IMPROVEMENT OF ENGLISH WALNUT____ SOMATIC EMBRYO GERMINATION AND CONVERSION B

小华问外教学英语的方法的作文Teaching English to non-native speakers can be a challenging task, especially when it comes to young learners. However, with the right approach and methodology, it can also be a very rewarding experience. One such example is Little Hua, a Chinese student who has recently started learning English with a foreign teacher.Learning a new language can be overwhelming for young learners, but with the right techniques, it can also be fun and engaging. Here are some methods that the foreign teacher can use to help Little Hua improve his English skills:1. Immersion: One of the most effective ways to learn a new language is through immersion. This means exposing the student to the language as much as possible. The foreign teacher can do this by speaking in English during lessons, using English materials such as books and videos, and encouraging Little Hua to practice speaking and listening to English outside of class.2. Games and activities: Young learners have short attention spans, so it's important to keep the lessons fun and interactive. The foreign teacher can use games, songs, and activities to makelearning English more engaging for Little Hua. This can help him stay motivated and interested in the language.3. Visual aids: Visual aids can be very helpful in teaching English to young learners. The foreign teacher can use flashcards, pictures, and other visual materials to help Little Hua understand new vocabulary and grammar concepts. This can make the lessons more interactive and help reinforce his learning.4. Repetition and practice: Practice makes perfect, so the foreign teacher should encourage Little Hua to practice speaking, listening, reading, and writing in English as much as possible. This can help him improve his fluency and accuracy in the language.5. Patience and encouragement: Learning a new language can be a long and challenging process, so the foreign teacher should be patient and supportive with Little Hua. Encouraging him to keep trying, praising his efforts, and providing constructive feedback can help boost his confidence and motivation.Overall, teaching English to young learners like Little Hua requires a combination of effective methods, patience, and encouragement. By using immersion, games and activities, visual aids, repetition and practice, and patience and encouragement,the foreign teacher can help Little Hua improve his English skills and become a more confident and fluent speaker. With time and practice, Little Hua will be well on his way to mastering the English language.。

师范生如何学好英语作文How to Learn English Well as a Normal Student。

As a normal student, learning English well is always a challenge. However, there are several effective ways to improve your English skills. In this essay, I will share my own experience and give some tips on how to learn English well as a normal student.Firstly, it is important to build a solid foundation of English grammar. Grammar is the backbone of any language, and it is essential to have a good understanding of it in order to communicate effectively. Therefore, it is necessary to spend some time studying grammar rules and practicing them in writing and speaking.Secondly, reading is a great way to improve your English skills. Reading not only helps you to expand your vocabulary, but also exposes you to various sentence structures and writing styles. You can start with simplebooks and gradually move on to more complex ones. Reading English news articles, magazines, and blogs is also a good way to stay updated on current events and improve your reading comprehension.Thirdly, listening and speaking are also crucial for learning English. You can listen to English podcasts, watch English movies and TV shows, and practice speaking with native speakers or language partners. It is important to practice speaking regularly, even if it is just for a few minutes a day. Speaking with confidence and fluency takes time and practice, but it is achievable with consistent effort.Fourthly, using technology can also be helpful in learning English. There are many apps and websites that offer English language courses and exercises. Some popular ones include Duolingo, Memrise, and Quizlet. These tools can help you to learn new vocabulary, practice grammar, and improve your overall language skills.Finally, it is important to stay motivated andconsistent in your English learning journey. Learning a language takes time and effort, but it is a rewarding experience. Set achievable goals for yourself, track your progress, and celebrate your achievements. Surround yourself with English language materials and immerse yourself in the language as much as possible.In conclusion, learning English well as a normal student is achievable with the right mindset and approach. By building a solid foundation of grammar, reading regularly, practicing listening and speaking, using technology, and staying motivated, you can improve your English skills and achieve your language learning goals.。

