THE SEVEN PRINCIPLES
The use of a technique is always dependent upon the application of a certain number of principles. This is what we call the instructions. One need not follow the rules recommended in such instructions. Indeed the product, device or system for which they were devised may well work even if they are not observed, but will do so less efficiently. Furthermore, the simpler the instructions, the more likely the user is to follow them. The same applies to note-taking. A few very simple principles give this system its sound base and precision, and make using it straightforward. There are seven of these principles; in order they are:
1 Noting the idea and not the word
2 The rules of abbreviation
3 Links
4 Negation
5 Adding emphasis
6 Verticality
7 Shift
Some of these principles have already been explained by Jean Herbert in his Interpreter’s Handbook1.
1. Noting the idea rather than the word
Take any French text and give it to 10 excellent english translators. The result will be ten very well translated texts, but ten very different texts in as far as the actual words used are concerned. The fact that we have ten good translations, but ten different texts, shows that what is important is the translation of the idea and not the word. This is even truer of interpretation since the interpreter must produce a version of the text in another language immediately. He must be free of the often misleading constraints that words represent. It is through the analysis and notation of the ideas that the interpreter will avoid mistakes and a laboured delivery.
Example: Let us take the following, from French into English: …Il y a des fortes chances pour que...../ There is a very good chance that...” If we base our notation of this expression on the words, the key word is chance. If we base it on the idea, it is probable.
The notes will have to be read 20 minutes – even an hour2– after the idea was originally expressed. In the first example it would be very easy to make a mistake. Having noted chance the i nterpreter might, if the context allowed, render it …there is a chance that” or …by chance”. If on the other hand he noted probable the mistake cannot be made. The issue of style is also dealt with in the second example where one would automatically say (interpreting into English), …It is probable that”, or …it is likely that”, or …in all likelihood” whereas in the first example even if the interpreter had correctly recalled the idea that the word chance represented he/she will be a prisoner to that word and might easily produce a gallicism3.
1 Georg & C ie, Geneva, 1956.
2 this was indeed the case when Rozan wrote. Although nowadays 20 minutes is considered a long consecutive speech, his comments still apply.
3 being unduly influenced by the source language is, of course, not only a problem in French-English interpretation but in all interpretation.
Example: …We should try to live up to....”. It would be absurd to note the word …live” and it would greatly increase the risk of making a mistake. Although it would seem to be very different from the original it woul d be more appropriate to note in French, for example, … à la hauteur” (in english ‘to be up to’). This is the result of analysing the idea behind what is said and noting it idiomatically in the target language. It would be just as useful to note be =, representing being equal to , which could very easily be read back idiomatically in intepretation (ie. …à la hauteur in French”, …to be up to in English”).
Whenever taking notes the interpreter must concentrate on the major idea and how this can be noted clearly and simply (preferably in the target language, although this is not essential).
In the practical exercises in Part 3 of this book you will find a number of examples of noting the idea rather than the word. It is recommended that you examine these with particular care.
2. The Rules of Abbreviation
A. ABBREVIATION OF WORDS
The rule of thumb is that unless a word is short (4-5 letters) the interpreter should note it in an abbreviated form.
If we have to note …specialized” it is more meaningful a nd reliable to note sp ed than to write spec.
Other examples:
Stat.could be read as …statute” or …statistics” whilst St ute and St ics are unambiguous.
Prod.could be read as …production”, …producer”, …product” or …productivity” while
Pr on, Pr er, Pr ct, Pr vity are unambiguous.
Com.could be read as …Commission” or …committee” while C on and C tee are unambiguous.
Rule: If you have time write a word as completely as possible, however, if a word must be abbreviated, then write some of the first and last letters rather than trying to write as many letters as possible from the start onwards.
B. INDICATING GENDER AND TENSE
Having abbreviated a word or an idea (be it by the use of a symbol or a contraction of its component letters) it can also be very helpful to give an indication of gender4 and tense).
Thus in the expression: …I will come back to this a little later”, noting the future tense will render the words …a little later”superfluous. We will see below that …I speak” can be noted : I ”. Therefore we note : I ll”
The expression: …those mentioned”, must be noted : rf d; because rf alone could be read back as …those which mention”.
4 Rozan was working from and into French. Gender is meaningless for those noting in English, however, the idea could be usefully adapted for use in, for example, the Slavic languages where nouns have gender.
Rule: To indicate gender5 and number we add e or s to the symbol or abbreviation. To indicate tense we add ll for the future and d for the past.
See also the examples in Part 3.
C. ABBREVIATING THE REGISTER
The expression …which have contributed to” is long. The word help is short. Wherever possible we must abbreviate by using a word which conveys the same meaning but is shorter.
Similarly, …...which are worth looking at” can be noted int g (interesting).
…In order to arrive at some conclusions” can be noted to end.
…Taking into account the situation at the present time” can be noted as sit on now.
Examine closely the abbreviations in Part 3.
3. Links
The part of any speech that is both the most important and the most difficult to note is the sequence of ideas and the links between them. (Jean Herbert)
An idea can be distorted completely if its relation to the previous idea is not clearly indicated. When taking notes then, we should never miss out the links. Indeed what we actually see is that if the links are noted well the rest of the idea can be summarised in just a few strokes of the pen.
A. Noting links becomes very simple if we use the key words that follow. (Over time this will become automatic.)
as, why and that is because, this is the reason why, since, given the fact that, (in some instances) given that; to convey explanation.
tho although, despite the fact that; to convey opposition
but on the other hand, but, nevertheless, however; to convey limitations
if it is possible that, assuming that; to convey supposition.
as to as far as x is concerned, on the matter of; to convey reference
tfe therefore, one can then conclude; to convey conclusion.
