Model Test Five
Part ⅠWriting （30 minutes）
Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Are We Too Dependent on Technology. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below：
1. 科技的发展给我们的生活带来了极大的方便
2. 有人认为我们现在太依赖于科技
3. 你的观点
注意：在实考中，此部分试题在答题卡1上。
Are We Too Dependent on Technology
Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension （Skimming and Scanning）（15 minutes）
Directions：In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1～7, mark Y (for YES)if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N (for NO)if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;NG (for NOT GIVEN)if the information is not given in the passage. For questions 8～10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.
The Hydrogen Economy If the predictions are true, over the next several decades we will all begin to see an amazing shift away from the fossil fuel economy we have today toward a much cleaner hydrogen future. Can society actually make this shift, or will the technological, economic and political barriers keep us bound to petroleum and other fossil fuels for the next century and beyond. In this article, you will explain the benefits of a hydrogen economy, along with its potential problems.
Problems with the fossil fuel economy The whole economy, and in fact the whole of western society，currently depends on fossil fuels. However, there are four big problems that fossil fuels create: Air pollution—When cars burn gasoline, they would ideally burn it perfectly and create nothing but carbon dioxide and water in their exhaust. It is bad enough now that, in the summer, many cities have dangerous levels of ozone in the air. Environmental pollution—The process of transporting and storing oil has a big impact on the environment whenever something goes wrong. An oil spill, pipeline explosion or well fire can create a huge mess. The Exxon Valdez spill is the best known example of the problem, but minor spills happen constantly. Global warming—When you burn a gallon of gas in your car, you emit about 5 pounds (2.3 kg) of carbon into the atmosphere. T he carbon dioxide coming out of every car’s tailpipe is a greenhouse gas that is slowly raising the temperature of the planet. The ultimate effects are unknown, but it is a strong possibility that, eventually, there will be dramatic climate changes that affect everyone on the planet. For example, if the ice caps melt, sea level will rise significantly, flooding and destroying all coastal cities in existence today. Dependence—The United States, and most other countries, cannot produce enough oil to meet demand, so they import it from oil rich countries. That creates an economic dependence. When Middle East oil producers decide to raise the price of oil，the rest of the world has little choice but to pay the higher price.
Advantages of the hydrogen economy The hydrogen economy promises to eliminate all of the problems that the fossil fuel economy creates. Therefore, the advantages of the hydrogen economy include：1. The elimination of pollution caused by fossil fuels—When hydrogen is used in a fuel cell to create power, it is a completely clean technology. The only byproduct is water. There are also no environmental dangers like oil spills to worry about with hydrogen.2. The elimination of greenhouse gases—If the hydrogen comes from the electrolysis of water, then hydrogen adds no greenhouse gases to the environment. There is a perfect cycle—electrolysis produces hydrogen from water, and the hydrogen recombines with oxygen to create water and power in a fuel cell.3. The elimination of economic dependence—The elimination of oil means no dependence on the Middle East and its oil
reserves.4. Distributed production—Hydrogen can be produced anywhere that you have electricity and water. People can even produce it in their homes with relatively simple technology.
Where does the hydrogen come from In the hydrogen economy, there is no storehouse to tap into. We have to actually create the energy in real time. There are two possible sources for the hydrogen: Electrolysis of water—Using electricity, it is easy to split water molecules to create pure hydrogen and oxygen. One big advantage of this process is that you can do it anywhere. For example, you could have a box in your garage producing hydrogen from tap water, and you could fuel your car with that hydrogen. Reforming fossil fuels—Oil and natural gas contain hydrocarbons—molecules consisting of hydrogen and carbon. Using a device called a fuel processor or a reformer, you can split the hydrogen off the carbon in a hydrocarbon relatively easily and then use the hydrogen. You discard the leftover carbon to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. The second option is, of course, doesn’t solve either the greenhouse gas problem （because there is still carbon going into the atmosphere）or the dependence problem (you still need oil). However, it may be a good temporary step to take during the transition to the hydrogen economy. The interesting thing about the first option is that it is the core of the real hydrogen economy. To have a pure hydrogen economy, the hydrogen must be derived from renewable sources rather than fossil fuels so that we stop releasing carbon into the atmosphere. Having enough electricity to separate hydrogen from water, and generating that electricity without using fossil fuels，will be the biggest change that we see in creating the hydrogen economy.
Storage and transportation of the hydrogen At this moment, the problem with putting pure hydrogen vehicles on the road is the storage/transportation problem. Hydrogen is a bulky gas, and it is not nearly as easy to work with as gasoline. Compressing the gas requires energy, and compressed hydrogen contains far less energy than the same volume of gasoline. However, solutions to the hydrogen storage problem are surfacing. Once the storage problem is solved and standardized, then a network of hydrogen stations and the transportation infrastructure will have to develop around it. The main barrier to this might be the technological sorting out process. Stations will not develop quickly until there is a storage technology that clearly dominates the marketplace. There might also be a technological breakthrough that could rapidly change the playing field. For example, if someone could develop an inexpensive rechargeable battery with high capacity and a quick recharge time, electric cars would not need fuel cells and there would be no need for hydrogen on the road. Cars would recharge using electricity directly.
Prospects for the future moving to a pure hydrogen economy will be harder. The power generating plants will have to switch over to renewable sources of energy, and the marketplace will have to agree on ways to store and transport hydrogen. These hurdles will likely cause the transition to the hydrogen economy to be a rather long process.
1. The author tends to believe that the burning of gasoline contributes to the dangerous levels of ozone in the air.
2. The Exxon Valdez oil spill happened off the coast of Alaska is an environmental disaster.
3. The ultimate effects of global warming have been clearly and convincingly projected by scientists.
4. According to the author, the production of hydrogen involves relatively simple technology.
5. Hydrogen is considered as a clean source of energy, because the production of hydrogen produces insignificant amounts of carbon dioxide.
6. Electrolysis of water means to split water molecules to create pure hydrogen and oxygen using electricity.
7. A fuel processor or a reformer can extract hydrogen from oil and natural gas containing hydrocarbons，producing water as the only byproduct.
8. To achieve a pure hydrogen economy, the hydrogen must be obtained from ______rather than fossil fuels.
9. As suggested in the passage, the problem of ________must be solved before hydrogen can be widely used, ushering in the hydrogen economy.
10. According to the passage, hydrogen economy may not happen if an inexpensive rechargeable battery is developed with _________and __________.
Part Ⅲ Listening Comprehension （35 minutes）
Section A Directions: In this section，you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation，one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause，you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
11. A）He’d rather not go to the lecture. B）He doesn’t mind if the woman goes to the lecture.
C）He wants to hear the lecture. D）He has heard the lecture before.
12. A）Pay several bills. B）Phone the electric company.
C）Pay less rent. D）Make fewer telephone calls.
13. A）He’s sure the new chef is better.B）He wonders whether the new chef is an improvement.
C）He hopes the new chef will stay longer than the old one did.
D）He’s going to see the new chef toni ght.
14. A）Katie doesn’t often dance.B）Katie isn’t the person dancing.
C）Katie does indeed dance well. D）Katie dances better than her friend.
15. A）The man should buy a different meal ticket each month.
B）Individuals eat different amounts.
C）Buying the meal ticket won’t save the man money.
D）The price of a meal varies from month to month.
16. A）The application isn’t available at the office.B）The woman should mail a copy of her application.
C）The photocop y machine isn’t there anymore.D）The woman can make copies at the post office. 17. A）She doesn’t like the professor very much. B）She doubts class will be canceled.
C）She doesn’t want to attend the conference. D）She wonders whether the professor is an accountant.
18. A）The mail was sent back to the post office. B）He doesn’t have anything to drop in the mailbox.
C）It’s too soon to go back there.D）The post office is closed for an hour.
Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
19. A）Help with a term paper. B）Go to a concert.
C）Take care of his cousin. D）Arrange his cousin’s interview.
