６级考前最新命制试卷二
Part I Writing (30 minutes)
Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Should Foreign Abbreviations Be Banned on TV?. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below.
目前有些电视台禁止在节目中使用外来缩略语
1. 对这种做法有人表示支持
2. 有人并不赞成
3. 我认为……
Should Foreign Abbreviations Be Banned on TV?
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Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)
Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.
Factors for Stress and Anxiety
At some point in their lives virtually everyone will experience stressful events or situations that overwhelm their natural coping mechanisms. In one poll, 89% of respondents indicated that they had experienced serious stress in their lives. Some people are simply biologically prone to stress. Factors leading to stress and anxiety mainly are as follows:
Risk Factors
Conditions that are most likely to be associated with stress and negative physical effects include the following:
* An accumulation of persistent stressful situations, particularly those that a person cannot easily control (for example, high-pressured work plus an unhappy relationship).
* Persistent stress following a severe acute response to a stabbing event (such as an automobile accident).
* Acute stress accompanying serious illness, such as heart disease.
People respond to stress differently, depending on different factors:
* Early nurturing: Abusive behavior towards children may cause long-term abnormalities(反常) in the hypothalamus-pituitary system, which regulates stress.
* Personality traits: Certain people have personality traits that cause them to over-respond to stressful events.
* Genetic factors: Some people have genetic factors that affect stress, such as having a more or less efficient relaxation response. One study found a genetic abnormality in serotonin (血清素) regulation that was connected with a heightened reaction of heart rates and blood pressure in response to stress. (Serotonin is a brain chemical involved with feelings of well-being.)
* Immune-regulated diseases: Certain diseases that are associated with immune abnormalities such as rheumatoid arthritis (类风湿性关节炎) may actually weaken a response to stress.
* The length and quality of stressors: Naturally, the longer the duration and the more intense the stressors, the more harmful the effects.
Childhood Factors
Children are frequent victims of stress because they are often unable to communicate their feelings accurately. They also have trouble communicating their responses to events over which they have no control. Certain physical symptoms, notably repeated abdominal pain without a known cause, may be indicators of stress in children. Various conditions can affect their susceptibility to stress.
Parental stress, especially in mothers, is a particularly powerful source of stress in children, even more important than poverty or overcrowding. Young children of mothers who are highly stressed (particularly if they were depressed) tend to be at high risk for developing stress-related problems. This may be especially true if the mothers were stressed during both the child’s infancy and early years. Some evidence even supports the old idea that stress during pregnancy can have adverse effects on the infant’s mood and behavior. Older children with stressed mothers may become aggressive and an ti-social. Another study suggested that stress-reduction techniques in parents may improve their children’s behavior.
Adolescent boys and girls experience equal amounts of stress, but the source and effects may differ. Girls tend to become stressed from interpersonal situations, and stress is more likely to lead to depression in girls than in boys. For boys, however, specific events, such as changing schools or getting poor grades, appear to be the major sources of stress.
Work and Stress
In a study of 46,000 workers, health care costs were 147% higher in workers who were stressed or depressed than in others who were not. Furthermore, according to one survey, 40% of American workers describe their jobs as very stressful, making job-related stress an important and preventable health hazard.
Several studies are now suggesting that job-related stress is as great a threat to health as smoking or not exercising. Stress impairs concentration, causes sleeplessness, and increases the risk for illness, back problems, accidents, and lost time from work. Work stress can lead to harassment or even violence while on the job. At its most extreme, chronic stress places a burden on the heart and circulation that in some cases may be fatal. The Japanese even have a word for sudden death due to overwork, karoushi.
Many institutions within the current culture, while paying lip service to stress reduction, put intense pressure on individuals to behave in ways that increase tension. Yet, there are numerous effective management tools and techniques available to reduce stress. Furthermore, treatment for work-related stress has proven benefits for both the employee and employer. In one study, at the end of 2 years, a company that instituted a stress management program saved nearly $150,000 in workers compensations costs (the cost of the program was only $6,000). Other studies have reported specific health benefits resulting from workplace stress-management programs. In one of the studies, workers with hypertension experienced reduced blood pressure after even a brief (16-hour) program that helped them manage stress behaviorally.
In general, however, few workplaces offer stress management programs, and it is usually up to the employees to find their own ways to reduce stress. Here are some suggestions:
* Seek out someone in the Human Resources department or a sympathetic manager and communicate concerns about job stress. Work with them in a non-confrontational way to improve working conditions, letting them know that productivity can be improved if some of the pressure is off.
* Establish or reinforce a network of friends at work and at home.
* Restructure priorities and eliminate unnecessary tasks.
* Learn to focus on positive outcomes.
* If the job is unendurable, plan and execute a career change. Send out resumes or work on getting a transfer within the company.
* If this isn’t possible, be sure to schedule daily pleasant activities and physical exercise during free time.
It may be helpful to keep in mind that bosses are also victimized by the same stressful conditions they are imposing. For example, in one study of male managers in three Swedish companies, those who worked in a bureaucracy had greater stress-related heart risks than those who worked in companies with social supports.
Caregiving
Studies show that caregivers of physically or mentally disabled family members are at risk for chronic stress. One study reported that overall mortality rates were over 60% higher in caregivers who were under constant stress. Spouses caring for a disabled partner are particularly vulnerable to a range of stress-related health threats, including influenza, depression, heart disease, and even poorer survival rates. Caring for a spouse with even minor disabilities can induce severe stress.
Intervention programs that are aimed at helping the caregiver approach the situation positively can reduce stress, and help the caregiver maintain a positive attitude. A 2002 program also demonstrated that moderate-intensity exercise was very helpful in reducing stress and improving sleep in caregivers.
Caregiving among the health professionals is also a high risk factor for stress. One study, for example, found that registered nurses with low job control, high job demands, and low work-related social support experienced very dramatic health declines, both physically and emotionally.
Anxiety Disorders
People who are less emotionally stable or have high anxiety levels tend to experience specific events as more stressful than others. Some doctors describe an exaggerated negative response to stress as treating the event as a catastrophe. Nevertheless, a 2003 study of patients with anxiety disorder did not find any
differences in actual physical response to stress (heart rate, blood pressure, release of stress hormones) compared to people without anxiety.
Lacking a Social Network
The lack of an established network of family and friends predisposes (使预先有倾向) one to stress disorders and stress-related health problems, including heart disease and infections. A study, meanwhile, reported that older people who maintain active relationships with their adult children are buffered against the adverse health effects of chronic stress-inducing situations, such as low-income or lower-social class. Another study suggested this may be because people who live alone are unable to discuss negative feelings as a means to relieve their stress.
Studies of people who remain happy and healthy despite many life stresses conclude that most have very good networks of social support. One study indicated that support even from strangers reduced blood pressure surges in people undergoing a stressful event. Many studies suggest that having a pet helps reduce medical problems aggravated by stress, including heart disease and high blood pressure.
