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2008年秋冬学期研究生专业英语期末考试试卷参考答案

1. Translate the following words or phrases into Chinese ① Metric

度量 ② Convergence 收敛 ③ Covariance 方差 ④ Stochastic 随机 ⑤ Equivalence

等价 ⑥ Dynamic equation 动态方程 ⑦ Criteria

判据、评价标准 ⑧ Measurement Model

测量模型 ⑨ Partial derivative equation 偏微分方程

⑩ In the sense of probability

在概率意义上，依概率

2. Explain the following symbols in English

①

m

b '' the second order derivative of

b

sub

m

, b

double prime sub m ② A B

? A

is equivalent to B

③ i x a →

i

x approaches

a

④

y x ??

the partial derivative of y

with respective to

x

⑤ ?a

b integral between limits

b

to

a

⑥ a ‖b a is parallel to b

⑦ 3

a

the cube root of a

⑧

A X

?

set

A

is contained in

X

⑨ ()a b c d e

f

+-?÷=

a

plus b

minus

c

multiplied d

, all

divided by e

equals

f

⑩

,,. as i N s t a a i ε??→→∞

for any special ε, there is a respected

N

,

such that

i

a approaches

a

as i approaches

∞

二、Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese Paragraph A [8 Points]

A subset

A X

?is said to be bounded if there exists

M ∈R

such that

(,)d x y M

∈. The diameter of A is defined to be

{}su p (,),d x y x y A ∈. A bounded metric space is one for which X itself is bounded.

Bounded intervals in R are bounded sets. A discrete metric space is bounded (take 1M =).

译文：一个子集A

X

?被称为是有界的，如果存在M

∈R

使得对所有,x y A

∈

有

(,)d x y M

<。A 的半径被定义为{}su p (,),d x y x y A

∈。有界度量空间是指X 本

身有界的空间。

在R 上有界的区间是一个有界集。离散度量空间是有界的（取1M =）

Paragraph B [8 Points]

In general, it is not required that the reference dynamic model be exactly the same as the truth dynamics or that the modeling parameter

α

be equivalent to the

true modeling vector. This notation is left in place to simplify the derivation of the Kalman filter formulation. A number of innovative approaches have been developed for adapting reference model parameters to improve fidelity(逼真度) with the unknown real-world system model and can be used to enhance filter operation.

译文：一般来说，并不需要参考动态模型与实际动态模型完全相同，或模型参数

a

与实际模型矢量相等。这个记号保留下来只是为了简化Kalman 滤波公式的推

导。大量的改进方法也已被开发出来用于调整参考模型的参数使其与未知的实际系统更接近，这些方法也能被用于增强滤波器运行效果。

Paragraph C [8 Points]

It is commonly held among designers of Kalman filters that the implementation of the

formulas listed above represents only a portion of the effort required to develop an accurate and robust Kalman filter application. Once the dynamics, measurements, and partial derivatives have been coded, the task remained is to tune the noise magnitudes represented in the process noise covariance Q and the measurement noise covariance R. While the measurement noise can be based in realistic hardware performance specifications, the process noise is often used as a tuning parameter to ensure that the filter operates correctly.

译文：在Kalman 滤波器的设计者中存在着这样一个共识：对上文所列出来的公式的实现只是用于建立一个精确且稳健的Kalman 滤波器应用的一部分努力。一旦动态方程、测量方程和偏微分方程被编码，剩下的任务就是调节在过程噪声方差阵Q 和测量噪声方差阵R 中表示的噪声幅度值的大小。其中测量噪声的调整可可以立足于实际系统的硬件性能指标，过程噪声常常被用于调节一些参数，以保证滤波处理过程正确。

Paragraph D [8 Points]

Suppose now that

1

X is given as a fixed function of the random

variables 0(),...,()y t y t . Then

1X

is itself a random variable and its actual value is

known whenever the actual values of 0(),...,()y t y t are known. In general, the actual value of

11()

t X will be different from the (unknown) actual value of

11()x t . To arrive

at a rational way of determining 1X , it is natural to assign a penalty or loss for incorrect estimates. Clearly, the loss should be a (i) positive, (ii) nondecreasing function of the estimation error 1111()()

x t t ε

=-X .