20. A）Finish his paper. B）Go to work.
C）Cook dinner for his cousin. D）Go to the auditorium.
21. A）He forgot to ask about her hobbies. B）He heard she enjoys music concerts.
C）He thinks she has enjoyed traveling. D）He doesn’t know what she likes to do.
22. A）She is shy around strangers. B）She is younger than he is.
C）She is a college student. D）She is usually late.
Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
23. A）The laboratories are not well equipped. B）The classes are too large.
C）It’s too expensive .D）It’s too far away from home.
24. A）It has a beautiful campus. B）Professors regularly publish their results.
C）It’s in an urban setting. D）Faculty members interact with students.
25. A）Investigate borrowing money for college. B）Choose a new major.
C）Accept an internship at the state university. D）Look for a job as a biologist.
Section B Directions：In this section，you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage，you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question，you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One Questions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.
26. A）Six thousand. B）Five thousand. C）Two thousand. D）One thousand.
27. A）Over crowded in the park. B）Smog rising from Los Angeles.
C）Littering of garbage. D）A dam built upstream.
28. A）Prohibiting visitors to stay there for the night. B）No vehicle will be allowed to drive in.
C）Visitors will have to take water with them. D）Visitors will pay to visit the park for the day. Passage Two Questions 29 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard.
29. A）It was once imagined in science fiction. B）It is very much like our own solar system.
C）It is a fully grown system evolving around Andromeda.
D）It seems to have three huge planets.
30. A）About 5 days. B）44 days. C）46 days. D）242 days.
31. A）During winter and spring. B）During spring and summer.
C）During summer and autumn. D）During autumn and winter.
32. A）Search for other planets in the system. B）Determine if life exists in the system.
C）Analyze what the planets are made of. D）Plan for an unmanned mission to the system. Passage Three Questions 33 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.
33. A) Doctors performing abortions in their clinics.
B) People responsible for wounding or killing abortion doctors.
C) People listing online information about abortion doctors.
D) People accusing abortion doctors online.
34. A) The defendants received life sentences for their acts.
B) The defendants would apologize to the abortion doctors.
C) The defendants should not threaten the abortion clinics.
D) The abortion doctors were awarded financial compensation.
35. A) Prepare themselves to serve their jail terms. B) Continue to list the anti-abortion data online.
C) Stop threatening the abortion providers. D) Continue to criticize the abortion providers.
Section C Directions：In this section，you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time，you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time，you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks，you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally，when the passage is read for the third time，you should check what you have written.
The United Nations Children’s Fund，UNICEF, has just （36）_____ a report on the “Unite for Children，Unite Against AIDS” （37）_________ launched in October of 2005. The report on claims there are （38）_______ of progress, but it calls for greater attention to the needs of children affected by AIDS. One of the biggest problems is the （39）_________ of HIV from mothers to children. In 2006，mother to child transmission was the main cause of the （40）________ half million new infections in children under the age of 15. UNICEF reports that several countries in eastern and southern Africa have made what it calls （41）_______ . They greatly increased the number of mothers （42）_________ antiretroviral drugs which can prevent mother to child
transmission. However, there are still far too many pregnant women infected with HIV who do not get antiretroviral treatment. Only 9% of them in poor countries were getting the （43）________ in 2005. UNICEF also reports gains in providing treatment to children who already have HIV or AIDS. Testing programs and health worker skills have improved. (44)_________________________. (45)__________________________________ . Still there is much more room for progress. Just one in ten infected children worldwide gets antiretroviral treatment. （46）___________________________________________ .
Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension （Reading in Depth）（25 minutes）
Section A Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage.
The common cold is a mild, communical virus infection of the upper respiratory tract (nose, throat and larynx). The __47__ cold is most prevalent during the winter. It is estimated that about 50% of all people suffer from colds during the winter, while only about 20% during the summer. The disease is also more prevalent _48 the younger age groups. The principal _49_ of the common cold is a group of 50 to 60 different viruses known as rhinoviruses. In addition to rhinoviruses, which seem to _50 for the majority of common colds, certain other viruses have also been 51 with the disease. Since so many viruses cause the common cold, it is 52 that artificial immunization, that is any medication to prevent it, will be probable for some time. A natural 53 of immunity does exist; but an individual must be infected with all of the many cold producing viruses before he is truly immune to the disease. 54 of natural immunity is the fact that colds occur less frequently in older persons. This is the result of immunity 55 from cold infections in the past. It also reflects their 56 contact with small children, a major source of infection.
A）account F）frequented K）strengthened B）expose G）potential L）common C）among H）unlikely M）confirmation D）associated I）cause N）evidence E）acquired J）lessened O）form
Section B
Directions：There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A），B），C）and D）. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.
Almost 200 lunar exploration objectives resulted from the Global Exploration Strategy process. NASA engaged the global space community to develop the objectives by asking the question, “What do we hope to accomplish through lunar exploration?” NASA took the many answers to this question and compiled them into a comprehensive database of almost 200 different things we could do on the moon! The lunar exploration objectives are meant to capture the entire set of activities that anyone involved in lunar exploration may want to pursue. These activities could be carried out by NASA, another space agency, a private company, a university, or anyone else who invests in space exploration. Most importantly, each lunar exploration objective can help achieve the broad goals defined by at least one of the lunar exploration themes. For example, the objective “studying craters on the moon” is linked to the “Scientific Knowledge” theme, since studying craters will help us learn more about the moon and the solar system. By linking the objectives to the themes, organizations such as NASA can better
understand the specific activities necessary to accomplish the goals. NASA will take ideas from the lunar exploration themes and objectives and begin to lay out a timeline for what NASA plans to do on the moon. The themes and objectives are meant to capture the entire set of activities that anyone involved in lunar exploration (a space agency, private firm, university, or other) may want to pursue, as developed by the process described previously. The themes and objectives do not set forth U.S. government or NASA policy. They do not establish a set of activities that NASA or any member of the global space community intends to pursue. The themes and objectives do not reflect whether domestic legislation, international agreements, or both would be necessary to carry them out. NASA merely facilitated development of these themes and objectives, which are simply one data set to consider as the United States and its potential international partners begin to define lunar exploration architectures.
注意：在实考中，此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
57. The lunar exploration objectives are determined by __________.
A）the Global Exploration Strategy process B）a comprehensive database
C）experts from NASA and other agencies D）the global space community
58. The great number of lunar exploration objectives compiled by engaging the global space community seems to indicate ________.
A）NASA has trouble deciding the lunar exploration objectives
B）NASA highly values the opinions of the global space community
C）remarkable enthusiasm about lunar exploration from the public
D）there is an acute need to compile a comprehensive database
59. How are the lunar exploration objectives defined?
A）They are classified under the “Scientific Knowledge” theme.
B）They are themes assigned to different organizations.
C）They are classified into different themes.
D）They are classified as the specific activities to be accomplished.
60. What is NASA going to do about the objectives of lunar exploration?
A）NASA will decide how much time is needed for the lunar exploration activities.
B）NASA will try to involve more individuals and organizations for lunar exploration.
C）NASA will set priorities for the objectives of lunar exploration.
D）NASA will coordinate with the global space community with the U.S. government.
61. By sa ying “The themes and objectives do not set forth U.S. government or NASA policy”, the author probably means the themes and objective ___________ .
A）are not decided by the U.S. government or NASA
B）do not represent U.S. government or NASA policy
C）are not part of U.S. government or NASA policy
D）are not recognized as U.S. government or NASA policy
Passage Two Questions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.