1. Stress is most likely to rise from conditions in which ________.
A) two persons with different characteristics work together
B) a person always recalls past painful experience
C) a person has just gotten over a serious physical disease
D) parents abuse their children too much in early nurturing
2. Immune-regulated diseases are related to stress because such diseases ________.
A) tend to produce a stress-related chemical
B) will affect a person’s character severely
C) will make people weak in body and soul
D) tend to undermine the response to stress
3. We can consider our children under stress when they ________.
A) are unable to communicate their feelings accurately
B) have trouble communicating their responses to events
C) often feel abdominal pain without a known reason
D) have a poor and overcrowded family
4. Stress is likely to strike teenaged girls when they ________.
A) have an aggressive and anti-social mother
B) fail to build a sound relationship with pals
C) get into a new school environment
D) fail to pass an important school test
5. Which one is the most serious effect of chronic work stress according to the passage?
A) Harassment.
B) Violence.
C) Heart burden.
D) Karoushi.
6. The 2-year-long study is presented in the passage mainly to show that stress management programs ________.
A) cost little
B) cost much
C) benefit the employers
D) benefit the employees
7. What does the author suggest doing when we can’t endure a job?
A) Changing to a new institute.
B) Asking senior colleagues for help.
C) Founding a sound social network.
D) Focusing more on positive outcomes.
8.C a r e g i v e r s o f d i s a b l e d f a m i l y m e m b e r s a r e r e p o r t e d t o u n d e r g o a m o r t a l i t y r a t e o f
_______________________________.
9.A c c o r d i n g t o t h e p r o g r a m i n2002,c a r e g i v e r s w e r e e x p e c t e d t o r e d u c e s t r e s s b y
_______________________________.
10. Older people who maintain active relationships with their adult children have less stress because they have someone to _______________________________. Part III Listening Comprehension(35 minutes)
Section A
Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
11. A) The man doesn’t want to go to the movies.
B) The woman is too tired to go to the movies.
C) The man wants to go to the movies.
D) The woman wants to go out for dinner.
12. A) Colleagues.
B) Husband and wife.
C) Teacher and student.
D) Mother and son.
13. A) Coming back for a later show.
B) Waiting in the queue.
C) Coming back in five minutes.
D) Not going to see the movie today.
14. A) Both shirts.
B) The green shirt.
C) The red shirt.
D) Neither of the shirts.
15. A) She wants to go to the laboratory.
B) She will go to the concert.
C) She is going to study in the library.
D) She wants to hear a lecture on American history.
16. A) The man should go to the game with her tonight.
B) The game will not be on television.
C) The results of the game were announced in the newspaper.
D) The man can find the information about the game in the newspaper.
17. A) To be a writer.
B) To be a driver.
C) To go into the family business.
D) To become an artist.
18. A) The committee has just begun to write the report.
B) The committee report will be short.
C) The committee members have just become acquainted.
D) The report is finished except for the introduction.
Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
19. A) A tale related to bamboo.
B) Different kinds of bamboo.
C) Bamboo artifacts in Japanese culture.
D) The use of bamboo in Asian countries.
20. A) The Shinto gods lived inside the bamboo.
B) Bamboo was the food of the Shinto gods.
C) The Shinto gods used bamboo to build houses.
D) The early inhabitants worship bamboo as the Shinto gods.
21. A) It has many joints.
B) It can be easily planted.
C) It has a delicate fragrance.
D) It is a strong plant but can be easily bent.
22. A) It is used to add sugar.
B) It is used for mixing tea.
C) It is used for measuring tea.
D) It is used as a tea container.
Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
23. A) Rooms were overbooked for that evening.
B) The hotel clerk confused him with another guest.
C) There were no more rooms available for five people.
D) The price for the room was higher than he expected.
24. A) A single room.
B) A double room.
C) A honeymoon suite.
D) A room for five people.
25. A) She charged no money for the room.
B) She provided the man with three free meals.
Section B
Directions:In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D).
Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 26 to 29 are based on the passage you have just heard.
26. A) He would be aggressive in his first class.
B) He was well-prepared for his first class.
C) He waited long for the arrival of his first class.
D) He got nervous upon the arrival of his first class.
27. A) Write down their names on the paper cards.
B) Cut some cards out of the construction paper.
C) Cut maple leaves out of the construction paper.
D) Write down their suggestions on the paper cards.
28. A) They began to talk.
B) They stayed silent.
C) They raised their hands.
D) They shouted to be heard.
29. A) He thought it was an easy topic.
B) He wanted to calm down the students.
C) He had prepared the topic before class.
D) He got disappointed with his first class.
Passage Two
Questions 30 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard.
30. A) Help the disabled to recover.
B) Control a person’s thoughts.
C) Help to update computer systems.
D) Link the human brain with computers.
31. A) By using his mind.
B) By moving his hand.
C) By talking to the machine.
D) By controlling his muscles.
32. A) To make them live longer.
B) To make profits from them.
C) To prove the technology useful to them.
D) To learn about their physical condition.
Passage Three
Questions 33 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.
33. A) It is changing human’s existing manner.
B) It makes the world increasingly warmer.
C) It consumes most of the natural resources.
D) It has given way to sustainable product industries.
34. A) Cutting public expenses.
B) Forbidding carbon emission.
C) Developing public resources.
D) Encouraging energy conservation.
35. A) To compare two business models.
B) To introduce a new business model.
C) To advocate sustainable development.
D) To predict a change of the global market.
Section C
Directions:In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.
Scientists have discovered evidence of the world’s earliest animals, (36) _______ back 635 million years, before the end of the last ice age. Scientists have found evidence of the world’s earliest multicellular animal life, sponges 408 million years older than the oldest known dinos aur remains, 100 million years older than when scientists thought the first animal life (37) _______.
Earth scientist Gordon Love of the University of California, Riverside (38) _______ the team that made the discovery. He says the 635-million-year-old fossils were found in sedimentary rocks in a (39) _______ in southern Oman and are in the form of steroids, essential biochemicals in the cell membranes of sponges.
“Some of the natural products produced by sponges produce very (40) _______ structures,” said Love. “Even when they get (41) _______ for hundreds of millions of years in sediments. Basically when the structures of the molecules get tweaked a little bit, we can still recognize the basic (42) _______ skeleton that alerts us to the fact that these were (43) _______ by ancient sponges.”
(44) _______________________________________________________________________. He adds that research will now concentrate on whether
environmental changes between the two great ice ages caused animal life to flourish. “(45) _______________________________________________________________________? Did the animals appear as we fell into the glacial period or did they appear after the glaciation, is really the next question, I think? (46) _______________________________________________________________________ in which they first appeared,” he said.
Part IV Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes)
Section A
Directions:In this section, there is a short passage with 5 questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words. Please write your answers on Answer Sheet 2.
Questions 47 to 51 are based on the following passage.
There are many units by which to measure the impact of climate change: degrees of increasing temperature, feet of rising sea level, dollars needed to adapt to a warming world. But a group of scientists in California have put forth an intriguing new unit of measurement: kilometers per year.
Writing in a paper published in Nature, scientists describe what they call the velocity of climate change, or more specifically, the speed of Earth’s shifting climatic zones. As global temperature rises over the next century, Earth’s habitable (可居住的) climatic zones will start moving too. That means many species of plants and animals will also have to move in order to survive. Whether or not they do will depend on several factors, but two of the most important are how fast a species can adjust its habitat range, and how quickly that range is moving out from under it.
Until now, ecologists have mostly focused on these factors as they affect individual species, but the new paper takes a more global view. By combining temperature projections on a very fine scale with global topographic (地形的) maps, researchers have predicted change not for specific species, but for the climatic zones they need to keep up with.
