henry James
d. George Eliot
112. Millet’s works, such as _A____, generally depict one or two peasant figures quietly engaged in earthly or domestic toil.
a. the Sower
b. the Stonebreakers
c. the Portrait of a Lady
d. Burial at Ornans
113. The term “ impressionism” was taken directly from the title of __D___ Impressionism: Sunrise (1872).
a. Renoir’s
b. Pissarro’s
c. Manet’s
d. Monet’s 莫纳114. __B___ was particularly good at doing portraits of ballet dancers in opera houses.
a. Renoir
b. Degas
c. Monet
d. Pissarro
115. ____C__ reacted against impressionism by using color to suggest his own emotion and temperament.
a. Paul Cézanne
b. Paul Gauguin
c. Vincent van Gogh
d. Auguste Rodin
116. __D___ led sculpture into the realm of Art for Art’s Sake , and was the first sculptor of genius since Bernini in Renaissance Italy.
a. Paul Cézanne
b. Paul Gauguin
c. Vincent van Gogh
d. Auguste Rodin
117. __A___ has been described as the founder of modern musical impressionism.
a.Claude Deussy 德彪西
b. Antonín Dvorák
c. Sibelius
d. R. Strauss
118. ___C__ was made up of many facets, such as symbolism, surrealism, cubism, expressionism, futurism, etc.
a. Realism
b. Naturalism
c. Modernism
d. Impressionism
119. ___B__ discovered X-rays in 1895.
a. Becquerel
b. Roentgen
c. Soddy
d. Einstein 120. In Freudian system, __A___ is the container of the instinctual urges.本能的主张
a. Id
b. Oedipus Complex
c. Superego
d. Ego 121. T.S. Eliot’s埃利奥特long poem ___C__ is his major contribution to English poetry.
a.the Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
b. Four Quartets
c. the Waste Land 荒原
d. imagism
122. ___D__ by James Joyce is considered his most mature work and the single best fiction ever written since the beginning of the 20th century.
a. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
b. Dubliners
c. Finnegans Wake
d. Ulysses尤里西斯
123. The major theme of Thomas Mann’s novel __B___ is the psychological effect of isolation. a. the Buddenbrooks b. the Magic Mountain
c. the Counterfeiters
d. Remembrance of Things Past 124. Sholokhov肖洛霍夫established an international reputation for his monumental novel of Cossack life, __C___ , written between 1925 and 1940.
a. My Apprenticeship
b. The Stranger
c. The Quiet Don 静静的顿河
d. Remembrance of Things Past
125. The term “ Angry Young Man” came to be widely used only after the publication of __A___ play Look Back in Anger (1956).
a. John Osborn e’s
b. Kingsley Amis’s
c. Allen Ginsberg’s
d. Jack Kerouac’s
126. __C___ poem Howl, written in 1956, was regarded as an important development in American poetry.
a. John Osborne’s
b. Kingsley Amis’s
c. Allen Ginsberg’s
d. Jack Kerouac’s
127. __D___ is known as the first “ cubist” novel: in his novels , one finds a precise, neutral description of things, registered with a camera’s eye.
a. Samuel Beckett
b. Nathalie Sarraute
c. Jean-Paul Sartre
d. Alain Robbe-Grillet
128. __B___ masterpiece was a play called Waiting for Godot (1952), which was remembered as one of the most famous Absurd Drama.
a. Nathalie Sarraute’s
b. Samuel Beckett’s
c. Jean-Paul Sartre’s
d. Alain Robbe-Grillet’s
129. __D___ drew mustache upon Mona Liza, a photograph of Mona Liza, as if defacing a attack upon those who had betrayed the humanist idea of the Italian Renaissance.
a. Marcel Duchamp
b. Umberto Boccioni
c. Salvador Dali
d. Jackson Pollock
130. ___C__ by Igor Stravinsky is among the most famous and most important compositions written in the 20th century.
a.Symphony No. 7 in C major, Op.60 (Leningrad)
b. A Survivor From Warsaw, Op.46 (chorus and orchestra)
c.The Rite of Spring
d.The Firebird
II, Match the names of Column A with the appropriate items of Column B.
Part One
Column A Column B
1. Sophocles G a. the founder of the inductive method
2. Democritus C b. Don Giovanni
3. Virgil H c. one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory
4. Thomas Aquinas P d. a universal genius
5. Da Vinci D e. The Execution of the Third of May
6. John Calvin O f. Eugene Onegin
7. Andreas Vesalius I g. the Oedipus complex
8. Giorgio Vasari N h. The Aeneid
9. Goya E i. Fabrica
10. Percy Bysshe Shelley J j. Prometheus Unbound
11. Alessandro Manzoni Q k. Critique of Pure Reason
12. Aleksander Pushkin F l. The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs
13. Immanuel Kant K m. Encyclopédie
14. Jean-Jacques Rousseau R n. the first to use the term Renaissance
15. RenéDescartes T o. Institutes of the Christian Religion
16. Francis Bacon A p. the supreme figure in scholasticism
17. Nicolaus Copernicus L q. The Betrothed
18. Jean Racin S r. The Social Contract
19. Diderot M s. Phaèdra
20. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart B t. the founder of analytical geometry