The three symbols below (which can also be found in Part 2) are also extremely useful. =the same goes for, one might say the same of; to convey the idea of
equality or correspondance
on the other hand, contrary to; to convey the idea of difference or lack
of correspondance
in + in addition, furthermore, if we also take account of; to convey the idea
of additional precision.
5Again the ‘e’ represents the French feminine ending. Any letter can be used and this will depend on the languages involved.
B. Linking is not just about representing the idea; it will often impact
on the very content of the speech. It is a question of noting
quickly and without repetition the group of subject words and the
group of complement words to which the idea relates. This problem
can be solved quickly and easily by using the the recall arrow (Jean
Herbert)
Examine carefully the examples of links in Part 3.
4. and
5. Negation and emphasis
Negation and emphasis are two essential elements of any speech and as such should be noted unambiguously (See Jean Herbert pp46-47).
1. NEGATION
Negation might be noted by means of a line running through a word or symbol. Example:
If we use OK to signify …agree”, then …disagree” will be OK . It is also possible to write the word no before the word to be negated (thus in our example we would note no OK). This second method is clearer and since …no” is a very short word using it is not a problem.
2. EMPHASIS
To emphasize a word we can underline it (twice if we are dealing with a superlative or absolute).
Example:
…(The study) is interesting” : int g
…(The study) is very interesting” : int g
…(The study) is extremely interesting” : int g
In some cases the line may be replaced by a circumflex to avoid confusion arising from the use of verticality.
Alternatively emphasis can be noted with a dotted line.
Example:
…This report might be useful” : useful
The use of underlining to denote nuance allows us to qualify the word (or idea) underlined without noting the qualifier.
Example:
…important question” becomes : ?
…we should look at this very carefully” becomes : look at
…I would like to say in the strongest possible terms” becomes : I say
…...an imperfect solution” becomes : sol tn
6. VERTICALITY
It is the principles of Verticality and Shift (described in the next section) which form the backbone of the note-taking system described in this book.
Verticality means taking notes from top to bottom rather than from left to right. This method makes it possible to:
a) group ideas logically, allowing a complete and immediate synthesis when we come to read back our notes,
b) to do away with many links which would otherwise be essential to the clarity of the text.
A. STACKING
…Stacking6” consists of placing different elements of the text above or below one another.
…the report on western europe”
R ort .
W Eur.
…the report on western europe is an interesting document”
R ort int g
W Eur.
…Since the French, US and UK delegations....”
…Since the French, US and UK delegations have suggested....”
Fre
As US
UK
Fre
As US suggest d
UK
…T he chapters of the report which deal with economic situation in Europe offer additional information and new statistics”
Ch rs info
_________ give new
Ec.Eur stat ics
6…Superposition” in French
If (as we will see in part 2) the sign → is used to denote …offer” and the sign + to denote …additional” and …new” then our notes will look like this:
Ch rs info
_________ → +
Ec.Eur stat ics
See the examples in the practical exercises in part 3 and study them carefully.
B. USING BRACKETS
Brackets are an important part of the verticality system. In every speech there will be certain elements, which are mentioned to clarify an idea or to highlight a particular point, but which are not integral to the speaker’s train of thought.
These parts of a speech should be noted in brackets, below the main element to which they refer.
Examples:
…....which leads to new investment, particularly in the transport sector”
→ + inv ts
(T ort)
…(We hear that our exports will suffer as a result of increases in factor costs), which will make them less competitive.”
(so - comp ive)
See also the examples of the use of parentheses given in the practical exercises at the back.
To encourage a natural use of the verticality technique it is recommended that you use relatively large but narrow pieces of paper. This will allow you to note the maximum amount of text on one page whilst automatically bringing your notes back to the left hand side of the page.
7. SHIFT
Shift and Verticality are the fundamental principles underlying this note-taking system.
To explain Shift let us take an example: …Over the course of 1954, prices rose, although not to the same extent as income, thus the population’s net income increased.” Our notes will be as follows ( the symbol ? denotes increase):
54, prices ?
but ───── no = ? income
so ────Pop on?
Word for word on the first line : Over the course of 1954, prices rose,
Word for word on the second line : although not to the same extent as income,
Word for word on the third line : thus the population’s net income increased.
Having used Shift to give our notes a vertical layout on the page, noting the links is almost enough to give us an accurate and full version of the text.
Shift means writing notes in the place on a lower line where they would have appeared had the text on the line above been repeated.
The examples below show how notes would be positioned during interpretation, but have not been abbreviated.
…The report on the economic situation in Europe is a fine document which discusses some interesting topics”:
R ort good
Ec.Eur
discusses interesting topics
…to understand the program, one must”
to understand the program
one must
…The effectiveness of the Social and Economic Council’s efforts at solving.....”
effectiveness efforts Ecosoc
at solving.....
…Thus in the Report and the Study we find a theoretical and practical analysis which will help in the adoption of......”
tfe
(in R ort)
Study
theoretical
there is analysis practical
which will help in the adoption of See also examples of Shift in part 3.