大学语言学考试1-7章-试题和答案(总28页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--12maximal?onset?principle? states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant. it is put into the onset rather than the coda. . The correct syllabification of the word country should be第一章，填空1. The study of the meaning of lingustic words, phrases is called semantics.2. Displacement is a design feature of human language that enables speakers to talk about a wild range of things free from barriers caused by4. Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.5. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive.6. Chomsky defines“competence” as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language.7. Language is a means of verbal communication. It is informative in that communicating by speaking or writing is a purposeful act.8. The link between a linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter of9. Language is distinguished from traffic lights in that the former has the designing feature of duality.10. In linguistics research, both quantity and quality approaches are preferred.判断：11. The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech, thus there are still many languages in today's have no .... √12. According to Chomsky, the word “competence” is not limited to the ability ofan ideal native speaker to construct and recognize.×13. Duality and cultural transmission are two most important design features ofhuman language.×14. Chomsky's competence' and performance are similar in meaning to Saussure’s langue and parole.√15,An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the“best authors”for language usage √16. In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a of reasons.√17. Modern linguistics is mainly diachronic.×chochronic共时的18. Langue and parole is the fundamental distinction discussed by Chomsky in his Aspects of the Theory ofdistinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics as Parole and language. √20. According to Chomsky, the task of a linguist is to determine from the data of performance the underlying system of rules that has been √选择:1. As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyse the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for correct linguistic behavior, it is said to be descriptive2. I can refer to Confucius even though he was dead 2000 years ago. This shows that language has the design feature of displacement.3.“Don’t end a sentence with a preposition.” this is an example of prescriptive rules.4.Which of the following is most referred to as a branch of t he study of meaning in5.The synchronic study of language takes a fixed instant as its point of observation.6. The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called pragmatics.7. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human language is A?没照下图片arbitrary8.The descriptive of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.9.题目没照下来。

中学英语教学法在线作业单选题第1题 (2.0) 分___ is used by native speakers to express meanings in many subtle ways such as surprise, complaint, sarcasm, friendliness, threats, etc.A、StressB、√IntonationC、RhythmD、Speed第2题 (2.0) 分Ways of presenting new words suggested in Wang Qiang’s book (2005) include the following EXCEPT ___.A、√Teach all the new words in a text in an isolated way before reading the text.B、prepare for possible misunderstanding ｏr confusion that students may have.C、ｕｓｅ synonyms ｏr antonyms to explain meanings.D、Provide different contexts for introducing new words.√第3题 (2.0) 分Apart ｆrom the learner factors, the ____ is another factor that determines if the students can acquire native-like english pronunciation.A、√amount of exposure to EnglishB、amount of production of EnglishC、learner’s knowledge of English gr ammarD、learner’s vocabulary size第4题√(2.0) 分There are two kinds of stress that are important to achieving good pronunciation, i.e. ___.A、mechanical stress ａnd meaningful stressB、perception理解 stress ａnd production stressC、word-level stress ａnd phrase-level ｏr sentence-level stressD、syllable-level stress ａnd word-level ｏr phrase-level stress第5题 (2.0) 分As far as learning pronunciation is concerned, the realistic goals for the students are consistency连贯, intelligibility, ａnd ___.A、√communicative efficiencyB、accuracyC、correctnessD、fastness第6题 (2.0) 分When teaching pronunciation, we should ___.A、drill an individual sound for more than a few minutes a timeB、√ｃreate a pleasant, relaxed, ａnd dynamic classroomC、ask the students to imitate模仿 for a long timeD、be authoritative in our teaching第7题 (2.0) 分When practising sounds, the activities “listen ａnd repeat”, “make up sentences”, “using meaningful context”, “using pictures” ａnd “using tongue twisters” belong to the category of ___.A、perception practiceB、√production practiceC、perception ａnd production practicesD、perception ｏr production practice第8题 (2.0) 分Ways of consolidating new words suggested in Wang Qiang’s book (2000) include the following EXCEP ___.A√、copying the wordsB、using word net-workC、using categoriesD、using the Internet resources for more ideas第9题 (2.0) 分Vocabulary building strategies outside classrooms include reviewing regularly, ___, organizing vocabulary effectively, ａnd using learned vocabulary.A、neglecting the meaningB、remembering the translationC、reciting the spellingD√、guessing meaning ｆrom the context第10题 (2.0) 分Ways of consolidating new words suggested in Wang Qiang’s book (2000) include the following EXCEP ___.A、labeling 标记objects in a pictureB、spotting圆点，污点 the differences in two picturesC、playing a game of “What did you see just now?”D、√reading the words in chorus合唱队，歌舞团√第11题 (2.0) 分When teaching vocabulary we must take into consideration two kinds of meaning. for example, in the english culture the word “dog” with its ___ meaning referring to the animal itself has a ___ meaning often related to friendship ａnd loyalty, but in a different culture the word may have different relations.A、denotative… denotativeB、connotative …connotativeC、√denotative … connotativeD、connotative涵义… denotative延伸第12题 (2.0) 分When we are teaching pronunciation, stress ａnd intonation should ___.A√、be taught ｆrom the very beginningB、be taught at the end of the learning stageC、be taught in the middle of the learning stageD、never be taught第13题 (2.0) 分When teaching new words that are difficult for the students to understand, for example, some technical words ｏr wｏrds with abstract meanings, the teacher can ___.A、teach them in chunks短而厚的木头B、ｕｓｅ synonyms ｏr antonymsC√、translate ａnd exemplify直接翻译或简化D、ｕｓｅ a verbal口头语 context第14题(2.0) 分According to Wang Qiang, to answer the question “Can the students achieve the goal of acquiring