Part Two
Column A Column B
1. Karl Marx D a. Symphony in E Major(“From the New World”)
2. Charles Darwin N b. The Portrait of A Lady
3. Stendhal C c. The Charterhouse of Parma
4. Anton Pavlovich Chekhov P d. The German Ideology
5. George Bernard Shaw H e. Remembrance of Things Past
6. Henry James B f. Catch-22
7. édouard Manet M g. The Wanderings of Oisin and Other Poems
8. Auguste Rodin I h. Man and Superman
9. Antonín Dvorák A i. The Thinker
10. Joseph Conrad L j. Symphony No.7 in C Major( Leningrad )
11. William Butler Yeats G k. Portrait of A Man Unknown
12. William Faulkner O l. Lord Jim
13. Marcel Proust E m. The Luncheon on the Grass
14. Jack Kerouac S n. On the Origin of Species
15. Nathalie Sarraute K o. As I Lay Dying
16. Jean-Paul Sartre R p. The Man in the Shell
17. Joseph Heller F r. Being and Nothingness
18. Max Beckmann T s. On the Road
19. Pablo Picasso Q t. The Dream
20. Dmitry Shostakovich J q. Three Dancers
III. Decide the following statements true or false.
1. Sappho was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece. T
2.Diogenes is chiefly noted for his doctrin e that “ man is the measure of all things.” F
3.Venus de Milo was discovered in the island of Milo in 1920. F
4.Roman law eventually became the core of modern civil and commercial law in many Western
countries. T
5.The Romans greatly admired Greek works and freely borrowed from them. And besides being
profound, powerful and beautiful, their own writings showed little originality. F
6.After 392 A.D., Christianity had changed from an object of oppression to a weapon in the
hands of the ruling class to crush their opponents. T
7.The Bible is much more than a religious book; it is really an encyclopedia: history, literature,
philosophy and record of great mindsT
8.The Old Testament was originally written in Hebrew, the New Testament in a popular form of
Latin. F
9.During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only
organization that seemed to unite Europe was feudalism.F
10.Some of the hermits were great scholars known as “ Father of the Church”, whose work is
generally considered orthodox. T
11.Charlemagne wanted to rule as the emperors of Rome had done in ancient times and
eventually was crowned “ Emperor of the Romans” by himself in 800. F
12.Dante’s the Divine Comedy while itself is the greatest Christian poem with a profound vision
of the medieval Christian world, expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed the spirit of Renaissance. T
13.The Gothic style started in France, quickly spread through all parts of western Europe and
flourished and lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 17th . F
14.Where the impact with Italy was most strongly felt in fine arts, in France it was literature and
in England it was philosophy and drama.T
15.After Reformation, in religion, Protestantism brought into being different forms of
Christianity to challenge the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church. T
16.Pierre de Ronsard wrote the first literary history criticism in the literary history of France.F
17.Chritopher Columbus was discoverer of the New World and the American continent was
named after him. F
18.It is generally believed that modern philosophy begins with Francis Bacon in England and
with RenéDescartes in France. T
19.The Cartesian doubt is summarized in h is motto: “ I doubt, therefore I think: I think , therefore
I am.”T
20.Baroque art, flourished first in Spain was characterized by dramatic intensity and sentimental
appeal with a lot of emphasis on light and color. F
21.The designing and building of St. Paul’s Cathedral is the landmark in French architecture. F
22.The most important forerunners of the Enlightenment were two 17th century Englishmen
Francis Bacon and Isaac Newton. F
23.The three composers of the classical music , Bach ,Haydn and Mozart are known as the
Viennese School. F
24.The representatives of the Later Romantics in music are Berlioz, Liszt, Wagner, Verdi,
Brahms, and Tchaikovsky. T
25.As Isaac Newton dominated 17th-century science with his discovery of the laws governing the
bodies of the universe, so Charles Darwin dominated 18th-centuryscience, for he discovered the laws governing the evolution of man himself. F
26.Mark Twain is just called “the Lincoln of American literature”. His novel The Adventures of
Huckleberry Finn has been considered the first modern American novel.T
27.Sigmund Freud was the “father” of Psychoanalysis, a new school of psychology embodying
revolutionary and controversial views of human dream. T
28.The “Theatre of the Absurd” is a term referring to the works of some European, particularly
French, playwrights of the 1950s and 60s. The word “absurd” originated from the works of Camus, who saw human spirit as “absurd”. T
29.Black humor is a kind of desperate humor. It is the laughter at tragic things. Man’s fate is
decided by comprehensible powers. We can’t do anything about it, therefore we may as well laugh. F
30.Expressionist art is marked by the expression of reality by means of distortion to
communicate one’s inner vision. The artists of this school used bright colors to bring out their pessimistic views on life. T
IV. Explain the following.
1.The Bible ( p 51 and others )
The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. 上帝与上帝的教义
The New Testament is about the doctrine (教义) of Jesus Christ.
The New Testament is, in essence (实质上), the four accounts (四福音书), written by the four disciples.弟子
The word “Testament”means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.
Bible is representative of Christianity and 新旧约
The Old Testament名词解释
The Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. The word “Testament”means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.
The New Testament名词解释
The Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The New Testament is about the doctrine (教义) of Jesus Christ. The word “Testament”means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.
2.Renaissance ( p 125 )Generally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th
and mid-17th century. The word “Renaissance”means revival (复兴), specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, in essence (从实质上讲), was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts (试图) to get rid of conservatism (保守主义思想) in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie (资产阶级), to lift the restrictions (禁忌) in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.(权利威信)
3.John Lock ( p204)
4.Lugwig von Beethoven
5.Baroque Art ( p 217 ) Baroque Art, flourished first in Italy, and then spread to Spain, Portugal,
France in south Europe and to Flander and the Netherlands (荷兰) in the North. It was characterized by dramatic intensity (强烈的艺术性) and sentimental appeal (哀婉的格调) with a lot of emphasis on light and colour.(强烈的明暗对比)
6.Enlightenment ( pp 223-224 )Enlightement was an intellectual (知识分子) movement
originating in France, which attracted (吸引) widespread (普遍的) support (支持) among the ruling (统治阶级) and intellectural classes of Europe and North America in the second half of the 18th century. It characterizes the efforts (作用) by certain European writers to use critical reason (批评推理) to free minds from prejudice (偏见), unexamined authority (权威) and oppression (压迫) by Church or State (国家政权). Therefore the Enlightenment is sometimes called the Age of Reason (理智的年代).
(Why do we say the 17th century provides the intellectual origin for the Enlightement?)
7.Romanticism ( pp 275-276 )Romanticism was a movement in literature, philosophy, music
and art which developed in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Starting from the ideas of Rousseau in France and from the Storm and Stress movement (狂飙运动) in Germany. Romanticism emphasized individual values and aspirations (灵感) above those of society. As a reaction (反应) to the industrial revolution (工业革命), it looked to (承上启下) the Middle Ages and to direct contact with nature (与大自然的直接接触) for inspiration (灵感). Romanticism gave impetus (动力支持) to the national liberation movement (民族解放运动) in 19th century Europe.
8.Realism ( pp 363-364 ) In art and literature the term realism is used to identify (区分) a
literary movement in Europe and the United States (选) in the last half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th century. But the practice (应用) of realism is very old and can be traced back to ancient times. This is fundamentally (根本的) the difference between romanticism and realism. In Europe, the Realist movement arose (起源于) in the 50s of the 19th century and had its origin in France. It centred in the novel (侧重于小说的创作) and lay emphasis on fidelity (准确的)to actual experience. (用现实主义创作现实)
9.Dadaism ( p 488 ) Dadaism created works that were anti-war, anti-modern life, and indeed
(甚至), anti-art. When they held exhibitions the Dadaists sometimes encouraged (鼓励) the public to destroy (销毁) their displays. They thought that the world had become insane (病了) and art too seious (严肃). One of the most important ideas to develop out of the movement was automatism (自动主义)—the automatic production (自动产生) of art.
10.The Human Comedy ( p 368 )
11.The Spirit of the Laws （p235）
12.Marxism （p339）
1. Which of the following is not true about Aristotle?B
A. In Aristotle the great humanist and the great man of science meet.
B. Aristotle founded the school of the Stoics.
C. Aristotle was tutor of Alexander.
D. Aristotle wrote many books on logic, politics, poetry, rhetoric and other subjects.
2. Which of the following statements is true about the Roman Empire?B
A. The Roman Empire had never been divided.
B. The Roman Empire was divided into East and West in 395 A. D.
C. The Roman Empire was later called Byzantium.
D. The Roman Empire was conquered by the Turks in the 15th century.
3. The Bible has been regarded as _______D___.
A. a religious book
B. literature
C. record of great minds
D. 'all of the above
4. The Catholic Church should be characterized as_____C_____.
A. a loosely organized religious institution
B. a highly centralized European organization
C. a highly centralized and disciplined international organization
D. a highly centralized and disciplined western organization.
5. The Crusades were wars between ______C____.
A. the Arabs and the Christian Pilgrims
B. the Turks and the Christians in Western Europe
C. the Christians in Western Europe and the Moslems
D. the Arabs and the Turks
6. St. Thomas Aquinas defended in his works __D________.
A. feudal hierarchy of society
B. divine power of feudal rulers
C. the Pope' s supremacy over secular rulers
D. all of the above
7. The motto Montaigne put down in the essays was __A________.
A. What do I know?
B. I doubt therefore I think.
C. Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.