This new index could also prove very useful, especially to conservationists who work to keep species from extinction. While the average velocity of climate change may be a bit less than a half-kilometer per year worldwide, according to the paper, it can be significantly faster or slower depending on the local topography. In deserts and other flat areas, such as the Amazon basin, climatic zones will move faster, while hilly or mountainous terrain will slow things up. In areas with varied terrain including lots of hills, therefore, suitable conditions might be available relatively nearby.
However, those scientists emphasize that their velocity maps are oversimplifications — at least so far. For one thing, they do not account for the unique characteristics of various species within a given ecosystem. Nevertheless, while the climate-velocity concept is still crude, it’s promising enough tha t one of the researchers Ackerly is collaborating with an organization called the Bay Area Open Space Council on habitat conservation strategies in central California.
47. Scientists in California have newly put forward an intriguing unit to measure the impact of climate change by _______________________________.
48. In order to survive, many species of plants and animals will have to keep up with the shifting speed of Earth’s _______________________________.
49. Up to now, most ecologists have less globally focused on the factors which they think affect _______________________________.
50. Compared with that in hilly or mountainous terrain, climatic zones in deserts and flat areas will _______________________________.
51. One reason why the climate-vel ocity concept is still crude is that it doesn’t account for various species’
_______________________________ within a given ecosystem.
Section B
Directions:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 52 to 56 are based on the following passage.
A globe-spanning U.N. digital library seeking to display and explain the wealth of all human cultures has gone into operation on the Internet, serving up mankind’s accumulated knowledge in seven languages for students around the world.
James H. Billington, the librarian of Congress who launched the project four years ago, said the ambition was to make available on an easy-to-navigate site, free for scholars and other curious people anywhere, a collection of primary documents and authoritative explanations from the planet’s leading libraries.
The site (https://www.doczj.com/doc/1115623142.html,) has put up the Japanese work that is considered the first novel in history, for instance, along with t he Aztecs’ first mention of the
Christ child in the New World and the works of ancient Arab scholars piercing the mysteries of algebra (代数), each entry flanked by learned commentary. “There are many one-of-a-kind documents,” Billington said in an interview.
The World Digital Library, which officially will be inaugurated (落成典礼) recently at the Paris headquarters of UNESCO, the U.N. Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, has started small, with about 1,200 documents and their explanations from scholars in Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Portuguese, Spanish and Russian. But it is designed to accommodate an unlimited number of such texts, charts and illustrations from as many countries and libraries as want to contribute.
The main target is children, building on the success among young people of the U.S. National Digital Library Program, which has been in operation at the Library of Congress since the mid-1990s. That program, at its American Memory site, has made available 15 million U.S. historical records, including recorded interviews with former slaves, the first moving pictures and the Declaration of Independence. Billington predicted that children around the world, like their U.S. counterparts, will turn naturally to the Internet for answers to questions, provided they have access to computers and high-speed connections.
The site was developed by a team at the Library of Congress in Washington with technical assistance from the Bibliotheca Alexandrina in Egypt. The digital library’s main server is also in Washington, but officials said plans are underway for regional servers around the world.
In addition to UNESCO and the Library of Congress, 26 other libraries and institutions in 19 countries have contributed to the project. Each is accompanied by a brief explanation of its content and significance. The documents have been scanned onto the site directly, in their original languages, but the explanations appear in all seven of the site’s official languages.
Users can sort through the information in several ways. They can ask what was going on anywhere in the world in, say, science or literature during the 4th century B.C., for instance. They can look up the history of a certain topic over the centuries in China alone, or in China and North America. By cross-referencing, a user can see how one area of the world stood compared with another at any given time.
52. The World Digital Library mainly targets ________.
A) young people in the U.S.
B) children of poor countries
C) students all over the world
D) scholars understanding English
53. Who does “Christ child” (Line 2, Para. 3) refer to?
A) Children who get gifts on Christmas Day.
B) The Christ believers all over the world.
C) The first westerners arriving in the New World.
D) Children born on Christmas Day.
54. It can be inferred from this passage that ________.
A) The World Digital Library will consist of 1,200 documents and their explanations.
B) The U.S. National Digital Library Program gains increasing popularity among people.
C) Children around the world can have access to the World Digital Library anytime.
D) The World Digital Library will have servers in countries around the world.
55. Which of the following is true about the World Digital Library according to the passage?
A) A team at the Library of Congress in Washington developed its website alone.
B) Libraries and institutions in most countries have contributed to the library so far.
C) All documents and their explanations in the library are in seven official languages.
D) You can learn from the library about British politics and economy 1000 years ago.
56. What’s the main purpose of this passage?
A) To make people pay more attention to libraries.
B) To introduce the World Digital Library clearly.
C) To arouse people’s awareness of protecting our culture.
D) To tell people how to take advantage of digital libraries.
Passage Two
Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.
Cigarettes are good for your throat, according to advertisements from half a century ago. Today such claims are unthinkable, as smokers face despiteful stares of contempt whenever they light up. Die-hards (顽固派) apart, society now accepts the huge damage to health caused by smoking, both to smokers themselves and to others through passive smoking — a change in attitudes with huge benefits for public health.
Now the World Health Organization is launching the first global war against alcohol abuse. Can it replicate (重复) the success of the anti-smoking campaign?
Some of the ways to curb excessive alcohol consumption are similar to those used against cigarettes, such as increasing taxes and reducing availability. And as with cigarettes, there may also be scope for making drinking less glamorous through clampdowns on marketing and advertising.
We have argued that these kinds of policies should be drawn up on the basis of evidence of harmfulness — to individuals and to society. But the problems of alcohol abuse have in the past been taken lightly. Excessive drinking has often been accepted, even celebrated, with hangovers (unpleasant after-effects of drinking too much alcohol) seen as entertainments that lighten the daily grind. This attitude of casual acceptance is central to the challenge facing the WHO. It obscures a problem which killed 2.4 million people in 2004, half the toll of smoking, and is estimated to be behind 20 to 30 per cent of cases of cirrhosis of the liver (a chronic disease of the liver), killing and motor-vehicle accidents.
The first line of attack, as with smoking, will be to get everyone to accept that alcohol abuse takes a huge toll. We need to erase the jolly caricature (讽刺) of the town drunk who occasionally falls off his seat.
The WHO argues that we should borrow another aspect of the anti-smoking message and regulate so-called “passive drinking” — the effect on others of a person consuming alcohol —pointing to the role it plays in violence, family breakdown and road deaths. But “passive drinking” is a misleading term. While drinking is like smoking in that it causes collateral damage (附带损伤), no one else can passively consume the alcohol drunk by another. Any harm result s from a drinker’s actions, not exposure to the substance itself.
Talk of passive drinking deviates attention from a more shocking aspect of the problem. The overall harm caused by alcohol is greater than that caused by LSD (an illegal drug) or ecstasy, and not far behind cocaine. When society stops thinking of alcohol as relaxing drink and regards it as another drug that will signal the biggest change in thinking of all.
57. What is the passage mainly about?
A) The warning against “passive drinking”.
B) Different attitudes towards smoking and drinking.
C) The global war on alcohol abuse launched by WHO.
D) Similarities and differences between smoking and drinking.
58. Which of the following measures has been taken by WHO to restrict alcohol abuse?
A) Cracking down the alcohol market.
B) Taxing alcohol at a higher rate.
C) Banning the manufacture of hard liquor.