One hundred years ago, amidst glowing glass tubes and the hum of electricity, the British physicist J.J. Thomson was venturing into the interior of the atom. At the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University, Thomson was experimenting with currents of electricity inside empty glass tubes. He was investigating a long standing p uzzle known as “cathode（阴极）rays.” His experiments prompted him to make a bold proposal: these mysterious rays are streams of particles much smaller than atoms, they are in fact minuscule pieces of atoms. He called these particles “corpuscles”, and suggested that they might make up all of the matter in atoms. It was startling to imagine a particle residing inside the atom—most people thought that the atom was indivisible, the
most fundamental unit of matter. Thomson’s speculation was not unambiguously supported by his experiments. It took more experimental work by Thomson and others to sort out the confusion. The atom is now known to contain other particles as well. Yet Thomson’s bold suggestion that cathode rays were material constituents of atoms turned out to be correct. The rays are made up of electrons: very small, negatively charged particles that are indeed fundamental parts of every atom. Modern ideas and technologies based on the electron, leading to television and the computer and much else, evolved through many difficult steps. Thomson’s careful experiments and adventurous hypotheses were followed by crucial experimental and theoretical work by many others in the United Kingdom, Germany, France and elsewhere. These physicists opened for us a new perspective—a view from inside the atom.
62. By saying that “...J.J. Thomson was venturing into the interior of the atom”，the authors means the scientist was .
A）trying to move into the inside of the atom
B）investing in the scientific research of the atom
C）attempting to study the inside of the atom
D）gaining understanding of the inside of the atom
63. What is NOT true of corpuscles?
A）They are not necessarily the essential parts of every atom.
B）They are the components making up the matter in an atom.
C）They are the tiny pieces inside an atom.
D）They testify the fact that the atom is divisible.
64. The confusion that J.J. Thomson and others found it hard to sort out refers to ______ .
A）the misconceptions about the cathode rays
B）the nature of the matter forming the atom
C）the doubts surrounding their experiments
D）the belief that the atom was indivisible
65. How does modern physics explain “cathode rays”?
A）They are rays that gleam inside empty glass tubes.
B）They are streams of particles much smaller than atoms.
C）They are tiny negatively charged particles in the atom.
D）They are negative electrons inside the atom.
66. What is the significance of J.J. Thomson’s research?
A）It solved the puzzle about cathode rays.
B）It explained the formation of the atom.
C）It paved the way for the understanding of the atom.
D）It proved that the atom has a nucleus surrounded by electrons.
Part Ⅴ Cloze （15 minutes）
Directions：There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D) on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
One of the most popular literary 67 in American literature is a woman who spent almost half of her long life in China. In her lifetime she 68 the most highly acclaimed literary award in the Unite States: the Pulitzer Prize, and also the most prestigious form of literary 69 in the world, the Nobel Prize for Literature. Pearl S. Buck was almost a 70 word throughout much of her lifetime because of her prolific literary 71 , which
72 of some 85 73 works, including several dozen novels, six collections of short stories, 14 books for children, and more than a dozen works of nonfiction. When she was 80 years old, some 25 volumes were 74 publication. Many of those books were 75 China, the land in which she spent so much of her life. Her books and her life 76 as a bridge between the cultures of the East and the West. As the 77 of those two cultures she became, as she 78 herself, “mentally bifocal.” Her unique79 made her into an unusually 80 and versatile human being. As we examine the life of Pearl Buck, we cannot help but be 81 that we are in fact 82 three separate people: a wife and mother, an internationally famous writer and a humanitarian and philanthropist. One cannot really get to know Pearl Buck without learning 83 each of the three. Though 84 in her lifetime with even the Nobel and Pulitzer prizes, Pearl Buck as a 85 human being，not only a famous author, is a captivating 86 of study.
67. A）figures B）persons C）people D）writers
68. A）obtained B）achieved C）resulted D）earned
69. A）achievement B）recognition C）contribution D）creation
70. A）familiarized B）recognizable C）mysterious D）household
71. A）output B）conception C）invention D）productivity
72. A）contained B）composed C）consisted D）included
73. A）publishing B）published C）publicity D）publicized
74. A）waiting B）waited for C）awaited for D）awaiting
75. A）set in B）set aside C）set up D）set off
76. A）acted B）served C）provided D）supplied
77. A）outcome B）mixture C）product D）combination
78. A）called B）named C）termed D）described
79. A）history B）background C）setting D）childhood
80. A）interested B）interest C）interesting D）disinterest
81. A）aware B）conscious C）mindful D）responsive
82. A）dealing B）meeting C）analyzing D）distinguishing
83. A）from B）of C）about D）on
84. A）honor B）honorable C）honoring D）honored
85. A）comprehensive B）total C）complete D）genuine
86. A）topic B）area C）theme D）subject
Part Ⅵ Translation （5 minutes）
Directions：Complete the sentences by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets. Please write your translation on Answer Sheet 2.
87. During the meeting，the board members were assured by the president of the company that （他们会及时了解项目的进展）.
88. All the tasks (提前完成以后), they decided to go on holiday for a week.
89. By the time you finish reading the book, (我应该已经结束面试回来了).
90. (思前想后), I think I will have to voice my opinion at the meeting.
91. According to the fourth report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),（人类要为气候变化负责）.
Model Test Five
Part ⅠWriting ??Are We Too Dependent on Technology
With fast development of technology, our life is becoming more and more convenient than ever. Without technology, our life would be no different from our ancestors living in caves. But some of us think that now we are too dependent on technology. For example, when we travel to somewhere, we have to rely on cars, trains, ships or airplanes. Seldom do we entertain with the idea of walking on foot. When we want to contact with someone, we’ll pick up a phone or use the Internet. Unlike our ancestors, what we use or eat are not the products of our own labor. Just imagine what would happen if there was a blackout of electricity. The whole world would be plunged into dark ages. In my opinion, we can not refuse the benefits brought by new technologies. However, I do feel that from time to time, we need to go out and enjoy the quiet that nature provides us, thinking that our future should not be restricted by technology.