D. Only to stand out of my light.
8. Vasco da Gama was a Portuguese navigator who ____B______.
A. discovered the Cape of Good Hope
B. discovered the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope
C. explored the mouth of the Amazon
D. was the first to visit Cuba and Haiti
9. Which of the following laws was discovered by Newton? D
A. l,aw of inertia.
B. Law of falting bodies.
C. Law of" relativity.
D. Law of universal gravitation.
10. In Locke' s political philosophy, the chief reason for the institution of civil government was ______A____.
A. the protection of private property
B. the upholding of free thinking
C. the abolishment of the rule of the church
D. regulation of economy
11. Which of the following is" not true about the developments of the Industrial Revolution?A
A. The substitution of water power for human power.
B. The introduction of machine.
C. The beginning of the factory system.
D. The growth of modem capitalism and the working class.
12. "Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains. "This is a remark made by __B________.
A. V oltaire
B. Rousseau
C. Diderot
D. Moliere
13. In the works of _C_________.one can see the spirit of the Age of Reason.
A. Handel
B. Haydn
C. Bach
D. Mozart
14. The poem of Byron' s that was translated into Chinese at the turn of the 20th century D
A. Don Juan
B. Defence of Poetry
C. Ode to a Nightingale
D. Isles of Greece
15. Throughout his his, Beethoven struggled to pass on through his music ___C_______.
A. the spirit of the French Revolution
B. the spirit of Byronic heroes
C. ideas of a moral nature
D. the praise of natural beauty
16. _____B_____. is considered to be the poet of the piano.
A. Mozart
B. Chopin
C.Schubert
D. Schumann
17. Which of the following works was not written by Charles Dickens?E
A. A Tale of Two Cities.
B. The Mayor of Casterbridge.
C. David Copperfield.
D. Pickwick Papers.
18. The author of the short story The Necklace was ____D______.
A. O' Henry
B. Jack London
C. Mark Twain
D. Maupassant
19. "The apparition of these faces in the crowd/Petals on a wet, black bough. "The author of these lines was ______B____.
A. William Faulkner
B. Ezra Pound
C. T. S. Eliot
D. William Butler Yeats
20. ______D____.was regarded as the greatest Russian literary figure of the 20th century.
A. Sholokhov
B. Tolstoy
C. Chekhov
D. Gorky
第二部分非选择题
In the following part there are two columns. The left hand column consists of a list of names. The right hand column consists of a list of rifles, names of organizations or works. Match each name in the left hand column with corresponding title or organization or work in the right hand column and put the number a or b or c etc. in the bracket on the answer sheet. ( 10 points, 1 point each)
2l. Augustine ( G ) (a) To the Lighthouse
22. Aristotle ( B ) (b) Ethics
23. Shakespeare ( E ) (c) Kubla Khan
24. Mark Twain ( I ) (d)A Hero of Our Time
25. Titian ( H ) (e) Othello
26, Virginia Woolf ( A ) (f) Meditations
27. Newton ( J ) (g) The Confession
28. Coleridge ( C ) (h) the Venus of Urbino
29. Lermontov ( D ) (i) Life on, the Mississippi
30. Descartes ( F ) ( j ) Mathematical Principles Philosohy
Give a one-sentence answer to each of the following questions. Write your answer in the corresponding space on the answer sheet. ( 20 points ,2 points each )
31. What are the three styles in Greek architecture?
32. What was Marcus Cicero noted for?
33. What is the importance of the Middle Ages in terms of development of culture?
34. Why was Jan Hus condemned to be burnt at stake?
35. What is the theory put forward by Copernicus in his work "The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs" ?
36. What is Montesquieu' s redefinition of law?
1、temple—→Parthenon帕特农神庙
①The Doric style
is also called masculine style. (宏伟的)
but the Doric style is monotonous and unadorned (单调)
is sturdy (坚强的), powerful, severelooking (庄严肃穆) and showing a good sense of proportions and numbers.
②The Ionic style
is also called the feminine style. (阴柔的)
is graceful (优雅的) and elegant (优美的).
The Ionic style often shows a wealth of ornament. (装饰性)
③The Corinthian style
is known for its ornamental luxury. (奢侈)
2、
参考答案
I. 1.B 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. C 6. D 7. A 8. B 9. D 10. A II.A 12. B 13. C 14. D
15. C 16. B
17. E 18. D 19. B 20. D
11.21.8 22. b 23. e 24. i 25. h 26;a 27. j 28. e 29. d 30, f
m. 31. Greek architecture can be grouped into three styles: the Doric style (or the masculine style), the Ionic style
(or the feminine style),and the Corinthian style.
32. Marcus Cicero was noted for his oratory and fine writing style.
33. The fusion and blending of different ideas and practices in the Middle ages paved the way for the development of what iv the present-day European culture.
34. Because Jan Hus attacked the abases of the church in his sermons and writings.
35. The theory put forward by Copernicus is that the sun, not the earth is the centre of the universe.
36. Montesquieu redefined law as the necessary relationships which derive from the nature of things.
Write between 100 - 120 words on the following topic in the corresponding space on the answer sheet. (10 points)
45. What are the distinctive features of Renaissance art?
45. The Renaissance art has the following distinctive features:
(1) Art broke away from the domination of the church. Artists who used to be craftsmen commissioned by the church to paint the design became a separate strata like writers and poets doing noble and creative work.
(2)Themes of paintings changed from purely celestial realm focusing on the stories of the Bible ,of God Jesus and Mary to an appreciation of all aspects of nature and man. Even when the themes remained celestial, the heroes were given human qualities and given strong muscles and sinews Of man.
(3) The artists studied the ruins of Roman and Greek temples and put many of the principles of
ancient civilization into their works. They began to be supported by individual collectors.
(4) Artists introduced in their works scientific theories of anatomy and perspective.
