acronym: is made up from the first letters of the name of an organization, which has a heavily modified headword. affix: the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme (the root or stem). Allophone: any of the different forms of a phoneme(e g. [t h] is an allophone of /t/ in English. When /t/ occurs in words like step, it is unaspirated [t]. Both [t h] and t] are allophones of the phoneme /t/. applied linguistics: applications of linguistics to the study of second and foreign language learning and teaching, and other areas such as translation, the compiling of dictionaries, etc. arbitrariness: one design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. articulatory
phonetics: the study
of production of
speech sounds.
assimilation: the
change of a sound as
a result of the
influence of an
adjacent sound,
which is more
specifically called
“contact”or
“contiguous”
assimilation.
assimilation theory:
language (sound,
word, syntax, etc)
change or process
by which features of
one element change
to match those of
another that
precedes or follows.
back-formation: an
abnormal type of
word-formation
where a shorter
word is derived by
deleting an
imagined affix from
a longer form
already in the
language.
blending: a
relatively complex
form of
compounding, in
which two words are
blended by joining
the initial part of the
first word and the
final part of the
second word, or by
joining the initial
pars of the two
words.
bound morpheme:
an element of
meaning which is
structurally
dependent on the
world it is added to,
e. g. the plural
morpheme in dogˊ
s.
broad and narrow
transcription: the
use of a simple set
of symbols in
transcription is
called broad
transcription; the
use of a simple set
of symbols in
transcription is
called broad
transcription; while,
the use of more
specific symbols to
show more phonetic
detail is referred to
as narrow
transcription.
category: parts of
speech and function,
such as the
classification of
words in terms of
parts of speech, the
identification of
terms of parts of
speech, the
identification of
functions of words
in term of subject,
predicate, etc.
creativity:by
creativity we mean
language is
resourceful because
of its duality and its
recursiveness. One
of the reasons why
language is actually
a far more
complicated entity
than traffic lights is
that we can use it to
create new
meanings.
concord: also
known as agreement,
is the requirement
that the forms of
two or more words
in a syntaetic
relationship should
agree with each
other in terms of
some categories.
coarticulation: a
kind of phonetic
process in which
simultaneous or
overlapping
articulations are
involved.
Coarticulation can
be further divided
into anticipatory
coarticulation and
perseverative
coarticulation.
compound:
Polymorphemic
words which consist
wholly of free
morphemes, such as
classroom,
blackboard,
snowwhite, etc.
complementary
distribution: the relation between two speech sounds that never occur in the same environment. Allophones of the same phoneme are usually in complementary distribution. competence: language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules. consonant: they are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity. complementary antonymy: members of a pair in complementary antonymy are complementary to each field completely, such male: female, present: absent. compositionality: a principle for sentence analysis, in which the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words
and the way they are
combined.
conceptual
meaning: the
central par of
meaning, which
contains logical,
cognitive, or
denotative content.
connotation: a term
in a contrast with
denotation, meaning
the properties of the
entity a word
denotes.
converse antonymy:
a special kind of
antonymy in that
remembers of a pair
do not constitute a
positive-negative
opposition; such as
buy; sell, lend:
borrow, above:
below, etc.
communicative
competence: as
defined by Hymes,
the knowledge and
ability involved in
putting language to
communicative use.
Conversational
implicature: the
extra meaning not
contained in the
literal utterances,
understandable to
the listener only
when he shares the
speaker’s
knowledge or knows
why and how he
violates
intentionally one of
the four maxims of
the Cooperative
Principle(CP).
constative: an
utterance by which a
speaker expresses a
propisition which
may be true or false.
CP (Cooperative
Principle): to
specify the CP
further, Grice
introduced four
categories of
maxims as follows:
Quantity: make your
contribution as
information as is
required. Quality:
try to make your
contribution one that
is true. Relation: be
relevant. Manner: be
perspicuous.
deep structure: the
abstract
representation of the
syntactic properties
of a construction, i.
e. the underlying
level of structural
relations between its
different
constituents, such as
the relation between.