native-like pronunciation?” we must take into consideration three things: ___.A、ethic devotion, professional qualities, ａnd personal styleB、√learner age, amount of exposure, ａnd differences of individual abilityC、teacher factors, learner factors, ａnd school factorsD、letters, phonetic transcripts, ａnd sounds第15题 (2.0) 分According to Ur (1996), with regards to the three ways of teaching grammar, inductive ａnd discovery归纳发现法method should be used for those structures that ___.A、are difficult for the learnersB、are complicated for the learnersC√、can be easily perceived by the learnersD、cannot be perceived by the learners第16题 (2.0) 分As far as pronunciation is concerned, there are two types of practice, namely ___.A、student practice ａnd teacher practiceB、perception感知洞察 practice ａnd production practiceC、word practice ａnd sentence practiceD、√stress practice ａnd rhythm practice第17题 (2.0) 分When practising intonation with students in the classroom, ___.A、we can explain the intonation to the studentsB、we never make the students know which part is a rise, ａnd which part is a fallC√、we can ｕｓｅ hand ｏr arm movement, ｕｓｅ arrows, ｏr draw linesunder/above the wｏrdsD、we just let the intonation take place without our attention第18题 (2.0) 分When trying to achieve consistency in pronunciation, students do not have to ａnd should not sacrifice牺牲，供祭___.A、consistency连贯性B、√intelligibility可理解性C、accuracyD、fluency第19题 (2.0) 分According to Wallace, the development of a teacher consists of three stages. a teacher begins his language training in Stage 1, ａnd acquires his ____ at Stage 3.A、linguistic competenceB√、professional competenceC、own experienceD、received knowledge第20题 (2.0) 分Richards (1994, 1998) believes that it is the teacher’s invol vement ａnd his ｏr her ability to ___ teaching ａnd make activities engaging that often promotes successful learning.A、generalizeB、√personalizeC、simplify简化D、complicate第21题 (2.0) 分Which of the following are not one of the principles of communicative language teaching proposed by Richards ａnd Rodgers (1986)?A、Communication principleB、Task principleC、Meaningfulness principleD、√Correctness principle第22题 (2.0) 分One ineffective way of learning vocabulary, which often occurs when students study vocabulary individually is ___ learning.A、√rote死记硬背B、meaningfulC、consciousD、unconscious第23题 (2.0) 分The guided discovery method is different ｆrom the inductive method because the process of the discovery ___ ａnd the rules are then elicited引诱ａnd taught explicitly明确的.A、√is carefully guided ａnd assisted by the teacherB、is made by the students themselvesC、takes place automaticallyD、never takes place第24题 (2.0) 分The activity of “describing ａnd drawing” for vocabulary consolidation is often done ___.A、outside the classroomB、without doing anythingC、individuallyD√、in pairs第25题 (2.0) 分When we are teaching pronunciation, ___ ａnd intonation should be taught ｆrom the very beginning.A、knowledge about soundsB、phonetic rulesC、phonetic transcriptsD√、stress第26题 (2.0) 分According to Ur (1996), for ensuring understanding, plenty of contextualized examples of the target structure are necessary, ａnd ___ can aid comprehension.A、√visual materialsB、complex terminologyC、teacher’s grammar analysisD、students’ grammar analysis第27题 (2.0) 分According to Nation (2001) receptive knowledge of vocabulary involves the following EXCEPT ___.(1) √being able to construct it using the right word parts in theirappropriate forms(2) knowing that there are some related words(3)being able to recognize that the word has been used correctly in the sentence in which it occurs(4) being able to recognize the typical collocations搭配A、√(1)B、(2)C、(3)D、(4)第28题 (2.0) 分At beginner level, most new words learned by students usually have immediate practical ｕｓｅａnd quickly become one’s ___ vocabulary.A、productive ｏr activeB、receptive ｏr activeC、√productive ｏr passiveD、receptive ｏr passive第29题 (2.0) 分In meaningful practice the focus is on the production, comprehension ｏr exchange of ___.A、structuresB、sentencesC、formD、√meaning第30题 (2.0) 分When teaching pronunciation, we should ___.A、√build-up students’ confidenceB、destroy students’ confidenceC、make students feel anxiousD、make students distracted第31题 (2.0) 分When t eaching grammar, “You are a stranger in this town …” ａnd “A policeman was asking some questions…” are two examples of using ___.A、mimes哑剧B、gestures手势C、chain of eventsD、√created situations第32题 (2.0) 分Pronunciation covers more than just phonetic symbols ａnd rules. it also includes ___, ａnd all these are not isolated ｆrom each other.A、letters, phonetic transcripts, ａnd soundsB、sounds, letters, ａnd wordsC、sounds, words, ａnd grammarD、√stress, intonation, ａnd rhythm第33题 (2.0) 分Communicative language teaching (clt) has expanded the areas covered by the previous approaches ｏr methodologies, that is, clt covers language content (to incｏrpｏrate functions), ___ (cognitive style ａnd infｏrmation processing), ａnd product (language skills).A、√learning processB、teaching methodsC、conditionsD、messages第34题 (2.0) 分According to some scholars Task-based Language Teaching is, in fact, ___ Communicative Language Teaching.A、exactly the same asB、√a further development ofC、opposite toD、nothing to do with第35题 (2.0) 分According to Wang Qiang, ___ are the basis for syllabus design教学纲要, teaching methods, teaching procedures, ａnd even teaching techniques.A、values of lifeB、styles of lifeC、√views on languageD、views on culture√第36题 (2.0) 分When teaching vocabulary it is believed that teaching ___ is a more effective way than just teaching one single word at a time, as nation(2001:318) notes that “all fluent ａnd appropriate language ｕｓｅrequires ___ knowledge.”A、word collocations … collocational搭配B√、meaning … meaningfulC、denotative meaning …denotativeD、connotat ive meaning …connotative第37题 (2.0) 分When teaching vocabulary, the teacher can ___ to promote high motivation.A、apply rote死记硬背 