IMPROVEMENT OF ENGLISH WALNUT____ SOMATIC EMBRYO GERMINATION AND CONVERSION B

小华问外教学英语的方法的作文Teaching English to non-native speakers can be a challenging task, especially when it comes to young learners. However, with the right approach and methodology, it can also be a very rewarding experience. One such example is Little Hua, a Chinese student who has recently started learning English with a foreign teacher.Learning a new language can be overwhelming for young learners, but with the right techniques, it can also be fun and engaging. Here are some methods that the foreign teacher can use to help Little Hua improve his English skills:1. Immersion: One of the most effective ways to learn a new language is through immersion. This means exposing the student to the language as much as possible. The foreign teacher can do this by speaking in English during lessons, using English materials such as books and videos, and encouraging Little Hua to practice speaking and listening to English outside of class.2. Games and activities: Young learners have short attention spans, so it's important to keep the lessons fun and interactive. The foreign teacher can use games, songs, and activities to makelearning English more engaging for Little Hua. This can help him stay motivated and interested in the language.3. Visual aids: Visual aids can be very helpful in teaching English to young learners. The foreign teacher can use flashcards, pictures, and other visual materials to help Little Hua understand new vocabulary and grammar concepts. This can make the lessons more interactive and help reinforce his learning.4. Repetition and practice: Practice makes perfect, so the foreign teacher should encourage Little Hua to practice speaking, listening, reading, and writing in English as much as possible. This can help him improve his fluency and accuracy in the language.5. Patience and encouragement: Learning a new language can be a long and challenging process, so the foreign teacher should be patient and supportive with Little Hua. Encouraging him to keep trying, praising his efforts, and providing constructive feedback can help boost his confidence and motivation.Overall, teaching English to young learners like Little Hua requires a combination of effective methods, patience, and encouragement. By using immersion, games and activities, visual aids, repetition and practice, and patience and encouragement,the foreign teacher can help Little Hua improve his English skills and become a more confident and fluent speaker. With time and practice, Little Hua will be well on his way to mastering the English language.。

师范生如何学好英语作文How to Learn English Well as a Normal Student。

As a normal student, learning English well is always a challenge. However, there are several effective ways to improve your English skills. In this essay, I will share my own experience and give some tips on how to learn English well as a normal student.Firstly, it is important to build a solid foundation of English grammar. Grammar is the backbone of any language, and it is essential to have a good understanding of it in order to communicate effectively. Therefore, it is necessary to spend some time studying grammar rules and practicing them in writing and speaking.Secondly, reading is a great way to improve your English skills. Reading not only helps you to expand your vocabulary, but also exposes you to various sentence structures and writing styles. You can start with simplebooks and gradually move on to more complex ones. Reading English news articles, magazines, and blogs is also a good way to stay updated on current events and improve your reading comprehension.Thirdly, listening and speaking are also crucial for learning English. You can listen to English podcasts, watch English movies and TV shows, and practice speaking with native speakers or language partners. It is important to practice speaking regularly, even if it is just for a few minutes a day. Speaking with confidence and fluency takes time and practice, but it is achievable with consistent effort.Fourthly, using technology can also be helpful in learning English. There are many apps and websites that offer English language courses and exercises. Some popular ones include Duolingo, Memrise, and Quizlet. These tools can help you to learn new vocabulary, practice grammar, and improve your overall language skills.Finally, it is important to stay motivated andconsistent in your English learning journey. Learning a language takes time and effort, but it is a rewarding experience. Set achievable goals for yourself, track your progress, and celebrate your achievements. Surround yourself with English language materials and immerse yourself in the language as much as possible.In conclusion, learning English well as a normal student is achievable with the right mindset and approach. By building a solid foundation of grammar, reading regularly, practicing listening and speaking, using technology, and staying motivated, you can improve your English skills and achieve your language learning goals.。

◦ Quantitative: hard, rigorous, credible, and scientific; ◦ Qualitative: sensitive, nuanced, detailed, and contextual.
Types of data

This kind of polarized debate obscures the fact that qualitative and quantitative data are intimately related to each otm improperly collected data:
◦ Inability to answer research questions accurately ◦ Inability to repeat and validate the study

Impact of faulty data
2. Interviews:
Structured or unstructured one-on-one directed conversations with key individuals or leaders in a community.
3. Focus groups:
Structured interviews with small groups of like individuals using standardized questions, follow-up questions, and exploration of other topics that arise to better understand participants
The simplest way to do this is to divide the qualitative information into units and number them!

语言来源于人本能表达情感的声音。 4. Yo-He-Ho Theory (呦嘿吼理论) Language came from the cries uttered, during strain of work. 语言来源于共同劳动时发出的呦嘿声。 5. Ta-Ta Theory (哒哒说) Language came from the combination of certain gestures and tongue movements. 语言来源于移动舌头发出的声音与某个手势的结合。 6. Bow-Wow Theory (汪汪理论) Language came from imitation of animal cries and other sounds heard in nature. 语言起源于人们模仿动物的叫声和其他自然界中的声音。
本章内容索引： I. Definition of linguistics II. Linguistics vs. traditional grammar III. Scope of linguistics 1. Microlinguistics 2. Macrolinguistics IV. Definition of language V. Origins of language
VI. Design features of language (语言的定义特征) 【重点、考点：论述语言的识别特征】 1. Arbitrariness (任意性) This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with. There is no reason, for example, why English should use the sounds /dɔg/ to refer to the animal dog,

大学语言学考试1-7章-试题和答案(总28页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--12maximal?onset?principle? states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant. it is put into the onset rather than the coda. . The correct syllabification of the word country should be第一章，填空1. The study of the meaning of lingustic words, phrases is called semantics.2. Displacement is a design feature of human language that enables speakers to talk about a wild range of things free from barriers caused by4. Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.5. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive.6. Chomsky defines“competence” as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language.7. Language is a means of verbal communication. It is informative in that communicating by speaking or writing is a purposeful act.8. The link between a linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter of9. Language is distinguished from traffic lights in that the former has the designing feature of duality.10. In linguistics research, both quantity and quality approaches are preferred.判断：11. The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech, thus there are still many languages in today's have no .... √12. According to Chomsky, the word “competence” is not limited to the ability ofan ideal native speaker to construct and recognize.×13. Duality and cultural transmission are two most important design features ofhuman language.×14. Chomsky's competence' and performance are similar in meaning to Saussure’s langue and parole.√15,An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the“best authors”for language usage √16. In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a of reasons.√17. Modern linguistics is mainly diachronic.×chochronic共时的18. Langue and parole is the fundamental distinction discussed by Chomsky in his Aspects of the Theory ofdistinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics as Parole and language. √20. According to Chomsky, the task of a linguist is to determine from the data of performance the underlying system of rules that has been √选择:1. As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyse the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for correct linguistic behavior, it is said to be descriptive2. I can refer to Confucius even though he was dead 2000 years ago. This shows that language has the design feature of displacement.3.“Don’t end a sentence with a preposition.” this is an example of prescriptive rules.4.Which of the following is most referred to as a branch of t he study of meaning in5.The synchronic study of language takes a fixed instant as its point of observation.6. The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called pragmatics.7. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human language is A?没照下图片arbitrary8.The descriptive of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.9.题目没照下来。