The underlying
subject and its verb,
or a verb and its
object.
descriptive: a kind
of linguistic study in
which things are just
described.
denotation: the core
sense of a word or a
phrase that relates it
to phenomena in the
real world.
diachronic: the
study of a language
is carried through
the course of its
history.
dialect: A regional
variety of a
language
distinguished by
pronunciation,
grammar, or
vocabulary,
especially a variety
of speech differing
from the standard
literary language or
speech pattern of the
culture in which it
exists:
displacement: one
design feature of
human language,
which means human
language enable
their users to
symbolize objects,
events and concepts
which are not
present c in time and
space, at the
moment of
communication.
Distinctive features:
a term of phonology,
i. e. a property
which istinguishes
one phoneme from
another.
dissimilatoin: the influence exercised. By one sound segment upon the articulation of another, so that the sounds become less alike, or different. duality: one design feature of human language, which refers to the property of having two levels of are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. endocentric construction: one construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the centre, or head, of the whole. Hence an endocentric construction is also known as a headed construction. exocentric construction: a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent t Any to any of its constituents.
emic: a term in
contrast with etic
which originates
from American
linguist Pike’s
distinction of
phonetics and
phonemics. An ernic
set of speech acts
and events must be
one that is validated
as meaningful via
final reaurce to the
native members of a
speech community
rather than via
appeal to the
investigator’s
ingenuity or
intuition alone.
etic: a term in
contrast with emic
which originates
from American
linguist Pike’s
distinction of
phonetics and
phonemics. Being
etic mans making
far too many, as well
as behaviously
inconsequential,
differentiations, just
as was often the
case with phonetic
vs. phonemic
analysis in
linguistics proper.
etymology:The
origin and historical
development of a
linguistic form as
shown by
determining its basic
elements, earliest
known use, and
changes in form and
meaning, tracing its
transmission from
one language to
another, identifying
its cognates in other
languages, and
reconstructing its
ancestral form
where possible.
Fossilization: it
refers to this
phenomenon-non-tar
get forms become
fixed in the
interlanguage. Many
examples can be
found - Mukkatesh,
looking at the
written production
of 80 students at a
Jordanian university,
found that after 11
years instruction in
learning English,
they continued
making errors such
as the use of simple
past instead of
simple present - no
amount of
grammatical
explanation or of
error correction had
any effect.
folk etymology: a
change in form of a
word or phrase, re
suiting from an
incorrect popular
nation of the origin
or meaning of the
term or from the
influence of more
familiar terms
mistakenly taken to
be analogous.
free morpheme: an
element of meaning
which takes the
form of an
independent word.
government and
binding theory: it is
the fourth period of
development of
Chomsky’s TG
Grammar, which
consists of x-bar
theory, Case Theory,
Controll Theory, and
Binding Theory.
grammatical word:
word expressing
grammatical
meanings, such as
conjunctions,
prepositions, artides
and pronouns.
gradable
antongyrny:
members of this
kind are gradable, i
as long: short, big:
small.
hyponymy: a
relation between
two words, in which
the meaning of one
word (the
superordinate) is
included in the
meaning another
word (the
hyponym) .
ideational function: the speaker’s experience of the real world, including the inner world of his own consciousness. illocutionary act: the act performed in saying something; its force is identical with the speaker’s intention. interlanguage: the type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language, i. e. the language system between the target language and the learner’s native language. interpersonal function: the use of language to establish and maintain social relations: for the expression of social roles, which include the communication roles created by language itself; and also for getting things done, by means of the interaction between one person and another inflection: the manifestation of
grammatical
relationships
through the addition
of inflectional
affixes, such as
number, per son,
finiteness, aspect
and case, which do
not change the
grammatical class of
the stems to which
they are attached.
isolating language:
a language in which
word forms do not
change, and in
which grammatical
functions are shown
by word order and
the use of function
words.
inflectional
language: a
language in which
the form of a word
changes to show a
change in meaning
or grammatical
function, often there
is no clear
distinction between
the basic part of the
word and the part
which shows a
grammatical
function such as
number or tense.
immediate
constituent analysis:
the analysis of a
sentence in terms of
its immediate
constituents—word
groups (or phrases),
which are in turn
analyzed into the
immediate
constituents of their
own, and the
process goes on
until the ultimate
constituents are
reached.
IPA: the
abbreviation of
International
Phonetic Alphabet,
which is devised by
the International
Phonetic
Association in 1888
on the basis of the
phonetic alphabet
proposed at the time.