D) Forbidding advertisements on alcohol.
59. What do people often think of heavy use of alcohol?
A) It is a normal way to celebrate one’s success.
B) It can cause huge damage to people’s health.
C) It takes a heavy toll of human life every year.
D) It can alleviate the tediousness of the routine work.
60. What does the WHO say about “passive drinking” in the passage?
A) It means reluctantly consuming alcohol.
B) It is completely similar to passive smoking.
C) It does cause additional damage to non-drinkers.
D) It brings worse damage than passive smoking.
61. The author suggests that, to win the war against alcohol abuse, ________.
A) we should emphasize the harm of passive drinking
B) it’s important to change the current notion of alcohol
C) alcohol should be treated the same way as smoking
D) it’s necessary to classify alcohol as an illegal drug
Part V Cloze (15 minutes)
Directions:There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D) on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Zoos have become an important site for the preservation and protection o f w i l d l i f e r e s o u r c e s,6 2 those species that are endangered. 63 , many zoos displayed live animals for public entertainment. Presently some zoos have become scientific and educational institutions that have 64 to the understanding and conservation of wild animal populations. Among the 65 facing modern zoos are the cost of upgrading old facilities, the struggle to obtain sufficient operating funds, 66 the need to attract more visitors to new and entertaining exhibits.
Many older zoos in American cities have 67 renovation (翻新) during the last decades of the twentieth century. Among the recent 68 in zoo improvement is the construction of new enclosures that 69 natural habitats (栖息地). The replacement of traditional steel bars and concrete floors 70 appropriately designed surroundings improves visitor appreciation of the animals. Such renovation may 71 stress on animals and allow them to interact with one another more 72 .
Several major zoos 73 captive propagation programs. A captive propagation program includes the breeding of selected zoo or wild animals to obtain offspring, usually for 74 to the wild or for transfer to other zoos. Captive breeding is one method of saving some species 75 extinction.
Zoos have expanded and improved public education programs 76 , with education departments that develop programs 77 to zoo exhibits. Public activities include in-school programs, zoo tours, special events, and websites. The Zoological Society of New York, for example, conducted a major project with a Western African government to 78 an elephant herd as it moved throughout its range.
The importance of zoos will increase 79 natural habitats are diminishing. Through their efforts in 80 of conservation, education, and environmental advocacy, zoos will continue to play a 81 role in wildlife preservation throughout the world. 62. A) remarkably B) especially
C) essentially D) specially
63. A) At no time B) At a time
C) At one time D) In no time
64. A) contributed B) attributed
C) obliged D) applied
65. A) regulations B) obstacles
C) options D) challenges
66. A) but B) or
C) through D) and
67. A) sustained B) undergone
C) inflicted D) witnessed
68. A) trends B) approaches
C) schedules D) tendencies
69. A) forge B) mock
C) resemble D) assemble
70. A) under B) for
C) into D) with
71. A) reduce B) cause
C) increase D) avoid
72. A) socially B) naturally