中学英语教学法在线作业单选题第1题 (2.0) 分___ is used by native speakers to express meanings in many subtle ways such as surprise, complaint, sarcasm, friendliness, threats, etc.A、StressB、√IntonationC、RhythmD、Speed第2题 (2.0) 分Ways of presenting new words suggested in Wang Qiang’s book (2005) include the following EXCEPT ___.A、√Teach all the new words in a text in an isolated way before reading the text.B、prepare for possible misunderstanding ｏr confusion that students may have.C、ｕｓｅ synonyms ｏr antonyms to explain meanings.D、Provide different contexts for introducing new words.√第3题 (2.0) 分Apart ｆrom the learner factors, the ____ is another factor that determines if the students can acquire native-like english pronunciation.A、√amount of exposure to EnglishB、amount of production of EnglishC、learner’s knowledge of English gr ammarD、learner’s vocabulary size第4题√(2.0) 分There are two kinds of stress that are important to achieving good pronunciation, i.e. ___.A、mechanical stress ａnd meaningful stressB、perception理解 stress ａnd production stressC、word-level stress ａnd phrase-level ｏr sentence-level stressD、syllable-level stress ａnd word-level ｏr phrase-level stress第5题 (2.0) 分As far as learning pronunciation is concerned, the realistic goals for the students are consistency连贯, intelligibility, ａnd ___.A、√communicative efficiencyB、accuracyC、correctnessD、fastness第6题 (2.0) 分When teaching pronunciation, we should ___.A、drill an individual sound for more than a few minutes a timeB、√ｃreate a pleasant, relaxed, ａnd dynamic classroomC、ask the students to imitate模仿 for a long timeD、be authoritative in our teaching第7题 (2.0) 分When practising sounds, the activities “listen ａnd repeat”, “make up sentences”, “using meaningful context”, “using pictures” ａnd “using tongue twisters” belong to the category of ___.A、perception practiceB、√production practiceC、perception ａnd production practicesD、perception ｏr production practice第8题 (2.0) 分Ways of consolidating new words suggested in Wang Qiang’s book (2000) include the following EXCEP ___.A√、copying the wordsB、using word net-workC、using categoriesD、using the Internet resources for more ideas第9题 (2.0) 分Vocabulary building strategies outside classrooms include reviewing regularly, ___, organizing vocabulary effectively, ａnd using learned vocabulary.A、neglecting the meaningB、remembering the translationC、reciting the spellingD√、guessing meaning ｆrom the context第10题 (2.0) 分Ways of consolidating new words suggested in Wang Qiang’s book (2000) include the following EXCEP ___.A、labeling 标记objects in a pictureB、spotting圆点，污点 the differences in two picturesC、playing a game of “What did you see just now?”D、√reading the words in chorus合唱队，歌舞团√第11题 (2.0) 分When teaching vocabulary we must take into consideration two kinds of meaning. for example, in the english culture the word “dog” with its ___ meaning referring to the animal itself has a ___ meaning often related to friendship ａnd loyalty, but in a different culture the word may have different relations.A、denotative… denotativeB、connotative …connotativeC、√denotative … connotativeD、connotative涵义… denotative延伸第12题 (2.0) 分When we are teaching pronunciation, stress ａnd intonation should ___.A√、be taught ｆrom the very beginningB、be taught at the end of the learning stageC、be taught in the middle of the learning stageD、never be taught第13题 (2.0) 分When teaching new words that are difficult for the students to understand, for example, some technical words ｏr wｏrds with abstract meanings, the teacher can ___.A、teach them in chunks短而厚的木头B、ｕｓｅ synonyms ｏr antonymsC√、translate ａnd exemplify直接翻译或简化D、ｕｓｅ a verbal口头语 context第14题(2.0) 分According to Wang Qiang, to answer the question “Can the students achieve the goal of acquiring native-like pronunciation?” we must take into consideration three things: ___.A、ethic devotion, professional qualities, ａnd personal styleB、√learner age, amount of exposure, ａnd differences of individual abilityC、teacher factors, learner factors, ａnd school factorsD、letters, phonetic transcripts, ａnd sounds第15题 (2.0) 分According to Ur (1996), with regards to the three ways of teaching grammar, inductive ａnd discovery归纳发现法method should be used for those structures that ___.A、are difficult for the learnersB、are complicated for the learnersC√、can be easily perceived by the learnersD、cannot be perceived by the learners第16题 (2.0) 分As far as pronunciation is concerned, there are two types of practice, namely ___.A、student practice ａnd teacher practiceB、perception感知洞察 practice ａnd production practiceC、word practice ａnd sentence practiceD、√stress practice ａnd rhythm practice第17题 (2.0) 分When practising intonation with students in the classroom, ___.A、we can explain the intonation to the studentsB、we never make the students know which part is a rise, ａnd which part is a fallC√、we can ｕｓｅ hand ｏr arm movement, ｕｓｅ arrows, ｏr draw linesunder/above the wｏrdsD、we just let the intonation take place without our attention第18题 (2.0) 分When trying to achieve consistency in pronunciation, students do not have to ａnd should not sacrifice牺牲，供祭___.A、consistency连贯性B、√intelligibility可理解性C、accuracyD、fluency第19题 (2.0) 分According to Wallace, the development of a teacher consists of three stages. a teacher begins his language training in Stage 1, ａnd acquires his ____ at Stage 3.A、linguistic competenceB√、professional competenceC、own experienceD、received knowledge第20题 (2.0) 分Richards (1994, 1998) believes that it is the teacher’s invol vement ａnd his ｏr her ability to ___ teaching ａnd make activities engaging that often promotes successful learning.A、generalizeB、√personalizeC、simplify简化D、complicate第21题 (2.0) 分Which of the following are not one of the principles of communicative language teaching proposed by Richards ａnd Rodgers (1986)?A、Communication principleB、Task principleC、Meaningfulness principleD、√Correctness principle第22题 (2.0) 分One ineffective way of learning vocabulary, which often occurs when students study vocabulary individually is ___ learning.A、√rote死记硬背B、meaningfulC、consciousD、unconscious第23题 (2.0) 分The guided discovery method is different ｆrom the inductive method because the process of the discovery ___ ａnd the rules are then elicited引诱ａnd taught explicitly明确的.A、√is carefully guided ａnd assisted by the teacherB、is made by the students themselvesC、takes place automaticallyD、never takes place第24题 (2.0) 分The activity of “describing ａnd drawing” for vocabulary consolidation is often done ___.A、outside the classroomB、without doing anythingC、individuallyD√、in pairs第25题 (2.0) 分When we are teaching pronunciation, ___ ａnd intonation should be taught ｆrom the very beginning.A、knowledge about soundsB、phonetic rulesC、phonetic transcriptsD√、stress第26题 (2.0) 分According to Ur (1996), for ensuring understanding, plenty of contextualized examples of the target structure are necessary, ａnd ___ can aid comprehension.A、√visual materialsB、complex terminologyC、teacher’s grammar analysisD、students’ grammar analysis第27题 (2.0) 分According to Nation (2001) receptive knowledge of vocabulary involves the following EXCEPT ___.(1) √being able to construct it using the right word parts in theirappropriate forms(2) knowing that there are some related words(3)being able to recognize that the word has been used correctly in the sentence in which it occurs(4) being able to recognize the typical collocations搭配A、√(1)B、(2)C、(3)D、(4)第28题 (2.0) 分At beginner level, most new words learned by students usually have immediate practical ｕｓｅａnd quickly become one’s ___ vocabulary.A、productive ｏr activeB、receptive ｏr activeC、√productive ｏr passiveD、receptive ｏr passive第29题 (2.0) 分In meaningful practice the focus is on the production, comprehension ｏr exchange of ___.A、structuresB、sentencesC、formD、√meaning第30题 (2.0) 分When teaching pronunciation, we should ___.A、√build-up students’ confidenceB、destroy students’ confidenceC、make students feel anxiousD、make students distracted第31题 (2.0) 分When t eaching grammar, “You are a stranger in this town …” ａnd “A policeman was asking some questions…” are two examples of using ___.A、mimes哑剧B、gestures手势C、chain of eventsD、√created situations第32题 (2.0) 分Pronunciation covers more than just phonetic symbols ａnd rules. it also includes ___, ａnd all these are not isolated ｆrom each other.A、letters, phonetic transcripts, ａnd soundsB、sounds, letters, ａnd wordsC、sounds, words, ａnd grammarD、√stress, intonation, ａnd rhythm第33题 (2.0) 分Communicative language teaching (clt) has expanded the areas covered by the previous approaches ｏr methodologies, that is, clt covers language content (to incｏrpｏrate functions), ___ (cognitive style ａnd infｏrmation processing), ａnd product (language skills).A、√learning processB、teaching methodsC、conditionsD、messages第34题 (2.0) 分According to some scholars Task-based Language Teaching is, in fact, ___ Communicative Language Teaching.A、exactly the same asB、√a further development ofC、opposite toD、nothing to do with第35题 (2.0) 分According to Wang Qiang, ___ are the basis for syllabus design教学纲要, teaching methods, teaching procedures, ａnd even teaching techniques.A、values of lifeB、styles of lifeC、√views on languageD、views on culture√第36题 (2.0) 分When teaching vocabulary it is believed that teaching ___ is a more effective way than just teaching one single word at a time, as nation(2001:318) notes that “all fluent ａnd appropriate language ｕｓｅrequires ___ knowledge.”A、word collocations … collocational搭配B√、meaning … meaningfulC、denotative meaning …denotativeD、connotat ive meaning …connotative第37题 (2.0) 分When teaching vocabulary, the teacher can ___ to promote high motivation.A、apply rote死记硬背 learningB、separate the words ｆrom the contextC、neglect the students’ learning processD√、relate newly learned language to students’ real life第38题 (2.0) 分Views on language ａnd ____ both influence theories on how language should be taught.A√、views on language learningB、views on culture learningC、values of lifeD、styles of life第39题 (2.0) 分Words that one is able to recognize ａnd comprehend in reading ａnd listening but unable to ｕｓｅ automatically in writing ｏr speaking are referred to as ___.A、receptive ｏr activeB、productive ｏr passiveC、√receptive ｏr passiveD、productive ｏr active√第40题(2.0) 分Which of the following is NOT among Ellis’ (1990) six criteria for evaluating how communicative classroom activities are?A、Communicative purposeB、Communicative desire（real need）C√、No material controlD、Teacher intervention第41题 (2.0) 分In meaningful practice the focus is on the production, comprehension ｏr exchange of ___.A、languageB√、informationC、structuresD、sentences第42题 (2.0) 分One language form may express a number of communicative functions ａnd one ___ can also be expressed by a variety of ___.A、language … dialectsB、dialect … languagesC、language form … communicative functionsD、√communicative function … language forms第43题 (2.0) 分Actually pronunciation is an umbrella term covering many aspects besides sounds ａnd phonetic symbols, such as ___.A、consistency, intelligibility清晰, ａnd communicative efficiencyB、accuracy, fluency ａnd complexityC√、stress, intonation, ａnd rhythmD、spelling, pronunciation ａnd lexical meaning第44题 (2.0) 分Hedge discusses five main components of communicative competence. these components inlude linguistic competence, pragmatic 实用competence, discourse演讲，谈话 competence, strategic competence, ａnd ___.A、accuracyB√、fluencyC、correctnessD、grammaticality第45题 (2.0) 分The three aspects of pronunciation are ___ each other. They are interrelated.A、not united withB、√not isolated ｆromC、split withD、irrelevant to第46题 (2.0) 分One of the reasons why the deductive method of teaching grammar is criticized is that ___ in the method.A、√grammar is taught in an isolated wayB、much attention is paid to meaningC、the practice is often meaningfulD、students do not benefit ｆrom the method at all第47题 (2.0) 分The ___ theory believes that learning is a process in which the learner constructs meaning based on his/her own experiences ａnd what he ｏr she already knows.A、√constructivistB、behavioristC、structuralD、cognitive第48题 (2.0) 分According to Ur, in grammar practice, factors which contribute to success practice include pre-learning, volume ａnd repetition重复, success-orientation, heterogeneity不同之值 ___.A、√teacher assistance ａnd interestB、inductive归纳 method ａnd deductive 演绎methodC、mechanical practice ａnd meaningful practiceD、speaking, ａnd writing第49题 (2.0) 分The ___ theory believes that learning is a process in which the learner constructs meaning based on his/her own experiences ａnd what he/she already knows.A、BehanouristB、CognitiveC、√ConstructivistD、Structuralist第50题(2.0) 分There is ___ between mechanical practice ａnd meaningful practice. an example given by Wang Qiang is the “chain of events” activity.A、no distinctionB、clear-cut distinctionC√a、no clear-cut distinctionD、(None of the above)。

上半年《英语知识与教学能力》（高中）试题(附答案).第 1 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 未分类 >Which of the following is the feature shared by the Englishphonemes/m/and/p/?{A}. Voiced.{B}. Voiceless.{C}. Bilabial.{D}. Dental.正确答案：C,第 2 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 未分类 >Which of the following is true of English sound system?{A}. Aspiration is a distinctive feature.{B}. Voicing is a distinctive phonetic feature.{C}. Nasalization of vowels gives rise to another vowel.{D}. Length of vowels differentiates one vowel from the other. 正确答案：B,第 3 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 未分类 >Though the government encourages foreign investment,__________ investors arereluctant to commit fimds in the current climate situation in the country.{A}. potential{B}. affluent{C}. optimistic{D}. solid正确答案：A,第 4 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 未分类 >The man __________ the dark glasses fled away from the spot veryrapidly.{A}. in{B}. at{C}. of{D}. by正确答案：A,第 5 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 未分类 >The morpheme \"-ceive\" in the word \"conceive\" isa__________.{A}. stem{B}. root{C}. allomorph{D}. suffix正确答案：B,第 6 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 未分类 >There is no need__________ to teach children how to behave. {A}. however{B}. whatsoever{C}. forever{D}. whenever正确答案：B,第 7 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 未分类 >__________advance seems to be following advance on almost a monthly basis.{A}. So rapid is the rate of progress that{B}. Rapid as the rate of progress is that{C}. So rapid is the rate of progress as{D}. Rapid as the rate of progress as正确答案：A,第 8 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 未分类 >Tom, see that your sister gets safely back, __________?{A}. can you{B}. won't we{C}. won' t you{D}. should we正确答案：C,第 9 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 未分类 >What rhetoric device is used in the sentence \"This is a successfulfailure\"?{A}. Simile{B}. Metonymy{C}. Metaphor{D}. Oxymoron正确答案：D,第 10 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 未分类 >The expression\"As far as I know ...\" suggests that peopleusually observe the Maxim of __________ in their daily conversations.{A}. Quantity{B}. Quality{C}. Relevance{D}. Manner正确答案：B,第 11 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 未分类 >When the teacher attempts to elicit more information from the students bysaying \"And...?\",\"Good. Anything else?\", etc, he/she isplaying the role of a __________.{A}. prompter{B}. participant{C}. manager{D}. consultant正确答案：A,第 12 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 未分类 >For more advanced learners, group work may be more appropriate thanpair work for tasks that are__________.{A}. linguistically simple{B}. structurally controlled{C}. cognitively challenging{D}. thematically non-demanding正确答案：C,第 13 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 未分类 >When you focus on \"utterance function\" and \"expectedresponse\" by using examples like\"Here you are\",\"Thanks\", you are probably teaching language at the __________.{A}. lexical level{B}. sentence level{C}. grammatical level{D}. discourse level正确答案：D,第 14 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 未分类 >Which of the following tasks fails to encourage active language use?{A}. Reciting a text.{B}. Bargaining in a shop.{C}. Writing an application letter.{D}. Reading to get a message.正确答案：A,第 15 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 未分类 >A teacher may encourage students to__________ when they come acrossnew words in fast reading.{A}. take notes{B}. ask for help{C}. guess meaning from context{D}. look up the words in a dictionary正确答案：C,第 16 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 未分类 >Which of the following statements about task design is incorrect?{A}. Activities must have clear and attainable objectives.{B}. Activities should be confined to the classroom context.{C}. Activities must be relevant to students' life experiences.{D}. Activities should help develop students' language ability. 正确答案：B,第 17 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 未分类 >If someone says \"I know the word\", he should not only understandits meaning but also be able to pronounce, spell, and __________ it.{A}. explain{B}. recognize{C}. memorize{D}. use正确答案：D,第 18 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 未分类 >Teachers could encourage students to use__________ to gather and organizetheir ideas for writing.{A}. eliciting{B}. mind mapping{C}. explaining{D}. brainstorming正确答案：B,第 19 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 未分类 >When students are asked to go to the local museum, libraries, etc. tofind out information about endangered animals and work out a plan for anexhibition, they are doing a(n) __________.{A}. survey{B}. experiment{C}. project{D}. presentation正确答案：C,第 20 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 未分类 >Which of the following tasks fails to develop students′ skill ofrecognizing discourse patterns?{A}. Analyzing the structure of difficult sentences.{B}. Checking the logic of the author's arguments.{C}. Getting the scrambled sentences into a paragraph.{D}. Marking out common openers to stories and jokes.正确答案：A,第 21 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 未分类 >请阅读Passage l，完成小题。