如何做口译笔记范文 记笔记并不是把讲话者的原话一字不落地全部记下来。做交传笔记的目的不是用文字记录口头表达的话。翻译不是在做听写，也不能像读本科的学生那样记课堂笔记。本科学生的课堂笔记虽然忽略了很多东西，但还是用完整的句子记下了一些内容，可供以后查阅。译员记笔记也不像为某些会议做记录的速记员。速记员为了使自己的记录具有一定的真实性，要在记录中保留一定数量的原话。 一、口译笔记的性质 交传笔记是记忆的辅助手段，其作用是帮助译员把精神集中在讲话的内容上，并在翻译的时候起到提醒的作用。所谓对记忆的帮助，就像在手帕上打个结，提醒自己别忘了某件事一样，仅供个人使用。笔记只供在讲话之后的几分钟内使用。译员在听讲话的时候，主要靠脑子记，而不是靠笔记，笔记的目的不是再现讲话的原文，只是提示记忆。笔记只供个人使用，只能在当时唤起某种联想，几天之后，记笔记的本人也未必明白记的是什么了。换句话说，笔记从性质上具有个性特点，只在短时间内起作用。 埃德蒙?加里(1985)曾写文章说： 译员一边听会议代表讲话，一边在笔记本上简短记下几笔，所表示的不是声音(不是讲话者的原话)，而是意思。这是基本的原则，如果不这样做，那就不可能做好翻译。 所有的译员都会同意这种说法，但为了让学生明白这一点，我们还必须说明两点：第一，意思本身是无法记录的，我们能够记的，
只能是几个简单的词，或者符号，只能由这些词或符号向我们提示某个意思;第二，所有的讲话，从结构上说，都是用句法组织起来的表达意思的语音，以及一些指示固定事物的名称。 有些东西可以像代码一样从一种语言转到另一种语言，这些东西需要记在笔记中(虽然这一规则有例外)，而有的东西则根据每个人的性格、知识、思想方法等等的不同，需要选择一些标志性的符号，到时候这些符号会向我们提示某一段话的内容。 二、口译笔记记什么? 口译笔记到底应该记什么?首先就是要将听到的话语按照意思 记下来。 记意思 意思是讲话的组成部分，从数量上是笔记的主要内容。所谓记笔记，就是通过一个字符记住有关的意思，不管是什么样的字符(文字、符号、图形等等)，一个字符的提示作用，可以使人回想起一系列意思之间的联系。从这种意义上说，笔记所对应的不是按照语法规则组织起来的语音形式，笔记所代表的意思，可以用与讲话的原文不同的文字来表达。 笔记中还有表示各个意思之间的联系，比如因果、推论等等，以及各个意思之间的时间关系，这种联系和关系是意思表达的组成部分。 可以作为代码直接过渡到另一种语言(直译)的字词。
英译中笔记方法 我历年的实践，发现学友们在学习口译上最大的难点在于笔记问题。因此我整理了一条实用的（E-C）英译中笔记方法，提供初涉口译的众学友学习。 首先，这里需要指出的是，大多数同学并没有意识到口译笔记的基本类型。在此为大家简述一番，其实口译笔记可以按照“源语和目标语”分为两类，在此以英语(论坛)和汉语为例。比如：“E-C”和“C-E”是两个不同的体系。（E-C即英译中；C-E即中译英）。 关于“C-E模式”的笔记，在中译英时口译者并没有听力上的挑战，所以在记录笔记时我们大都可从容应对；把握脉络、大意、关键词，并选择性的记录；而且还能保证主要意思都能记在脑中；即使没有系统训练过笔记法的学友，也可以通过强记和速写，把信息记全。 所以说，中高级口译考试时的“C-E模式”的句子或段落的笔记可以是挑选性的（selective）; 也可以做得“面面俱到”（every single point），而这时的要求就是你手写速度，清晰度（legibility）, 合理逻辑的布局和排列。 在这样的背景下，C-E模式的笔记体系就引入了大量的“符号”以简化速记的强度，提高速记的质量，使译者有更多的时间脑记。 比如这段符号：“中 e ↗+” 表示“中国经济的强劲增长。” 笔者纵观了各种专业课程、比较了热门的口译笔记法书籍，口译论坛和网站上的有关信息，发现对于这些“符号”并没有一个有明确的、规范的统一写法。完全是不同专家和从业者的各种个性化的笔记，加上一些共性的元素。比如：“全球”这个概念, 有时会写“w”；有时也写成“⊙” 。写法各异，但都属于认知常识范畴。 对于这一情况，我也反复告诫学友，口译上常见的表达和词汇，要用符号，因为用熟悉的“固定符号”更加容易想象到这些信息，所以大家就得掌握熟记这些符号，这样才可以在考试中赢得更多翻译和口译的时间。
李天舒 主审：冯伟年 编委李天舒朱益平李艳李淑侠赵晓铃 张春娟张录侠何华李超慧宋美盈 世界图书出版公司2003 年出版定价：15 元 本教材出版后已作为英语系2001 级，辅修班2002 级，专升本2001 级学生口译课教材。 ： 1．题材广泛，内容丰富，实用性强。本教材以我国对外交流与合作及口译工作的实际为出发 点，集口译理论、技巧和实践为一体。内容主要包括口译的基本理论、方法和技巧，涉外工作的礼仪 和程序等，重点是口译工作所涉及的各种话题的英汉互译。这些专题材料主要选自国内外中英文报 刊和有关网站的最新资料。题材广泛，内容丰富、涵盖了我国对外交流中可能涉及到的各种话题，旨 在通过大量的英汉互译实践，使学生掌握口译的基本理论和技巧。 2．英译汉、汉译英并重，双向训练同步进行。口译教学不同于书面翻译教学，可采取英译汉、 汉译英分阶段进行。口头交际是一种双向交际活动；口译通常是在两种语言连续交替转换模式中进 行。因此，口译教学采取英汉互译，双向训练同步进行为好。本教材的总体框架就是根据这一原则设 计和编写的。口译实践是全书的主体部分 本教材分两大部分，十八个单元。第一部分三个单元。第一单元着重介绍口译的基本理论，包括 口译的产生、发展、特点、标准、类型、过程及口译人员的基本素质要求等。第二、三单元集中介绍口译 的一些基本方法和技巧，包括直译法、反译法、意译法、增减译法、口译笔记及各种数字的口译及习语、 引语的口译。另外，第二、三单元在介绍了每一种口译技巧之后都附有相应的英汉互译练习及练习参 考答案。在使用本教材时，教师可根据教材顺序，集中一段时间进行口译理论和技巧教学，着重对 学生进行单项口译技巧训练，使他们通过口译实践尽快掌握口译的基本理论、方法和技巧，闯过口 译中经常遇到的几个难点，为在后面的专题口译训练中能灵活机动、综合运用各种口译技巧，顺利 进行英汉互译打好基础。