Since then it has
undergone a number
of revisions. IPA is a
comprised system
employing symbols
of all sources, such
as Roman small
letters, italics
uprighted, obsolete
letters, Greek letters,
diacritics, etc.
langue: the
linguistic
competence of the
speaker.
lexeme: A separate
unit of meaning,
usually in the form
of a word(e.g. dog
in the manger).
lexicon: a list of all
the words in a
language assigned to
various lexical
categories and
provided with
semantic
interpretation.
lexical word: word
having lexical
meanings, that is,
those which refer to
substance, action
and quality, such as
nouns, verbs,
adjectives, and
verbs.
loanblend: a
process in which
part of the form is
native and part is
borrowed, but the
meaning is fully
borrowed.
loanshift: a process
in which the
meaning is
borrowed, but the
form is native.
loanword: a process
in which both form
and meaning are
borrowed with oniy
a slight adaptation,
in some cases, to the
phonological system
of the new language
that they enter.
loss: the
disappearance of the
very sound as a
morpheme in the
phonological
system.
locutionary act: the
act of saying
something; it’s an
act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon ,and phonology. Namely, the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference. macrolinguistics: the interacting study between language and language-related disciplines such as psychology, sociology, ethnograph, science of law and artificial intelligence etc. Branches of rnacrolinguistics include psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics, etc. Manner of articulation: in the production of consonants, manner of articulation refers to the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the way in which the air passes through certain parts of the vocal tract. Meaning: it has always been a central topic in human scholarship, though term “semantics”has only a history of a
little over a hundred
years. The fact that
over the years
numerous
dictionaries have
been produced with
a view to explaining
the meaning of
words also bears
witness to its long
tradition.
Nevertheless,
semantics remains
the least known area
in linguistics,
compared with
phonetics,
phonology,
morphology and
syntax.
metalanguage:
certain kinds of
linguistic signs or
terms for the
analysis and
description of
particular studies.
minimal pairs:
when two different
forms are identical
in every way expect
for one sound
segment which
occurs in the place
in the string, the two
words are called
minimal pairs.
morpheme: the
smallest unit of
language in terms of
relationship between
expression and
content, a unit that
cannot be divided
into further small
units without
destroying or
drastically altering
thc meaning,
whether it is lexical
or grammatical.
Q-principle: one of
the two principles in
Horn’s scale, i.e.
Make your
contribution
sufficient (of
quantity1) ; Say as
much as you can
(given R).
paradigmatic
relation: a relation
holding between
elements replaceable
with each other at a
particular place in a
structure, or
between one
element present and
he others absent.
parole: the actual
phenomena or data
of linguistics
(utterances).
performance: the
actual use of
language in concrete
situations.
phatic communion:
one function of
human language,
which refers to the
social interaction of
language.
Phoneme: the
abstract element of
sound, identified as
being distinctive in a
particular language.
Place of
articulation: in the
produetion of
consonants, place of
articulation refers to
where in the vocal
tract there is
approximation ,
narrowing, or the
obstruction of air.
prescriptive: a kind
of linguistic study in
which things are
prescribed how
ought to be, i. e.
laying down rules
for language use.
prepositional logic:
also known as
prepositional
calculus or
sentential calculus,
is the study of the
truth Conditions for
propositions: how
the truth of a
composite
proposition is
determined by the
trath value of its
constituent
propositions and the
connections between
them.
Propositions:
whatever is seen as
expressed by a
sentence which
makes a statement.
It is a property of
propositions that
they have truth values. performative: an utterance by which a speaker does something does something, as apposed to a constative, by which makes a statement which may be true or false.
r-principle: one of the two principles in Horn’s scale, i. e. make your contribtution necessary (G. Relation, Quantity2, Manner) ; Say no more than you must (given Q). reference: the use of language to express a proposition, i. e. to talk about things in context.
relational opposites: converse antonymy in reciprocal social roles, kinship relations, temporal and spatial relations. There are always tvo entities involved. One presupposes the other. The sho, better: worse, etc are instances of relational opposites. rivation: different from compounds, derivation shows the relation between
roots and affixes.
rlocutionary act:
the act performed by
or resulting from
saying soething, it’s
the consequence of,
or the change
brought about the
utterance.
root: the base from
of a word that
cannot further be
analyzed 4.vitl,put
total loss of identity.
allomorph: any of
the different form of
a morpheme. For
example, in English
the plural morpheme
is but it is
pronounced
differently in
different
environments as /s/
in cats, as /z/ in dogs
and as /iz/ in classes.