岩浆岩石学复习思考题 第一章绪论 1.岩石、岩石学的概念？ 岩石是天然产出的由一种或多种矿物（包括火山玻璃、生物遗骸、胶体）组成的固态集合体。 岩石学是研究地壳、地幔及其它星体产出的岩石分布、产状、成分、结构、构造、分类、成因、演化等方面的科学。主要研究对象是地球上层的岩石。 ●2.岩石按其成因可分为哪三大类?它们之间有什么联系? 岩浆岩、沉积岩、变质岩。三者可互相转化：岩浆岩、变质岩经风化、搬运、趁机、成岩作用可形成沉积岩；岩浆岩、沉积岩经变质作用可转化为变质岩；沉积岩、变质岩经重熔作用可形成岩浆岩。 ●3.岩浆岩、岩浆岩岩石学的概念? 岩浆岩是主要由地壳深处或上地幔中形成的高温熔融的岩浆，在侵入地下或喷出地表冷凝而成的岩石。 岩浆岩岩石学是研究岩浆的起源、活动、演化、结晶及岩浆岩的组成、结构、构造、产状、分布、分类、命名、共生组合、成因机理及与构造、矿产关系等的一门独立科学。 4.结晶岩的概念? 地壳深处主要由岩浆岩、变质岩组成，是内动力作用的产物。又称为结晶岩。
第二章岩浆、岩浆作用及岩浆岩 ●1.岩浆的概念? 岩浆是上地幔和地壳深处形成的，以硅酸盐为主要成分的炽热、粘稠、含有挥发分的熔融体。 2.岩浆的成分有哪些? 主要为硅酸盐和一部分挥发分。 ●3.挥发分在岩浆中有哪些作用? 1.降低岩浆的粘度，使之易于流动。 2.降低矿物的熔点，延长岩浆的结晶时间。 3.促进有用微量元素的迁移和富成集矿，故又称为矿化剂。 4.基性岩浆和酸性岩浆的温度、粘度特点? 基性一般为1000-1300℃，粘度小；中性900-1000℃，粘度中等；酸性700-900℃，粘度大。 ●5.影响岩浆粘度的因素有哪些? 1.氧化物可显著增加粘度，二氧化硅影响最大 2.挥发份可降低岩浆的粘度。 3.温度越高粘度越小。 4.晶体含量越高，粘度越大。
一、岩浆岩的成因 1．岩浆岩成因包括哪两个基本过程？什么是原生岩浆和演（进）化岩浆？什么是部分熔融？固体地幔与地壳发生部分熔融产生原生岩浆的基本原因是什么？ 岩浆岩成因包括岩浆的起源与演化。 岩浆的起源：在合适的温压条件下地壳或上地幔发生部分熔融，产生原生岩浆的作用过程。 岩浆的演化：就是原生岩浆通过各种作用派生为多种多样进化岩浆及岩浆岩的过程。 其中主要发生了分异作用，岩浆混合作用和同化混染作用。 原生岩浆：是由地幔或地壳岩石经熔融或部分熔融作用形成的成分未发生变异的岩浆 进化岩浆：经分异作用产生的派生岩浆又可成为进化岩浆 导致固体地幔/地壳发生部分熔融的基本原因 （1）地温异常：由于软流圈上隆、地幔柱上升、或板块俯冲引起地温异常，超过源岩的固相线温度（即起始熔融温度）。 （2）挥发份的加入：由于挥发份的加入使源岩的固相线温度降低。三种体系。 （3）压力改变：由于地幔对流、拆沉、去根作用或大断裂诱发的减压熔融；在某些情况下，增压也可以引起部分熔融，增压熔融。 2．控制原生岩浆类型与成分的主要因素有哪些？ （1）源岩及源区的性质和组成； （2）起源温度与熔融程度； （3）起源压力与深度； （4）挥发份的类型及含量 3．岩浆的三大源区指的是什么？这些不同源区分别能产生哪些岩浆？ （1）地幔岩浆：各类玄武岩浆（碱性玄武岩浆、拉斑玄武岩浆），金伯利岩浆、碳酸岩浆。 （2）陆壳岩浆：花岗岩类岩浆 （3）俯冲洋壳：埃达克岩浆、钙碱性或岛弧拉斑质岩石组合（玄武岩——玄武安山岩——安山岩——英安岩——流纹岩） 4．解释相图中以下名词：固相线温度与固相线矿物，液相线温度与液相线矿物，熔融
四川大学外国语学院638 基础英语、918 英语专业综合知识考研全套资料真题答案辅导笔记模拟卷 2015年弘毅考研川大分部研究生团队已达50多人，涵盖经济、法学、文学、新传、外国语、艺术、历史、旅游、数学、化学、生物、电子、材料、机械、电气、计算机、环境、水土、水利、化工、发酵、行管、教经、社保、商院、体育、马克思、护理、口腔、公卫、预防、药学等30多个院系专业，是目前专业课考研最权威的专业团队，以“弘毅川大考研论坛”为基石，各个专业的学长学姐给您答疑解惑。为您全程护航。 2015年四川大学考研的成功与否，不仅仅取决于自己是否足够努力，更多在于自己能否拿到真正有价值的川大专业课备考复习资料和获得内部考研信息，这将极大地决定着自己一年的辛苦努力是否能划上圆满的句号。 鉴于此，弘毅考研根据自己多年考研专业课成功辅导经验，联合川大高分研究生团队，同时和高分研究生团队一起将最有价值的考研复习资料通过科学的排版，荣誉推出了2015版《弘毅胜卷系列——完备复习指南、历年真题解析、高分辅导讲义、最后三套模拟卷》专业精品复习资料，该辅导系统从根本上解决了广大考研学子考研专业课信息不对称、考研专业课复习难度大等问题，三年来倍受好评，每年考取我校的大部分同学来自我们川大考研论坛的全程辅导，“弘毅胜卷”也成为每一个报考四川大学外国语学院英语语言文学专业的考生人手一册、不可或缺的考研专业课复习备考资料。 《弘毅胜卷》的特点： 1.“全”：本资料把参考书可能考到的知识点都全部列出，并做了详细的讲解，并对历年真题进行透彻的解析； 2.“简”：为不增加考生负担，对考点的讲解，尽量做到精简，除去了教材繁琐臃肿的语言，直击要害； 3.“具实用性”：各高校考题的重复率非常高。针对此规律，本资料将专业涉及到的真题举例附在每个考点后面，方便大家查阅。 4.“具时效性”：本资料会根据最新的招生简章和目录、最新的参考书目和考试大纲对资料进行及时调整、更新，让弘毅胜卷臻于完善！ 提醒：为保证产品质量，我们在反盗版技术上投入了很大人力物力，首先在阅读体验上远远超越盗版资料（加了水印和红白页，复印基本看不清楚），同时弘毅考研每年均根据当年最新考试要求进行改版升级并提供超值的售后服务，并将后续重要资料分期发送，盗版将丢失这些重要资料，请考生务必谨慎辨别，不要为了省一点小钱购买其他机构或个人销售的盗版材料而耽误备考，甚至影响前途的大事情。同时也请大家支持正版，你们一如既往的支持，是我们一直大力度的投入开发的动力。
《积极心理学》课程教学大纲 课程代码：001325-0 课程学分：3 课程性质：专业选修课 课程名称（中/英）：积极心理学Positive Psychology 课程总学时：51讲授学时：51实验学时：0 授课对象：应用心理学专业 开课学期：4 主讲教师：吴继霞 指定教材：《积极心理学》，北京师范大学出版社， 郑雪主编，2014 一、课程目标： （1）课程设置知识要求 掌握积极心理学的基本内容，包括积极的情绪和体验、积极的个性特征、积极的情绪对生理健康的影响以及培养天才等方面。 （2）课程设置能力要求 不仅需要良好的愿望、信念、激情，它更应该也必须采用科学的方法与技术来理解人类复杂的行为。 （3）课程达成目标 倡导探索人类的美德，如爱、宽恕、感激、智慧和乐观等方面的内容。（4）课程简介 需要良好的愿望、信念、激情，更应该也必须采用科学的方法与技术来理解人类复杂的行为。 二、课程内容 绪论 1、教学内容 课程介绍&教学目标
第一节、什么是积极心理学 第二节、积极心理学研究什么 第三节、积极心理学的现状与未来 2、教学要求 了解：积极心理学诞生的背景和发展，积极心理学的研究方法； 理解：什么是积极，积极心理学的主要观点、研究意义和价值； 掌握：积极心理学的涵义、研究主题、应用领域。 3、重点 积极心理学的涵义、研究主题、应用领域。 4、难点 积极心理学的研究主题和应用领域。 第一章幸福 1、教学内容 第一节、积极情绪 第二节、幸福 第三节、增进幸福 2、教学要求 了解：幸福的心理机制、作用和测评方式； 理解：幸福的概念及障碍； 掌握：幸福的影响因素及增进幸福的策略； 应用：能够运用增进幸福的策略； 课程教育性：通过学习，增强自身的幸福感。 3、重点 幸福的影响因素及增进幸福的策略。 4、难点 幸福的心理机制和测评方式。 第二章积极特质 1、教学内容 第一节、人格特质理论和个性优势 第二节、奉行价值观―性格优势和美德分类体系 2、教学要求 了解：特质和特质理论； 理解：积极特质的作用； 掌握：积极品质的动机； 应用：运用相关理论，培养积极品质。 3、重点 积极特质的作用、动机。 4、难点 积极特质的作用、动机。 第三章希望和乐观 1、教学内容 第一节、积极幻想
岩石学试题库Last revision on 21 December 2020