A taste of English humour李仕才一、阅读理解阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项。

A new study by the British government has discovered the mental health of the country's teenage girls has become worse.the survey，which included 30,000 14­year­old students in 2005 a nd 2014，showed 37 percent of girls with psychological stress，up from 34 percent in 2005.British boys' stress level was actually seen to fall over the same time period，from 17 percent to 15 percent.The report's authors pointed out the“advent of the social media age”could be a major contributing factor for increased stress among teenage British girls.“The adolescent years are a time of rapid physical，cognitive(认知的)and emotional development，”Pam Ramsden，a lecturer in psychology at the University of Bradford in the United Kingdom，wrote in a recent blog post.“Teenagers interact with people in order to learn how to become competent(有能力的)adults.In the past, they would engage with parents，teachers and other adults in their community as well as extended family members and friends.Now we can also add social media to that list of social and emotional development.”Throughout adolescence，girls and boys develop characteristics like confidence and self­control.Since teenage brains have not completely developed，teens don't have the cognitive awareness and impulse(冲动)control to keep from posting inappropriate content.Furthermore，this content can easily be spread far and wide with disastrous influences.Social media can also feed into girls' insecurities about their appearance，Ramsden said.These sites are often filled with images of people with body type unattainable to the normal person.However，these images and the messages tied to them gradually become societal standards.1．The statistics in the second paragraph show that ________.A．more and more children in Britain have mental health problemsB．few girls in Britain suffered from psychological stress in 2005C．more boys in Britain are suffering from mental pressure nowD．more British girls feel psychologically stressed than boys do now2．Contrary to traditional ways of interaction，social media ________.A．helps teenagers develop qualities like confidence and self­controlB．has many negative effects on girls' characteristic developmentC．makes teens aware of potential danger of the inappropriate contentD．teaches girls to care about their appearance to meet societal standards 3．The underlined word“advent”in Paragraph 3 can be replaced by“________”．A．arrival B．endC．disappearance D．invention【解题导语】一项新研究发现，英国少女的心理健康状况变得更糟；分析表明，社交媒体时代的到来可能是造成英国少女心理压力加大的主要因素。

Chapter 1 Introductions to LinguisticsI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. B Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human__________A. contactB. communicationC. relationD. community2. A Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. typewriterC. crashD. bang3. C The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.” is__________.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative4. C In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say“碎碎（岁岁）平安”as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform?A. InterpersonalB. EmotiveC. PerformativeD. Recreational5.C Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?A. TransferabilityB. DualityC. DisplacementD. Arbitrariness6.B Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language?—A nice day, isn’t it?— Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. PhaticC. PerformativeD. Interpersonal7. A __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole8. C When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and now. It couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the design feature of __________.A. cultural transmissionB. productivityC. displacementD. duality9. A __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.A. PsycholinguisticsB.Anthropological linguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Applied linguistics10. C __________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic theoryB. Practical linguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguisticsII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. F Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language.12. F Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.13. T Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication systems.14. F Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages.15. F We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which means the details of any language system can be genetically transmitted.16. F Only human beings are able to communicate.17. F F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was a French linguist.18. F A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time is an example of the diachronic study of language.19. F Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history.20. F All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms.III. Fill in the blanks. (10%)21. verbal Language, broadly speaking, is a means of __________ communication.22. productivity In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed __________.23. metalingual function Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is __________.24. yo-he-ho Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the __________ theory.25. scientific Linguistics is the __________ study of language.26. descriptive Modern linguistics is __________ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.27. speech One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of __________ over writing.28. diachronic linguistic The description of a language as it changes through time is a __________ study.29. langue Saussure put forward two important concepts. __________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.30. competence Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s __________.Chapter 2 Speech SoundsI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. A Pitch variation is known as __________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice2. C Conventionally a __________ is put in slashes (/ /).A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme3. D An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are __________ of the p phoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones4. A The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as__________.A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula5. A The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as __________ diphthongs.A. wideB. closingC. narrowD. centering6. D A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called __________.A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones7. B Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A. Acoustic phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. None of the above8. A Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [ b ]D. [p]9. B Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [ u ]C. [e]D. [ i ]10. B What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. VoicelessB. V oicedC. Glottal stopD. ConsonantII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. T Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.12. T The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound.13. T Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation.14. F [p] is a voiced bilabial stop.15. F Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.16. T All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.17. T When pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.18. T According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. short.19. F Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.20. F The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. voiced, voiceless, voiced Consonant sounds can be either __________ or __________, while all vowel sounds are __________.22. friction Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth arebrought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing __________.23. tongue The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the __________ and the lips.24. height One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. A second element is the __________ to which that part of the tongue is raised.25. obstruction Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without __________.26. minimal pairs In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating __________.27. diphthongs In English there are a number of __________, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.28. Co-articulation __________ refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their neighbors.29. Phonemes __________ is the smallest linguistic unit.30. air stream Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements have an effect on the __________ coming from the lungs.Chapter 3 LexiconI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. A Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __________.A. lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words2. A Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called __________ morpheme.A. inflectionalB. freeC. boundD. derivational3. C There are __________ morphemes in the word denationalization.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six4. B In English –ise and –tion are called __________.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. stems5. B The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and __________.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. infixD. back-formation6. B __________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A. affixationB. back-formationC. insertionD. addition7. C The word TB is formed in the way of __________.A. acronymyB. clippingC. initialismD. blending8. A The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by __________.A. blendingB. clippingC. back-formationD. acronymy9. D The stem of disagreements is __________.A. agreementB. agreeC. disagreeD. disagreement10. B All of them are meaningful except for __________.A. lexemeB. phonemeC. morphemeD. allomorphII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. F Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.12. T Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.13. F Base refers to the part of the word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed.14. T In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change the word-class of the base.15. T Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of a word.16. F Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a word.17. T The words whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onomatopoeia.18. F In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes.19. F Back-formation is a productive way of word-formations.20. F Inflection is a particular way of word-formations.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. initialism, acronym An __________ is pronounced letter by letter, while an __________ is pronounced as a word.22. vocabulary Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with __________.23. solid, hyphenated, open Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: __________, __________ and __________.24. morpheme All words may be said to contain a root __________.25. close, open A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belong to __________ class, while the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to __________ class.26. back-formation __________ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening.27. conversion __________ is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its inflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.28. morpheme Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the __________ level.29. derivative, compound A word formed by derivation is called a __________, and a word formed by compounding is called a __________.30. affix, bound root Bound morphemes are classified into two types: __________ and __________.Chapter 4 SyntaxI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. D The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical2. C The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite3. D The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational4. D A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammati¬cal knowledge in the mind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical5. D A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. particleC. prepositionD. subordinator6. A Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional7. D Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. all of the above.8. D The head of the phrase “the city Rome” is __________.A. the cityB. RomeC. cityD. the city Rome9. B The phrase “on the shelf” belongs to __________ construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. subordinateD. coordinate10. A The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves.” is a __________ sentence.A. simpleB. coordinateC. compoundD. complexII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. T Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence.12. T The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.13. T In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.14. T Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.15. F Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.16. F In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.17. T In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.18. F What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.19. T A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.20. T It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. simple A __________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.22. sentence A __________ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.23. subject A __________ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.24. predicate The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called __________.25. complex A __________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.26. embedded In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an __________ clause.27. open Major lexical categories are __________ categories in the sense that new words are constantly added.28. Adjacency __________ condition on case assignment states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.29. Parameters __________ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among natural languages.30. CASE The theory of __________ condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.Chapter 5 Meaning[Mainly taken from lxm1000w’s exercises. – icywarmtea]I. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. A The naming theory is advanced by ________.A. PlatoB. BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth2. B “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents _______.A. the conceptualist viewB. contexutalismC. the naming theoryD. behaviorism3. D Which of the following is NOT true?A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.C. Sense is abstract and decontextualized.D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.4. D “Can I borrow your bike?”_______ “You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes5. B ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis6. C “Alive” and “dead” are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above7. A _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense8. C ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy9. D Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.A. homonymsB. polysemiesC. hyponymsD. synonyms10. A The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.A. grammatical rulesB. selectional restrictionsC. semantic rulesD. semantic featuresII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. F Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.12. F Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.13. T Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.14. F In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience.15. T Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.16. T Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.17. F The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.18. T Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality.19. T “It is hot.” is a no-place predication because it contains no argument.20. T In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. Semantics __________ can be defined as the study of meaning.22. direct The conceptualist view holds that there is no __________ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.23. Reference __________ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.24. synonyms Words that are close in meaning are called __________.25. homophones When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called __________.26.Relational __________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.27. Componential __________ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.28. selectional Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called __________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. 29. argument A(n) __________ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element(s) in a sentence.30. naming According to the __________ theory of meaning, the words in a lan¬guage are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for.Chapter 8 Language in UseI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. D What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context2. B A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.A. pragmaticB. grammaticalC. mentalD. conceptual3. C If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a (n) _________.A. constativeB. directiveC. utteranceD. expressive4. B Which of the following is true?A. Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences.B. Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences.C. No utterances can take the form of sentences.D. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences.5. A Speech act theory did not come into being until __________.A. in the late 50’s of the 20the centuryB. in the early 1950’sC. in the late 1960’sD. in the early 21st century6. C __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act7. B According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ______.A. to get the hearer to do somethingB. to commit the speaker to something’s being the caseC. to commit the speaker to some future course of actionD. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs8. C All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose, but they differ __________.A. in their illocutionary actsB. in their intentions expressedC. in their strength or forceD. in their effect brought about9. A __________ is advanced by Paul GriceA. Cooperative PrincipleB. Politeness PrincipleC. The General Principle of Universal GrammarD. Adjacency Principle10.D When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.A. impolitenessB. contradictionsC. mutual understandingD. conversational implicaturesII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. F Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.12. T It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language use was left unconsidered.13. T What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.14. F The major difference between a sentence and an utterance is that a sentence is not uttered while an utterance is.15. F The meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent.16. F The meaning of an utterance is decontexualized, therefore stable.17. F Utterances always take the form of complete sentences18. F Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle.19. T Speech act theory started in the late 50’s of the 20th century.20. T Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. context The notion of __________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.22. utterance If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an __________.23. abstract The meaning of a sentence is __________, and decontexualized.24. Constatives were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.25. Performatives were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.26. locutionary A(n) __________ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.27. illocutionary A(n) __________ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.28. commissive A(n) _________ is commit the speaker himself to some future course of action.29. expressive A(n) ________ is to express feelings or attitude towards an existing state.30. quantity There are four maxims under the cooperative principle: the maxim of __________, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner.11。