So /s/, /z/, and /iz!
are all allomorphs of
the plural
morpheme.
surface structure:
the final stage in the
syntactic derivation
of a construction,
which closely
corresponds to the
structural
organization of a
construction people
actually produce and
receive.
c-command: one of
the similarities, or of
the more gener.
Stem: any
morpheme or
combination of
rnorphemes to
which an)nfleetional
affix can be added.
syllabus: the
planning of a course
of instruction. It is a
description of the
cousr content,
teaching procedures
and learning
experiences.
synchronic: a kind
of description which
takes a fixed instant
(usuai1not
necessarily, the
present) ,as its point
of observation. Most
grammars are of this
kind.
syntagrnatic
relation: a relation
between one item
and others in a
sequence, or
between elements
which are all
present.
sense: the literal
meaning of a word
or an expression,
independent of
situational context.
synonymy: is the
technical name for
the sameness
relation.
Suprasegmental:
Suprasegmental
features are those
aspects of speech
that involve more
than single sound
segments. The
principal
supra-segmental
features are syllable,
stress, tone, and
intonation.
superordinate: the
upper term in
hyponymy, i. e. the
class name. A
superordinate
usually has several
hyponyrns. Under
animal, for example,
there are cats, dogs,
pigs, etc.
selection restriction:
semantic restrictions
of the noun phrases
that iciilare,cical
item can take, e. g.
regret requires a
human subject.
transfer: the
influence of mother
tongue upon the
second language.
When structures of
the two languages
are similar, we can
get positive transfer
or facilitation; when
the two languages
are different in
structures, negative
transfer or inference
occurs and result in
errors.
textual function:
the use of language
the provide for
making links with itself and with features of the situation in which it is used.
validity: the degree to which a test meansures what it is meant to measure. There are four kinds of validity, i. e. content validity, construct validity, empirical valiodity, and face validity. voicing: pronouncing a sound (usually a vowel or a voiced consonant by vibrating the vocal cords.
Vowel: are sound segments produced without such obstruction so no turbulence of a total stopping of the air can be perceived.
现代语言学 一绪论 1 Linguisitics: 语言学Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language 2 Phonetics: 语音学The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics. For example, vowels and consonants 元音、辅音、声调、重音以及节奏、音变 3 Phonology: 音韵学The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. For example, phone, phoneme, and allophone. 4 Morphology: 形态学The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology. For example, boy and “ish”---boyish, teach---teacher. 5 Syntax: 句法学The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. For example, ”John like linguistics.” 6 Semantics: 语义学The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example: “The seal could not be found. The zoo keeper became worried. The seal could not be found, The king became worried.” Here the word seal means different things. 同义词、反义词，同音词 7 Pragmatics: 语用学The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. For example, “I do” The word do means different context.在特定情景中的特定话语，研究如何通过语境来理解和使用语言。 8 Sociolinguistics: 社会语言The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics. For example:regional dialects, social variation in language.