岩石学试题库 一.不定项选择题 1、以下属于岛状硅酸盐矿物的是（） A石榴石 B辉石 C橄榄石 D石英 2、常见暗色矿物有（） A橄榄石 B辉石 C普通角闪石 D黑云母 3、下列哪类岩石的斜长石含量最多（） A.超基性岩 B.基性岩 C.中性岩 D.酸性岩 4、火山碎屑岩常见的结构（） A.集块结构 B.火山角砾结构 C.凝灰结构 D.煌斑结构 5、碎屑物质被搬运后的沉积分异取决于（） A．碎屑物自身的密度、体积和形态 B. 流体的流速和动能大小 C. 流体的化学性质 D.碎屑物的化学性质 6、层内从底到顶粒度由粗到细而逐渐变化的结构称为（）。 A交错层理 B单斜层理 C递变层理 D粒序层理 7、岩石中成分、颜色或粒度不同的矿物分别集中，形成平行相间的条带，称为（）A片状构造 B斑状构造 C眼球状构造 D条带状构造 8、变质岩主要分布在（）。 A大陆前寒武纪的基底 B造山带 C大陆裂谷 D大洋中脊 9、以下物质属于岩石的是（） A．大理石 B. 石油 C. 混凝土 D. 汞 10、下面属于斜方晶系的有（） A.十字石 B.石膏 C.正长石 D.钠长石 11、下列哪种表述是正确的（） A.花岗岩是中性侵入岩 B.玄武岩是基性喷出岩 C.辉长岩是中性喷出岩 D.橄榄岩是超基性侵入岩 12、火成岩中常见的暗色造岩矿物有（） A.辉石 B.角闪石 C.黑云母 D.橄榄石 13、以下的反应形式为化学风化的有（） A．水化和水解 B. 去硅和硅化 C. 酸的作用 D.阳离子交换 . 14、接触热变质作用是指在火成侵入体侵入到围岩时由于岩浆的高温对围岩烘烤的影响而使岩石发生的（）作用。 A变形 B破碎 C重结晶和变质结晶 D熔融 15、交错层理的特征是纹层向不同方向倾斜呈交错状，指示的沉积环境意义是（）A静水 B微弱水流 C水介质波状运动 D水流介质的流动方向在不断变化 16、岩石中含大量片、柱状矿物且均呈平行排列是以下哪种构造的特点（） A板状构造 B千枚状构造 C片状构造 D条带状构造
2014年10月北京自考欧洲文化入门模拟试题和答案100017 一、Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each unfinished statement or question，four suggested answers marked A，B，C and D are given. Choose the one which best completes the statement or answers the question by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points，2 points each) 第1题 In the second half of the 4th century B.C.， all Greece was brought under the rule of___________ ，King of Macedon. A. Homer B. Sophocles C. Alexander D. Alfred 【正确答案】 C 【你的答案】 本题分数2分 第2题 In ancient Greece，plays were performed in_____________. A. theatres B. open-air sports ground C. private houses D. open-air theatres 【正确答案】 D 【你的答案】 本题分数2分 第3题 The first emperor of the Roman Empire was________________. A. Constantine B. Julius Caesar C. Octavius D. Augustus 【正确答案】 D 【你的答案】 本题分数2分 第4题 The ancestors of the Jews are called Hebrews which mean______________. A. wanderers B. travelers
二十世纪末期在美国心理学界兴起了一个新的研究领域——积极心理学，其发起人是美国当代著名心理学家塞里格曼(Seligman)。 在1998年的美国心理学会年度大会上，赛里格曼当选为美国心理学会主席并首席提到过积极心理学思想，从此积极心理学开始正式受到世人的关注。与消极心理学相对，积极心理学是利用心理学目前已比较完善和有效的实验方法与测量手段，来研究人类的力量和美德等积极方面的一个心理学思潮。其研究内容主要有三大层面：积极的情绪与体验，积极的人格特质，积极的社会组织系统。同时积极心理学提出了三大心理健康观分别是积极观、幸福观、预防观。 积极心理学（positive psychology）是一门研究如何正确把握人生的科学，关注从出生到死亡的所有人生阶段。积极心理学可以算做心理学领域的一门新开辟的领域，因为这个领域重点关注的是那些可以提升生命价值的事件。每个人的一生都会有巅峰和低谷，而积极心理学并不否认低谷。虽然与其他心理学分支相比，积极心理学把挫折看得更加微小，但是也承认挫折的重要性。 生命中美好的一面与糟糕的一面同等重要，因此需要得到心理学界同等程度的重视。积积极心理学所研究的是那些发生在生活正常轨道上的事件。有鉴于传统心理学侧重于研究人的疾病和负面心理，积极心理学着重研究能使个人和社会繁盛的正面力量和美德，以帮助人们的生活更加幸福充实，组织机构更加昌盛卓越，社会更加和谐向上。此外，与以往对幸福的研究不同，积极心理学是一门科学，它使用严谨的逻辑推论、实验研究等科学方法，其学术成果经同行评议和实证检验，被证明有效后才予以推广。因此，积极心理学的出现，改变了以往幸福领域靠直觉和孤例论述的局面，而能够用科学的方法，为人类的幸福提供系统、完善的理论和应用建议。
矿物岩石学上网试题及答案B（红字体为答案） 一名词解释（共20分，每小题4分） 1 对称型：全部对称要素的组合。 2 解理：矿物受力后沿着某一固定方向破裂成光滑平面的性质。 3 岩石的结构：组成岩石的矿物结晶程度、粒度大小、形态以及他们之间的相互关系所呈现的形貌特征。 4 正变质岩和副变质岩： 正变质岩：由岩浆岩变质形成的岩石； 副变质岩：由沉积岩变质形成的岩石； 5 重结晶作用：在一定温度下的固态条件下，原岩中的细小颗粒重新结晶长成较大晶体同种矿物的过程，叫重结晶作用。 二简答题（共20分，每小题4分） 1什么是晶体？晶体与非晶体有何本质区别？ 晶体又被称为结晶质，指具有空间格子构造的固体。或者说，内部质点在三维空间呈周期性重复排列的固态物质。 与非晶的区别：晶体具有空间格子构造，非晶不具备。 2为什么变质岩中的斜长石很少出现环带结构？ 斜长石的环带构造一般是岩浆岩在结晶过程中，斜长石结晶时岩浆不断存在成分的变化，或者说晶体周围有持续的岩浆补给，使得斜长石出现由中心到边缘成分成不同的变化的环带。 变质岩的变质过程一般是在固态条件下进行，所以，斜长石变质没有外来组分的参与，一般不能形成还带结构。 3用以下几组数据确定侵入火成岩的名称： （1）暗色矿物 40%（单斜辉石 25%、紫苏辉石 10%、黑云母 5%），斜长石 60%。 苏长辉长岩 （2）暗色矿物 98%（橄榄石 65%、透辉石 20%、顽火辉石 13%），尖晶石 2%。 二辉橄榄岩 4、简述岩浆岩的块状构造和斑杂状构造成因？ 块状构造岩石一般为全晶质结构，矿物结晶粒度、颜色、成分无明显的差异性变化，反映的是岩浆在相对稳定、缓慢降温条件下结晶的特点。