Focus on language
Complete the sentences with used to / didn’t use to or would/wouldn’t. In some cases, both used to and would are possible.
1. We used to live in a small town but last year we moved to a big city. 2. My primary school teachers wouldn’t give us any homework but they
expressing states or actions?
verbs expressing
a We would used to live in a crowded flat.
states can not
b They would / used to climb the mountain every week. follow would.
commercial advertisement. regularly; not now
Classic advertisements used to give information about finding certain
products.
regularly; not now
Focus on language
Do you remember?
What are their features, purposes and problems of the improved modern advertisements?
Improved modern advertisements combine the highest standard of design with creative ways. And they also use concepts including freedom, happiness, wealth and success in order to stand out in a world of competitive advertising. They need to make people believe that they “must have the product”.

东师范英语课程与教学论16秋在线作业2免费答案：4aad64d5-0010-4420-bc3b-3112d6d8a80f：b415d426-74ef-4728-b507-a3ec0554e3a0英语课程与教学论16秋在线作业21：In the following sentences， which one is wrong?()A：Vary instructions could enrich course contents.B：Vary instructions enhance opportunities for learning rnEnglish.C：Vary instructions helps develop students’language awareness.D：Vary instructions enhance the students’memory ability.正确答案：D2：If a writing task is more general (for example， developing informal letter writing skills)， then what is the best approch of correction?A：teacher-guided correctionB：group correctionC：focus correcting正确答案：B3：()is an intensive study of a specific individual or specific context， which is usually based on the assumptionA：Action researchB：Teaching journalC：Lesson reportD：A case study正确答案：D4：The first of the “natural methods”is (). A：Direct MethodB：Grammar-translation MethodC：the Audio-lingual MethodD：Situational Language Teaching正确答案：A5：A () activity is used where the whole set of information is not revealed until allstudents have performed their part of the task.A：jigsawB：gap-fillingC：hungmanD：bingo正确答案：A6：The biggest problem for group work is the selection of group members. Below are some possible ways to group students. Each of them is appropriate except ().A：group the students according to seating arrangementB：students select their own group members (risky)C：group the students by drawing lotsD：divide the strong students and the weak students into different groups正确答案：D7：David Nunan (1991) offers () points tocharacterize the Communicative Approach: A：fiveB：sixC：sevenD：four正确答案：A8：Which expression about eliciting is incorrect?()A：Eliciting involves the class by focusing students’ attention and making them think. B：Eliciting encourages students to draw on what they already know or partly know. C：Eliciting takes less time than straightforward presentation of new language.D：Eliciting g正确答案：C9：The root of a word is also called the ________.A：stemB：suffixC：base formD：A or C正确答案：D10：Cognitive and interactional patterns cannot affect the way in which students? A：perceiveB：rememberC：thinkD：practice正确答案：D11：Which expression is wrong about learning students' names?()A：Help show students that the teacher is interested in them.B：It shows the teacher is responsible. C：The teacher could ask individual students to assist with demonstrations.D：The teacher could ask individual students to assist with equipment in the class.正确答案：B12：Students work in pairs， each having similar pictures，but with differences. Through talking to each other， they have to find out the differences without looking at each other’s pictures. What is the name of this speaking activityA：Reaching a consensusB：Describe and arrangeC：Find out the differenceD：Work out the story正确答案：C13：In the learning the established understanding is typical by _ syllabus. A：Formal and functionalB：structural and functionalC：formal and structuralD：type A and type B正确答案：A14：One of the principles of the Direct Method is that classroom instruction was conducted exclusively in the ()language. A：nativeB：another newC：targetD：first正确答案：C15：Which is not belongs to cognitive strategies?A：resourcingB：self-managementC：translationD：inferencing正确答案：B16：Which opinion of using English in the classroom is wrong?()A：teacher-guided correctionB：group correctionC：focus correcting正确答案：C17：Among speaking strategies，which involves using alternatives for words which you do not know?A：Tailoring message to competenceB：ParaphrasingC：Using fillers and hesitation devices D：Appealing for help正确答案：B18：()involves teachers identifying issues and problems relevant to their own classes. A：Literature reviewB：QuestionnaireC：Action researchD：lassroom observation正确答案：C19：The most common form of authority involved in developing language policy and planning is the ().A：governmentB：courtC：procuratorateD：Public Security Bureau正确答案：A20：________is a word game in which you write answers to questions in a pattern of numbered boxes.A：anagramB：crosswordC：riddleD：word puzzle正确答案：B21：The motivation of a student who wishes integrate with the L2 culture is what? A：intrinsicB：integrativeC：instrumentalD：extrinisicE：external正确答案：AB22：Sensory Modality Strength categorizes learners as what?A：visualB：auditoryC：tactile-kinestheticD：thinkingE：analytical正确答案：ABC23：What could teachers do in class when there are still a few minutes to go?()A：The teacher could invite one more pair to report their work to the whole class.B：The teacher could review what has gone on in class today.C：The teacher could ask students study by self.D：The teacher could the students what they will be doing in the next c正确答案：ABD24：() and () have both linguistic outcome and non-liuguistic outcome.A：exerciseB：activityC：approachD：task正确答案：BD25：There are three things to prepare your memory to retain words for a longer time，they are________A：understandingB：associatingC：visualizingD：memorizing正确答案：ABC26：In the following， which are controlled writing activities?A：copyingB：gap-fillingC：Making listsD：Sentence completion正确答案：AB27：Effective teachers have command of at least three， broad knowledge bases that deal with ().A：subject matterB：human development and learningC：pedagogyD：healthy habbit正确答案：ABC28：Errors could be divided into three groups，they are().A：interference errorsB：intralingual errorsC：systematic errorsD：developmental errors正确答案：ABD29：What are the functions of teacher talk?()A：teachingB：socializationC：organizationD：managemant正确答案：ABC30：For most cases， teachers have to search for and develop their own strategies to maintain discipline in their classroom. Which measures do you think are proper for indisciplined acts and badly behaving students().A：talk to students in the classB：stop the classC：change the activityD：rearrange the seatsE：putting them in the corridor正确答案：BCD31：Teaching journals， lesson report， Audio and video recordings and survey and questionnaires and action research are majorinstruments in action research.A：错误B：正确正确答案：A32：It is best to correct all the mistakes students make in the class.A：错误B：正确正确答案：A33：After the class observation， it is not necessary for the class instructor and the observer to schedule a post-session.A：错误B：正确正确答案：A34：Ideally， lesson planning should be done at two levels: macro planning and micro planning.A：错误B：正确正确答案：B35：Classroom management is the way teachers organize what goes on in the classroom. A：错误B：正确正确答案：B36：Type A and B syllabus contrast an interveationist and a non-interveationist approach， being respectively concerned with the?“what”?and the?“how”?of learning. A：错误B：正确正确答案：B37：The role of English and other foreign languages differs widely from one country to anotherA：错误B：正确正确答案：B38：According to what the students are expected to do， classroom activities can be divided into two main categories: those that give the student language input， and those that encourage the students to produce output.A：错误B：正确正确答案：B39：Survey is used widely in descriptive research， in which sampling is one of the key issues.A：错误B：正确正确答案：B40：Information gap is a situation in which information is known to only some of the participants in communication of two or morepeople and those who do not have the information are interested in finding it out.A：错误B：正确正确答案：B41：The teacher’s role can be defined as controller，assessor，organizer，prompter，participant and resource-provider.A：错误B：正确正确答案：B42：Five elements of reflective teaching model are linear or sequential and always followed by the next element in the cycle. A：错误B：正确正确答案：A43：A lexical item may be more than a single word.A：错误B：正确正确答案：B44：Before the end of the 1950s， the mastery of language structures was the main measure of competence in a foreign language，A：错误B：正确正确答案：A45：Fluency describes a level of proficiency in communication which includes the ability to produce written and/or spoken language with ease.A：错误B：正确正确答案：B46：Teachers and students need to understandthat learning a foreign language means giving up one’s first language or dialect. A：错误B：正确正确答案：A47：A task means that learners use whatever target language resources they have in order to solve a problem， do a puzzle， play a game，or share and compare experiences.A：错误B：正确正确答案：B48：A task is a goal-oriented activity in which learners use language to achieve a real outcome.A：错误B：正确正确答案：B49：Errors can indicate the student'sstage of language learning and acquistion. A：错误B：正确正确答案：B50：If nobody corrects leanrners' error， they will never learn good English. A：错误B：正确正确答案：B。