语言学名词解释 Define the following terms: 1. design feature:are features that define our human languages,such as arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission,etc. 2. function: the use of language tocommunicate,to think ,https://www.doczj.com/doc/1d9013720.html,nguage functions inclucle imformative function,interpersonal function,performative function,interpersonal function,performative function,emotive function,phatic communion,recreational function and metalingual function. 3. etic: a term in contrast with emic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.Being etic mans making far too many, as well as behaviously inconsequential,differentiations,just as was ofter the case with phonetic vx.phonemic analysis in linguistics proper. 4. emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.An emic set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native members of a speech communith rather than via qppeal to the investigator’s ingenuith or intuition alone. 5. synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant(usually,but not necessarily,the present),as its point of observation.Most grammars are of this kind. 6. diachronic:study of a language is carried through the course of its history. 7. prescriptive: the study of a language is carried through the course of its history. 8. prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be,https://www.doczj.com/doc/1d9013720.html,ying down rules for language use. 9. descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described. 10. arbitrariness: one design feature of human language,which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. 11. duality: one design feature of human language,which refers to the property of having two levels of are composed of elements of the secondary.level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. 12. displacement: one design feature of human language,which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present c in time and space,at the moment of communication. 13. phatic communion: one function of human language,which refers to the social interaction of language. 14. metalanguage: certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and description of particular studies. 15. macrolinguistics: he interacting study between language and language-related disciplines such as psychology,sociology,ethnograph,science of law and artificial intelligence etc.Branches of macrolinguistics include
英汉语言学词汇对照表 abbreviation ablative abrupt accent accusative acoustic phonetics acquisition action verb active active chart parser active knowledge active verb actor-action-goal actualization acute address adequacy adjacency pair adjective adjunct adjunction adverb adverbial idiom affective affirmative affix affixation affricate agent agentive-action verb agglutinative agreement AI (artificial intelligence) AI language Algebraic Linguistics algorithm alienable alignment allo- allomorph allophone alpha notation alphabetic writing alternation 缩写[省略语 ] 夺格 (的) 突发音 口音 /{Phonetics} 重音 受格（的） 声学语音学 习得 动作动词 主动语态 活动图句法剖析程序 主动知识 主动动词 施事 (者)-动作 -目标 实现 (化) 锐音 地址 { 信息科学 }/ 称呼（语） { 语言学 } 妥善性 邻对 形容词 附加语[ 附加修饰语 ] 加接 副词 副词词组 影响的 肯定（的；式） 词缀 加缀 塞擦音 施事 施事动作动词 胶着（性） 对谐 人工智能[人工智能 ] 人工智能语言[人工智能语言 ] 代数语言学 算法[算法 ] 可分割的 对照 [多国语言文章词；词组；句子翻译的 ] 同位 - 同位语素 同位音位 alpha 标记 拼音文字 交替
acronym: is made up from the first letters of the name of an organization, which has a heavily modified headword. affix: the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme (the root or stem). Allophone: any of the different forms of a phoneme(e g. [t h] is an allophone of /t/ in English. When /t/ occurs in words like step, it is unaspirated [t]. Both [t h] and t] are allophones of the phoneme /t/. applied linguistics: applications of linguistics to the study of second and foreign language learning and teaching, and other areas such as translation, the compiling of dictionaries, etc. arbitrariness: one design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speech sounds. assimilation: the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound, which is more specifically called “contact”or “contiguous” assimilation. assimilation theory: language (sound, word, syntax, etc) change or process by which features of one element change to match those of another that precedes or follows. back-formation: an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language. blending: a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial pars of the two words. bound morpheme: an element of meaning which is structurally dependent on the world it is added to, e. g. the plural morpheme in dogˊ s. broad and narrow transcription: the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription; the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription; while, the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription. category: parts of speech and function, such as the classification of words in terms of parts of speech, the identification of terms of parts of speech, the identification of functions of words in term of subject, predicate, etc. creativity:by creativity we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. One of the reasons why language is actually a far more complicated entity than traffic lights is that we can use it to create new meanings. concord: also known as agreement, is the requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntaetic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories. coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved. Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation. compound: Polymorphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes, such as classroom, blackboard, snowwhite, etc. complementary