C) instantaneously D) simultaneously
73. A) condense B) constrain
C) conduct D) converge
74. A) relief B) release
C) vent D) transit
75. A) against B) over
C) of D) from
76. A) also B) yet
C) then D) almost
77. A) attached B) referred
C) related D) associated
78. A) manage B) manipulate
C) supervise D) monitor
79. A) if B) so
C) as D) even
80. A) support B) charge
C) honor D) search
81. A) casual B) critical
C) favorable D) serious
Part VI Translation (5 minutes)
Directions: Complete the sentences by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets. Please write your translation on Answer Sheet 2.
82. I often _______________________________ (把他误认为他的双胞胎弟弟) because they look so similar.
83. It’s _______________________________ (尝试和她谈是浪费时间) when she’s in this mood.
84. No longer _______________________________ (和我们保持联系) since she went abroad for further study.
85.If you can find _______________________________ (任何适合你的学习方法), your learning efficiency is likely to improve remarkably.
86. Look at the pride on Tom’s face. He seems _______________________________ (刚才被经理表扬过).
揭密试卷命制过程 揭密试卷命制过程 绥化普高联校复制 揭密试卷命制过程 一、命题目的 命题有狭义广义之分。狭义命题是指对考试试题的命制，广义命题则还包括由试题组合成试卷。这里采用广义命题观，即命题系指试题和试卷的命制和编辑。 命题的目的就是命制一份高质量的试卷，它必须符合考试目的，满足试卷、试题的质量指标要求。 二、命题组织及工作程序 1、命题组编制测评考试的命题双向细目表及能力和情感目标考查说明。然后命题组成员各自据之编写试题、试卷、参考答案和评分标准草稿。命题组应对试卷草稿进行认真论证，从中筛选出用于组卷的试题，然后编辑试卷初稿。与此同时，应编制相应的参考答案和评分标准初稿。 2、命题组应对试卷初稿进行试测试评，试测人员由命题人员或合适的学生担任。根据试测结果，命题组再进行修订工作，最后拿出试卷、参考答案和评分标准及试卷双向细目表定稿。 3、命题组组长将试测试卷、命题双向细目表和试卷双向细目表、试卷、参考答案和评分标准的定稿一并交科负责人，并填写传递卡有关栏目完成交接手续。命题组长负责保存除移交审卷组的文档外的一切有关书面文档。 三、命题的总体要求 1、符合测评考试目的的要求。按照对测评考试分数解释依据的不同，考试可分为参照常模性测验和参照目标性测验两种。参照常模性测验适合于选拔性测验，如升学、竞赛、升学练兵考试。参照目标性测验适合于达标性测验，如期中、期末考试和毕业会考等。 2、符合测评考试的难度要求。考试难度要求有两项。其一是试题的难易程度，由易度指数衡量，易度指数越大，试题越容易。其二是试
题的难度分布，即按试题的难易程度将试题分为容易题、中难题、难题三类、三类题的比例分配要符合要求。 对于学科考试，参照目标性测验的易、中、难题比例一般为6：2：2到8：2：O，及格率一般为75~90%，优秀率一般为10~20%，参照常模性测验的易、中，难题比例一般为3：5：2到2：5：3，成绩分布大体呈正态分布。 3、遵从命题双向细目表。命题双向细目表是规定考试范围和认知目标的二维表格，表的纵向竖直栏规定测验的范围和内容，表的横向水平栏规定考试对认知目标或难度水平的要求。 下表是命题双向细目表样表。表中A、B，C对应于易、中、难三个难度水平，所列数字是指具有给定难度的对应章、节或知识点在试卷中的权重，是确定考试时问及试题数量和分数的依据，权重可以根据内容的重要程度、教学时问及其它因素确定。该表的纵向合计表示试题的难度分布，横向合计表示考试范围和内容的比重。编制试卷时，可在保证基本符合总的权重分配条件下，灵活调节表中个别项目的权重；与此同时，试卷内容要有良好的代表性和充分的覆盖率，各部分内容的比例要适当。 表3.1命题双向细目表样表 范围知识点难度水平合计 章节ABC 第一章第 一 节●12 39 ○235 ★1 1 第 二 节☆2 29 ◎◎◎◎◎◎33 ◇◇◇◇◇◇4 4
初中英语试题命制的基本要求.txt再过几十年，我们来相会，送到火葬场，全部烧成灰，你一堆，我一堆，谁也不认识谁，全部送到农村做化肥。初中毕业生英语学科学业考试命题指导课改实验区初中毕业生英语学业考试命题指导项目组 1997年，教育部基础教育司组织专家，就义务教育课程实施状况对9个省(市) 的16 000 多名学生、2 000 多名校长、教师进行了抽样调查。调查结果显示，初中毕业、升学考试对教师的教学行为、教师布置作业的内容与数量、学生的学习方式等都有重大的影响。调查结论认为，当时的考试评价制度存在着较大问题，严重制约了学生的全面发展，甚至影响到青少年的身心健康，已成为实施素质教育的瓶颈。为解决这一问题，教育部基础教育司在研究新的课程方案的同时，采取了一系列措施进行中考改革。 1998 年4 月，教育部基础教育司下发了《关于中考语文考试改革试点工作的指导意见》，在江苏省苏州市、湖北省荆门市、福建省莆田市、山东省烟台市、吉林省辽源市、上海市闽行区、北京市顺义县等七个地区进行初中毕业、升学语文考试改革试点。以语文学科初中毕业、升学考试改革为突破口，拉开了全国初中毕业、升学考试改革的帷幕。 1999 年和2000 年，教育部基础教育司两次下发《关于初中毕业、升学考试改革的指导意见》(以下简称《指导意见》)，提出了初中毕业、升学考试改革应符合国家的教育方针，体现义务教育的性质和素质教育的要求，推动了全国范围内的初中毕业及升学考试改革。1999 年，教育部基础教育司组建了“全国初中毕业、升学考试评价课题组”，从1999～2003 年连续五年对各地的初中毕业、升学考试进行分学科的评价，并于2000 年、2001 年、2003 年三次组织全国命题单位的研修培训，对命题、审题、阅卷和试卷评价等问题进行了深入的研讨。 2002 年12 月，经国务院同意，教育部下发了《关于积极推进中小学评价与考试制度改革的通知》，提出了新课程背景下全面推进中小学评价与考试制度改革的行动纲领和
中考英语试题命制的基本要求 初中毕业生英语学科学业考试命题指导课改实验区初中毕业生英语学业考试命题指导项目组1997年，教育部基础教育司组织专家，就义务教育课程实施状况对9个省(市) 的16 000 多名学生、2 000 多名校长、教师进行了抽样调查。调查结果显示，初中毕业、升学考试对教师的教学行为、教师布置作业的内容与数量、学生的学习方式等都有重大的影响。调查结论认为，当时的考试评价制度存在着较大问题，严重制约了学生的全面发展，甚至影响到青少年的身心健康，已成为实施素质教育的瓶颈。为解决这一问题，教育部基础教育司在研究新的课程方案的同时，采取了一系列措施进行中考改革。1998 年 4 月，教育部基础教育司下发了《关于中考语文考试改革试点工作的指导意见》，在江苏省苏州市、湖北省荆门市、福建省莆田市、山东省烟台市、吉林省辽源市、上海市闽行区、北京市顺义县等七个地区进行初中毕业、升学语文考试改革试点。以语文学科初中毕业、升学考试改革为突破口，拉开了全国初中毕业、升学考试改革的帷幕。