THE SEVEN PRINCIPLES The use of a technique is always dependent upon the application of a certain number of principles. This is what we call the instructions. One need not follow the rules recommended in such instructions. Indeed the product, device or system for which they were devised may well work even if they are not observed, but will do so less efficiently. Furthermore, the simpler the instructions, the more likely the user is to follow them. The same applies to note-taking. A few very simple principles give this system its sound base and precision, and make using it straightforward. There are seven of these principles; in order they are: 1 Noting the idea and not the word 2 The rules of abbreviation 3 Links 4 Negation 5 Adding emphasis 6 Verticality 7 Shift Some of these principles have already been explained by Jean Herbert in his Interpreter’s Handbook1. 1. Noting the idea rather than the word Take any French text and give it to 10 excellent english translators. The result will be ten very well translated texts, but ten very different texts in as far as the actual words used are concerned. The fact that we have ten good translations, but ten different texts, shows that what is important is the translation of the idea and not the word. This is even truer of interpretation since the interpreter must produce a version of the text in another language immediately. He must be free of the often misleading constraints that words represent. It is through the analysis and notation of the ideas that the interpreter will avoid mistakes and a laboured delivery. Example: Let us take the following, from French into English: …Il y a des fortes chances pour que...../ There is a very good chance that...” If we base our notation of this expression on the words, the key word is chance. If we base it on the idea, it is probable. The notes will have to be read 20 minutes – even an hour2– after the idea was originally expressed. In the first example it would be very easy to make a mistake. Having noted chance the i nterpreter might, if the context allowed, render it …there is a chance that” or …by chance”. If on the other hand he noted probable the mistake cannot be made. The issue of style is also dealt with in the second example where one would automatically say (interpreting into English), …It is probable that”, or …it is likely that”, or …in all likelihood” whereas in the first example even if the interpreter had correctly recalled the idea that the word chance represented he/she will be a prisoner to that word and might easily produce a gallicism3. 1 Georg & C ie, Geneva, 1956. 2 this was indeed the case when Rozan wrote. Although nowadays 20 minutes is considered a long consecutive speech, his comments still apply. 3 being unduly influenced by the source language is, of course, not only a problem in French-English interpretation but in all interpretation.
尽管每个人的对记录符号的使用可能是多样的，同一事物不同的人可能会使用不同的符号，同一符号在不同的人意识中肯能代表不同的意思，但是通行的原则还是存在的，活用这些原则，那会让你在口译的过程中如虎添翼…… 在听力活动中，笔记是一个辅助我们记忆的非常有效的工具。 对于专业的口译译员来说，口译笔记的作用是帮助他们还原刚刚听到的内容。而对于同学们来说其最大的作用则是在我们做题的时候帮助我们记录并最终理清语言材料之间的逻辑关系，还原具体信息细节。 在听力练习当中，题目经常是在一大段语言材料播放完毕之后才出现，由于人记忆能力的局限这个时候很多本来已经听懂的内容已经无法被我们回忆起来，造成了信息模糊、信息丢失，以至于无法完成题目。而笔记可以有效地弥补人短时记忆的缺陷，掌握一点英语口译者们常用的笔记法，你会发现这些“专业人士”所谓的“高端技能”，对于普通的学习者来说同样有很大意义，可以帮助我们在一般的听力考试中游刃有余。 英语笔记法的适用前提——听力过关（五大支柱），听懂是做笔记的前提条件，如果听都没有听懂，又怎么可能去记？再好地记录能力都不可能创造信息本身。 下面举例说明听力笔记的一些技巧： 1、不要大量记录文字（汉字、单词） ——而要使用符号来表示意思（缩写、图形） Eg：“powerful country”记作“强口”， “我同意”记作“I√ ”； “观点，看法一致”记作“⊙ same”， “economic development”记作“经↑” ↑表示“上升、快速上升、快速发展、快速上涨等” ↓表示“下降、减少、急剧下降、急速下跌等”； ↗表示“缓慢上升，缓慢发展、缓慢上涨等”； ←表示“返回，倒退等”; →表示“达到，至，导致，前进等”； +表示“加，增加，此外，另外，又加之”； —表示“减少，减”； ＞表示“多于，大于，强于”； ＜表示“少于，小于，不如”； ∵表示“因为，由于”； ∴表示“所以，因此”； =表示“等于，相同，与……相同”。 t表示thousand; m表示million; b表示 billion; 1st表示first。 2、不要横着写：