learningB、separate the words ｆrom the contextC、neglect the students’ learning processD√、relate newly learned language to students’ real life第38题 (2.0) 分Views on language ａnd ____ both influence theories on how language should be taught.A√、views on language learningB、views on culture learningC、values of lifeD、styles of life第39题 (2.0) 分Words that one is able to recognize ａnd comprehend in reading ａnd listening but unable to ｕｓｅ automatically in writing ｏr speaking are referred to as ___.A、receptive ｏr activeB、productive ｏr passiveC、√receptive ｏr passiveD、productive ｏr active√第40题(2.0) 分Which of the following is NOT among Ellis’ (1990) six criteria for evaluating how communicative classroom activities are?A、Communicative purposeB、Communicative desire（real need）C√、No material controlD、Teacher intervention第41题 (2.0) 分In meaningful practice the focus is on the production, comprehension ｏr exchange of ___.A、languageB√、informationC、structuresD、sentences第42题 (2.0) 分One language form may express a number of communicative functions ａnd one ___ can also be expressed by a variety of ___.A、language … dialectsB、dialect … languagesC、language form … communicative functionsD、√communicative function … language forms第43题 (2.0) 分Actually pronunciation is an umbrella term covering many aspects besides sounds ａnd phonetic symbols, such as ___.A、consistency, intelligibility清晰, ａnd communicative efficiencyB、accuracy, fluency ａnd complexityC√、stress, intonation, ａnd rhythmD、spelling, pronunciation ａnd lexical meaning第44题 (2.0) 分Hedge discusses five main components of communicative competence. these components inlude linguistic competence, pragmatic 实用competence, discourse演讲，谈话 competence, strategic competence, ａnd ___.A、accuracyB√、fluencyC、correctnessD、grammaticality第45题 (2.0) 分The three aspects of pronunciation are ___ each other. They are interrelated.A、not united withB、√not isolated ｆromC、split withD、irrelevant to第46题 (2.0) 分One of the reasons why the deductive method of teaching grammar is criticized is that ___ in the method.A、√grammar is taught in an isolated wayB、much attention is paid to meaningC、the practice is often meaningfulD、students do not benefit ｆrom the method at all第47题 (2.0) 分The ___ theory believes that learning is a process in which the learner constructs meaning based on his/her own experiences ａnd what he ｏr she already knows.A、√constructivistB、behavioristC、structuralD、cognitive第48题 (2.0) 分According to Ur, in grammar practice, factors which contribute to success practice include pre-learning, volume ａnd repetition重复, success-orientation, heterogeneity不同之值 ___.A、√teacher assistance ａnd interestB、inductive归纳 method ａnd deductive 演绎methodC、mechanical practice ａnd meaningful practiceD、speaking, ａnd writing第49题 (2.0) 分The ___ theory believes that learning is a process in which the learner constructs meaning based on his/her own experiences ａnd what he/she already knows.A、BehanouristB、CognitiveC、√ConstructivistD、Structuralist第50题(2.0) 分There is ___ between mechanical practice ａnd meaningful practice. an example given by Wang Qiang is the “chain of events” activity.A、no distinctionB、clear-cut distinctionC√a、no clear-cut distinctionD、(None of the above)。

上半年《英语知识与教学能力》（高中）试题(附答案).第 1 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 未分类 >Which of the following is the feature shared by the Englishphonemes/m/and/p/?{A}. Voiced.{B}. Voiceless.{C}. Bilabial.{D}. Dental.正确答案：C,第 2 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 未分类 >Which of the following is true of English sound system?{A}. Aspiration is a distinctive feature.{B}. Voicing is a distinctive phonetic feature.{C}. Nasalization of vowels gives rise to another vowel.{D}. Length of vowels differentiates one vowel from the other. 正确答案：B,第 3 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 未分类 >Though the government encourages foreign investment,__________ investors arereluctant to commit fimds in the current climate situation in the country.{A}. potential{B}. affluent{C}. optimistic{D}. solid正确答案：A,第 4 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 未分类 >The man __________ the dark glasses fled away from the spot veryrapidly.{A}. in{B}. at{C}. of{D}. by正确答案：A,第 5 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 未分类 >The morpheme \"-ceive\" in the word \"conceive\" isa__________.{A}. stem{B}. root{C}. allomorph{D}. suffix正确答案：B,第 6 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 未分类 >There is no need__________ to teach children how to behave. {A}. however{B}. whatsoever{C}. forever{D}. whenever正确答案：B,第 7 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 未分类 >__________advance seems to be following advance on almost a monthly basis.{A}. So rapid is the rate of progress that{B}. Rapid as the rate of progress is that{C}. So rapid is the rate of progress as{D}. Rapid as the rate of progress as正确答案：A,第 8 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 未分类 >Tom, see that your sister gets safely back, __________?{A}. can you{B}. won't we{C}. won' t you{D}. should we正确答案：C,第 9 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 未分类 >What rhetoric device is used in the sentence \"This is a successfulfailure\"?{A}. Simile{B}. Metonymy{C}. Metaphor{D}. Oxymoron正确答案：D,第 10 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 未分类 >The expression\"As far as I know ...\" suggests that peopleusually observe the Maxim of __________ in their daily conversations.{A}. Quantity{B}. Quality{C}. Relevance{D}. Manner正确答案：B,第 11 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 未分类 >When the teacher attempts to elicit more information from the students bysaying \"And...?\",\"Good. Anything else?\", etc, he/she isplaying the role of a __________.{A}. prompter{B}. participant{C}. manager{D}. consultant正确答案：A,第 12 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 未分类 >For more advanced learners, group work may be more appropriate thanpair work for tasks that are__________.