Part ⅡReading Comprehension （Skimming and Scanning）
［文章大意］本文阐述了化石燃料经济在未来的几十年内会被氢燃料经济所取代，这是因为化石燃料经济存在着造成诸如空气污染、环境污染、全球变暖等问题，并且指出了氢经济的一些优势，将来如何储存和运输氢以及对氢经济未来的展望。
1. Y
题干说明作者相信汽油的燃烧会导致空气中危险的臭氧层。文中第二段第一点作者讲述air pollution中提到现在很多城市由于大量汽油的燃烧而导致了空气中危险的臭氧层。
2. NG
题干说明发生在阿拉斯加海岸的Exxon Valdez 漏油事件是个环境灾难。文中作者只是提到漏油、管道爆炸或者火灾会导致巨大的混乱，Exxon Valdez漏油事件是个典型的例子。故题干答案为NG。
3. N
题干说明全球变暖的最终影响已经被科学家清楚有力地试验了。作者在全球变暖的段落中解释到，全球变化的最终影响还是未知的，但是最终会产生巨大的气候变化影响到人们的生活。故题干是错误的。
4. Y
题干说明根据作者的观点，氢的产生涉及到相对简单的技术。在文中氢经济节约的优势中，作者提到人们能够在家用简单的技术制造出氢。
5. Y
题干说明氢被认为是一种干净的能源，因为氢的制造产生少量的二氧化碳。但是文章介绍目前从油和天然气中分离氢仍然需要化石燃料（石油和煤炭），但是相比而言产生的温室气体较少。
6. Y
题干说明电解水意味着用电去分离水分子然后制造出纯氢和氧。文中electrolysis of water段落中揭示了这一点。
7. N
题干说明燃料处理器能够从包括烃的油和天然气中分离出氢，同时制造了水这个副产品。在文中reforming fossil fuels段落中，作者提到使用燃油处理器的设备可以从烃中将氢和碳分离，并同时制造了二氧化碳这个副产品，而不是水。
8. renewable sources
题干提问要获得一个纯氢的经济节约，氢必须从哪里而不是化石燃料中获得。在文中reforming fossil fuels 段落中第三部分讲到要获得一个纯氢的经济节约，必须从renewable sources分解出来从而防止将碳释放到大气层。
9. hydrogen storage and transportation
题干提问根据文章，什么问题必须在氢被广泛使用之前被解决，促进氢的经济节约。在Storage and transportation of the hydrogen 段落中作者提到氢要被广泛使用，氢的储存和交通是当前需要解决的问题。
10. high capacity/a quick recharge time
题干提问根据本文，如果能发展出一种具有什么优势的可充电电池，并且价格低廉，那么氢的节约经济也许就不能产生。在文中Storage and transportation of the hydrogen 段落中第三部分作者提到具有高能量和快速充电效能的可充电电池，并且价格低廉的话将会打破氢的使用范围，到时汽车将不再需要燃料。
Part ⅢListening Comprehension
11. C12. A13. B14. C15. C
16. D17. B18. C19. C20. B
21. D22. B23. B24. D25. A
26. C27. C28. D29. A30. D
31. C32. C33. C34. D35. B
36. released
37. campaign
38. signs
39. spread
40. estimated
41. breakthroughs
42. receiving
43. medicines
44. Lower drug prices and simpler treatments have also helped in the care of children with HIV/AIDS
45. Several countries increased HIV treatment for children by combining it with programs at treatment centers for adults
46. And only 4% of children born to HIV infected mothers receive drugs to prevent infections that can be deadly
Part ⅣReading Comprehension (Reading in Depth)
Section A
47. L：common
common cold, 普通感冒，这里指普通感冒在冬季是最普遍的。
48. C：among
考查介词，此处表示：在年纪较小的人当中，普通感冒更加普遍。
49. I：cause
这里应该填个名词，这里指普通感冒的主要起因，cause “原因，动机，理由”符合题意。
50. A：account
分析句子的语法结构，显然应该选择动词并能与介词for搭配使用。account for 固定搭配, “说明，占”符合题意。此句意思是：鼻病毒（rhinovirus）是导致大多数普通感冒的病毒。
51. D：associated
be associated with，固定搭配“和……有关联”，这里表示：某些其他的病毒也和普通感冒有关联。
52. H：unlikely
系表结构，unlikely“未必的，不太可能的”。
53. O：form
这里少个名词，可选项中的四个名词account, cause，evidence和form，form为最佳答案，此处意为：天生的免疫形式是肯定存在的。
54. N：evidence
这里少个名词, 此处表示“天生免疫的根据是……”，evidence“迹象，根据”。
55. E：acquired
句子的语法结构是完整的，故应考虑过去分词做宾语补足语，进一步修饰说明宾语immunity。此处意为：免疫能力是从以往的感冒病毒中获得的。
56. J：lessened
这里少个形容词，此句意为：年长的人不容易得感冒是因为他们很少与小孩子们接触，而小孩子是病毒传染的主要来源。lessened“减少的，减弱的”符合题意。
Section B
Passage One
［文章大意］大约200个月球勘测目标起因于全球勘测战略进程。国家航空和宇宙航行局（NASA）以“通过勘测我们希望完成什么？”这样的问题去开发那些目标。NASA针对这个问题给出了许多答案，并且将其整合成为一个关于人们可以在月球从事的大约200种活动的综合数据库。
57. A题干提问月球勘测目标是怎么设定的，对应文中首句Almost 200 lunar exploration objectives resulted from the Global Exploration Strategy process。
58. C题干提问由全球空间团体汇编的大量月球勘测目标表明了什么。文中第一段提到NASA engaged the global space community to develop the objectives by asking the question, “what do we hope to accomplish through lunar exploration?”，第二段首句NASA took the many answers to this question and compiled them into..., 由此可见公众对于月球勘测是很关注的，故答案C合适。
59. C题干提问月球勘测目标是如何被定义的。对应文中第三段首句Most importantly, each lunar exploration objective can help achieve the broad goals defined by at least one of the lunar exploration themes.
60. C题干提问NASA关于月球勘测的目标打算做些什么。文中第四段首句NASA will take ideas from the lunar exploration themes and objectives and begin to lay out a timeline for what NASA plans to do on the moon，由此可见NASA将要为这些目标安排一个时间顺序来勘测，故选答案C。
61. B词汇题。本题实际考查了短语set forth “提出、声称、陈列”，答案B中的represent与此对应。
Passage Two
［文章大意］一百年前，在炽热的玻璃管和电流的嗡嗡声中，英国物理学家汤姆森冒险去研究原子的内部结构。汤姆森进行的实验一开始并没有明确地支撑住他的设想。汤姆森和其他人花费了更多的试验工作去解决他们的疑惑。如今众所周知，原子也是包含其他微粒的，以及电子、电子组成的射线等等。
62. C本题可用排除法，根据venture一词可知这是一个尝试，选项A和C可选，但是从句意上分析，选择答案C。
63. A根据关键词corpuscles（微粒）定位到文中第一段第六行He called these particles “corpuscles”, and suggested that they might make up all of the matter in atoms，故答案A对微粒的描述是不正确的。
64. D题干提问Thomson和其他人发现很难去解决的困惑是指什么。文中第一段末作者提到most people thought that the atom was indivisible，并且Thomson 一开始的实验并没有被人们所接受，所以他们要花更多的实验to sort out the confusion。
65. C题干提问现代物理学对阴极射线是如何解释的。文中第二段第四行The rays are made up of electrons：very small, negatively charged particles that are indeed fundamental parts of every atom.，故选答案C。
66. C题干提问Thomson研究的重要性是什么。本文最后一段中提到Thomson仔细的实验和冒险精神被后来多国的物理学家以实验和理论的形式追从。这些物理学家为我们打开了一个新的视野——观察原子的内部，故选答案C。
Part ⅤCloze
67. A名词辨析。本句句意为：美国文学中，赛珍珠在中国度过了几乎半生，她是最受欢迎的文学家。figures 形象、角色；persons人；people人们；writers作者、作家。
68. D动词辨析。这里需要一个谓语动词。在她生命中，她获得过美国最高荣誉文学奖——普利策奖，并且还获得世界上最有声望的文学赞誉——诺贝尔文学奖。obtain得到；achieve完成、达到；result导致；earn挣得、获得。
69. B名词辨析。句意同68题，这里需要一个名词表示“赞誉、公认的声誉”。achievement成就、成绩；recognition赞誉、承认；contribution捐献、贡献；creation创造。
70. D形容词辨析。句意为：在她的一生中，赛珍珠这个名字几乎是家喻户晓的。赛珍珠是一位多产的作者，一生出版85部著作，包括小说、短故事集、14本儿童读物、以及十几本非小说的散文文学。familiarized 为人熟悉的；recognizable可认识的；mysterious神秘的；household熟悉的、家喻户晓的。
71. A名词辨析。句意同70题，这里需要一个名词表示大量的文学“产量、输出量”。output产量、输出；conception概念、观念；invention发明；productivity生产力。
72. C固定搭配。句意同70题，compose of由各部分组成；consist of 由什么组成、包括。
73. B形容词辨析。这里需要一个形容词修饰works，表示“被出版的著作”，故选published。
74. D动词辨析。这里需要一个谓语动词。句意为：在她80岁时，还有一部分25册在等待出版。await的意思同wait for，后面接宾语。
75. A动词词组辨析。本句句意为：许多书都是在她生活了很长时间的中国创作的。set in 开始、到来；set aside不顾、取消；set up设立；set off出发、动身。
76. B固定搭配。serve as 服务作……、用作……。
77. C名词辨析。本句句意为：她作为两种文化的产物，正如她自己描述自己是“精神上双焦点的”。outcome 成果；mixture混合物；product产品、产物；combination结合、联合。
78. D动词辨析。这里需要一个谓语动词，句意同77题。call称呼、认为；name命名；term称做；describe 描述。
79. B名词辨析。句中需要名词做主语，根据后面内容对她个人的介绍，可以推断出其是有很多经验和背景故事的人。history历史；background背景；setting安置；childhood童年。
80. C词形辨析。这里需要一个形容词修饰赛珍珠，她是一个很有趣味的人。故选interesting。
81. A形容词辨析。这里需要一个形容词与be动词结合作谓语。本句句意为：当我们研究赛珍珠一生时，我们不得不意识到实际上我们遇到三个单独的人：一个妻子和母亲、一个国际知名作家和一个人道主义慈善家。aware意识到的；conscious神志清醒的；mindful留心的；responsive响应的。
82. B动词辨析。这里需要谓语动词，句意同81题。deal处理；meet遇到；analyze分析；distinguish区别。
83. C介词辨析。本句句意为：一个人如果没有了解这三个角色中的每一个就不可能真正了解赛珍珠。learn about了解，得知，获悉。
84. D词形辨析。这里从句省略主语，过去分词引导让步短语，故选honored。
85. B形容词辨析。本句句意为：虽然曾被授予诺贝尔、普利策等奖章，赛珍珠不仅仅作为一个作家，而且作为一个全面的人来看，也是一个迷人的研究主题。comprehensive广泛的；total整体的；complete全部的；genuine真实的。
86. D名词辨析。句意同85题。topic话题；area??? 范围；theme主题；subject主题、对象。
Part ⅥTranslation
87. they would be kept informed of the progress of the project
88. having been fulfilled (completed ) ahead of time
89. I shall have returned from the interview
90. All things considered
91. humans are blamed for climate change/humans are responsible for climate change
Tape Script of Listening Comprehension
Model Test Five
Section A
11. W：The Department of Arts has invited a guest lecturer to talk about modern sculpture. I don t imagine you have any interest in attending that lecture.