笔记技巧 人脑的记忆由短时记忆和长时记忆两部分组成。顾名思义，短时记忆是一种操作性的暂时记忆，长时记忆属于一种储存性的永久记忆。影响一个人短时记忆的因素很多，其中最主要的因素是记忆内容的意义性。即便是当感知的信息有意义时，人的短时记忆只可容纳由二十多个单词组成的句子，或者一组十位数的数字。 口译的过程中，译者会遭遇许多讯息负荷上的困难，例如：讯息过多、讯息密集（好几项并列的讯息）、讯息杂乱、或是讯息陌生（如数字或专有名词）。既使能够完全理解讯息的內容，也有可能无法完整地将讯息传达出来。因此，对于口译工作者来说，完全依赖人脑的记忆能力是危险的，记笔记便显得十分重要。这时候，我们就需要一些辅助工具的协助，这就是口译笔记。口译成功与否在很大程度上取决于译员在口译表达前对感知的信息进行记录的能力。记录分为“脑记”和“笔记”两种。 口译笔记的功能是：第一、具有辅助短时记忆的作用，避免遗忘漏失。第二、透过图像、版面与符号的交错运用，笔记具有语段逻辑分析与保存的功能，能将语篇的段落整理清楚并保存一段时间。 笔记是口译讯息整理与保存的工具，运用这项工具时必须先了解到底笔记的內容是什么。建立新架构的必要讯息是5W1H「六何」（何人、何事、何时、何地、何物、如何）。再加上，数字与专有名词就是了。 在讯息內容之外，还要进一步掌握的就是讯息內容之间的关系，例如： A. 笔记的的结构（指将讯息置于笔记纸上的组织方法） 1. 纵向分页—要将版面分割以充分利用纸面，可以纵向画一条中线区隔。 2. 橫向分段--在每一语意完整的段落之后画一稍长之横线，每一口译段落之后则画 一条贯穿版面之横线。 3. 阶梯式排列—适用于表示讯息的先后顺序。 4. 条列式记法—适用于表达并列的的讯息或是联手、对立等语意內涵。 B. 笔记的语言（运用图像、符号、简称、字母、文字或加以組合，以表达口语讯息的内容与结构。） “怎样记”是一个因人而异的问题，理论上以目标语加符号为宜，如“powerful country”记作“强□”，“我同意”记作“I√”,“观点，看法一致”记作“⊙same”，“economic development”记作“经↑”等等。用目标语记录能够帮助译者脱离原语的语言外壳，使笔记成为表达的雏形，为表达提供便利。不过理论归理论，遇到具体情况还应具体处理，译者完全可以采用自己认为最迅速，最简短的方法记录。比如汉译英时，汉语是母语，用汉语记，自然反应更快，记得更准，所以何乐而不为。相反，只要英文记录相对容易，就不必拘泥于上述的理论，锁住自己的手脚。还有英汉双语混用，也都是口译笔记个性化的体现。值得注
口译中的笔记 一、缩略词 英语当中缩略词使用的频率很高，如 IMP: important, ASAP: as soon as possible。熟练掌握缩略词，大有裨益。 缩略词的写法一般为四种方式： 拿掉所有元音 MKT:market MGR:manager MSG:message STD:standard RCV:receive 保留前几个字母 INFO information INS insurance EXCH exchange I owe you IOU I/O In stead of 保留开头和结尾个发音字母 WK week RM room PL people 根据发音 R are
THO though THRU through 口译听力常用英语缩略词表 缩略词原词 APT Apartment ACC Accountant ACDG According ACPT Accept AD Advertisement ADS Address ADV Advice AMAP As much/many as possible AMT Amount APV Approve ASAP As soon as possible BAL Balance BLDG Building CERT Certificate CFM Conform CNCL Cancel CNF Conference CMI Commission CMP Complete CMPE Compete/competitive CMU Communication CONC Concern/concerning/concerned
口译课堂PPT What’s interpretation? “Interpretation is a communication process, designed to reveal meanings and relationships of our cultural and natural heritage- Interpretation Canada It should be stressed that interpretive communication is not simply presenting information, but a specific communication strategy that is used to translate that information for people, from the technical language of the expert, to the everyday language of the visitor. The classification of interpretation 1.Working characteristics: Consecutive interpretation 即席翻译 Simultaneous interpretation 同声传译 2.Different domains: politics、social、law、culture、diplomatic etc. The basic requirements of interpretation 1.Listening&speaking competence 2.Translation competence （vocabulary, grammar, sentence, pattern, etc.） 3.Connection: smart response ability through hard training The process of interpretation Interpret (processing of information) 解译 The standards of interpretation 1.“accuracy” is the cornerstone of interpretation 2.