英语专业八级语言学总结来源：谢萌Fighting的日志 一、语言和语言学 1、语言的区别性特征：Design of features of language 任意性arbitrariness 指语言符号和它代表的意义没有天然的联系 二重性duality 指语言由两层结构组成 创造性creativity 指语言可以被创造 移位性displacement 指语言可以代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、时间、观点 2、语言的功能（不是很重要） 信息功能informative 人际功能interpersonal 施为功能performative 感情功能emotive function 寒暄功能phatic communication 娱乐功能recreational function 元语言功能metalingual function 3、语言学主要分支 语音学phonetics 研究语音的产生、传播、接受过程，考查人类语言中的声音 音位学phonology 研究语音和音节结构、分布和序列 形态学morphology 研究词的内部结构和构词规则 句法学syntax 研究句子结构，词、短语组合的规则 语义学semantics 不仅关心字词作为词汇的意义，还有语言中词之上和之下的意义。如语素和句子的意义 语用学pragmatics 在语境中研究意义 4、宏观语言学macrolingustics 心理语言学psycholinguistics 社会语言学sociolinguistics 人类语言学anthropological li nguistics 计算机语言学computational linguistics 5语言学中的重要区别 规定式和描写式：规定式：prescriptive说明事情应该是怎么样的 描写式：descriptive 说明事情本来是怎么样的 共时研究和历时研究：共时：synchronic 研究某个特定时期语言 历时：diachronic 研究语言发展规律 语言和言语：语言：langue指语言系统的整体 言语：parole指具体实际运用的语言 语言能力和语言运用：乔姆斯基(chomsky提出) 能力：competence用语言的人的语言知识储备 运用：performance 真实的语言使用者在实际中的语言使用 二、语音学 1、语音学分支 发音语音学articulatory phonetics研究语言的产生 声学语言学acoustic phonetics 研究语音的物理属性 听觉语音学auditory phonetics 研究语言怎样被感知 2 IPA（国际音标）是由daniel Jones琼斯提出的 三、音位学
胡壮麟语言学术语英汉对照翻译表 1. 语言的普遍特征： 任意性arbitrariness 双层结构duality 既由声音和意义结构 多产性productivity 移位性displacement:我们能用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西 文化传播性cultural transmission 2。语言的功能： 传达信息功能informative 人济功能：interpersonal 行事功能：Performative 表情功能：Emotive 寒暄功能：Phatic 娱乐功能recreatinal 元语言功能metalingual 3. 语言学linguistics：包括六个分支 语音学Phonetics 音位学phonology 形态学Morphology 句法学syntax 语义学semantics 语用学pragmatics 4. 现代结构主义语言学创始人：Ferdinand de saussure 提出语言学中最重要的概念对之一：语言与言语language and parole ，语言之语言系统的整体，言语则只待某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语 5. 语法创始人：Noam Chomsky 提出概念语言能力与语言运用competence and performance 1. Which of the following statements can be used to describe displacement. one of the unique properties of language: a. we can easily teach our children to learn a certain language b. we can use both 'shu' and 'tree' to describe the same thing. c. we can u se language to refer to something not present d. we can produce sentences that have never been heard befor e. 2.What is the most important function of language? a. interpersonal b. phatic c. informative d.metallingual 3.The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it ?"is __ a informative b. phatic c. directive d. performative
《语言学》术语及英文解释 Define the following terms: 1. design feature:are features that define our human languages,such as arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission,etc. 2. function: the use of language tocommunicate,to think ,https://www.doczj.com/doc/1d9013720.html,nguage functions inclucle imformative function,interpersonal function,performative function,interpersonal function,performative function,emotive function,phatic communion,recreational function and metalingual function. 3. etic: a term in contr ast with emic which originates from American linguist Pike’distinction of phonetics and phonemics.Being etic mans making far too many, as well as behaviously inconsequential,differentiations,just as was ofter the case with phonetic vx.phonemic analysis in linguistics proper. 4. emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pike distinction of phonetics and phonemics.An emic set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native members of a speech communith rather than via qppeal to the investigator’s ingenuith or intuition alone. 5. synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant(usually,but not necessarily,the present),as its point of observation.Most grammars are of this kind. 6. diachronic:study of a language is carried through the course of its history. 7. prescriptive: the study of a language is carried through the course of its history. 8. prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be,https://www.doczj.com/doc/1d9013720.html,ying down rules for language use. 9. descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described. 10. arbitrariness: one design feature of human language,which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. 11. duality: one design feature of human language,which refers to the property of having two levels of are composed of elements of the secondary.level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. 12. displacement: one design feature of human language,which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present c in time and space,at the moment of communication. 13. phatic communion: one function of human language,which refers to the social interaction of language. 14. metalanguage: certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and description of particular studies. 15. macrolinguistics: he interacting study between language and language-related disciplines such as psychology,sociology,ethnograph,science of law and artificial intelligence etc.Branches of macrolinguistics include psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics, a nthropological linguistics,et 16. competence: language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules. 17. performance: the actual use of language in concrete situation. 18. langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker. 19. parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances).