《岩石学》 一、填空题（每空1分，共60分） 1. 二辉橄榄岩的主要矿物有:__________、____________、_______________。 2. 在_________岩类中一般不出现石英，而在__________岩类中出现大量石英。 3. 在____________岩中主要出现基性斜长石；而在___________岩中出现的主要是钠—更长石。 4. 在__________和__________岩浆岩中主要出现无水暗色矿物。 5. 粗面岩的基质矿物是_____________，而玄武岩的基质矿物是____________。 6. 花岗岩的主要矿物是______________、______________、______________。 7. 在______________和___________岩浆岩中主要出现含水的暗色矿物 8. 沉积岩形成过程可概括为_______________、________________和_____________三个阶段。 9. 陆源碎屑岩按粒度大小可分为____________、__________和_____________三类。10. 沉积物的搬运和沉积按其方式可分为___________、__________和__________三种。11. 内碎屑形成于________环境，没有经过__________作用，这是与__________碎屑的最大区别。 12. 当________和________两种矿物同时出现时表示最高压力的变质作用。13. 在变质作用中，温度的升高可引起________作用，发生_______反应。在有水的情况下，高温能使花岗质组份发生________，形成_______岩。14. 在片岩中________矿物含量大于30%；而在变粒岩中长石含量大于______ 。15. 当__________和__________两种矿物同时形成时表示最高温度的变质作用。16. 榴辉岩的主要组成矿物是______________、和_______________，主要结构是____________变晶结构。 二、名词解释（每题2分，共30分） 1. 岩浆的定义 2. 残留晶 3. 岩浆岩分类命名的原则 4. 假流纹构造 5. 岩浆的结晶分异作用 6. 水平层理 7. 鲕粒 8. 页岩 9. 变质作用10. 双变质带11. 副变质岩12. 晶屑13. 泥晶14. 构造超压15. 热接触变质作用 三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 简述长石类矿物在钙碱岩浆岩中出现的特征。2. 简述长石石英砂岩的成分与结构特征。3. 写出泥质原岩在中压条件下的前进变质带（按前进顺序写出带的名称）。 岩石学试卷B 一、名词解释 1、岩浆 2、里特曼指数 3、斑状结构, 4、似斑状结构 5、粗玄结构, 6、间隐结构, 7、交织结构 8、I 型花岗岩浆, 9、S 型花岗岩浆,10、花岗结构11、煌斑结构12、粒序层理13、水平层理14、交错层理15、杂基16、胶结物17、内碎屑18、鲕粒19、变质作用20、正变质岩21、负变质岩22、特征变质矿物23、重结晶作用24、基体25、脉体26、变质相27、变质相系28、片状构造29、片麻状构造 二、填空 1、岩浆岩石学是研究, , , 及, , , , , , , , 及与构造，矿产关系等的一门独立学科。 2、喷出岩可分为和。 3、按里特曼指数( s )可把岩浆岩划分为：, 。 4、超基性侵入岩的主要矿物为，， 5、沉积岩是在的地方形成的,它是在下由风化作用，生物作用和某种火山作用形成的经过一系列改造（搬运，沉积，石化等作用）而形成的岩石。 6、沉积物形成岩石经过的主要作用有, , , 。 7、陆源碎屑岩按碎屑大小可分为：，，。 8、碳酸盐岩主要由沉积的（即和）等组成，主要岩石类型为和。 9、硅质岩的矿物成分主要有各种类
课程号：0104084 《岩石学（含晶体光学）一》期末考试试卷(B) 考试形式：闭卷考试考试时间：120分钟 一、名词解释(共24分，每小题3分) 1. 边缘和贝克线： 2. 光性方位： 3. 糙面： 4. 辉长结构： 5. 色率： 6. 块状构造: 7. 岩浆岩的相： 8. 原生岩浆和次生岩浆： 二、选择题（每个空格1分，合计15分，每个空格只有一个正确答案, 请把正确答案的字母填入空格处） 1. 以下的矿物中，是负高突起；是正高突起；是正极高突起；具有明显的闪突起。 A．锆石； B. 辉石； C. 方解石， D. 萤石 2. 脉岩是产状特殊的一种岩石，请指出下列那一种岩石为脉岩。 A. 正长岩， B. 细晶岩， C. 苦橄岩， D. 安山岩 3．岩浆的粘度与氧化物含量、挥发分和温度有关，其中挥发分含量越高，岩浆的粘度。A．越大； B. 越小； C．不变化 4．下面的侵入岩产状中，属于整合的产状、属于不整合的产状。 A．岩床； B. 岩脉； 5．在岩浆岩中，将矿物划分为主要矿物、次要矿物和副矿物。其中主要矿物是划分的依据，次要矿物是划分的依据。 A．岩石大类； B. 种属； C. 岩石种类 6．二轴晶矿物的不同切面表现的多色性不同，其中在切面，多色性最明显；在切面无多色性，其余方向切面, 多色性介于最强与无之间。 A．//光轴； B. ^光轴； C, 斜交光轴 7．在单偏光下观察薄片中矿物的边缘、贝克线、糙面和突起等现象，归根到底最主要的影响因素为矿物的。 A．折射率； B. 切面方向； C. 晶族 8．下列各项中，是火山岩的相，是侵入岩的相。 A．火山通道相； B. 深成相； C. 岩基 三、填空题（共31分，每空1分，请把正确答案直接填入空格处） 1．当二轴正晶的光率体中Nm=Np时，它与的光率体相同；当Nm=Ng时它与的光率体相同；当Ng=Nm=Np时，它与的光率体相同。
课程《欧洲文化入门》考试时间 120 分钟日期年月日 姓名学号学院班级 Ⅰ.Read the following unfinished statements or questionas carefully. For each unfinished statement or question, four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D are given. Choose the one that you think best completes the statement or answers the question. Write the letter of the answer you have choosen in the corresponding spcae on the answer sheet. (40 points, 2 point for each) ———— was the founder of scientific mathematics. A. Pythagoras B. Democritus C. Aristotle D. Diogenes 2. Which of the following figures was regarded as “the master of those who know”by Dante? A. Plato B. Socrates C. Aristotle D. Cicero 3. ________ was called “the greatest historian that ever lived”by Macaulay. A. Thucydides B. Herodotus C. Socrates D. Aristotle 4. The first king to unite the Hebrews was a warrior-famer name________ . A. Moses B. Joshua C. Saul D. David 5. Who issued the Edict of Milan in 313,whick granted religious freedom to all and made Christianity legal? A. Domitian B. Valerian C. Constantine D. Theodosius 6. The ancestors of the Jews are called Hebrews which mean ________ . A. wanderers B. travelers C. traders D. merchants 7. In the latter part of the fourth century the ________ swept into Europe from central Asia. A. Turkish B. Huns C. Athens D. Roman 8. Apart from being a place of worship, the ________ was a place for recreation and the center of trade and community activity. A. bridge B. church building C. village D. subway 9. For two centuries beginning from the late fifteenth century,________ was the golden city which gave birth to a whole generation of poets, scholars,artists and sculptors. A. Milan B. Florence C. Venice D. the papal states 10. which of the following figures knows “how to make beauty yield meaning and