“smoothness” is the life of interpretation 3.“Fluency” is the sign of good quality Professional codes of conduct for interpretation Each profession has its generally accepted codes of conduct and professional ethics, and so do interpreters. The interpreter must know his professional ethics well and abide by them for the fulfillment of a successful career in interpreting. The highest standards of international interpreting mean that the interpreter is always professional, keeps confident, is objective, does not interfere with the exchange of information, and has the respect and trust of both parties in the dialogue. The highest praise for the personal
口译笔记技巧 口译笔记技巧 记忆可分为理解性记忆和机械性记忆两种。 对话语内容经过大脑思考、判断，听得懂、理解了的话语，记忆会建立，并且保持长久；反之，对听不懂、未理解的话语，要记忆是不可能的。可以说理解是记忆的基础。这就是理解性记忆。 而机械性记忆与理解性记忆不同，它不是靠理解，而是机械性地全盘记住。其中加入分析和理解的余地很少。这样的机械性记忆力随着年龄的增长而衰退。机械性记忆的信息量是很有限的。因此，普通成人主要通过理解去记忆，所以机械性记忆数字时得依靠记笔记。口译必须在极短的时间内处理大量话语信息。原语长的话，很难全都靠脑记住。而且，理解的速度也不可能等同于单纯的耳听速度，前者总是小于后者。据知，一段没有内在联系的内容，只要不复述的话，都不能维持记忆三四秒钟。 口译现场的紧张导致记忆功能、理解功能衰退。正因如此，笔记在口译活动中就显得尤为重要。 口译笔记的目的并不是记录“原话”，而是迅速但却是短时间地保留原语信息要点和关键词语，酌情转译成另一种语言。它表现为即席条件下口译“思维理解”的笔头提示形式。 因此，口译笔记从概念上可定义为译员在口译现场通过一定的职业化手段即席、迅速地整理过的“提示性”笔头记录。它是即席口译理解和口译记忆的继续，而并非是一种旨在长期保留信息的纯粹记录
性质的笔记。这也就是说，口译笔记只是译员对短时“工作记忆”或一定时间内的长时间记忆的提示性补充，它不能完全替换译员的记忆职能，但可以起某种“路标”的作用，从而提醒译员注意他在工作中所需要的各种信息。(摘自鲍刚2005年第178页) 但是，由于人的笔记速度的有限性，记笔记只可能限定在很小的范围之内，无形中记笔记的自由权利被缩小了(哪天，电脑技术发达到能代替人把所听到的全都迅速而又准确无误地记录下来的话，则另当别论)。 口译笔记有很多特殊性。它不同于课堂笔记，也不同于会议记录。我们提倡以脑记带动笔记，而不是反之。笔记只应该是脑记的一种补充，不宜过多，否则，容易造成注意力分散，复述时难以整合。因此，笔记应有所选择。应选那些难以靠理解去记忆的、得依靠机械性记忆的数字、专有名词和专业术语，或者语句中的关键词等做笔记，以把主要精力用于原语的听解上。 在口译工作开始前，有必要先检查一下是否备好了纸和笔，笔是否写得出，是否好使，数量是否够等等。纸最好用大张白纸，使一大段话语能写在一张纸上，免得翻页耽误时间或因翻页分散精力，影响思路。词语之间、行距之间的间隔不能过密。因为笔记并不是对原语字词的记录，而是译员大脑对原语思路及内容追踪的提示标记，必要的空间能有助于它。由于耳口席、即时条件不允许，口译笔记不可能做到页面整洁，字迹端正。但是笔记必须具有高度的可辩性——译员自己能一目了然。
第三单元 Unit 3 口译笔记 Note-taking in Interpreting 口译笔记不是速记 ?速记是一种按照发音规则来记录的符号体系，它只能表达源语言的语音，而不能传达实质含义。在记速记时，速记员没有加入本人对于发言内容的思考或者理解，而只是进行单一的符号转换，最后语音机械转换的结果可能是缺少关联、逻辑混乱的翻译。而做口译笔记是一个主动分析、理解的过程，然后用自己觉得最快、最清晰、最容易看懂的方式记录下来。在记录的同时，己经对原文进行了逻辑整理，这也会反映在口译笔记中。 ?在解读速记笔记时，首先要将速记转化成源语言的语音，明白意思之后再翻译成目的语，可以说是做了三种语言之间的切换工作，这样虽然记下的内容可能会多，但是会浪费大量的时间解读速记笔记，不符合口译中及时的原则。而口译笔记在记录的时候，己经融入了分析理解和目的语的转换，己经完成了翻译的部分工作，这样会让接下来的翻译工作更加快捷轻松。 口译笔记不是听写 ?听写的要求是让学生记录听到的每一个词，还要保证拼写和标点符号的准确。听写时，有机会听到原文不止一遍，还有时间校对。这样的听写成果出来是人人看得懂，也没有语法拼写错误的原文记录。而做口译笔记是个完全“自我“的过程。口译员决定记录内容的取舍，用融合了文字、标记、还有口译者本人自创的符号等进行记录，最后完成的作品是口译员本人才看得懂的“天书”。口译结束后，笔记也就失去了效用。 口译笔记的特点 ?瞬时性：口译笔记不作为资料保存，其作用仅仅是帮助口译员在短时间内记住发言内容，并用目的语传递也去。口译工作结束后，再来回头看笔记，可能连口译者自己看不懂了。 ?精炼性：口译笔记是边听边做的，而发言人的语速永远会比逐字记
国内外口译笔记研究综述 口译，是通过口译员在极其有限的时间内，听辨原语，进行理解和解码（即建立意义单位，脱离语言外壳，从整体上把握信息），然后进行信息储存（脑记辅以笔记），再在头脑中转换信息，进行信息编码，最后创造性地用目标语“复述”给受众的一个过程。口译的时间性和加工过程的复杂性，要求译员熟练的掌握各种专业技能，而口译笔记就是即席传译（交替传译）中必须掌握的一种（吴钟明，2008：1）。 口译笔记法是口译员在紧张的会场气氛中，在不干扰听辨源语的情况下，迅速地以简便的符号、文字等记录讲话重点内容信息的一种笔记方法。他只需要记录重点语义信息点和语言逻辑结构。简单来说，它是由符号、文字加上斜线以及并列符、连接符和趋向符等来体现句与句之间的逻辑关系（吴钟明，2008：1）。口译笔记能对大脑短时记忆起到很好的辅助作用和提示作用。其重要性主要体现在，它能有效地减轻译员大脑的负担，弥补其短时记忆的不足。另外，口译中做笔记的过程也是一个很好的思维整理过程，有助于译员把被动记忆转化为主动记忆，提高口译记忆的效率（王斌华，2006：26）。 Danica Seleskovitch在对比“字面直译”和“反思性翻译”的基础上提出了“脱离语言外壳”的理念，成为巴黎学派的“释意理论”的源头（仲伟合，2012：28）。