M：I do, now that you’ve reminded me of it.
Q：What does the man mean?
12. M：It’s the first of the month already. I’d better draw my money from the bank and pay my phone bill.
W：Shouldn’t you pay the rent and the electricity bill, too?
Q：What does the woman suggest the man do?
13. W：There is a new chef at the restaurant in the shopping mall. They say that he used to work in some five-star restaurant.
M：It remains to be seen whether the new one is any better than the old one.
Q：What does the man mean?
14. M：Your friend Katie must have had some training from some professional dancer or a dance school. She surely knows how to dance.
W：Doesn’t she, though.
Q：What does the woman mean?
15. M：Would it be better to buy a monthly meal ticket or pay for each meal separately?
W：What difference does it make? The price per meal is the same either way.
Q：What does the woman mean?
16. W：Where can I have copies made of my application?
M：Isn’t there a photo copy machine in the post office? The one at the end of this street.
Q：What does the man imply?
17. M：Do you think Professor Smith will cancel class on account of the special conference? He’ll be away for at least one week.
W：Not likely, count on me.
Q：What does the woman mean?
18. W：Let’s drop by the post office again, Fred. It won’t take long. I just want to see if there is any mail yet.
M：The post office again? It’s only been an hour.
Q：What does the man mean?
Conversation One
M：Susan, I could really use your help this weekend.
W：What is it, John? Another term paper?
M：No, no. This is easy compared to that. My cousin is coming on Thursday. She has an interview at the college and I promised my aunt to look after her. We are going to the game on Friday, but Saturday I’m on duty at the library all day and can’t get out of it. Uh, I was wondering if you could show her around during the day and maybe we can all meet for dinner later.
W：Sure. I don’t have any plans. What kind of things does she like to do?
M：Actually I haven’t seen her for three years. She lives so far away. This will be her first time on a college campus. She is still in high school, you know. So she probably enjoys anything on campus.
W：Well, there is a music festival in the auditorium. That’s a possibility. I don’t know for sure. Everything will be closed down then.
M：Well, how about for the time being? I’ll plan on dropping her off at your place on the way to work, around eleven. But if there is a blizzard, I’ll give you a call and see if we can figure something else out.
W：Sounds good. Meantime I’ll keep Saturday open. We can meet Friday night when we have a better idea of the forecast.
M：I hope this works out. I feel kind of responsible. She won’t know a way around. And I want her to have a good time. Anyway I really appreciate your help. I owe you one.
W：No problem. I’ll talk to you tomorrow.
Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
19. What does John ask Susan to do?
20. What will John do on Saturday?
21. What does John say about his cousin’s interests?
22. What can be inferred about John’s cousin?
Conversation Two
W：Hello, John. You must be pleased. After all how many students are lucky enough to have been accepted at their first and their second choices?
M：Not many I know. But I’m not sure yet which one to choose.
W：Well, you seem to have doubts about the state university. But its biology department has a fine reputation. What more could a biology major want?
M：Yeah. And they also have internships for seniors. But a friend told me that for the first two years some lectures have a hundred and fifty students. You probably wouldn’t get to know any of your teachers.
W：Well, you might actually. Because those classes also have small discussion sections. Twice a week, and have no more than twenty students.
M：I know. But I’ve heard that they are usually taught by graduate students. At White Stone College all classes are taught by professors.
W：What about Sating? Do you prefer a small town like White Stone? Or a bigger place like the state capital?
M：That doesn’t matter to me. What I do care about is getting individual attention from the faculty than making friends.
W：Look, I’ve known you for four years now and you seem to be a pretty outgoing person. I don’t think you have any trouble making friends at the state university. It sounds to me that you are leaning toward White Stone though?
M：I am. The only problem is that the White Stone’s tuition is really high and I’m not sure I can afford it.
W：You could still apply for a student loan or sign up for a work-study program.
M：Yeah. I think I’ll look into that.
Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
23. What concern does the man have about the state university?
24. What does the man consider to be an advantage of the White Stone College?
25. What is the man likely to do in the near future?
Section B
Passage One
The Grand Canyon is running out of space! That sounds illogical, because it is such a large place. However, many people visit the Grand Canyon. They come by bus, by motorcycle, and by car. Some people fly over the canyon in airplanes. Five million people visited the Grand Canyon last year. Most people visited the South Rim of the canyon. Six thousand cars visited that area every day. That was three times the number of parking places there! About 21,000 visitors to the Grand Canyon take raft trips down the Colorado River. This river is at the bottom of Grand Canyon. About 100,000 visitors hike along trails within the canyon. However, the visitors to the South Rim area are the main problem. They use a lot of water for toilets and showers. Plants and animals in the area need this water. The water comes from springs on the side of the rim. New buildings on the rim affect the springs as well. There are other problems outside the canyon that affect the Grand Canyon National Park. Smog from Los Angeles clouds the air. A dam upstream on the Colorado River has changed the water flow. In order to make the Grand Canyon less crowded, there may be new policies. People are talking about requiring reservations to visit the park.
A new twenty-dollar fee is now required to visit the Grand Canyon for the day.
Questions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.
26. How many parking places are there in the Grand Canyon?
27. Which of the following is NOT referred that affect the Grand Canyon?
28. What policies are people talking about protecting the park?
Passage Two
What science fiction once told of other worlds far away is now fact. Astronomers have found another solar system like ours. It was found in the group of stars called Andromeda. The solar system is indeed a fully grown system of planets around the star Upsilon Andromeda. It appears to have three planets, one close in, one at a middle distance, and one farther out. The star is slightly larger than our sun. The planets are huge, like our Jupiter. In the solar system, the inner planet moves around every 46 days, the middle planet every 242 days, and the outer planet every three and a half to four years. The solar system is 44 light years away. Even though this seems far away, in outer space it is close. The sun of the solar system is so near and bright that it can be seen by the naked eye during summer and fall. For twelve years the astronomers searched for suns with planets like ours. Three and a half years ago, they began finding for the first time planets. Astronomers have no clue whether they can support life. Moreover, present technology is not advanced enough to determine what the planets are made of. That, perhaps, is astronomy’s next challenge.
Questions 29 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard.