解读积极心理学及其对幸福的阐释 我国正处在深化改革和社会转型的关键时期，日益扩大的贫富差距，再加上不平衡的利益分配，极容易产生剧烈的社会心理变化，人们的幸福感不再跟随经济的增长而增长，反而出现逆行下降，这种现象被称为幸福悖论。建设幸福中国和让人民幸福已经成了中国解决温饱之后的重要目标，幸福感一词逐渐进入我国公众的视野。 一、积极心理学的兴起 积极心理学的兴起和心理学自身的发展息息相关。自1879 年心理学独立至第二次世界大战结束，其主要承载了三个使命: 预防及治疗精神疾病、充实人类的生活和培育天才儿童。 第二次世界大战爆发后，面对战争带来的心理创伤，心理学家把研究的中心放在了通过深入研究心理问题以找到缓解或治愈的方法上。这种以医生治疗病人身体疾病的模式来对待人的心理问题的做法，使得心理学变成了类似于病理学性质的学科。在这一阶段心理学研究仅仅关注于消极的心理问题，缺少对人类积极思想情绪的探究，同时也导致对其他两个使命的研究停滞不前。在《为什么需要积极心理学》中，对该现象进行了描述: 由于社会公众及心理学家对积极因素缺乏重视，同时他们固有的消极、病态的观念，导致心理学家对心理学如何促进社会健康发展了解太少。然而事实上，对人性积极面的关注更有助于积极面的发展。在这种背景下，积极心理学应运而生。 积极心理学基本理论的最初萌芽是积极心理学之父塞里格曼在自家
后院与五岁的女儿除野草时产生的。当时他的女儿顽皮地将种子抛向空中，影响了塞里格曼除草，于是他骂了女儿几句。年幼的女儿跑到爸爸身边，说: 爸爸，在我三岁到五岁的时候，我特别爱发牢骚，时常抱怨这个不顺心，那个不好，但是五岁以后，我决定不发牢骚了，那是我做过的最困难的决定，因为时常还是会忍不住想要抱怨。但是爸爸，我觉得，既然我可以不再像以前那样爱发牢骚，你也可以不再总发脾气。此时，塞里格曼茅塞顿开，他发现女儿身上聚集着积极能量，她在积极发扬自己的优秀品质，促使她变成一个积极乐观的孩子。从这一天开始，塞里格曼决定改变自己的生活方式，让自己保持积极的情绪。从此，他开始了对积极心理的研究，并提出了一个著名的公式: 总幸福指数= 快乐+ 参与+ 意图。塞里格曼和Csikzentmihalyi 于2000年1月发表了论文《积极心理学导论》，自此，积极心理学作为一个新的研究领域形成了。 二、积极心理学的研究内容 积极心理学，是利用心理学目前已比较完善和有效的实验方法与测量手段，来研究人类的力量和美德等积极方面的一个心理学思潮。它将研究重点放在了人自身的积极因素方面，主张心理学家用一种更加开放的、欣赏性的眼光对人的许多心理现象作出新的解读。其核心思想在于突出人与生俱来的积极因素，强调的是人类以美德为出发点，用积极、正面的心态对人的心理状态进行平衡，进而激发人自身的优秀品质和美德，发挥积极力量和优秀品质来帮助社会和其他人，从而获得幸福的生活。目前，积极心理学的研究内容主要集中在以下三个方
欧洲文化入门复习题（2、3章） 一：选择（51’） 1:Hebrew---Israelite---Jew Jew---Jewish---Judaism Judaism---Christianity 2:Pentateuch(摩西五经)：Genesis(创世纪)、Exodus(出埃及记)、Leviticus(利未记)、Numbers(民数计)、Deuteronomy(申命记) 3：The fall of man: Adam and Eve、the Garden of Eden 4: Noah’s Ark 5:Moses(a famous Hebrew leader) 、Exodus、40 years、the mountainous Sinai、Ten Commandments 6:While in Babylon in the 6th century B.C., the Hebrews, now known as Jews, formed synagogues(大会堂) to practise their religion. 7:如今有多少犹太人？15 million 8:Jesus 出生地：那瑟勒死亡地：耶路撒冷郊外髑髅地·各各地 Baptism: 30 years、John baptist 9:Diocletian destroyed、Constantine and the Edict of Milan in 133、Theodosius official 10: the new testament(新约)：the birth、teaching、death（The Crucifixion耶稣被钉十字架）、resurrection of Jesus 11：现代英语两大宝库：the English Bible and Shakespeare 12:228 years 13:the Code of Chivalry：to protect the week, to fight for church, to be loyal to his lord, to respect women of noble birth. 14:half civilized Germanic tribes: Visigoths, the Franks, the Angle and Saxons, the Vandals 15:Feudalism(封建主义) the Manor(庄园) serfs(农奴) Charles Martel in 732. 16:After 1054, the Roman Catholic church and Eastern Orthodox church 17:three groups in feudalism: clergy(牧师最高) lords peasants(农民最低) 18：the crusades(十字军) 8 times 200 years By 1291, the moslems had taken over the last Christain stronghold. 19:Emperor of the Romans(神圣罗马皇帝): Charlemagne(查理曼大帝) 20:Alfred the Great(Anglo-Saxdon) contributed to medieval European culture 21:real scientific progress began in the 12th and 13th centuries. Roger bacon(a monk) is an advocate of scientific research.Opus maius, and encyclopedia（自然哲学总则） 22:National Epics: Beowulf(Anglo-saxon/英国) Song of Roland(French/法国) 荷马史诗代表作Iliad(伊利亚特）和Odysse（奥德赛） Geoffrey Chaucer(杰弗里乔叟) and the Canterbury tales(坎特伯雷故事) 23：Romanesque(罗马建筑) Gothic(哥特式建筑)：stained glass windows are the Holy Scriptures 24:哲学三杰（苏格拉底，柏拉图，亚里士多德）顺序不能打乱 二：简答（6道） 1:Two Major Elements in European Culture