英语专业八级考试TEM-8阅读理解练习册（1）(英语专业2012级)UNIT 1Text AEvery minute of every day, what ecologist生态学家James Carlton calls a global ―conveyor belt‖, redistributes ocean organisms生物.It’s planetwide biological disruption生物的破坏that scientists have barely begun to understand.Dr. Carlton —an oceanographer at Williams College in Williamstown,Mass.—explains that, at any given moment, ―There are several thousand marine species traveling… in the ballast water of ships.‖ These creatures move from coastal waters where they fit into the local web of life to places where some of them could tear that web apart. This is the larger dimension of the infamous无耻的，邪恶的invasion of fish-destroying, pipe-clogging zebra mussels有斑马纹的贻贝.Such voracious贪婪的invaders at least make their presence known. What concerns Carlton and his fellow marine ecologists is the lack of knowledge about the hundreds of alien invaders that quietly enter coastal waters around the world every day. Many of them probably just die out. Some benignly亲切地，仁慈地—or even beneficially — join the local scene. But some will make trouble.In one sense, this is an old story. Organisms have ridden ships for centuries. They have clung to hulls and come along with cargo. What’s new is the scale and speed of the migrations made possible by the massive volume of ship-ballast water压载水— taken in to provide ship stability—continuously moving around the world…Ships load up with ballast water and its inhabitants in coastal waters of one port and dump the ballast in another port that may be thousands of kilometers away. A single load can run to hundreds of gallons. Some larger ships take on as much as 40 million gallons. The creatures that come along tend to be in their larva free-floating stage. When discharged排出in alien waters they can mature into crabs, jellyfish水母, slugs鼻涕虫，蛞蝓, and many other forms.Since the problem involves coastal species, simply banning ballast dumps in coastal waters would, in theory, solve it. Coastal organisms in ballast water that is flushed into midocean would not survive. Such a ban has worked for North American Inland Waterway. But it would be hard to enforce it worldwide. Heating ballast water or straining it should also halt the species spread. But before any such worldwide regulations were imposed, scientists would need a clearer view of what is going on.The continuous shuffling洗牌of marine organisms has changed the biology of the sea on a global scale. It can have devastating effects as in the case of the American comb jellyfish that recently invaded the Black Sea. It has destroyed that sea’s anchovy鳀鱼fishery by eating anchovy eggs. It may soon spread to western and northern European waters.The maritime nations that created the biological ―conveyor belt‖ should support a coordinated international effort to find out what is going on and what should be done about it. (456 words)1.According to Dr. Carlton, ocean organism‟s are_______.A.being moved to new environmentsB.destroying the planetC.succumbing to the zebra musselD.developing alien characteristics2.Oceanographers海洋学家are concerned because_________.A.their knowledge of this phenomenon is limitedB.they believe the oceans are dyingC.they fear an invasion from outer-spaceD.they have identified thousands of alien webs3.According to marine ecologists, transplanted marinespecies____________.A.may upset the ecosystems of coastal watersB.are all compatible with one anotherC.can only survive in their home watersD.sometimes disrupt shipping lanes4.The identified cause of the problem is_______.A.the rapidity with which larvae matureB. a common practice of the shipping industryC. a centuries old speciesD.the world wide movement of ocean currents5.The article suggests that a solution to the problem__________.A.is unlikely to be identifiedB.must precede further researchC.is hypothetically假设地，假想地easyD.will limit global shippingText BNew …Endangered‟ List Targets Many US RiversIt is hard to think of a major natural resource or pollution issue in North America today that does not affect rivers.Farm chemical runoff残渣, industrial waste, urban storm sewers, sewage treatment, mining, logging, grazing放牧,military bases, residential and business development, hydropower水力发电,loss of wetlands. The list goes on.Legislation like the Clean Water Act and Wild and Scenic Rivers Act have provided some protection, but threats continue.The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reported yesterday that an assessment of 642,000 miles of rivers and streams showed 34 percent in less than good condition. In a major study of the Clean Water Act, the Natural Resources Defense Council last fall reported that poison runoff impairs损害more than 125,000 miles of rivers.More recently, the NRDC and Izaak Walton League warned that pollution and loss of wetlands—made worse by last year’s flooding—is degrading恶化the Mississippi River ecosystem.On Tuesday, the conservation group保护组织American Rivers issued its annual list of 10 ―endangered‖ and 20 ―threatened‖ rivers in 32 states, the District of Colombia, and Canada.At the top of the list is the Clarks Fork of the Yellowstone River, whereCanadian mining firms plan to build a 74-acre英亩reservoir水库，蓄水池as part of a gold mine less than three miles from Yellowstone National Park. The reservoir would hold the runoff from the sulfuric acid 硫酸used to extract gold from crushed rock.―In the event this tailings pond failed, the impact to th e greater Yellowstone ecosystem would be cataclysmic大变动的，灾难性的and the damage irreversible不可逆转的.‖ Sen. Max Baucus of Montana, chairman of the Environment and Public Works Committee, wrote to Noranda Minerals Inc., an owner of the ― New World Mine‖.Last fall, an EPA official expressed concern about the mine and its potential impact, especially the plastic-lined storage reservoir. ― I am unaware of any studies evaluating how a tailings pond尾矿池，残渣池could be maintained to ensure its structural integrity forev er,‖ said Stephen Hoffman, chief of the EPA’s Mining Waste Section. ―It is my opinion that underwater disposal of tailings at New World may present a potentially significant threat to human health and the environment.‖The results of an environmental-impact statement, now being drafted by the Forest Service and Montana Department of State Lands, could determine the mine’s future…In its recent proposal to reauthorize the Clean Water Act, the Clinton administration noted ―dramatically improved water quality since 1972,‖ when the act was passed. But it also reported that 30 percent of riverscontinue to be degraded, mainly by silt泥沙and nutrients from farm and urban runoff, combined sewer overflows, and municipal sewage城市污水. Bottom sediments沉积物are contaminated污染in more than 1,000 waterways, the administration reported in releasing its proposal in January. Between 60 and 80 percent of riparian corridors (riverbank lands) have been degraded.As with endangered species and their habitats in forests and deserts, the complexity of ecosystems is seen in rivers and the effects of development----beyond the obvious threats of industrial pollution, municipal waste, and in-stream diversions改道to slake消除the thirst of new communities in dry regions like the Southwes t…While there are many political hurdles障碍ahead, reauthorization of the Clean Water Act this year holds promise for US rivers. Rep. Norm Mineta of California, who chairs the House Committee overseeing the bill, calls it ―probably the most important env ironmental legislation this Congress will enact.‖ (553 words)6.According to the passage, the Clean Water Act______.A.has been ineffectiveB.will definitely be renewedC.has never been evaluatedD.was enacted some 30 years ago7.“Endangered” rivers are _________.A.catalogued annuallyB.less polluted than ―threatened rivers‖C.caused by floodingD.adjacent to large cities8.The “cataclysmic” event referred to in paragraph eight would be__________.A. fortuitous偶然的，意外的B. adventitious外加的，偶然的C. catastrophicD. precarious不稳定的，危险的9. The owners of the New World Mine appear to be______.A. ecologically aware of the impact of miningB. determined to construct a safe tailings pondC. indifferent to the concerns voiced by the EPAD. willing to relocate operations10. The passage conveys the impression that_______.A. Canadians are disinterested in natural resourcesB. private and public environmental groups aboundC. river banks are erodingD. the majority of US rivers are in poor conditionText CA classic series of experiments to determine the effects ofoverpopulation on communities of rats was reported in February of 1962 in an article in Scientific American. The experiments were conducted by a psychologist, John B. Calhoun and his associates. In each of these experiments, an equal number of male and female adult rats were placed in an enclosure and given an adequate supply of food, water, and other necessities. The rat populations were allowed to increase. Calhoun knew from experience approximately how many rats could live in the enclosures without experiencing stress due to overcrowding. He allowed the population to increase to approximately twice this number. Then he stabilized the population by removing offspring that were not dependent on their mothers. He and his associates then carefully observed and recorded behavior in these overpopulated communities. At the end of their experiments, Calhoun and his associates were able to conclude that overcrowding causes a breakdown in the normal social relationships among rats, a kind of social disease. The rats in the experiments did not follow the same patterns of behavior as rats would in a community without overcrowding.The females in the rat population were the most seriously affected by the high population density: They showed deviant异常的maternal behavior; they did not behave as mother rats normally do. In fact, many of the pups幼兽，幼崽, as rat babies are called, died as a result of poor maternal care. For example, mothers sometimes abandoned their pups,and, without their mothers' care, the pups died. Under normal conditions, a mother rat would not leave her pups alone to die. However, the experiments verified that in overpopulated communities, mother rats do not behave normally. Their behavior may be considered pathologically 病理上，病理学地diseased.The dominant males in the rat population were the least affected by overpopulation. Each of these strong males claimed an area of the enclosure as his own. Therefore, these individuals did not experience the overcrowding in the same way as the other rats did. The fact that the dominant males had adequate space in which to live may explain why they were not as seriously affected by overpopulation as the other rats. However, dominant males did behave pathologically at times. Their antisocial behavior consisted of attacks on weaker male,female, and immature rats. This deviant behavior showed that even though the dominant males had enough living space, they too were affected by the general overcrowding in the enclosure.Non-dominant males in the experimental rat communities also exhibited deviant social behavior. Some withdrew completely; they moved very little and ate and drank at times when the other rats were sleeping in order to avoid contact with them. Other non-dominant males were hyperactive; they were much more active than is normal, chasing other rats and fighting each other. This segment of the rat population, likeall the other parts, was affected by the overpopulation.The behavior of the non-dominant males and of the other components of the rat population has parallels in human behavior. People in densely populated areas exhibit deviant behavior similar to that of the rats in Calhoun's experiments. In large urban areas such as New York City, London, Mexican City, and Cairo, there are abandoned children. There are cruel, powerful individuals, both men and women. There are also people who withdraw and people who become hyperactive. The quantity of other forms of social pathology such as murder, rape, and robbery also frequently occur in densely populated human communities. Is the principal cause of these disorders overpopulation? Calhoun’s experiments suggest that it might be. In any case, social scientists and city planners have been influenced by the results of this series of experiments.11. Paragraph l is organized according to__________.A. reasonsB. descriptionC. examplesD. definition12．Calhoun stabilized the rat population_________.A. when it was double the number that could live in the enclosure without stressB. by removing young ratsC. at a constant number of adult rats in the enclosureD. all of the above are correct13.W hich of the following inferences CANNOT be made from theinformation inPara. 1?A. Calhoun's experiment is still considered important today.B. Overpopulation causes pathological behavior in rat populations.C. Stress does not occur in rat communities unless there is overcrowding.D. Calhoun had experimented with rats before.14. Which of the following behavior didn‟t happen in this experiment?A. All the male rats exhibited pathological behavior.B. Mother rats abandoned their pups.C. Female rats showed deviant maternal behavior.D. Mother rats left their rat babies alone.15. The main idea of the paragraph three is that __________.A. dominant males had adequate living spaceB. dominant males were not as seriously affected by overcrowding as the otherratsC. dominant males attacked weaker ratsD. the strongest males are always able to adapt to bad conditionsText DThe first mention of slavery in the statutes法令，法规of the English colonies of North America does not occur until after 1660—some forty years after the importation of the first Black people. Lest we think that existed in fact before it did in law, Oscar and Mary Handlin assure us, that the status of B lack people down to the 1660’s was that of servants. A critique批判of the Handlins’ interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined, and that explanation for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded.The Handlins explain the appearance of legal slavery by arguing that, during the 1660’s, the position of white servants was improving relative to that of black servants. Thus, the Handlins contend, Black and White servants, heretofore treated alike, each attained a different status. There are, however, important objections to this argument. First, the Handlins cannot adequately demonstrate that t he White servant’s position was improving, during and after the 1660’s; several acts of the Maryland and Virginia legislatures indicate otherwise. Another flaw in the Handlins’ interpretation is their assumption that prior to the establishment of legal slavery there was no discrimination against Black people. It is true that before the 1660’s Black people were rarely called slaves. But this shouldnot overshadow evidence from the 1630’s on that points to racial discrimination without using the term slavery. Such discrimination sometimes stopped short of lifetime servitude or inherited status—the two attributes of true slavery—yet in other cases it included both. The Handlins’ argument excludes the real possibility that Black people in the English colonies were never treated as the equals of White people.The possibility has important ramifications后果，影响.If from the outset Black people were discriminated against, then legal slavery should be viewed as a reflection and an extension of racial prejudice rather than, as many historians including the Handlins have argued, the cause of prejudice. In addition, the existence of discrimination before the advent of legal slavery offers a further explanation for the harsher treatment of Black slaves in North than in South America. Freyre and Tannenbaum have rightly argued that the lack of certain traditions in North America—such as a Roman conception of slavery and a Roman Catholic emphasis on equality— explains why the treatment of Black slaves was more severe there than in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies of South America. But this cannot be the whole explanation since it is merely negative, based only on a lack of something. A more compelling令人信服的explanation is that the early and sometimes extreme racial discrimination in the English colonies helped determine the particular nature of the slavery that followed. (462 words)16. Which of the following is the most logical inference to be drawn from the passage about the effects of “several acts of the Maryland and Virginia legislatures” (Para.2) passed during and after the 1660‟s?A. The acts negatively affected the pre-1660’s position of Black as wellas of White servants.B. The acts had the effect of impairing rather than improving theposition of White servants relative to what it had been before the 1660’s.C. The acts had a different effect on the position of white servants thandid many of the acts passed during this time by the legislatures of other colonies.D. The acts, at the very least, caused the position of White servants toremain no better than it had been before the 1660’s.17. With which of the following statements regarding the status ofBlack people in the English colonies of North America before the 1660‟s would the author be LEAST likely to agree?A. Although black people were not legally considered to be slaves,they were often called slaves.B. Although subject to some discrimination, black people had a higherlegal status than they did after the 1660’s.C. Although sometimes subject to lifetime servitude, black peoplewere not legally considered to be slaves.D. Although often not treated the same as White people, black people,like many white people, possessed the legal status of servants.18. According to the passage, the Handlins have argued which of thefollowing about the relationship between racial prejudice and the institution of legal slavery in the English colonies of North America?A. Racial prejudice and the institution of slavery arose simultaneously.B. Racial prejudice most often the form of the imposition of inheritedstatus, one of the attributes of slavery.C. The source of racial prejudice was the institution of slavery.D. Because of the influence of the Roman Catholic Church, racialprejudice sometimes did not result in slavery.19. The passage suggests that the existence of a Roman conception ofslavery in Spanish and Portuguese colonies had the effect of _________.A. extending rather than causing racial prejudice in these coloniesB. hastening the legalization of slavery in these colonies.C. mitigating some of the conditions of slavery for black people in these coloniesD. delaying the introduction of slavery into the English colonies20. The author considers the explanation put forward by Freyre andTannenbaum for the treatment accorded B lack slaves in the English colonies of North America to be _____________.A. ambitious but misguidedB. valid有根据的but limitedC. popular but suspectD. anachronistic过时的，时代错误的and controversialUNIT 2Text AThe sea lay like an unbroken mirror all around the pine-girt, lonely shores of Orr’s Island. Tall, kingly spruce s wore their regal王室的crowns of cones high in air, sparkling with diamonds of clear exuded gum流出的树胶; vast old hemlocks铁杉of primeval原始的growth stood darkling in their forest shadows, their branches hung with long hoary moss久远的青苔;while feathery larches羽毛般的落叶松,turned to brilliant gold by autumn frosts, lighted up the darker shadows of the evergreens. It was one of those hazy朦胧的, calm, dissolving days of Indian summer, when everything is so quiet that the fainest kiss of the wave on the beach can be heard, and white clouds seem to faint into the blue of the sky, and soft swathing一长条bands of violet vapor make all earth look dreamy, and give to the sharp, clear-cut outlines of the northern landscape all those mysteries of light and shade which impart such tenderness to Italian scenery.The funeral was over,--- the tread鞋底的花纹/ 踏of many feet, bearing the heavy burden of two broken lives, had been to the lonely graveyard, and had come back again,--- each footstep lighter and more unconstrained不受拘束的as each one went his way from the great old tragedy of Death to the common cheerful of Life.The solemn black clock stood swaying with its eternal ―tick-tock, tick-tock,‖ in the kitchen of the brown house on Orr’s Island. There was there that sense of a stillness that can be felt,---such as settles down on a dwelling住处when any of its inmates have passed through its doors for the last time, to go whence they shall not return. The best room was shut up and darkened, with only so much light as could fall through a little heart-shaped hole in the window-shutter,---for except on solemn visits, or prayer-meetings or weddings, or funerals, that room formed no part of the daily family scenery.The kitchen was clean and ample, hearth灶台, and oven on one side, and rows of old-fashioned splint-bottomed chairs against the wall. A table scoured to snowy whiteness, and a little work-stand whereon lay the Bible, the Missionary Herald, and the Weekly Christian Mirror, before named, formed the principal furniture. One feature, however, must not be forgotten, ---a great sea-chest水手用的储物箱,which had been the companion of Zephaniah through all the countries of the earth. Old, and battered破旧的，磨损的, and unsightly难看的it looked, yet report said that there was good store within which men for the most part respect more than anything else; and, indeed it proved often when a deed of grace was to be done--- when a woman was suddenly made a widow in a coast gale大风，狂风, or a fishing-smack小渔船was run down in the fogs off the banks, leaving in some neighboring cottage a family of orphans,---in all such cases, the opening of this sea-chest was an event of good omen 预兆to the bereaved丧亲者;for Zephaniah had a large heart and a large hand, and was apt有…的倾向to take it out full of silver dollars when once it went in. So the ark of the covenant约柜could not have been looked on with more reverence崇敬than the neighbours usually showed to Captain Pennel’s sea-chest.1. The author describes Orr‟s Island in a(n)______way.A.emotionally appealing, imaginativeB.rational, logically preciseC.factually detailed, objectiveD.vague, uncertain2.According to the passage, the “best room”_____.A.has its many windows boarded upB.has had the furniture removedC.is used only on formal and ceremonious occasionsD.is the busiest room in the house3.From the description of the kitchen we can infer that thehouse belongs to people who_____.A.never have guestsB.like modern appliancesC.are probably religiousD.dislike housework4.The passage implies that_______.A.few people attended the funeralB.fishing is a secure vocationC.the island is densely populatedD.the house belonged to the deceased5.From the description of Zephaniah we can see thathe_________.A.was physically a very big manB.preferred the lonely life of a sailorC.always stayed at homeD.was frugal and saved a lotText BBasic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country' s impressive population growth. For every three Canadians in 1945, there were over five in 1966. In September 1966 Canada's population passed the 20 million mark. Most of this surging growth came from natural increase. The depression of the 1930s and the war had held back marriages, and the catching-up process began after 1945. The baby boom continued through the decade of the 1950s, producing a population increase of nearly fifteen percent in the five years from 1951 to 1956. This rate of increase had been exceeded only once before in Canada's history, in the decade before 1911 when the prairies were being settled. Undoubtedly, the good economic conditions of the 1950s supported a growth in the population, but the expansion also derived from a trend toward earlier marriages and an increase in the average size of families; In 1957 the Canadian birth rate stood at 28 per thousand, one of the highest in the world. After the peak year of 1957, thebirth rate in Canada began to decline. It continued falling until in 1966 it stood at the lowest level in 25 years. Partly this decline reflected the low level of births during the depression and the war, but it was also caused by changes in Canadian society. Young people were staying at school longer, more women were working; young married couples were buying automobiles or houses before starting families; rising living standards were cutting down the size of families. It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through theWestern world since the time of the Industrial Revolution. Although the growth in Canada’s population had slowed down by 1966 (the cent), another increase in the first half of the 1960s was only nine percent), another large population wave was coming over the horizon. It would be composed of the children of the children who were born during the period of the high birth rate prior to 1957.6. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. Educational changes in Canadian society.B. Canada during the Second World War.C. Population trends in postwar Canada.D. Standards of living in Canada.7. According to the passage, when did Canada's baby boom begin?A. In the decade after 1911.B. After 1945.C. During the depression of the 1930s.D. In 1966.8. The author suggests that in Canada during the 1950s____________.A. the urban population decreased rapidlyB. fewer people marriedC. economic conditions were poorD. the birth rate was very high9. When was the birth rate in Canada at its lowest postwar level?A. 1966.B. 1957.C. 1956.D. 1951.10. The author mentions all of the following as causes of declines inpopulation growth after 1957 EXCEPT_________________.A. people being better educatedB. people getting married earlierC. better standards of livingD. couples buying houses11.I t can be inferred from the passage that before the IndustrialRevolution_______________.A. families were largerB. population statistics were unreliableC. the population grew steadilyD. economic conditions were badText CI was just a boy when my father brought me to Harlem for the first time, almost 50 years ago. We stayed at the hotel Theresa, a grand brick structure at 125th Street and Seventh avenue. Once, in the hotel restaurant, my father pointed out Joe Louis. He even got Mr. Brown, the hotel manager, to introduce me to him, a bit punchy强力的but still champ焦急as fast as I was concerned.Much has changed since then. Business and real estate are booming. Some say a new renaissance is under way. Others decry责难what they see as outside forces running roughshod肆意践踏over the old Harlem. New York meant Harlem to me, and as a young man I visited it whenever I could. But many of my old haunts are gone. The Theresa shut down in 1966. National chains that once ignored Harlem now anticipate yuppie money and want pieces of this prime Manhattan real estate. So here I am on a hot August afternoon, sitting in a Starbucks that two years ago opened a block away from the Theresa, snatching抓取，攫取at memories between sips of high-priced coffee. I am about to open up a piece of the old Harlem---the New York Amsterdam News---when a tourist。