译文：现在设1X 是随机变量0(),...,()y t y t 的确定函数，则1X 本身就是一个随机变量，其实际取值只有在0(),...,()y t y t 确定后才能确定。一般地，11()t X 的实际值将与（未知的）11()x t 的实际值不同。为了寻找确定1X 的一个合理的方法，自然会为不准确的估计赋予一个惩罚或损失。显然，损失应该是估计误差

111

1()()x t t ε=-X

的

（i ）正定、(ii)非递减 函数。

Paragraph E [8 Points]

Definition: A lead/lag compensator is a rational function of the form

(1)()1C K s R s s

αττ+=

+

for ,,K ατ

∈R

with {}0,1α?and

,0

K τ≠. It is a lead compensator when 1α

>

and a lag compensator when 1α

<.

译文 定义：一个超前/滞后补偿器是一个形如

(1)()1C K s R s s

αττ+=

+ ，

,,K R

ατ∈，{}0,1α?，,0

K τ

≠

的有理函数。当1α>时，它是一个超前补偿器；当1α<时，它是一个滞后补

偿器。

三、Try to write an abstract for the following article in about 150 words [20 Points]

TCP/IP Communication for Real-Time and Embedded Systems

（Article deleted here ）

Abstract

Using a thermal model of a house as an example, this article describes a method for communicating with other devices via TCP/IP. The method is based on using inexpensive TCP/IP-to-serial-conversion hardware. The real-time syst em is xPC Target?, a bootable kernel that enables real-time execution of Simulink? models on a separate PC. The target computer is an x86 processor Intel?/AMD? standard PC that can use commercial off-the-shelf input/output interface cards.

The connectivity approach described here can be used with any real-time or embedded system that supports serial communication.

四、Write an Email to a foreign professor according to following requirements （In about 300 words ）

Suppose that you are planning to study for a doctor degree in Sci. abroad, and you have got the email address of a famous professor in your intended studying major in an English speaking country. You have never had any contact with this professor and this is the first time you write to him (her). Now please: Write to this professor; Introduce yourself to him (her); Apply for a studying permission, Convince the

professor that you have a reliable financial support or it is worthy for him (her) to afford you a part time job to improve your financial situation if it is possible.

参考：

Dear professor:

Thank you very much for your spending a few minutes reading this letter. The only aim that I write this letter is to apply for an opportunity to study for a doctor’s degree under your supervision.

I am a Chinese student. My name is Dongfang Jiang. Now I am studying for my master’s degree in major automation in Northwestern Polytechnical University located in Xi’an, a famous city in the heart section of PR. China. I would graduate in April next year. I am a hard-working student; the appended Resume can help you know more about me and my study.

My parents have promised to provide me fundamental financial support for my studying in your country. I also believe that I have the ability to improve my financial situation through taking part time work if it is possible.

As I want to get a deeper understand of the advanced development of this science direction (which is exactly what your research field), and hope to do some related research work some day, I hope, my wish can be realized. I am looking forward to your kind reply.