{A}. linguistically simple{B}. structurally controlled{C}. cognitively challenging{D}. thematically non-demanding正确答案：C,第 13 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 未分类 >When you focus on \"utterance function\" and \"expectedresponse\" by using examples like\"Here you are\",\"Thanks\", you are probably teaching language at the __________.{A}. lexical level{B}. sentence level{C}. grammatical level{D}. discourse level正确答案：D,第 14 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 未分类 >Which of the following tasks fails to encourage active language use?{A}. Reciting a text.{B}. Bargaining in a shop.{C}. Writing an application letter.{D}. Reading to get a message.正确答案：A,第 15 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 未分类 >A teacher may encourage students to__________ when they come acrossnew words in fast reading.{A}. take notes{B}. ask for help{C}. guess meaning from context{D}. look up the words in a dictionary正确答案：C,第 16 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 未分类 >Which of the following statements about task design is incorrect?{A}. Activities must have clear and attainable objectives.{B}. Activities should be confined to the classroom context.{C}. Activities must be relevant to students' life experiences.{D}. Activities should help develop students' language ability. 正确答案：B,第 17 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 未分类 >If someone says \"I know the word\", he should not only understandits meaning but also be able to pronounce, spell, and __________ it.{A}. explain{B}. recognize{C}. memorize{D}. use正确答案：D,第 18 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 未分类 >Teachers could encourage students to use__________ to gather and organizetheir ideas for writing.{A}. eliciting{B}. mind mapping{C}. explaining{D}. brainstorming正确答案：B,第 19 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 未分类 >When students are asked to go to the local museum, libraries, etc. tofind out information about endangered animals and work out a plan for anexhibition, they are doing a(n) __________.{A}. survey{B}. experiment{C}. project{D}. presentation正确答案：C,第 20 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 未分类 >Which of the following tasks fails to develop students′ skill ofrecognizing discourse patterns?{A}. Analyzing the structure of difficult sentences.{B}. Checking the logic of the author's arguments.{C}. Getting the scrambled sentences into a paragraph.{D}. Marking out common openers to stories and jokes.正确答案：A,第 21 题 (单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) > 未分类 >请阅读Passage l，完成小题。

A taste of English humour李仕才一、阅读理解阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项。

A new study by the British government has discovered the mental health of the country's teenage girls has become worse.the survey，which included 30,000 14­year­old students in 2005 a nd 2014，showed 37 percent of girls with psychological stress，up from 34 percent in 2005.British boys' stress level was actually seen to fall over the same time period，from 17 percent to 15 percent.The report's authors pointed out the“advent of the social media age”could be a major contributing factor for increased stress among teenage British girls.“The adolescent years are a time of rapid physical，cognitive(认知的)and emotional development，”Pam Ramsden，a lecturer in psychology at the University of Bradford in the United Kingdom，wrote in a recent blog post.“Teenagers interact with people in order to learn how to become competent(有能力的)adults.In the past, they would engage with parents，teachers and other adults in their community as well as extended family members and friends.Now we can also add social media to that list of social and emotional development.”Throughout adolescence，girls and boys develop characteristics like confidence and self­control.Since teenage brains have not completely developed，teens don't have the cognitive awareness and impulse(冲动)control to keep from posting inappropriate content.Furthermore，this content can easily be spread far and wide with disastrous influences.Social media can also feed into girls' insecurities about their appearance，Ramsden said.These sites are often filled with images of people with body type unattainable to the normal person.However，these images and the messages tied to them gradually become societal standards.1．The statistics in the second paragraph show that ________.A．more and more children in Britain have mental health problemsB．few girls in Britain suffered from psychological stress in 2005C．more boys in Britain are suffering from mental pressure nowD．more British girls feel psychologically stressed than boys do now2．Contrary to traditional ways of interaction，social media ________.A．helps teenagers develop qualities like confidence and self­controlB．has many negative effects on girls' characteristic developmentC．makes teens aware of potential danger of the inappropriate contentD．teaches girls to care about their appearance to meet societal standards 3．The underlined word“advent”in Paragraph 3 can be replaced by“________”．A．arrival B．endC．disappearance D．invention【解题导语】一项新研究发现，英国少女的心理健康状况变得更糟；分析表明，社交媒体时代的到来可能是造成英国少女心理压力加大的主要因素。