用英语思考提升英语思维水平Thinking in English to Improve English Thinking SkillsIntroduction:English is a global language that is widely used in various fields such as business, education, and communication. To become proficient in English, it is essential to not only focus on grammar and vocabulary but also develop the ability to think in English. This article explores the benefits of thinking in English and provides practical tips to enhance English thinking skills.1. Benefits of Thinking in English:1.1 Enhanced Fluency: When we think in English, our brain processes information directly in the target language, leading to improved fluency. This helps in expressing thoughts and ideas more effortlessly and accurately.1.2 Expanded Vocabulary: Thinking in English exposes us to a wider range of vocabulary. It encourages us to searchfor the right words and phrases to express our thoughts, thereby expanding our vocabulary repertoire.1.3 Improved Grammar: Regularly thinking in English helps in internalizing grammar rules and structures. It enables usto intuitively use correct grammar patterns without having to consciously think about them.1.4 Cultural Understanding: Thinking in English allows us to immerse ourselves in the English-speaking culture. Ithelps us understand the nuances of the language and thecultural context in which it is used, leading to better communication and comprehension.2. Practical Tips to Enhance English Thinking Skills:2.1 Surround Yourself with English: Create an English-speaking environment by surrounding yourself with English materials such as books, movies, music, and podcasts. This exposure will help you think in English more naturally.2.2 Practice Active Listening: Engage in active listening by paying attention to English conversations, lectures, or podcasts. Try to understand the content and think about it in English. This will train your brain to process information directly in English.2.3 Use English in Daily Life: Incorporate English into your daily routine by thinking in English while doingeveryday activities such as cooking, exercising, or commuting. Describe the actions and objects around you in English to reinforce your English thinking skills.2.4 Journaling in English: Maintain a journal in English and write about your thoughts, experiences, and observations. This practice will help you organize your thoughts in English and improve your writing skills simultaneously.2.5 Engage in English Conversations: Actively participate in English conversations with native speakers or language exchange partners. Engaging in discussions and debates will challenge you to think in English on the spot and improve your spoken English skills.2.6 Think in English during Language Study: When studying English grammar or vocabulary, try to think in English rather than translating from your native language. This will help you internalize the language and develop a more natural thought process in English.2.7 Set Goals and Monitor Progress: Set specific goals to think in English for a certain amount of time each day. Keep track of your progress and celebrate small achievements. This will motivate you to continue practicing and improving your English thinking skills.Conclusion:Thinking in English is a powerful tool to enhance English thinking skills. By immersing ourselves in the language andconsciously practicing English thinking, we can improve fluency, expand vocabulary, and develop a deeper understanding of the English language and culture. Incorporate the practical tips mentioned above into your daily routine and watch your English thinking skills soar. Remember, practice makes perfect!。