Your sincerely

Dongfang Jiang

Nov. 20, 2008

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An electrical circuit or network is composed of elements such as resistors , inductors , and capacitors connected together in some manner .If the network contains no energy sources , such as batteries or electrical generators,it is known as a passive network.On the other hand, if one or more energy sources are present , the resultant combination is an active network. In studying the behavior of an electrical network,we are interested in determining the voltages and currents that exist within the circuit. Since a network is composed of passive circuit elements,we must first define the electrical characteristics of these elements. 电路或电网络由以某种方式连接的电阻器、电感器和电容器等元件组成。如果网络不包含能源，如电池或发电机，那么就被称作无源网络。换句话说，如果存在一个或多个能源，那么组合的结果为有源网络。在研究电网络的特性时，我们感兴趣的是确定电路中的电压和电流。因为网络由无源电路元件组成，所以必须首先定义这些元件的电特性. In the case of a resistor, the voltage-current relationship is given by Ohm's law, which ststes that the voltage across the resistor is equal to the current through the resistor multiplied by the value of the resistance. Mathematically, this is expressed as u=iR where u=voltage , V; i=current, A; R=resistance Ω. 就电阻来说，电压-电流的关系由欧姆定律给出，欧姆定律指出：电阻两端的电压等于电阻上流过的电流乘以电阻值。在数学上表达为: u=iR (1-1A-1)式中u=电压，伏特；i =电流，安培；R = 电阻，欧姆。 The voltage across a pure inductor is defined by Faraday's law ,which states that the voltage across the inductor is proportional to the rate of change with time of the current through the inductor. Thus we have u=Ldi/dt where di/dt=rate of change of current ,A/s; L=inductance ,H. 纯电感电压由法拉第定律定义，法拉第定律指出：电感两端的电压正比于流过电感的电流随时间的变化率。因此可得到：U=Ldi/dt 式中di/dt = 电流变化率，安培/秒；L = 感应系数，享利。 The voltage developed across a capacitor is proportional to the electric charge q accumulating on the plates of the capacitor. Since the accumulation of charge may be expressed as the summation, or integral , of the charge increments dq, we have the equation u=1/c fdq where the capacitance C is the proportionality constant relating voltage and charge. By definition, current equals the rate of change of charge with time and is expressed as i=dq/dt. Thus an increment of charge dq is equal to the current multiplied by the corresponding time increment, or dq=i dt. 电容两端建立的电压正比于电容两极板上积累的电荷q 。因为电荷的积累可表示为电荷增量dq的和或积分，因此得到的等式为u= 1/c fdq，式中电容量C是与电压和电荷相关的比例常数。由定义可知，电流等于电荷随时间的变化率，可表示为i = dq/dt。因此电荷增量dq 等于电流乘以相应的时间增量，或dq = i dt，那么等式(1-1A-3) 可写为式中 C = 电容量，法拉。

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Translate the following sentences into Chinese。 (2)Although current and voltage are the two basic variables in an electric circuit，they are not sufficient by themselves。For practical purposes，we need to know how much power an electric device can handle。 虽然电流和电压是电路中的两个基本变量，但是它们本身是不足够的。出于实用的目的， 我们需要知道电气设备可以处理多大的功率。 (3)In any linear circuit containing multiple independent sources，the current or voltage at any point in the network may be calculated as the algebraic sum of the individual contributions of each source acting alone。 任一含有多个独立电源的线性电路，某处电压或电流都是电路中各个独立电源单独作用 时，在该处分别产生的电压或电流的叠加。 (5)Since an 8-bit code can represent 256 segments，its codes for the same analog value are shown with the maximum analog signal of 1.5V equal to 255 。Notice that the 8-bit code is two groups of 4-bit codes，which are also expressed in hexadecimal form。 由于一个8 位的代码可以表示256 个段，以此表示的代码对应的模拟值，最大的模拟信号1.5V 取值为255。另外，8 位代码是两组4 位的代码，可以用十六进制形式表示。 (6)After the digital processing system completes its manipulation of the signal ，the output digital codes are coupled to a digital-to-analog converter that changes the digital codes back to an equivalent analog signal。 数字处理系统完成信号的处理后，输出的数字码被传到一个数字转模拟的转换器，将数 字编码转换为相等的模拟信号。 (4)Often instrumentation is not used by itself，but instead as the sensors of larger electrical systems。For example，a thermocouple might be used to help ensure a furnace’s temperature remains constant。For this reason，instrumentation engineering is often viewed as the counterpart of control engineering。 通常测量仪器不单独使用，而作为大型电气系统的传感器应用。例如，热电偶可用于帮 助确保熔炉的温度保持恒定。出于这个原因，仪器仪表工程通常被视为对应于控制工程的配对。 (5)Signal Processing is a very mathematically oriented and intensive area forming the core of digital signal processing and it is rapidly expanding with new applications in very field of electrical engineering such as communications，control，radar， TV/Audio/Video engineering，power electronics and bio-medical engineering as many already existing analog systems are replaced with their digital counterparts。 信号处理是非常数字化的，也是构成数字信号处理核心的重点领域，它正在迅速扩展， 应用在电气工程的各个领域中，如通信、控制、雷达、电视/音频/视频技术、电力电子技术和生物 医学工程，以相应的数字系统取代其中现有的模拟系统。