1999 年和2000 年，教育部基础教育司两次下发《关于初中毕业、升学考试改革的指导意见》(以下简称《指导意见》)，提出了初中毕业、升学考试改革应符合国家的教育方针，体现义务教育的性质和素质教育的要求，推动了全国范围内的初中毕业及升学考试改革。1999 年，教育部基础教育司组建了“全国初中毕业、升学考试评价课题组”，从1999～2003 年连续五年对各地的初中毕业、升学考试进行分学科的评价，并于2000 年、2001 年、2003 年三次组织全国命题单位的研修培训，对命题、审题、阅卷和试卷评价等问题进行了深入的研讨。2002 年12 月，经国务院同意，教育部下发了《关于积极推进中小学评价与考试制度改革的通知》，提出了新课程背景下全面推进中小学评价与考试制度改革的行动纲领和基本要求。通过上述措施，全国各地在初中毕业、升学考试的指导思想、试题命制、考试管理等方面都取得了较大进展。具体表现在：在考试的指导思想方面，各地在落实2000 年《指导意见》的基础上，对初中毕业生学业考试的认识不断深化，进一步探索按照推进素质教育和课程改革的要求，向着有利于学生的全面和谐及个性化发展、有利于学校创新发展、有利于课程改革健康发展、有利于基础教育均衡发展的
中学试卷命制要求 一、考试科目 1.适合科目：语文、数学、外语、物理、化学、生物、政治、历史、地理 2.单独命题科目：计算机、美术、音乐、书法等。 二、组织形式 命题人和审题人由各学科备课组长指定，考试采用闭卷密封形式。 三、命题要求 1.命题范围：原则上为本期所学内容，也可根据教学的实际情况进行调整，并将调整情况报教务处备案并说明原因。 2.基本要求：试卷结构合理，符合新课标，试题尽量原创，原题须改造或重组，不可使用现成试卷，命题、审题要认真细致，无重要失误。 3.学科分值：语文、数学、外语、三科均为150分；其它学科均为100分。 4.考试时间： （1）语文为150分钟；（2）数学为120分钟； （3）外语为120分钟；不含听力为100分钟（试卷分值为120分）。 （4）其它学科均为90分钟。 5.难度系数：要求掌握在0.80±0.05；试题的易、中、难比例按5:4:1命制。 四、输机要求 （1）题目：第一行：安阳市三中20xx-20xx学年x期期x考试（小三黑体）第二行：高xхх试题卷（答题卷、参考答案卷）（三号黑体） 第三行：命题人（小三黑体）、审题人（小三黑体） （2）内容：①大题题型号（四号黑体） ②正文（小四宋体），行间距：固定值约为18 ③页脚：高xхх（学科）卷，共x页第x页（五号黑体） ④页边距：上下左右均为2cm ⑤纸张大小为B5 （3）序号：①大写“一二三”后面，要用“顿号”，如“一、二、”。 ②小写“123”和字母后面，要用实心小圆点，如“1．A．a．”。 ③序号加括号，如（1）（2）（3）等后面，不加任何标点符号。（4）密封：密封线内要填写班级、姓名、考场号-座号等，并放在答题卷首页左侧，密封线内宽度约3.5厘米，便于密封。 五、试卷交付 1.保密要求：从命题到考试期间的各个环节，要求相关人员严格注意保密问题并采取相应的措施，包括选题、输机、发送、校对、印刷、分卷等。接触试题的各相关人员也必须注意保密。 2.试卷交付：备课组长应在规定时间内将试卷、参考答案的纸质稿及电子稿一并交予教务处。 安阳市三中教务处 2013年10月28日
命制试卷的基本要素 一、数学考试的目标： 考试命题“一切为了学生的发展”，从考试对象的实际状况出发，遵循课程标准但不面面俱到、人为追求“知识技能”考点的覆盖面，注意数学思考、解决问题方面的教育目标达标测评，有所体现对过程性目标（经历、体验、探索）的测评。要为教与学的方式的改进服务，通过考试抑制将数学能力技能化的过分训练，使探索性与接受性学习并行，为动手实践、主动探索、合作交流的学习方式提供活跃的生存空间。 二、试卷功能： (一)对学生学习的诊断与促进，恰当评价学生基础知识和基本技能的理解和掌握 对基础知识和基本技能的评价，应遵循《标准》的基本理念，以本学段的知识与技能目标为基准，考察学生对基础知识和基本技能的理解和掌握程度。对学生评价时，应重点考察学生在学习过程中结合具体材料对所学内容实际意义的理解 (二)情感与态度目标的落实 评价考试不应该还是冷冷的面孔，应该符合课程标准的理念，采用鼓励性语言，体现人文关怀，发挥评价的激励作用。让每一个考生在考试过程中，能够放松、愉悦地发挥其聪明才智，保护学生的自尊心和自信心。 (三)重视对学生发现问题和解决问题能力的评价，要注意考察学生能否从日常生活中发现并提出简单的数学问题；能否选择适当的方法解决问题；能否表达解决问题的大致过程和结果；是否养成反思自己解决问题过程的习惯。 解决问题过程评价的目标:
◆能否从不同角度观察、分析问题； ◆能否恰当应用各种策略和方法解决问题或者自己独立探究出解决问题新的思路与方法； ◆能否用数学语言清楚地表达解决问题的过程，并尝试用不同的方式（文字、符号、图表等）进行表达； ◆根据最初的问题情境证实和解释结果的合理性； ◆对解决问题的过程进行反思，获得解决问题的经验； ◆能否将解法或策略概括为一般的策略与方法并用于解决新的问题之中； ◆能否将问题及其结论作进一步的概括、推广与发展。考试命题要体现对学生的人文关怀，彻底摒弃考试就是甄别学业和成绩排队的错误观念，命题设计题目时不会一味的“捅漏子”、“造陷井”，而是让学生有展示所学和发挥能力的机会，这样才能真正做到让学生认识自我，建立数学自信心和争取更大的发展。 三、命题要求： （一）“考基础、抓重点、求稳定”的命题指导思想和“起点低、坡度缓、尾巴略翘”的试卷设计风格以及“依纲据本、考学一致”的命题原则。 （二）试卷难易分值配比合理，对主观性试题适当考虑分小题设计；评分坚持比较细致的分步得分方案和原则，以适当增加区分度。 试题难度逐题推进，在综合题设计上，难度也是按小题逐步增加的。难度适当，将难点分散在不同题目中，对主观性试题，适当考虑分小题设计，以体现适度区分，使不同层次考生都有所发挥。
命制试卷的基本要素 考试说明一共有六大部分，这六大部分包括第一，考试的性质，第二，考试的范围，第三，考试的内容和目标，第四，考试的方式，第五，试卷的结构，第六是题型示例以及参考答案。简单地说，这一个小小的册子就告诉我们中考数学要考什么，怎么考，考试范围是什么，考试的难度又会怎样。那这个难，难会难在哪儿 一、中考的性质：？ 考试的指导思想是：有助于高级中等学校的招生录取工作，有助于进一步促进初中教学质量的提高，有助于课程改革的实施和中学素质教育的全面推进。考试应具有较高的信度、效度、必要的区分度和适当的难度。 考试命题“一切为了学生的发展”，从考试对象的实际状况出发，遵循课程标准但不面面俱到、人为追求“知识技能”考点的覆盖面，注意数学思考、解决问题方面的教育目标达标测评，有所体现对过程性目标（经历、体验、探索）的测评。要为教与学的方式的改进服务，通过考试抑制将数学能力技能化的过分训练，使探索性与接受性学习并行，为动手实践、主动探索、合作交流的学习方式提供活跃的生存空间。 试卷编制应适应课改要求： （1）体现知识的迁移、转化、应用或问题解决等能力因素。 （2）重视知识技能形成过程的考查，引导加强过程教学。例如；对一些公式的形成，规律的得出可以设计探究性的试题，让学生通过观察、分析、归纳、猜想，发现其中蕴含的规律。 （3）注重联系生活实际，突出学科知识的实践和运用。试卷命题的外在形式上都要努力体现生活化、情节化，应避免单纯用符号、公式、模型表达的题目，避免类似于物理学科中“一个小球”“一个铁块”之类抽象的表述形式，尽可能将每一道题设计成实际生活中的情境或故事．这样既可以激发学生的创造灵感，又可以使学生所学的知识与方法生活化．（4）体现试题的开放特点，引导探究、创新的学习风气。例如，对概念、规则等知识的考查，可以把它们揉合在实际问题的解决中去。这类试题新意浓，思路广，自由度大，探究性强，可以激发学生的学习兴趣。再如，对应用问题的考查，也可以考虑设计一些开放性试题。