29. What is NOT true of Andromeda according to the speaker?
30. How much time is needed for the middle planet to circle Andromeda?
31. When can the star of Andromeda be observed by the naked eye from the earth?
32. What is the next challenge for astronomers studying the solar system?
Passage Three
Does freedom of speech or press give people the right to say or write whatever they want? In a recent court case, anti-abortion activists were sued for putting personal information about abortion doctors on the Internet. On the web site were posters with lists of names and addresses of abortion doctors. If doctors were killed, then their names were crossed off the list. When doctors were hurt, their names were “dimmed” on the list. The trial lasted three weeks and then the jury met for five days to decide the case. The jury found the website owners guilty of having a dangerous site that could cause harm or kill abortion providers. Now the defendants who include twelve people and two right-to-life groups must pay four doctors and two women’s clinics one million dollars. Abortion rights lawyers hope this court decision will cause people to stop threatening abortion clinics, and allow doctors to practice medicine without fear. The defendants in the case say that they have the right to speak and publish information about abortion providers. Their lawyers claims that the Internet posters contained criticism and not personal threats. Until another trial is held, the defendants will keep trying to provide anti abortion data to the public.
Questions 33 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.
33. Who were charged in a recent court case?
34. How did the court rule on the case?
35. What would the defendants do after the trial?
Section C
The United Nations Children’s Fund, UNICEF, has just （36）released a report on the “Unite for Children, Unite Against AIDS”（37）campaign launched in October of 2005. The report on claims there are （38）signs of progress, but it calls for greater attention to the needs of children affected by AIDS. One of the biggest problems is the （39）spread of HIV from mothers to children. In 2006, mother-to-child transmission was the main cause of the （40）estimated half-million new infections in children under the age of 15. UNICEF reports that several countries in eastern and southern Africa have made what it calls （41）breakthroughs. They greatly increased the number of mothers （42）receiving antiretroviral drugs which can prevent mother-to-child transmission. However, there are still far too many pregnant women infected with HIV who do not get antiretroviral treatment. Only 9% of them in poor countries were getting the （43）medicines in 2005.UNICEF also reports gains in providing treatment to children who already have HIV or AIDS. Testing programs and health worker skills have improved. （44）Lower drug prices and simpler treatments have also helped in the care of children with HIV/AIDS. （45）Several countries increased HIV treatment for children by combining it with programs at treatment centers for adults. Still there is much more room for progress. Just one in ten infected children worldwide gets antiretroviral treatment. （46）And only 4% of children born to HIV infected mothers receive drugs to prevent infections that can be deadly.
Model Test Ten Directions: This part is to test your listening ability. It consists of 3 sections. Section A Direction ： This section is to test your ability to understand short dialogues. There are 5 recorded dialogues in it. After each dialogue, there is a recorded question. Both the dialogues and questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, you should decide on the correct answer from the 4 choices marked A), B), C) and D) given in your test paper. Then you should mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. 1. A. The woman is concerned about the color choice. B. The woman doesn 't care which color is chosen. C. The man has chosen a nice color. D. The woman 's choice is different from the man 's. 2. A. A waiter B. A salesman 3. A. To unlock her car C. Her house needs another lock 4. A. Sally wouldn 't call the man again B. Sally didn 't call C. Sally would call next time she came to town D. Sally hoped to come for dinner next time she came to town 5. A. Next Tuesday B. Next Thursday C. Next Wednesday D. Next Friday Section B Direction ： This section is to test your ability to understand short conversations. There are 2 recorded conversations in it. After each conversation, there are some recorded questions. Both the conversations and questions will be spoken two times. When you hear a question, you should decide on the correct answer from the 4 choices marked A), B), C) and D) given in your test paper. Then you should mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Conversation 1 Conversation 2 8. A. She is too much worried about her business. B. She is short of money. C. She has no time to take a vacation. D. She is always having a headache. 9. A. To sleep more and not think about her job. B. To take the medicine regularly. C. To do more exercise everyday. Part I Listening Comprehension C. A manager D. A receptionist B. Her keys are broken D. Her back door lock doesn 't work well 6. A. 1 kilo 7. A. One B. 2 kilos B. Two C. 3 kilos C. Three D. 4 kilos D. Four
试题解析 Part I Listening Comprehension Section A 1．M ：I 'd like to have a single room with bath today. W ： I 'm sorry, but all the rooms are booked. Q ：What does the woman mean? 【解析】B 。本题为细节推理题。男士说自己想要个带浴室的单人间，女士说所有房间都 已订满。由此推断目前没有房间可以提供给男士。 2．W ： Excuse me, sir. Can you tell me how I can get to a bank nearby? M ： Go down the street, and turn left at the corner. You can 't miss it. Q ：Where does the conversation most probably take place? 【解析】C 。本题为细节推理题。女士询问怎么去附近的银行，男士给出了具体的路线。 这样的对话最可能发生在大街上。 3． M ： Susan, we 'll go camping this weekend. Would you like to join us? W ： Oh! Great! I like camping very much. Q ：What will they do at the weekend? 【解析】A 。本题为事实细节题。男士说周末要去露营，问女士是否愿意去，如能正确理 解女士的话 Great!（ 好的 ），本题就迎刃而解。 4．W ： What are the main products of your company? M ： We are a manufacture of household appliances. Q ：What does the company mainly produce? 【解析】D 。女士问公司的主要产品是什么，男士的回答说我们是家居用品生产商。 5．M ：Can I help you, madam? W ： Yes, I bought a mobile phone from your store, but it doesn 't work properly. Q ：What is the woman doing at the store? 【解析】A 。本题为细节推理题。从女士说的手机不能正常使用可以推断出女士去商店 对手机的质量进行投诉。 What kind of job is the man interested in? 【解析】 A 。问题询问男士对哪种工作感兴趣，男士的回答直接就是答案，也就是“我 Section B Conversation 1 W: M: W: M: W: M: W: M: W: M: W: Hi, Jack, what kind of work do you want to do when you finish university? I 've always been interested in anything related to computers. Wow! That s 'a job that pays well. Have you sent any application letters yet? Yes, I have. A few companies have invited me for an interview. Well done! How about you? But I haven 't decided yet. Which field would you like to work in? I have always fond of designing. Q6：
Model Test I Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions：For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Who Should Pay the University’s Tuition？You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below. 1．大学学费不断上涨，有人认为大学学费应由学生自己赚取，有人认为应由父母供给。 2．作为大学生，谈谈你自己的观点，并给出理由。 Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes) Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage. Halloween On October 31st, dozens of children dressed in costumes knock on their neighbo rs’ doors and yell “Trick or Treat” when the door opens. Pirates and princesses, ghosts and popular heroes of the day all hold bags open to catch the candy or other goodies that the neighbors drop in. As they give each child a treat the neighbors exclaim over the costumes and try to guess who is under the masks. Since the 800’s November l st is a religious holiday known as All Saints’ Day. The Mass that was said on this day was called AllHallowmas. The evening before became known as All Hakkiwe’en, or Halloween. Like some other American celebrations, its origins lie in both pre-Christian and Christian customs. October 31st was the eve of the Celtic new year. The Celts were the ancestors of the present-day Irish, Welsh and Scottish people. On this day ghosts walked and mingled with the living, or so the Celts thought. The townspeople baked food all that day and when night fell they dressed up and tried to resemble the souls of the dead. Hoping that the ghosts would leave peacefully before midnight of the new year. Much later, when Christianity spread throughout Ireland and October 31st was no longer the last day of the year, Halloween became a celebration mostly for children. “Ghosts” went from door to door asking for treats, or