语言学术语（英-汉对照）表 Glossary and Index (备注：因教材改版，部分章节标注等内容有出入。) A abbreviation 缩写词，略语3.3.1 Abercrombie 10.3.2 ablative 夺格，离格4.1.1 abstractness 抽象性1.3.2 accent 重音（符）2.4.4；2.4.5 accuracy 正确性11.6.4 accusative 宾格4.1.1 achievement test 成绩测试11.6.3 acoustic phonetics 声学语音学1.7.1；2.1 acquisition 习得6.1.2 acronym 缩略语3.3.1 action process 动作过程12.2.3 actor 动作者4.4.2；12.2.3 addition 添加3.3.2 address form 称呼形式7.2.3 addressee 受话人1.4；9.4.1 addresser 发话人1.4；9.4.1 adjective 形容词3.1.2；4.1.1；5.5.2 adjunct 修饰成分；附加语12.2.3 adverb 副词3.1.2 affix 词缀3.2.1 affix hopping 词缀跳跃4.3.1 affixation词缀附加法7.1.4 affricate 塞擦音2.4.3；2.4.5；2.9.1 agreement 一致关系4.1.3 airstream 气流2 alliteration 头韵9.3.2；9.3.6 allomorph 词/语素变体3.2.4；4.3.1 allophone 音位变体2.8
A AcS (actor Subject), ReS (Receptor Subject) and DaS (dative vesubject) P85 Active deposit 活性沉积P393 adaptability制宜原则P39 adjustment 调整P135 AdjMr：Ajective Modifier 定语修饰语P19 Affixing morpheme of fixed position 定位性附加语素P342 Affixation 缀合法P29 All encompassing 无所不包P ix Aphasic 失语症患者P386 ApoP 同位短语式P188 Approximative system 近似体系P58 arbitrariness任意性; selectiveness 选择性P181 Aspect 体（tentative尝试体, inchoative开始体, successive继续体, perfect完成体, progressive 进行体）P114 Autonomy 自主权P53 B backshift后移P370/372 bilingualism 双语学P522 Blending 拼缀法P29 Bottom-up perception自下而上的感知，top-down perception自上而下的感知P493 C Cart Fames1980 对比分析P x circulativeness 周遍性P86 categorization范畴化, grouping 归为类P487 category word 范畴词P418/474/513 cleft sentence 分裂句P230 cognate equivalence同源对应P134/468，词根对应P478 cognitive schema认知图示P386 Cohesion 粘着性P62 Cohesion and coherence接应与连贯P74 Cohesive tie 联结关系接应词，additive 增补连接词，adversative 对比连接词，causal conjunction因果连接词，temporal conjunction 时间连接词P436 Combination (虚词功能)组合P452 Total combination完全结合，formal combination形式结合P464 Common value （语言）共同价值；special value 特征价值P47 Complement 补语P126Composition 合成法P29 Compactness of meaningful morpheme有义语素结合紧密度P299 Compressed predicate 紧缩式谓语P120 Compound （汉语）合成词P443 Conversion 转化法P29 Constant 常数（ie. tertium comparationis中间比较项）；variable变数；tertium 中间项P50
100个最常用的语言学术语（“欧美语言学”课） 1.语言language 2.语言学linguistics 3.语言学家linguist；philologist 4.语法grammar 5.语法单位grammatical unit 6.语法形式grammatical form 7.语法意义grammatical meaning 8.语法手段grammatical device 9.语法范畴grammatical category 10.元音vowel 11.辅音consonant 12.语文学philology 13.传统语法traditional grammar 14.历史比较语言学historical comparative linguistics 15.转换生成语法transformational generative grammar 16.结构主义语言学structural linguistics 17.应用语言学applied linguistic 18.方言dialect 19.语言教学language teaching 20.语言规划language planning 21.语言政策language policy 22.语言学习策略language learning strategy 23.发现程序discovery procedure 24.语境context；language environment 25.中介语interlanguage 26.音位phoneme 27.音节syllable 28.语素morpheme 29.词法morphology 30.句法syntax 31.交际法communicative approach 32.认知cognition 33.习得acquisition 34.第二语言second language 35.第二语言习得second language acquisition （SLA） 36.自由语素free morpheme 37.黏着语素bound morpheme 38.复合词compound word 39.普遍语法universal grammar，UG 40.词类part of speech
Define the following terms: 1. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2. Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. 3. Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. . 4. Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. 5. Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics. 6. Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 7. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics. 8. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology. 9. Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. 10. Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics. 11. Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability. 12. Arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds 13. Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. 14. Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker 15. Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. 16. Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication 17. Competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language, 18. Performance: performance is the actual realization of the knowledge of the rules in linguistic communication. 19. Langue : Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow; Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently 20. Parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use; parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.45. phonology: Phonology studies the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. 21. phoneme: The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit of distinctive value. But