岩石学试题库 一.不定项选择题 1、以下属于岛状硅酸盐矿物的是（） A石榴石B辉石C橄榄石D石英 2、常见暗色矿物有（） A橄榄石B辉石C普通角闪石D黑云母 3、下列哪类岩石的斜长石含量最多（） A.超基性岩 B.基性岩 C.中性岩 D.酸性岩 4、火山碎屑岩常见的结构（） A.集块结构 B.火山角砾结构 C.凝灰结构 D.煌斑结构 5、碎屑物质被搬运后的沉积分异取决于（） A．碎屑物自身的密度、体积和形态 B. 流体的流速和动能大小 C. 流体的化学性质 D.碎屑物的化学性质 6、层内从底到顶粒度由粗到细而逐渐变化的结构称为（）。 A交错层理B单斜层理C递变层理D粒序层理 7、岩石中成分、颜色或粒度不同的矿物分别集中，形成平行相间的条带，称为（） A片状构造B斑状构造C眼球状构造D条带状构造 8、变质岩主要分布在（）。 A大陆前寒武纪的基底B造山带C大陆裂谷D大洋中脊 9、以下物质属于岩石的是（） A．大理石 B. 石油 C. 混凝土 D. 汞 10、下面属于斜方晶系的有（） A.十字石 B.石膏 C.正长石 D.钠长石 11、下列哪种表述是正确的（） A.花岗岩是中性侵入岩 B.玄武岩是基性喷出岩 C.辉长岩是中性喷出岩 D.橄榄岩是超基性侵入岩 12、火成岩中常见的暗色造岩矿物有（） A.辉石 B.角闪石 C.黑云母 D.橄榄石 13、以下的反应形式为化学风化的有（） A．水化和水解 B. 去硅和硅化 C. 酸的作用 D.阳离子交换. 14、接触热变质作用是指在火成侵入体侵入到围岩时由于岩浆的高温对围岩烘烤的影响而使岩石发生的（）作用。 A变形B破碎C重结晶和变质结晶D熔融 15、交错层理的特征是纹层向不同方向倾斜呈交错状，指示的沉积环境意义是（） A静水B微弱水流C水介质波状运动D水流介质的流动方向在不断变化 16、岩石中含大量片、柱状矿物且均呈平行排列是以下哪种构造的特点（） A板状构造B千枚状构造C片状构造D条带状构造
二ＯＯ一年下半年北京市高等教育自学考试 欧洲文化入门试卷 I. Multiple Choice (40%) 1. ＿＿believed that the highest good in life was pleasure, freedom from pain and emotional upheaval. A. Sophists B. Cynics C. Skeptics D. Epicureans 2. ___ is said to have told the king of Syrac use: “give me a place to stand,and I will move the world”. A. Archimedes B. Aristotle C. Plato D. Euclid 3. Increasingly troubled by the inroads of northern tribes such as Goths, the West Roman Empire finally collapsed in___. A. 395 B. 27 C. 1453 D. 476 4. The city of god was written by___, the most important of all the leaders of Christian thought. A. Jesus B. Augustine C. Thomas Aquinas D. Martin Luther 5. ____ was a painter, a sculptor, an architect, a musician, an engineer, and a scientist - a Renaissance man in the true sense of the word. A. Michelangelo B. Raphael C. Shakespeare D. da Vinci 6. In ____, Cervantes satirized a very popular type of literature at the time, the romance of chivalry. A. Don Quixote B. Hamlet C. Leviathan D. The Life and Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe 7. The best - known book written by Thomas More is ____, which describes an ideal non - Christian state where everybody lives a simple life and shares the goods in common, possesses a good knowledge of Latin, fights no war and enjoys full freedom in religious belief. A. The Praise of the Folly B. As You Like It C. Divine Comedy D. Utopia 8. ______, author of Prince, is regarded as “father of political science” in the West . A. Machiavelli B. Dante C. Bacon D. Locke 9. In The Revolution of Heavenly Orbs, ____ put forward his theory that the sun, not the earth, is the center of the universe. A. Kepler B. Galileo C. Newton D. Copernicus 10. During the ____century, the modern scientific method began to take shape, which emphasized observation and experimentation before formulating a final explanation or generalization. A. 18th B. 15th C. 16th D. 17th 11. _____said, “knowledge is power.” A. Isaac Newton B. Francis Bacon C. John Locke D. Marx 12. In past, ____drew on an immense variety of cultural material-theological, mythological, philosophical, political, economic, scientific, aesthetic, musical, and literary. A. Goethe B. Defoe C. Rousseau D. Byron 13. Which of the following is not regarded as a romantic writer? A. Wordsworth B. Shelley C. Pushkin D. Balzac 14. The most frequent themes of Romanticism include all of the following except ______. A. the power of reason B. individual freedom C. spontaneity D. love of nature 15. “If winter comes, can spring be far be hind?” is the ending l ine of “Ode to the West W ind” by______. A. Wordsworth B. Keats C. Pushkin D. Shelley 16. The composer of Swan Lake was_____, a genius in symphonic music. A. Tchaikovsky B. Chopin C. Beethoven D. Mozart 17. The naturalist school founded by Zola in late 19th century intended ____. A. to attack the industrial injustice and urban evils B. to give full play to the imagination of individuals C. to uphold the classical values such as harmony, balance, proportion and retraint D. to demonstrate the law of human conduct by a scientific s tudy of “a slice of life”