他和Marianne Lederer于20世纪70年代提出了释意理论，构建了一个“口译三角模型”，强调译员在理解的过程中应“脱离语言外壳”，抓住意义（仲伟合，2012：30，77）。20世纪90年代以来，以Gile（1990；1994a,1994b）为代表的不少学者开始质疑释意理论，认为其研究方法缺乏实证性的检验，研究路径缺乏与相关学科的互动交流，术语界定过于模糊（仲伟合，2012：35）。Gile(1995/2011)构建了交替传译和同声传译“认知负荷模型”假说，指出了两个可能导致口译过程中出现认知处理问题的触发原因：一个事单个任务的精力分配不够；二是任务总和的认知负荷接近饱和水平。从理论的经验层面来看，该假说可以用于解释一些口译的策略，如笔记要力求精简，记录过程尽量自动化，以求单个任务所占用的精力少一些（仲伟合，2012：36-37）。 根据在CNKI和web of science上搜索得到的数据，1995年至2014年间，国内共发表口译（英汉）笔记研究方面的论文125篇，国外共发表论文8篇（目前图书馆资源只有这么多），研究内容主要集中在以下4个方面：口译笔记技巧与策略，口译笔记教学，口译笔记理论和口译笔记发在其他英语教学领域的中的应用。这里主要叙述口译笔记技巧与策略和笔记教学。 1.笔记技巧与策略主要归纳和总结了笔记的语言，格式，方法，工具，符号和缩略语
第四单元口译笔记技巧（I） 第一部分技能篇 1.1 口译笔记的重要性 正式谈判和会议等场合的连续传译，其成败很大程度上取决于记录的好坏。连续传译是在讲话人完成全文或一个完整的意思之后，再把原文译给听众。一个要把一篇讲话（可能持续几分钟或几十分钟）完整地记住，是非常困难的，很少有能做到这一点。有时一段话可能延续几分钟，并且常常会出现数字、人名和地名等，要准确、完整和快捷地转达发言人的意思，只靠口译员大脑的记忆是不够的。因此与其他口译技巧相比，作口译笔记是连续传译中最基本的技巧。如果记录方法掌握得好，能运用自如，又能临场发挥，所作的记录甚至可以在一定程度上弥补其他技巧方面的不足。 1.2 口译笔记的特点 1.2.1 与课堂笔记的区别 a．目的不同 学生对课堂笔记或讲座的笔记方法都是非常熟悉的。学生听课时，往往把老师所讲的主要内容记录下来，特别是教科书当中没有的内容，甚至是一些例句，其主要目的是便于课后复习、巩固，便于举一反三。对于某些学生来说，恐怕是为了应付考试。 而口译中所作的记录是为了记录讲话的概况，保证口译的顺利进行，但并非一定要照读记录，有时可以略看上一眼；有些内容较熟悉，也可不看，甚至还有可能完全不看。 b．时效性不同 由于两种笔记目的的不同，因此口译记录与课堂笔记从所需时间看也大不一样，课堂笔记保留的时间通常较长，为了日后加以巩固，课堂笔记应详细、清楚，口译笔记仅仅是为了当场使用，无需一年以后，一个月以后，一天以后，甚至一小时以后再去查阅翻译记录，由于刚刚听过讲话，对其内容还有较深刻的印象，所以可不必要全文记下来，只要作简单记号，达到提示的目的即可。口译工作一经结束，这些记录也就失去了使用价值。 c．方法不同 由于目的和时效性不同，口译记录与一般课堂笔记或会议记录的方法也完全不同，口译笔记往往只记几个重点词，且用上一些只有本人能明白的符号、箭头等，其他笔记往往比较详细，如课堂上，当老师讲某个单词的用法时，常会举例，而且老师往往会重复例句，让学生有时间写上完整的句子，以便课后温故。 另外，学生记课堂笔记即使记得不全，还能在课外与同学核对，或甚至抄别人的，而口译笔记应该字字句句有一定的含义，非常清楚、明白，能一目几行，便于即
口译初学者，从无笔记口译转入到有笔记口译训练的阶段，往往陷入听的懂却不记不下来或者一记笔记就无法听的困境，甚至手忙脚乱，不知所措。to listening or to note-taking，that is a problem.主要原因有三：一是听辨能力不过关，不能很好的分辨意群和主次信息；二是，精力分配（effort coordination），只能将注意力放在听上或者写上，无法找到听和记之间的平衡。三是，笔记技巧不熟，没有形成自己的笔记体系。 口译笔记是大脑短期记忆的有效补充。用的好，会成为译员手上的大杀器；用不好，会成为译员的绊脚石。在纵写布局、并列式叠加分布、分层缩进等通用原则基础上，口译学习者应该结合自己的思维特点和理解习惯，设计个人的笔记体系。经过一定量的练习，并采用一定的方法，则可以形成简洁和便利的口译笔记。 第一步——无限时中文视记练习：即看着中文文本，边进行逻辑分析，边记口译笔记。无时间限制，认真分析原文结构，进行笔记。笔记完毕后，不看原文，用中文或者英文读出笔记记录的内容。对同一个段落可以反复练习三到四遍，直到产生最简洁有效的笔记。该练习，由于无听辨烦扰、无时间压力，初学者可以充分熟悉笔记技巧，初步设计出自己的笔记体系。
第二步——英文视记练习：步骤同中文视记练习。练习时，需体会中、英文语言差异对笔记带来的影响。 第三步——限时视记练习：以正常语速朗读文章，记录下朗读完毕所需要的时间。然后以稍长于刚才朗读时间的时间段为限，在限定时间内，看着中文/英文文本，记口译笔记。比如，如果朗读完原文的时间为1分30秒，则限定时间可为1分45秒，在1分45秒内要完成笔记，然后用中文或英文读出笔记。 如果能在1分45秒内完成所有笔记，则将限定时间定为1分35秒，然后笔记、阅读笔记。达到目标后，将时间限定为1分25秒-30秒，然后记笔记、阅读笔记。该练习，可以模拟听记时的时间压力，培养迅速的区分主次信息、选择笔记记忆点的能力。 第四步——中文听记练习：听中文原文，然后记笔记，记完之后用中文或英文翻译刚才记录的内容。同一段落可以反复练习两遍，并将两遍笔记进行对比和分析，找出问题所在。多余中国学生，由于中文是母语，听力和输入不是问题。放在听辨上的精力要远远小于听英文时的精力，可以帮助学习者练习听辨及笔记的结合，练习精力分配，找到听和记的平衡点。
口译记忆训练方法 来源：口译网口译记忆有三种类型：即瞬时记忆、短时记忆和长时记忆。一般来讲，记忆的效果与记忆材料的类型有一定的关系。比如逻辑关系清晰、结构紧凑的语料记忆起来就比较容易、记忆保持的效果也比较理想。另外，记忆的效果还与待识记语料是否具有形象性有关。人们对贴近生活实景生动、形象的描述记忆起来会比较容易，印象也比较深刻。考虑到记忆的不同类型和影响记忆的种种因素，大家不妨采取以下几种方法进行相关的记忆训练。 一、信息视觉化和现实化训练 这种训练是针对大脑对意像语料的敏感性而设计的，旨在训练译员通过将信息内容现实化、视觉化来记忆信息的能力。比如听到以下一段内容： I was walking in the park with a friend recently, and his cell phone rang, interrrupting our conversaiton. There we were, walking and talking on a beautiful sunny day and – poof! – I became invisible, absent from the conversation. The park was filled with people talking on their cell phones. They were passing other people without looking at them, saying hello, noticing their babies or stopping to pet their puppies. Evidently, the untethered electronic voice is preferable to human contact. 