艾素糖核桃慕斯的研发陈江荣，钟志惠，闫晨晨，朱镇华*（四川旅游学院，四川成都 610100）摘 要：为研制一款更加营养健康的慕斯甜点，本试验通过正交试验结合感官评价得出制作艾素糖核桃慕斯的最佳配方。

试验结果表明，艾素糖核桃慕斯的最佳配方为糖衣外壳6 g、巧克力涂层7 g、巧克力慕斯15 g和核桃仁5 g。

在此条件下制作的艾素糖核桃慕斯口感最佳，在保留慕斯原有丝滑口感的基础上，对营养进行了优化和调整，赋予了慕斯新的口感。

关键词：核桃；艾素糖；巧克力Development of Isomaltulose Walnut MousseCHEN Jiangrong, ZHONG Zhihui, YAN Chenchen, ZHU Zhenhua*(Sichuan Tourism College, Chengdu 610100, China)Abstract: In order to develop a more nutritious and healthy mousse dessert, this experiment combined orthogonal experiments with sensory evaluation to determine the optimal formula for making isomaltulose walnut mousse. The experimental results show that the optimal formula for isomaltulose walnut mousse is 6 g sugar coated shell, 7 g chocolate coating, 15 g chocolate Mousse, and 5 g walnut kernel. Under these conditions, the isomaltulose walnut mousse has the best taste. While retaining the original silky texture of the mousse, the nutrition has been optimized and adjusted, giving the mousse a new taste.Keywords: walnut; isomaltulose ; chocolate我国核桃种植和产量均居世界第一位[1]。

推理英文作文提升方法初中英文：To improve reasoning skills in English writing, there are several methods that I have found helpful. First, reading is essential. Reading a variety of materials such as news articles, fiction, and non-fiction books can expose you to different writing styles and help you understand how authors use evidence to support their arguments. Second, practicing writing is crucial. Writing regularly can help you develop your own writing style and practice using evidence to support your arguments. Third, learning and using logical connectors such as "therefore," "however," and "in addition" can help you connect ideas and make your writing more coherent.To illustrate, I used to struggle with writing argumentative essays because I had difficulty organizing my thoughts and using evidence effectively. However, after reading more and practicing writing, I learned how tostructure my essays and use evidence to support my arguments. Additionally, learning logical connectors helped me transition between ideas and make my writing flow more smoothly.中文：为了提高英语写作的推理能力，我发现有几种方法很有帮助。