Chapter 1 Introductions to LinguisticsI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. B Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human__________A. contactB. communicationC. relationD. community2. A Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. typewriterC. crashD. bang3. C The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.” is__________.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative4. C In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say“碎碎（岁岁）平安”as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform?A. InterpersonalB. EmotiveC. PerformativeD. Recreational5.C Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?A. TransferabilityB. DualityC. DisplacementD. Arbitrariness6.B Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language?—A nice day, isn’t it?— Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. PhaticC. PerformativeD. Interpersonal7. A __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole8. C When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and now. It couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the design feature of __________.A. cultural transmissionB. productivityC. displacementD. duality9. A __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.A. PsycholinguisticsB.Anthropological linguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Applied linguistics10. C __________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic theoryB. Practical linguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguisticsII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. F Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language.12. F Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.13. T Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication systems.14. F Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages.15. F We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which means the details of any language system can be genetically transmitted.16. F Only human beings are able to communicate.17. F F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was a French linguist.18. F A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time is an example of the diachronic study of language.19. F Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history.20. F All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms.III. Fill in the blanks. (10%)21. verbal Language, broadly speaking, is a means of __________ communication.22. productivity In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed __________.23. metalingual function Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is __________.24. yo-he-ho Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the __________ theory.25. scientific Linguistics is the __________ study of language.26. descriptive Modern linguistics is __________ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.27. speech One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of __________ over writing.28. diachronic linguistic The description of a language as it changes through time is a __________ study.29. langue Saussure put forward two important concepts. __________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.30. competence Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s __________.Chapter 2 Speech SoundsI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. A Pitch variation is known as __________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice2. C Conventionally a __________ is put in slashes (/ /).A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme3. D An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are __________ of the p phoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones4. A The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as__________.A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula5. A The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as __________ diphthongs.A. wideB. closingC. narrowD. centering6. D A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called __________.A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones7. B Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A. Acoustic phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. None of the above8. A Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [ b ]D. [p]9. B Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [ u ]C. [e]D. [ i ]10. B What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. VoicelessB. V oicedC. Glottal stopD. ConsonantII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. T Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.12. T The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound.13. T Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation.14. F [p] is a voiced bilabial stop.15. F Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.16. T All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.17. T When pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.18. T According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. short.19. F Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.20. F The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. voiced, voiceless, voiced Consonant sounds can be either __________ or __________, while all vowel sounds are __________.22. friction Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth arebrought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing __________.23. tongue The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the __________ and the lips.24. height One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. A second element is the __________ to which that part of the tongue is raised.25. obstruction Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without __________.26. minimal pairs In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating __________.27. diphthongs In English there are a number of __________, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.28. Co-articulation __________ refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their neighbors.29. Phonemes __________ is the smallest linguistic unit.30. air stream Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements have an effect on the __________ coming from the lungs.Chapter 3 LexiconI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. A Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __________.A. lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words2. A Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called __________ morpheme.A. inflectionalB. freeC. boundD. derivational3. C There are __________ morphemes in the word denationalization.