else a trick would be played on the owners of the house. When millions of Irish people immigrated to the United States in the 1840s the tradition came with them. Today school dances and neighborhood parties called “block parties” are popular among young and old alike. More and more adults celebrate Halloween. They dress up like historical or political figures and go to masquerade parties(化装舞会). In larger cities, costumed children and their parents gather at shopping malls early in the evening. Stores and businesses give parties with games and treats for the children. Teenagers enjoy costume dances at their schools and the more outrageous the costume the better! Certain pranks (恶作剧) such as soaping car windows and tipping over garbage cans are expected. But partying and pranks are not the only things that Halloweeners enjoy doing. Some collect money to buy food and medicine for needy children around the world. Symbols of Halloween Halloween originated as a celebration connected with evil spirits. Witches flying broomsticks with black cats, ghosts, goblins (小精灵) and skeletons have all evolved as symbols of Halloween. They are popular trick-or-treat costumes and decorations for greeting cards and windows. Black is one of the traditional Halloween colors, probably because Halloween festivals and traditions took place at night. In
常见系统发育软件使用方法 Xie Lei BJFU 1 Paup MP流程: Mac 准备nex文件(interleave和noninterleave均可) →存入新建文件夹→拖入paup或用paup打开→ execute → log file → cstatus → tstatus → hsearch →define outgroup →roottrees →savetrees →describetrees →contree(save to file) →save pict→bootstrap(save tree file) →print bootstrap tree→save pict. →stop log. PC版操作，可将附录批处理文件内容粘贴至nex文件后面，execute即可。 2 Paup ML 流程：Mac 准备nex文件(interleave和noninterleave均可) →存入新建文件夹→拖入paup或用paup打开→execute→从modeltest软件中打开paupblock运算检测模型→生成score file→打开modeltest中的bin读取score数据→生成结果文档→存档并打开此文档→AIC→将begin paup的运算模块贴至原nex数据文件后面→重新将其拖入paup运行→选择ML运算模式→hsearch→打印树图→save pict. →bootstrap. PC版操作，可将附录5批处理文件内容粘贴至nex文件后面，execute即可。
3 Garli运算ML流程： 准备nex文件(interleave) →存入新建文件夹→拖入paup或用paup打开→execute→输出noninterleave文档（若直接是noninterleave上述过程省略，又如果是PC机paup，无菜单操作，可在paup命令行中输入附录1*的命令回车即可生成noninterleave数据）。 使用noninterleave文档（数据中类群名称不得有单引号，空格，所有方括号中内容删除）→新建文件夹存入→按照流程2进行modeltest→在苹果机上打开Garli→导入数据→把model定好→run(切记此处不要激bootstrap选项) 将上次运算数据拷贝至一新建文件夹→导入苹果版Garli→激活bootstrap选项→定好model→run 所有结果用paup软件打开→save pict→打开bootstrap树→做50% majority rule contree→save pict. 注：Garli苹果和PC版都有，但是操作不同。 数据格式：和算PAUP一样的nexus格式，但是这个格式有很多注意事项，一些常见的小错误会造成软件无法运行。参见下列常见问题： 1 一定要noninterleave的数据，否则软件无法运算 2 [ ]虽然在mrbayes和paup中不成问题但是在garli中有影响，里面内容在算之前全部删除为好。 3 taxon名称中可以有下划线但是不得有空格，逗号句点等，否则无法运行。 Mac版
第三套模拟练习题参考答案 作文参考范文 Information Security The human beings are stepping into the information society. The information industry develops very rapidly, so do the hackers, trick-playing teens, exploring children, fraudsters, and serious white-collar criminals. Thus, information security becomes an impending important issue. In case of information breach, the victims-----government department, an organization or an institution, or a company will inevitably suffer great or small loss. Government may be threatened with national security. Companies may lose opportunities to develop new projects. And the public’s and users’ confidence will be damaged. Then how to deal with this issue? Technology is only a partial solution to information security. What’s more important is that organizations and companies should promote the awareness on information security to its staff. However, since no system can ever be 100 percent secure, a prevention-only approach to information security management is not enough. Companies and organizations should adopt a dual approach to information security management by combing prevention and detection techniques. 快速阅读参考答案 1. B).参见第一段中”In the past few years, human resources experts say time off has consistently placed among the top three employee concerns, along with compensation and staffing levels ...”可知，过去几年中雇员对休息时间的关注程度有所提高. 2. B).参见 A New Generation 小标题下”... younger workers are more likely to be ‘family-centric’or ‘dual-centric’(with equal priorities on both career and family) rather than ‘work-centric’when compared to members of the Boomer Generation.”可知，出生在生育高峰期的那代人与当代的年轻人相比，他们对工作的重视程度要大于对家庭的重视程度. 3. C).参见September 11th and the End of the Roaring Nineties小标题下”I started looking at things completely differently.”可知，Tony Jackson已经改变了对工作和生活的态度. 4. D).参见September 11th and the End of the Roaring Nineties小标题下”Even before September 11th, some experts say the slow shift in worker attitudes was already underway due to the end of the roaring 1990’s ...”可知，在9.11事件之前就有专家称：工人们对待工作的态度在喧嚣的20世纪90年代末已经开始发生转变. 5. A).参见September 11th and the End of the Roaring Nineties小标题下”... due to the fact that workers have been pushed to their limit in recent years.”可知，工人们的工作时间已经达到极限，这是他们改变了对工作的态度的原因. 6. D).参见Monetary Needs Less Intense Due to Dual Income Households 小标题下”Financial pressures are eased by both of them working and keeping a careful watch on their expenses.”可知，他们没有过大的经济压力是由于夫妻双方都有工作，而且不乱花钱. 7. D).参见Burnout小标题下”After a layoff, workers who remain behind are often asked to pick up most or even all the load of the people who were let go, requiring more and more hours at the office.”可知，裁员后，被辞退员工的工作通常由在职的员工帮助完成. 8. 20%.参见第一段最后一句”... but the desire for time off is up almost 20% from just three years ago when https://www.doczj.com/doc/1016839759.html, conducted a similar poll.”可知，与三年前的统计数据相比，要休息时间而不要补贴的人数上升了20%.
Model Test Five Part I Listening Comprehension (15 minutes) Directions: This part is to test your listening ability. It consists of 3 sections. Section A Directions : This section is to test your ability to understand short dialogues. There are 5 recorded dialogues in it. After each dialogue, there is a recorded question. Both the dialogues and questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, you should decide on the correct answer from the 4 choices marked A), B), C) and D) given in your test paper. Then you should mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Example: You will hear: You will read: A) New York City. B) An evening party. C) An air trip. D) The man ' s job. From the dialogue we learn that the man is to take a flight to New York. Therefore, C) An air trip is the correct answer. You should mark C) on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. [A] [B] [C] [D] Now the test will begin. A) A teacher. C) A secretary. B) A doctor. D) A salesman. B) Meeting with the new manager. D) Showing a newcomer around. B) In a restaurant. D) In a library. A) To attend a conference. C) To do some sightseeing. D) To visit an exhibition. 1. 2. A) Visiting a company. C) Looking for the meeting room. 3. A) In an office. C) In a department store. 4. B) To work in a firm. 5. A) The rise of costs. C) The decrease of production.
Model Test 1 The shooting occurred Thursday in a lecture hall at Northern Illinois University in DeKalb , Illinois , north of Chicago. The gunman entered the hall dressed in black and carrying a shotgun and three handguns and began firing as students sought cover under desks. One student who escaped unharmed told reporter his life had changed as a result of what he experienced. Police say the gunman was Steven Kazmierczak,27, a former graduate student in Sociology at the school. Police say he purchased the shotgun and two of the handguns on Saturday, indicating he may have planned the attack in advance, but authorities have not determined a motive for the shooting. Kazmierczak had no criminal record and no history of mental illness. Under Illinois state law he would not been able to purchase a weapon legally if there had been a record of arrests or mental problems. But police say he stopped taking an unspecified medication recently and his behavior became erratic.
PART I DICTATION Travel Books There are three kinds of travel books./ The first are those that give a personal, subjective account of travels/ which the author has actually made himself./ If these books are informative and have a good index, / they can be very useful to you/ when you are planning your travels./ The second can be classified as selective guidebooks / whose purpose is to give a purely objective description of things to be done and seen./The third are those books which are called "a guide'' to some place or other. / They will give an analysis or an interpretation. Part Two Listening Comprehension SECTION A TALK Closeness and Personal Space 1.Intimate distance ■Range: (1)_________ to 45cm. (1)_________ ■Inappropriate distance for (2)_________ (2)_________ ■For people who aren’t intimate: extremely (3)_________ (3)_________ 2.Personal distance ■Range: 45cm to 1.2m.