听到这一段生动形象的描述之后，译员便可在头脑中勾画这样一副图景：自己正与一位朋友在公园中散步、闲谈。突然，谈话被朋友的手机打断。然后放眼四周，发现到处是只顾自己拿着手机讲话而无暇互相交流的人们。译员就这样通过现实化、形象化的方法将一篇复杂的描写转化成生活中一个再熟悉不过的镜头摄入了头脑。然后，译员再用译语将眼前的这幅图景按照自己的方式描述出来即可。这样不仅记忆深刻、全面，而且译员也不会陷入机械的“找词翻译”的误区。 二、逻辑分层记忆训练 通常，人们能较好地识记逻辑层次清晰、结构紧凑的篇章，我们不妨从一些条理清晰的篇章入手，锻炼自己的逻辑思维和整理识记的能力。在逻辑分析和记忆能力都有所提高之后再逐渐降低待识记信息的条理性和逻辑性，以提高自己对逻辑层次一般甚至较差的普通讲话的适应能力，并最终能将逻辑思维能力作为一种“半自动化”的技能加以掌握，即在听到一段讲话后能够“本能”地对其进行逻辑层次的分析并加以记忆。 以上两种具体的记忆训练（信息视觉化和逻辑分层记忆训练），均建议采用“复述法”的步骤进行。
口译笔记的特点和结构安排 口译成功与否在很大程度上取决于译员在口译表达前对感知的信息进行记录的能力。记录分为“脑记”和“笔记”两种。 人脑的记忆由短时记忆和长时记忆两部分组成。顾名思义，短时记忆是一种操作性的暂时记忆，长时记忆属于一种储存性的永久记忆。影响一个人短时记忆的因素很多，其中最主要的因素是记忆内容的意义性。即便是当感知的信息有意义时，人的短时记忆只可容纳由二十多个单词组成的句子，或者一组十位数的数字。因此，对于口译工作者来说，完全依赖人脑的记忆能力是危险的，记笔记便显得十分重要。 口译的过程中，译者会遭遇许多讯息负荷上的困难，例如：讯息过多、讯息密集（好几项并列的讯息）、讯息杂乱、或是讯息陌生（如数字或专有名词）。既使能够完全理解讯息的内容，也有可能无法完整地将讯息传达出来。这时候，我们就需要一些辅助工具的协助，这就是口译笔记。 口译笔记的功能是：第一、具有辅助短时记忆的作用，避免遗忘漏失。第二、透过图像、版面与符号的交错运用，笔记具有语段逻辑分析与保存的功能，能将语篇的段落整理清楚并保存一段时间。 笔记是口译讯息整理与保存的工具，运用这项工具时必须先了解到底笔记的内容是什么。缩减练习中已经提到，建立新架构的必要讯息是5W1H「六何」（何人、何事、何时、何地、何物、如何）。再加上，数字与专有名词就是了。 在讯息内容之外，还要进一步掌握的就是讯息内容之间的关系。 讯息关系内容说明方法运用 段落的顺序显示出语篇或语意的段落画线或排列表示 逻辑的关系祝贺、谢词、欢迎、感想运用笔记符号表示 强弱的程度表达状语等修饰词，如「极为」、「少许」、「经常」、「偶而」等在右上角用1-2个+ - ！？等表示 变化的情形升高、降低、波动、剧变运用＜＞↗↘↑→等表示
一、地名简写 高级口译听力部分要求考生准确拼写出主要国家的名称和首都。如果要把每个国家的名称完整的记录下来．会很费时间。因此，常用国名的记录方法应常记心中，比如K=Korea, SD= Sweden, SW=Switzerland等等。有时还可以借助“|－”来表示东、西、南、北、中等方位。例如：the Republic of Korea(ROK，南朝鲜)，表示为“－K”; 相应的the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea（DPRK，北朝鲜）, 就可以表示为“K－”,Central London,表示为LD。Western Europe （西欧）表示为“|EU”，Eastern Germany (东德)表示为“G|”。 练习：Eastern Europe, South Africa, North China, Western Germany, South Asia，Central Ital 二、缩略词 英语当中缩略词使用的频率很高，如IMP: important, ASAP: as soon as possible。很显然如果能熟练掌握缩略词，会对考试大有裨益。 缩略词的写法一般为四种方式： （一）拿掉所有元音 MKT: market MGR: manager MSG: message STD: standard RCV: receive （二）保留前几个字母 INFO information INS insurance EXCH exchange I owe you IOU In stead of I/O （三）保留开头和结尾个发音字母 WK week RM room PL people （四）根据发音 R are THO though
英语口译笔记速记符号大全 一．缩写词: Abbreviations in Note taking Use only the abbreviations that fit your needs and that you will remember easily. A good idea is to introduce only a few abbreviations into your note taking at a time 1．Symbols helpful in math -- these are commonly used in texts and references. S= sum f = frequency Leave out periods in standard abbreviations. cf = compare e.g. = example dept = department Use only the first syllable of a word.
pol= politics dem= democracy lib = liberal cap = capitalism Use entire first syllable and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable. pres = presentation subj = subject ind = individual cons= conservative Eliminate final letters. Use just enough of the word to form a recognizable abbreviation. assoc= associate biol = biology info=information ach = achievement chem = chemistry max = maximum intro= introduction conc = concentration min= minimum rep = repetition