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six4. B In English –ise and –tion are called __________.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. stems5. B The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and __________.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. infixD. back-formation6. B __________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A. affixationB. back-formationC. insertionD. addition7. C The word TB is formed in the way of __________.A. acronymyB. clippingC. initialismD. blending8. A The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by __________.A. blendingB. clippingC. back-formationD. acronymy9. D The stem of disagreements is __________.A. agreementB. agreeC. disagreeD. disagreement10. B All of them are meaningful except for __________.A. lexemeB. phonemeC. morphemeD. allomorphII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. F Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.12. T Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.13. F Base refers to the part of the word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed.14. T In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change the word-class of the base.15. T Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of a word.16. F Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a word.17. T The words whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onomatopoeia.18. F In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes.19. F Back-formation is a productive way of word-formations.20. F Inflection is a particular way of word-formations.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. initialism, acronym An __________ is pronounced letter by letter, while an __________ is pronounced as a word.22. vocabulary Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with __________.23. solid, hyphenated, open Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: __________, __________ and __________.24. morpheme All words may be said to contain a root __________.25. close, open A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belong to __________ class, while the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to __________ class.26. back-formation __________ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening.27. conversion __________ is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its inflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.28. morpheme Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the __________ level.29. derivative, compound A word formed by derivation is called a __________, and a word formed by compounding is called a __________.30. affix, bound root Bound morphemes are classified into two types: __________ and __________.Chapter 4 SyntaxI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. D The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical2. C The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite3. D The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational4. D A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammati¬cal knowledge in the mind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical5. D A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. particleC. prepositionD. subordinator6. A Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional7. D Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. all of the above.8. D The head of the phrase “the city Rome” is __________.A. the cityB. RomeC. cityD. the city Rome9. B The phrase “on the shelf” belongs to __________ construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. subordinateD. coordinate10. A The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves.” is a __________ sentence.A. simpleB. coordinateC. compoundD. complexII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. T Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence.12. T The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.13. T In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.14. T Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.15. F Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.16. F In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.17. T In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.18. F What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.19. T A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.20. T It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. simple A __________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.22. sentence A __________ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.23. subject A __________ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.24. predicate The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called __________.25. complex A __________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.26. embedded In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an __________ clause.27. open Major lexical categories are __________ categories in the sense that new words are constantly added.28. Adjacency __________ condition on case assignment states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.29. Parameters __________ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among natural languages.30. CASE The theory of __________ condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.Chapter 5 Meaning[Mainly taken from lxm1000w’s exercises. – icywarmtea]I. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. A The naming theory is advanced by ________.A. PlatoB. BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth2. B “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents _______.A. the conceptualist viewB. contexutalismC. the naming theoryD. behaviorism3. D Which of the following is NOT true?A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.C. Sense is abstract and decontextualized.D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.4. D “Can I borrow your bike?”_______ “You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes5. B ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis6. C “Alive” and “dead” are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above7. A _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense8. C ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy9. D Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.A. homonymsB. polysemiesC. hyponymsD. synonyms10. A The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.A. grammatical rulesB. selectional restrictionsC. semantic rulesD. semantic featuresII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. F Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.12. F Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.13. T Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.14. F In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience.15. T Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.16. T Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.17. F The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.18. T Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality.19. T “It is hot.” is a no-place predication because it contains no argument.20. T In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. Semantics __________ can be defined as the study of meaning.22. direct The conceptualist view holds that there is no __________ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.23. Reference __________ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.24. synonyms Words that are close in meaning are called __________.25. homophones When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called __________.26.Relational __________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.27. Componential __________ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.28. selectional Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called __________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. 29. argument A(n) __________ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element(s) in a sentence.30. naming According to the __________ theory of meaning, the words in a lan¬guage are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for.Chapter 8 Language in UseI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. D What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context2. B A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.A. pragmaticB. grammaticalC. mentalD. conceptual3. C If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a (n) _________.A. constativeB. directiveC. utteranceD. expressive4. B Which of the following is true?A. Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences.B. Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences.C. No utterances can take the form of sentences.D. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences.5. A Speech act theory did not come into being until __________.A. in the late 50’s of the 20the centuryB. in the early 1950’sC. in the late 1960’sD. in the early 21st century6. C __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act7. B According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ______.A. to get the hearer to do somethingB. to commit the speaker to something’s being the caseC. to commit the speaker to some future course of actionD. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs8. C All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose, but they differ __________.A. in their illocutionary actsB. in their intentions expressedC. in their strength or forceD. in their effect brought about9. A __________ is advanced by Paul GriceA. Cooperative PrincipleB. Politeness PrincipleC. The General Principle of Universal GrammarD. Adjacency Principle10.D When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.A. impolitenessB. contradictionsC. mutual understandingD. conversational implicaturesII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. F Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.12. T It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language use was left unconsidered.13. T What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.14. F The major difference between a sentence and an utterance is that a sentence is not uttered while an utterance is.15. F The meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent.16. F The meaning of an utterance is decontexualized, therefore stable.17. F Utterances always take the form of complete sentences18. F Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle.19. T Speech act theory started in the late 50’s of the 20th century.20. T Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. context The notion of __________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.22. utterance If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an __________.23. abstract The meaning of a sentence is __________, and decontexualized.24. Constatives were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.25. Performatives were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.26. locutionary A(n) __________ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.27. illocutionary A(n) __________ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.28. commissive A(n) _________ is commit the speaker himself to some future course of action.29. expressive A(n) ________ is to express feelings or attitude towards an existing state.30. quantity There are four maxims under the cooperative principle: the maxim of __________, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner.11。