Model Test 2 Section A If the population of the Earth goes on increasing at its present rate, there will (1) not be enough resources left to (2) life on the planet. By the middle of the 21st century, if present (3) continue, we will have used up all the oil that drives our cars, for example. Even if scientists develop new ways of (4) the human race, the crowed conditions on Earth will make it necessary for us to look for open space somewhere else. An American scientist, Professor Carl Sagan, believes that before the earth’s resources are completely (5) , it will be possible to change the (6) of Venus and so create a new world almost as large as Earth itself. The difficulty is that Venus is much hotter than the Earth and there is only a (7) amount of water there. (8) . As soon as this has been done, the algae will be placed in small rockets. (9) . In a fairly short time, the algae will break down the carbon dioxide into oxygen and carbon. When the algae have done their work, the atmosphere will become cooler but before man can set foot on Venus, it will be necessary for the oxygen to produce rain. (10) . Section B 11. A) The dean should have consulted her on the appointment. B) Dr. Holden should have taken over the position earlier. C) She doesn’t think Dr. Holden has made a wise choice. D) Dr. Holden is the best person for the chairmanship. 12. A) They’ll keep in touch during the summer vacation. B) They’ll hold a party before the summer vacation. C) They’ll do odd jobs together at the school library. D) They’ll get back to their school once in a while. 13. A) Peaches are in season now. B) Peaches are not at their best now. C) The woman didn’t know how to bargain. D) The woman helped the man choose the fruit. 14. A) They join the physics club. B) They ask for an extension of the deadline. C) They work on the assignment together. D) They choose an easier assignment. 15. A) She admires Jean’s straightforwardness. B) She thinks Dr. Brown deserves the praise. C) She will talk to Jean about what happened. D) She believes Jean was rude to Dr. Brown. 16. A) He liked writing when he was a child. B) He enjoyed reading stories in Reader’s Digest. C) He used to be an editor of Reader’s Digest. D) He became well known at the age of six.
系统发育及群体遗传统计分析软件使用流 程(公开版 谢磊左云娟徐新伟 基础知识与注意事项: 1 interleave vs. noninterleave DNA序列数据分段显示为interleave格式,如果一行显示则为noninterleave 格式。 除了PAUP之外,几乎所有系统发育分析软件都要求noninterleave格式的数据。但是当几个片段的序列combine时会得到interleave格式的数据,这时候PAUP 能够识别运输interleave格式的优点就显示出来了。PAUP可以输出noninterleave 格式的数据,所以可以使用PAUP进行数据格式转换以得到能够用于其他软件的数据格式(MAC版PAUP进行菜单操作即可,PC版PAUP方法见附录1*。export format=nexus interleaved=no file=temp.txt (生成noninterleave文件命令 2 log file Log file就是在运算之前建立日志,运算的所有过程都会随时记录在一个文档当中便于以后查询。建议在每次使用PAUP算树时首先进行Log file。 3 存树 系统发育树的保存有两种方式,一种是存成nex格式的树文件,另一种是存成PICT格式的图文件。Nex格式的树文件是用按层次加括号的方式表示类群之间关系,如((A,B(C,D,这个文件可以用PAUP、MacClade或Treeview 打开生成文章需要的图文件。而图文件则是写文章时候需要的文件,一般可以用AI或WORD进行编辑修饰。建议每次运算都要保存树文件,因为树文件可以随时生成图文件,如果只保存图文件一旦数据出现损坏或丢失则需要重新运算。 4 写文章时需要的参数
Medeltest3.7： 准备工作： 下载modeltest软件windows版本，解压到系统盘，这里为C盘，我们这里将其置于根目录。 从https://www.doczj.com/doc/1016839759.html,/phylogenetics/modeltest.html该网站下载文件modelblockPAUPb10.txt和文件ML-search.txt。下载Paup4.0 1．打开paup，打开你自己的filename.nex文件，然后再打开并执行所下载的modelblockPAUPb10.txt文件。 Paup将运行并产生一个名为model.scores的文件。 2．将产生的model.scores文件与modeltest执行程序放置在相同的文件夹内，这里为C:\modeltest3.7\Modeltest3.7 folder\bin\modeltest3.7.win。 3．在开始－运行中输入cmd命令，确认，弹出一个dos界面的窗口，将其默认目录改为model.scores文件所在文件夹，修改方式为在dos窗口输入：cd 盘符：\filename\filename，确认，这里我们输入 cd C:\modeltest3.7\” Modeltest3.7 folder” \bin\。带有空格的文件夹名要用双引号括起来。 4．修改好后，在窗口内输入：Modeltest3.7.win.exe < model.scores > test.outfile，确认。在model.scores 所在文件夹内产生test.outfile文件，即我们所需要的文件。文件test.outfile的文件名可以修改。5．用记事本打开test.outfile文件，里面列出了两种检验标准LRT和AIC分别选出的最优DNA进化模型。6．如果你要在paup中利用最大似然法建树，那么只需将其中一种标准的对应命令拷贝到下载的ML-serch.txt文件中标记的位置，然后用paup打开你的nex文件之后执行该文件即可。或者将命令拷贝到你自己的ML批处理文件内执行。命令既是begin paup;和end;之间的部分。 7．如果是用于mrbayes分析，不能直接拷贝上述命令。 其中base即Base frequencies，代表各碱基出现的频率，顺序为A-C-G-T，其中T的频率没有列出来，不过这些值都可以在test.outfile中找到。在mrbayes中，对应于Statefreqpr选项，该选项默认状态为Dirichlet(1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0)，依次为A-C-G-T的频率，即各碱基的出现频率相同。在此需将该选项状态修改为fixed( )，括号中依次填入base中对应的值，中间逗号隔开，如Statefreqpr=fixed(0.1649,0.3340,0.3209,0.1801)。其中各值相加为1，但在mrbayes中，各值范围不定，各选项的值可同时乘或除以某值，如100，1000等，只要比例不变。如在此可修改为Statefreqpr=fixed(1649,3340,3209,1801)。 其中rmat即rate matrix，是碱基位点的变异频率或者说异质率（rate heterogeneity），共6个值，R(a) [A-C]，R(b) [A-G]，R(c) [A-T]，R(d) [C-G]，R(e) [C-T]，R(f) [G-T]。rmat命令中只列出前五个，最后一个R(f) [G-T]未列出，不过这些值都可以在test.outfile中找到。在mrbayes中，该命令对应于revmatpr选项，该选项默认状态为Revmatpr=Dirichlet(1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0)，括号中对应于rmat的各值，顺序不变，依次为[A-C]，[A-G]，[A-T]，[C-G]，[C-T]，[G-T]，各数值间用逗号隔开；在此，我们需将该选项状态修改为fixed，即recmatpr＝fixed( )，括号中依次填入rmat中对应的各值，如revmatpr＝fixed(1.0000,3.7410,1.0000,1.0000,2.0672,1.0000)。 其中pinvar即Proportion of invariable sites，是不变位点的比率或称among-site rate variation，在mrbayes 中对应于Pinvarpr选项，该命令默认为uniform状态，即pinvarpr = uniform(0,1)，取0-1内的一个值，0-1也是该选项的有效范围，在此，我们将该选项修改为fixed固定值选项，即pinvarpr=fixed( )，括号内填入pinvar中对应的数值，如pinvarpr=fixed(0.3076)。 其中Shape即Gamma distribution shape parameter，确定伽马分布的形状参数α，在mrbayes中对应于Shapepr选项，该选项默认状态为α范围内的均一分布，shapepr = uniform(0, α) ，在此修改为shapepr =fixed(1.5422)。 现在假设原命令是： lset Base=(0.1649 0.3340 0.3209) Nst=6 Rmat=(1.0000 3.7410 1.0000 1.0000 2.0672) Rates=gamma Shape=1.5422 Pinvar=0.3076; 修改后对应的mrbayes命令为： Lset nst=6 rates=gamma;