如一题多解、一题多问、一题多编、一题多变的题型。多解题可要求学生说明其中的最佳解法，并且在量分上作出区别，对创新性解法给予特别加分。教师要避免总以教材例题为标准去套用试题的不良影响。另外，试卷中可对问题设计解决万案,尝试依据问题、目标构思和探索问题解决的思路、策略。这种以考查学生学科应用能力的做法，可以引发教师在教学中注意实施自主型开放式教学模式。 试卷编制还应体现学科特点： （1）重视对数学核心观念、基本运算能力、发散性思维、数学思考、数学思想方法和空间观念的考查。突出知识学习和形成数学观念,发展数学思考之间的联系。注重考查活学活用教材、知识迁移于新情景的能力，变式的能力，注重通性通法的考查，要考活知识。 （2）体现地方特点和时代性，渗透情感与态度教育。试题要突出数学与现实的联系，贴近生活和生活实际，立意要新颖，考查学生对周围事物的观察能力，强调学生通过实践，增强探究和创新意识，学习科学研究方法，发展综合运用知识的能力，注意体现试题的思想性。把市场意识、应用意识和国情教育渗透到试题中。 ①与现实相联系的试题总分值基本上要占总分的50%。 ②问题情境注重鲜活，适合学生的实际，不仅仅包含有解决社会实际问题的情境，同时也有一定含量的适应学生年龄特点的游戏问题。体现现实性和趣味性。？ 数学发展的历史贯穿着理性探索与现实需要这两股动力，贯穿着对真善美与对功利使用的两种追求。我们在文化这一更加广阔的背景下讨论数学的发展、数学的作用以及数学的价
试题命制筛选要求 试卷按模板排版，试题完整，无残缺题，分数设置合理，有参考答案。 一、九大基本原则： 1.从零散走向综合； 2.从积累走向运用； 3.从书本走向生活； 4.从知识走向方法； 5.从结果走向过程； 6.从封闭走向开放； 7.从学科走向素养；8.从教师走向学生； 9.从内容走向形式； 二、八点关键要求： 1.原创：试卷要求原创，可适当精选组合，所选题必须更换内容或考题形式。 2.范围：试题覆盖面要广，是经过仔细研读课标，教材内容、学生学习情况后制订的。 3.题型：考点不能重复。 4.表述：题干描述要准确，不设陷井，不要因为题目理解干挠学生完成试题。 5.难度：难度是指试题的难易程度，它是衡量试题质量的一个重要指标参数，它和区分度共同影响并决定试卷的鉴别性。 一般认为，试题的难度指数在0.3－0.7之间比较合适，整份试卷的平均难度最好在0.5左右，高于0.7和低于0.3的试题不能太多。 P=1—x/w x为某题得分的平均分数，w为该题的满分。 这种定义法，难度值小时表明试题容易，值大时表明试题难，最小值为0，最大值为1。 P=x/w 这种定义法，难度值小时表明试题难，值大时表明试题容易，最小值为0，最大值为1。 6.区分度：区分度是区分应试者能力水平高低的指标。试题区分度高，可以拉开不同水平应试者分数的距离，使高水平者得高分，低水平者得低分，而区分度低则反映不出不同应试者的水平差异。通常来说，中等难度的试题区分度较大。 7.信度：信度是指测得结果的一致性或稳定性，稳定性越大，意味着测评结果越可靠。相反，如果用某套试题对同一应试者先后进行两次测试，结果第一次得80分，第二次得50分，结果的可靠性就值得怀疑了。 8.效度：效度是一个测试能够测试出它所要测试的东西的程度，即测试结果与测试目标的符合程度。也就是说，一套测试是否达到了它预定的目的以及是否测量了它要测量的内容。
页眉内容 初中毕业生英语学科学业考试命题指导课改实验区初中毕业生英语学业考试命题指导项目组 1997年，教育部基础教育司组织专家，就义务教育课程实施状况对9个省(市) 的16 000 多名学生、2 000 多名校长、教师进行了抽样调查。调查结果显示，初中毕业、升学考试对教师的教学行为、教师布置作业的内容与数量、学生的学习方式等都有重大的影响。调查结论认为，当时的考试评价制度存在着较大问题，严重制约了学生的全面发展，甚至影响到青少年的身心健康，已成为实施素质教育的瓶颈。为解决这一问题，教育部基础教育司在研究新的课程方案的同时，采取了一系列措施进行中考改革。 1998 年4 月，教育部基础教育司下发了《关于中考语文考试改革试点工作的指导意见》，在江苏省苏州市、湖北省荆门市、福建省莆田市、山东省烟台市、吉林省辽源市、上海市闽行区、北京市顺义县等七个地区进行初中毕业、升学语文考试改革试点。以语文学科初中毕业、升学考试改革为突破口，拉开了全国初中毕业、升学考试改革的帷幕。 1999 年和2000 年，教育部基础教育司两次下发《关于初中毕业、升学考试改革的指导意见》(以下简称《指导意见》)，提出了初中毕业、升学考试改革应符合国家的教育方针，体现义务教育的性质和素质教育的要求，推动了全国范围内的初中毕业及升学考试改革。1999 年，教育部基础教育司组建了“全国初中毕业、升学考试评价课题组”，从1999～2003 年连续五年对各地的初中毕业、升学考试进行分学科的评价，并于2000 年、2001 年、2003 年三次组织全国命题单位的研修培训，对命题、审题、阅卷和试卷评价等问题进行了深入的研讨。 2002 年12 月，经国务院同意，教育部下发了《关于积极推进中小学评价与考试制度改革的通知》，提出了新课程背景下全面推进中小学评价与考试制度改革的行动纲领和基本要求。通过上述措施，全国各地在初中毕业、升学考试的指导思想、试题命制、考试管理等方面都取得了较大进展。具体表现在：在考试的指导思想方面，各地在落实2000 年《指导意见》的基础上，对初中毕业生学业考试的认识不断深化，进一步探索按照推进素质教育和课程改革的要求，向着有利于学生的全面和谐及个性化发展、有利于学校创新发展、有利于课程改革健康发展、有利于基础教育均衡发展的方向努力。在试题命制方面，各地在重视考查基础知识与基本技能的基础上，普遍关注对学生在具体情境中运用所学知识与技能分析和解决问题能力的考查，注意加强试题与社会实际和学生生活的联系，杜绝设置偏题、怪题，成为各地命题单位的共同追求。在考试管理方面，各地都加强了命题、审题、阅卷、考务、招生的管理制度建设，促进了考试管理的科学化、制度化，并初步建立了各地自评与专家评价相结合的初中毕业、升学考试评价监控机制。随着新课程的推进，需要各地进一步深化初中毕业、升学考试改革，加大高中招生制度改革的力度，为新课程的顺利实施创造条件。为了确保2004 年17 个国家基础教育课程改革实验区的初中毕业和普通高中招生制度改革符合基础教育课程改革的理念和课程标准的要求，基础教育司于2003 年成立了由北京师范大学心理学院院长、全国心理测量专业委员会理事长车宏生教授为组长的“初中毕业与普通高中招生制度改革项目组”。项目组将通过专项研究和专业指导，力求在初中毕业生学业考试、综合素质评定、高中招生录取三方面取得突破，改变以升学考试科目分数简单相加作为唯一录取标准的做法，以促进基础教育课程改革的顺利实施，并为2005 年在更大范围内进行初中毕业与普通高中招生制度改革奠定基础。与此同时，教育部基础教育司继续组织国家课程标准组的核心成员、部分师范院校学科教学论研究人员、评价研究人员、部分省市教研人员共计100 余名专家，对2003 年全国抽中毕业、升学考试情况进行评价。根据各地上报的材料及专题调查，课题组通过研究形成了较为系统的分析报告。初中毕业生英语学业考试是义务教育阶段的终结性考试，其目的是全面、准确地考查初中毕业生在英语学习方面达到《全日制义务教育英语课程标准》(以下简称《课程标准》)所规定的英语毕业水平的程度。考试结果既是衡量学生是否达到毕业标准的主要依据，也是高中阶段学校招生的重要依据之一。初中毕业生英语学业考试落实《课程标准》所确立的课程评价理念，有利于促进和引导英语教学全面落实《课程标准》所规定的课程目标，有利于
试卷命制的基本要素Revised on November 25, 2020