语言学题库----选择题II. Multiple Choice1.Which of the following statements about language is NOT True?A. Language is a system.B. Language is symbolic.C. Animals also have languages.D. Language is arbitrary.2. A word is a symbol that _____________.A.is used by the same speech communityB.represents something else in the worldC.is both simple and complex in natureD.shows different ideas in different sounds3.Of the following sound combinations, only_______ is permissible according to thesequential rules in English.A. kiblB.bkilC. ilkbD.ilbk4.American English began with _________.A. Old EnglishB.Victorian EnglishC. Middle EnglishD.Elizabethan English5.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a ___________ formula “S→NP + VP”.A. hierarchicalB. linearC. tree diagramD.vertical6. “Big” and “small” are a pair of ____________ opposites.A. complementaryB. gradableC. completeD.converse7. Predication analysis is a way to analyze _____________ meaning.A.phonemeB.wordC.phraseD.sentence8.Which of the following is NOT a factor that may influence second language acquisition ?A. Age.B.wordC.Motivation.D.Personality.9.Which pair of words is NOT a minimal pair?A.cat / batB. put / butC. jig / pigD.sit / bit10. According toSearle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called ___________ .A. commisivesB. directivesC. expressivesD. declaratives11.If two sounds are in complementary distribution, they are ________ of the same phoneme.A.symbolsB.allophonesC.phonesD.signs12. Which branch of study can NOT be included in the scope of Linguistics?A.Syntax.B.Pragmatics.C.Phonetics.D. Anthropology.13. Euphemism is a term of ________ origin.A. LatinB. GreekC. ArabicD. Spainish14. The distinction of language and parole is made by ___________ .A.HallB.SapirC. ChomskyD.Saussure15._____________ are bound morphemes because they cannot be used as separate words.A.RootsB. StemsC.Affixes Daaapounds16._____________ is the study of the relationship between symbols and their interpreter.A.SyntaxB.SemanticsC.PragmaticsD.Sociolinguistics17._____________ is the defining properties of units like nouns (number, Gender, case, etc) and verbs (tense, aspect, voice, etc).A.Parts of speechB.Word classesC.Grammatical categoriesD.Functions of word18. The n oun “tear” and the verb “tear” are ______________ .A.homophonesB.homographsCaaaplete homonyms D.allophones19. In English, the only glottal is ________ .A. [l]B. [h]C. [k]D. [f]20. The term ________ may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A.synchronic linguistics Baaaparative linguisticsC.diachronic linguisticsD. historical comparative linguistics21. The use of sexist language reflects a _________ attitude.A. socialB.linguisticC.traditionalD.all of the above22. ___________ was once used as lingua franca of diplomacy.A. LatinB.ArabicC.FrenchD.Spanish23. Some words in the basic word stock are said to be stable because they _________ .A.are complex wordsB.are technical wordsC.refer to the commonest things in lifeD.denote the most important concepts24. An affix can be added to certain type of _______ to form a new word.A. infixB.affixC.stemD. word25. In a sentence, which of the following is usually NOT stressed?A. Nouns.B.Verbs.C.Personal pronouns.D.Adjectives.26. The maxim of __________ requires that a participant’s contribution be relevant to the conversation.A.quantityB.qualityC.mannerD. relation27. The relationship between “meat” and “meet” is _________ .A.synonymyB.antonymyC. polysemyD.homonymy28. Usually, suprasegmental features include _________ , length and pitch.A. phonemeB.speech soundC.syllablesD.stress29.What are the dual structures of language?A.Sounds and letters.B.Sounds and meaning.C.Letters and meaning.D.Sounds and symbols.30.Where are the vocal cords?A.In the mouth.B.In the nasal cavity.C.Above the tongue.D.Inside the larynx.31.Which of the following statements about language is NOT true?nguage is a special social phenomenon.nguage is some arbitrary symbols.C.The language system is unique to human beings.nguage is yet to be understood.32. ________ studies the sound systems in a certain language.A.PhoneticsB.PhonologyC.SemanticsD.Syntax33. ________ is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content.A.RootB.AllomorphC.MorphemeD.Word34. A speaker’s actual utterance in Chomsky’s terminology is called __________.A.deep structureB.linguistic universalsC.universal grammarD.surface structure35.A word with several meanings is called __________ word.A.a polysemousB.a synonymousC.an abnormalD.a multiple36. The study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication is ________.A. general linguisticsB.phonologyC.semanticsD.morphology37. Leech divided meanings into __________ types.A. 4B.5C.6D.738.Besides French words, English also absorbed as many as 2,500 words of _______ in the Middle English period.A. Dutch originB.Danish origintin originD.Greek origin39. Distinctive features are used to describe _________ .A. phonesB.phonologyC.allophonesD.phonemes40. The English word “untouchable” is composed of _________ morphemes.A. fourB.threeC.twoD.five41. The process by which words are formed by putting the initial letters of several words together is called _________ .A. compoundingB.clippingC.acronymyD.blending42. Chinese language belongs to the _________ family.A.Indo-EuroeanB.Sino-TibetanC.Afro-AsiaticD.Caucasian43. The founder of general linguistics is ____________ .A.ChomskyB.HallidayC.BloomfieldD.Saussure44. Modern linguistics focuses on the present-day language, and it will be possible to describe language from a _________ perspective.A.sociologicalB.synchronicC.diachronicD.psychological45. The four major modes of semantic change are _________ .A.extension, narrowing, elevation and degradationB.extension, generalization, elevation and degradationC.extension, narrowing, specialization and degradationD.extension, elevation, amelioration and degradation46.Diphthongs are characterized by ________ .A. glidingB.voicingC.aspirationD. stress47. The basic unit in the study of morphology is ________ .A.the internal struturemorphemeB.the rules by which words are formedC.word48. The relation between “food” and “bread” is called _________ .A.synonymyB.polysemyC.homonymyD.hyponymy49. The consonant sound [v] is described as _________ .A.voiceless labiodental fricativeB.voiced dental fricativeC.voiced labiodental fricativeD.voiced affricate50. Which of the following is NOT a compound word ?A.Pencilbox.B.Unreasonable.C.Deadline.D.Upstairs.51. The relation of the two clauses in a coordinate sentence is __________ .A.one is subordinate to the otherB.they hold unequal statusC.they are structurally equal parts of the sentenceD.they are incorporated52. ________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and non-linguistic world of experience.A.SenseB.ReferenceC.SymbolD.Thought53. The sentence “ I fire you!” belongs to the speech act category of ________ .A.expressivesB.directivesC.representativesD.declarations54.General linguistics is the scientific study of _________ .nguage of a certain individualB.the English languageC.human languages in generalD.the system of a particular language55. The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in ______.A.the place of articulationB.the obstruction of airstreamsC.the position of the tongueD.the shape of the lips56. The prefix “ex-“ as in “ex-wife” or “ex-president” was borrowed into English from_________ .tinB.GreekC.FrenchD.Celtic57.Nasal sounds are produced when the soft palate ________ .A. is loweredB.is raisedC. vibratesD.moves58. _________ is concerned with the study of the actual use of language in communication.A.SociolinguisticsB.SemanticsC.PragmaticsD.Synchronic linguistics59. Where is the primary stress of the word phonology?A.pho.B.no.C.lo.D.gy.60. ________ refers to the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference.A. Locutionary actB.Illocutinary actC.Perlocutionary actD.Speech act61. Which of the following words is built by back-formation?A.Smog.B.Fridge.C.Motel.D.Edit.62. What is the full form of LAD?A. Language associative district.nguage acquisition district.C. Language associative device.nguage acquisition device.63. The semantic co mponents of the word “man” can be expressed as ________ .A.+ animate, + human, + male, -adultB.+ animate, + human, + male, + adultC.+ animate, + human, - male, - adultD.+ animate, + human, - male, + adult64. Old English has a vocabulary of about ______ words.A. 30,000 to 40,000B.50,000 to 60,000C. 70,000 to 80,000D.80,000 to 90,00065. Productivity is one of the _________ of language.A. distinctive featuresB. design featuresC. Suprasegmental featuresD. pragmatic features66. What is the common feature of the three sounds: [d], [s], [n] ?A.Voiceless.B.Voiced.C.Nasal.D.Alveolar.67. Which of the following items is NOT one of the grammatical categories of English pronouns?A.Gender.B.Number.C.Case.D.Voice.68. In the word ‘internationalism”, which part is the root?A. interB. nationC.alD. ism69. That there is no direct link between language and the real world is the view of ________ concerning the study of menaing.A. naming theoryB. conceptualistC. contextualistD. behaviorist70. The word “pen” originally meant “feather used for writing with ink”. Now it refers to any devise used for writing with in. This is an example of ________ .A. degradation of meaningB. broadening of meanin gC. narrowing of meaningD. elevation of meaning71. The word ‘taxi” is formed through __________ .A. backformationB.blendingC. clippingD.derivation72. In general, language acquisition refers to children’s development of their _______ language.A. firstB. secondC. dialectalD.individualized73. The left hemisphere of human brain is responsible for the function of _________ .nguage and speechB.calculationC.analytic reasoning and associative thoughtsD.all of the above74. Black English had a number of __________ distinctive features in its phonological, morphological and syntactic systems.A. rule-governedB. arbitraryC. unsystematicD.both A and B75. __________ is not a pair of homophones.A. bean, beenB. beat, beetC. flea, fleeD. bow, bow76. In general, language characteristics of ________ register is more often used in the written form than n the spoken form.A. informalB. formalC. neutralD. all of the above77. “Dim sum” is of __________ origin.A.ScottishB.KoreanC.JapaneseD. Chinese78. Which of the following is NOT an obvious cause of language change ?A.The rapid development of science and technology.B.The way of language teaching.C.The way of children’s language acquisition.D.Economy of memory.79. In a narrower sense, an individual speaker’s idiolect is made up of such factor as__________ .A. voice quality and pitchB. pitch and rhythmC. voice and rhythmD. voice, pitch and rhythm80. When the suffix __________ is added to a verb, it changes this verb into an adjective.A. – lessB. – nessC. – fullyD. –er81. The function of the sentence “Lovely weather, isn’t it ?” is __________ .A. informativeB. phaticC. performativeD. recreational82. Once the notion of ________ was taken into consideration, semantics spilled into pragmatics.A. meaningB. contextC. formD. content83. Which of the following criteria can NOT be used to classify vowels ?A.The part of the tongue that is held highest.B.The openness of the mouth.C.The vibration of the vocal cords.D.The shape of the lips.84. There are __________ maxims under the cooperative principle.A. 2B.3C. 4D.585. Children’s language a cquisition is ________ of language.A.the memorization of words.B.chiefly the internalization of individual sentencesC.primarily the acquiring of the grammatical systemD.generally a bunch of utterance86. “Buy” and “sell” form a pair of __________ .A. conversivesB. gradable antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. marked antonyms87. If a phoneme is substituted for another in a word and the substiution results in a change of the word meaning, the two phonemes are said to be __________ .A. minimal pairB. minimal setC. distinctive phonemesD. distinctive features88. ___________ is a phrase which can only be understood as a unit, not as a summation of meaning of each constituent word.A. CollocationB. IdiomC. Semantic componentD.Synonym89. The Great Vowel Shift occurred at the end of _________ .A. Old English periodB. Middle English periodC. Modern English periodD. Middle ages90. ________ is a pair of contrary antonyms.A. wild, tameB. nimble, lameC. cold, warmD. alive, dead91. What kind of tone is used when a straightforward matter-of-fact statement is uttered ?A. The rising tone.B.The falling tone.C. The falling-rising tone.D. The flat tone.92. The language of females is featured by __________ .A. more prestigious formB. more polite and indirect languageC. more specific color termsD. all of the above93. The most important period for first language acquisition is __________ .A. adulthoodB. teenage periodC. primary school yearsD. pre-school years94. The number of pidgin speakers in the world is ________ .A. about 6 millionB. about 12 millionC. over 12 millionD. somewhere between 6-12 million95. In English-language speech communities, the most obvious taboo words are related toA. religion, sex, sex organsB. religion, sex, excrementC. sex, sex organs, excrementD. religion, sex organs, excrement96. Halliday focuses on the social aspect of language, regarding language as a form of________ .A. knowingB. doingC. thinkingD. thinking and doing97. Which of the following English sounds is NOT bilabial ?A. [b]B. [m]C. [p]D. [f ]98. ________ can be used independently without being combined with other morphemes.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. AffixesD. Roots99. Which of the following words is a derivational one ?A. Backboard.B. Sings.C. Astonishment.D. Boys.100. John Austin proposed _________ in the late 1950’s.A. Speech Act TheoryB. 7 types of meaningC. Cooperative PrincipleD. Predication analysis101. Japanese uses ________ writing system.A. wordB. syllabic alphabetC. alphabeticD. syllabic102. The ________ variety of diglossia is used for more formal or serious matter.A. formalB. informalC. highD. low103. Which of the following is a voiceless bilabial stop ?A. [ w ].B. [ m ].C. [ b ].D. [ p ].104. _______ is NOT a grammatical category of English verbs.A. TenseB. AspectC. VoiceD. Gender105. All words contain a ________ .A. rootB. bound morphemeC. prefixD. suffix106. Of the following word-formation processes, ______ is the most productive.A. clippingB. blendingC. initialismD. derivation107. The most widespread and familiar ethnic variety of the English language is ________ .A. British EnglishB. American EnglishC. Black EnglishD. Canadian English108. _______ is NOT included in Leech’s associative meaning.A. Connotative meaningB. Social meaningC. Collocative meaningD. Thematic meaning109. _______ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SuffixesC. RootsD. Affixes110. The word _______ is usually NOT used by British people.A. “tube”B. “pub”C. “railroad”D. “taxi”111. The maxim of quality requires: do not say what you believe to be ________ .A. falseB. trueC. indirectD.insufficient112. Canada is a well-known bilingual country where both ______ are official languages.A. English and SpanishB. English and PortugueseC. English and FrenchD. English and Russian113. Linguistic taboo reflects ________ .A. social tabooB. social conventionC. habitD. law114. Which of the following words is a functional word ?A. Often.B. Nice.C. Desk.D. Although.115. By the age of _______ , children have completed the greater part of the language acquisition process.A. 5B. 6C. 4D. 3116. Which of the following is NOT the function of language ?A. Metalingual function.B. Interpersonal function.C. Emotive function.D. Cultural transmission.117. “We can do things with words” is the main idea of _________ .A. the speech act theoryB. the co-operative principlesC. the polite principlesD. pragmatics118. Motel is a (n) __________ .A. abbreviationB. coinageC. blendingD. acronym119. ________ is NOT a pair of homophones.A.“Fair” (lovely) and “fair” (a regular gath ering of people for barter and sale ofgoods )B.“ Flea” (any of various small, wingless, bloodsucking insects ) and “flee” (to escape)C.“Lead” (to guide) and “lead” (metal of a dull bluish-grey color that melts easily )D.“compliment” (an expression of praise, admiration, or congratulation ) and“complement” (something that completes, makes up a whole, or brings toperfection )120. The Indo-European family has ________ subfamilies.A. 8B. 9C. 10D. 11121.Which of the following is NOT the design feature of language? ( )a.intelligibilityb.displacementc.arbitrarinessd.duality122. studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.( )a.phoneticsb.phonologyc.morphologyd.syntax123. The sense relation between “animal” and “horse” is . ( )a.synonymyb.antonymyc.hyponymyd.homonymy124. is regarded as the father of modern linguistics. ( )a.Bloomfieldb.Saussure真诚为您提供优质参考资料，若有不当之处，请指正。

逻辑思维锻炼英语作文Title: Enhancing English Writing Skills through Logical Thinking Exercises。

In today's globalized world, proficiency in English writing is increasingly essential for academic, professional, and personal success. However, mastering English writing requires more than just memorizing grammar rules and vocabulary; it demands critical thinking and logical reasoning skills. In this essay, we will explore how logical thinking exercises can significantly enhance English writing abilities.First and foremost, logical thinking exercises stimulate analytical skills, which are crucial for constructing coherent and persuasive arguments in English writing. When confronted with complex issues or topics, individuals need to dissect the information, identify key points, and evaluate their relevance. Logical thinking exercises, such as puzzles, riddles, and deductivereasoning tasks, train individuals to break down problems systematically and derive logical conclusions. These skills directly translate into English writing by enabling writers to organize their thoughts logically, present evidence effectively, and build convincing arguments in essays, reports, or articles.Furthermore, logical thinking exercises fostercreativity and innovation in English writing. While some may perceive logic as rigid and structured, it actually provides a framework within which creativity can flourish. Engaging in exercises that challenge conventional thinking patterns encourages individuals to explore alternative perspectives, devise unique solutions, and express ideas imaginatively. For instance, brainstorming sessions, where participants generate diverse ideas related to a given topic, can inspire inventive approaches to English writing tasks, leading to original content and engaging narratives.Moreover, logical thinking exercises cultivate problem-solving skills, which are invaluable in overcoming language barriers and tackling complex writing challenges. Whenfaced with linguistic obstacles or ambiguity in English writing, individuals equipped with strong problem-solving abilities can effectively navigate through linguistic nuances, resolve grammatical errors, and clarify ambiguous statements. Through exercises that require identifying patterns, making inferences, and drawing conclusions, individuals develop the resilience and adaptability neededto address diverse writing obstacles confidently.Additionally, logical thinking exercises promoteclarity and coherence in English writing by emphasizing the importance of structure and organization. In order toconvey ideas effectively, writers must ensure that their writing is well-structured, with logical progression and coherence from one point to another. Logical thinking exercises, such as sequencing tasks and argument mapping activities, hone individuals' ability to arrangeinformation systematically and maintain coherencethroughout their writing. As a result, writers produce English compositions that are clear, concise, and easy to follow, enhancing readability and comprehension for readers.Furthermore, logical thinking exercises encourage critical analysis of language usage, enhancing individuals' understanding of English grammar, syntax, and semantics. By engaging in exercises that involve identifying errors, analyzing sentence structures, and interpreting meanings, individuals develop a deeper appreciation for the intricacies of the English language. This heightened linguistic awareness directly contributes to improved writing skills, as writers become more adept at selecting appropriate words, constructing grammatically correct sentences, and conveying precise meanings in their compositions.In conclusion, logical thinking exercises play apivotal role in enhancing English writing skills by fostering analytical thinking, stimulating creativity, cultivating problem-solving abilities, promoting clarity and coherence, and deepening linguistic awareness. By incorporating these exercises into language learning curricula and daily writing practices, individuals can effectively sharpen their English writing abilities andcommunicate more confidently and effectively in the global arena.。