命制试卷的基本要素 考试说明一共有六大部分，这六大部分包括第一，考试的性质，第二，考试的范围，第三，考试的内容和目标，第四，考试的方式，第五，试卷的结构，第六是题型示例以及参考答案。简单地说，这一个小小的册子就告诉我们中考数学要考什么，怎么考，考试范围是什么，考试的难度又会怎样。那这个难，难会难在哪儿 一、中考的性质： 考试的指导思想是：有助于高级中等学校的招生录取工作，有助于进一步促进初中教学质量的提高，有助于课程改革的实施和中学素质教育的全面推进。考试应具有较高的信度、效度、必要的区分度和适当的难度。 考试命题“一切为了学生的发展”，从考试对象的实际状况出发，遵循课程标准但不面面俱到、人为追求“知识技能”考点的覆盖面，注意数学思考、解决问题方面的教育目标达标测评，有所体现对过程性目标（经历、体验、探索）的测评。要为教与学的方式的改进服务，通过考试抑制将数学能力技能化的过分训练，使探索性与接受性学习并行，为动手实践、主动探索、合作交流的学习方式提供活跃的生存空间。 试卷编制应适应课改要求： （1）体现知识的迁移、转化、应用或问题解决等能力因素。 （2）重视知识技能形成过程的考查，引导加强过程教学。例如；对一些公式的形成，规律的得出可以设计探究性的试题，让学生通过观察、分析、归纳、猜想，发现其中蕴含的规律。 （3）注重联系生活实际，突出学科知识的实践和运用。试卷命题的外在形式上都要努力体现生活化、情节化，应避免单纯用符号、公式、模型表达的题目，避免类似于物理学科中“一个小球”“一个铁块”之类抽象的表述形式，尽可能将每一道题设计成实际生活中的情境或故事．这样既可以激发学生的创造灵感，又可以使学生所学的知识与方法生活化． （4）体现试题的开放特点，引导探究、创新的学习风气。例如，对概念、规则等知识的考查，可以把它们揉合在实际问题的解决中去。这类试题新意浓，思路广，自由度大，探究性强，可以激发学生的学习兴趣。再如，对应用问题的考查，也可以考虑设计一些开放性试题。如一题多解、一题多问、一题多编、一题多变的题型。多解题可要求学生说明其中的最佳解法，并且在量分上作出区别，对创新性解法给予特别加分。教师要避免总以教材例题为标准去套用试题的不良影响。另外，试卷中可对问题设计解决万案,尝试依据问
试卷命制的基本要素集团文件发布号：（9816-UATWW-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DQQTY-
命制试卷的基本要素 考试说明一共有六大部分，这六大部分包括第一，考试的性质，第二，考试的范围，第三，考试的内容和目标，第四，考试的方式，第五，试卷的结构，第六是题型示例以及参考答案。简单地说，这一个小小的册子就告诉我们中考数学要考什么，怎么考，考试范围是什么，考试的难度又会怎样。那这个难，难会难在哪儿 一、中考的性质： 考试的指导思想是：有助于高级中等学校的招生录取工作，有助于进一步促进初中教学质量的提高，有助于课程改革的实施和中学素质教育的全面推进。考试应具有较高的信度、效度、必要的区分度和适当的难度。 考试命题“一切为了学生的发展”，从考试对象的实际状况出发，遵循课程标准但不面面俱到、人为追求“知识技能”考点的覆盖面，注意数学思考、解决问题方面的教育目标达标测评，有所体现对过程性目标（经历、体验、探索）的测评。要为教与学的方式的改进服务，通过考试抑制将数学能力技能化的过分训练，使探索性与接受性学习并行，为动手实践、主动探索、合作交流的学习方式提供活跃的生存空间。 试卷编制应适应课改要求： （1）体现知识的迁移、转化、应用或问题解决等能力因素。 （2）重视知识技能形成过程的考查，引导加强过程教学。例如；对一些公式的形成，规律的得出可以设计探究性的试题，让学生通过观察、分析、归纳、猜想，发现其中蕴含的规律。
（3）注重联系生活实际，突出学科知识的实践和运用。试卷命题的外在形式上都要努力体现生活化、情节化，应避免单纯用符号、公式、模型表达的题目，避免类似于物理学科中“一个小球”“一个铁块”之类抽象的表述形式，尽可能将每一道题设计成实际生活中的情境或故事．这样既可以激发学生的创造灵感，又可以使学生所学的知识与方法生活化． （4）体现试题的开放特点，引导探究、创新的学习风气。例如，对概念、规则等知识的考查，可以把它们揉合在实际问题的解决中去。这类试题新意浓，思路广，自由度大，探究性强，可以激发学生的学习兴趣。再如，对应用问题的考查，也可以考虑设计一些开放性试题。如一题多解、一题多问、一题多编、一题多变的题型。多解题可要求学生说明其中的最佳解法，并且在量分上作出区别，对创新性解法给予特别加分。教师要避免总以教材例题为标准去套用试题的不良影响。另外，试卷中可对问题设计解决万案,尝试依据问题、目标构思和探索问题解决的思路、策略。这种以考查学生学科应用能力的做法，可以引发教师在教学中注意实施自主型开放式教学模式。 试卷编制还应体现学科特点： （1）重视对数学核心观念、基本运算能力、发散性思维、数学思考、数学思想方法和空间观念的考查。突出知识学习和形成数学观念,发展数学思考之间的联系。注重考查活学活用教材、知识迁移于新情景的能力，变式的能力，注重通性通法的考查，要考活知识。
谈谈如何命制一份合适的试卷 晋江市南侨中学教研室胡启山 几年来，随着高中新课程改革的不断推进，各学科各阶段各种各样的考试命题也面临着新挑战。试题的题目是否真正体现“知识与目标”“过程与方法”、“情感态度价值观”等方面的考察？题目是否具有科学性?题目能不能检测学生真实学习水平?题目是否能真正暴露出教与学之中存在的问题?在考查学生对过 程体验和运用方法解决问题能力的同时,是否贴近生活,体现时代性？这一个个问题我们是否引起我们的注意，我们注意到了，但是否思考过？，思考过了，但我们是否尝试过如何解决的它等等。诸如此类的问题我们可以提出很多，这都不重要，我们应当如何做这才是最重要的。今天我就与各位同仁谈一谈如何命制一份试题。 当老师就免不了要命题，命题并不是一件容易的事。命好题是教师一项重要的能力体现。课上得好的老师不见得能命好题。因为命题能力的提高，必须是在学习、探索和实践中实现的。命制一份合适的试卷，是很不容易的。在教学实践中，我们部分教师不会独立命制出合适的试题，尤其是新教师，在这个方面的能力就更差一些，也可以说这是新教师的水平与能力的缺陷。命题大致分为两类，一为科学型，一为经验型。科学型命题要求过于专业，要建立题库，要有数据统计分析，要经过测量等。目前中考，甚至会考、高考，一直都是采用的经验型命题，我想着手研究科学型命题是我们以后追求的一个目标，在当前一个较长时期内，尤其在平时的考试、测验中，我们仍将采用经验型命题。当然，经验型命题中也应不断地加入科学的成分，如试题分析等。一般来说经验型命题大都经历三个阶段：拿来、模仿、创造。先是从众多的试卷中，筛选自以为满意的部分试卷，
试题命制要求 Company number：【WTUT-WT88Y-W8BBGB-BWYTT-19998】
试题命制筛选要求 试卷按模板排版，试题完整，无残缺题，分数设置合理，有参考答案。 一、九大基本原则： 1.从零散走向综合； 2.从积累走向运用； 3.从书本走向生活； 4.从知识走向方法； 5.从结果走向过程； 6.从封闭走向开放； 7.从学科走向素养；8.从教师走向学生； 9.从内容走向形式； 二、八点关键要求： 1.原创：试卷要求原创，可适当精选组合，所选题必须更换内容或考题形式。 2.范围：试题覆盖面要广，是经过仔细研读课标，教材内容、学生学习情况后制订的。 3.题型：考点不能重复。 4.表述：题干描述要准确，不设陷井，不要因为题目理解干挠学生完成试题。 5.难度：难度是指试题的难易程度，它是衡量试题质量的一个重要指标参数，它和区分度共同影响并决定试卷的鉴别性。 一般认为，试题的难度指数在－之间比较合适，整份试卷的平均难度最好在左右，高于和低于的试题不能太多。 P=1—x/w x为某题得分的平均分数，w为该题的满分。 这种定义法，难度值小时表明试题容易，值大时表明试题难，最小值为0，最大值为1。 P=x/w 这种定义法，难度值小时表明试题难，值大时表明试题容易，最小值为0，最大值为1。 6.区分度：区分度是区分应试者能力水平高低的指标。试题区分度高，可以拉开不同水平应试者分数的距离，使高水平者得高分，低水平者得低分，而区分度低则反映不出不同应试者的水平差异。通常来说，中等难度的试题区分度较大。 7.信度：信度是指测得结果的一致性或稳定性，稳定性越大，意味着测评结果越可靠。相反，如果用某套试题对同一应试者先后进行两次测试，结果第一次得80分，第二次得50分，结果的可靠性就值得怀疑了。