医护英语
Contents
Unit 1 Registration and Visiting a Doctor (3)
Unit 2 Examination Process (9)
Unit 3 Diagnosis (15)
Unit4 Administering Medications (24)
Unit 5 Hospitalization (29)
Unit 6 Hospitalization (35)
Registration and Visiting a Doctor 挂号与就诊
Examination Process 检查过程
Diagnosis 诊断
Administration and Medication 门诊处置与取药
Hospitalization 办入院手续与住院
Rehabilitation 康复
Unit 1 Registration and Visiting a Doctor
Reading A:
Task 1 Before reading the passage, see how much you know about common diseases of the body systems by answering the following questions.
1.How can you decide that a specific disease belongs to one of the body systems?
2.Which hospital department might you refer a patient to if he/she has a stomachache?
Common diseases of the Body Systems
Human body diseases vary in both severity and diversity. Any body part or function can contract a disease or have s disorder. We are more capable of fighting these diseases today than ever before and medicine is advancing every day.
Below are introductions to human body diseases and disorders.
Skin Disorders
The skin is susceptible to physical injury and to infection by bacteria, virus, fungi, and exposure to sunlight. Almost and teenager can tell you the most common skin disorder: acne. There are other skin problems far more serious than acne, e.g. skin cancer, melanoma, psoriasis and vitiligo.
Nervous System Disorders
Damage to nervous system through physical injury or disease can impair both physical and mental function. Brain tumors, Parkinson’s disease and stroke are some of the nervous system conditions.
Cardiovascular Disorders
Cardiovascular disorders are conditions of the heart and blood vessels, which consist of mainly coronary heart disease (CHD), or coronary artery disease (CAD), hypertension, arrhythmia and heart failure. What we eat and the amount of exercise we get can affect our cardiovascular system.
Immune Disorders
When the immune system does not function properly, a number of diseases can occur. There are two types of immune system disorders: allergies and autoimmune disease including juvenile diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and anemia, etc. and immunodeficiency disease such a AIDS.
Digestive Disorders
Most digestive diseases are very complex. Common disorders include hepatitis, heartburn and stomach cancer. Abusing alcohol imposes the greatest risk for digestive diseases.
Reproductive Disorders
Disorders that may affect the proper functioning of the reproductive system include abnormal hormone secretion, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) such as syphilis and gonorrhea, and the presence of cancerous tissue in the region. Such problems frequently affect fertility. There are also functional problems caused by infertility or sexual dysfunction.
Respiratory Disorders
Respiratory disorders, or lung diseases, are disorders such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, chronic bronchitis, lung cancer and others. They can affect people of all ages and both genders.
Endocrine disorders
Endocrine system disorders occur either due to too much or tool little or sometimes no
hormone. These disorders may lead to abnormal growth pattern, diabetes, high cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Endocrine system disorders include hyperthyroidism, growth hormone deficiency and hypothyroidism.
Musculoskeletal Disorders
Disease of the musculoskeletal system may result in the inability to walk, sit, or even breathe. The musculoskeletal conditions having the most impact on population health will be presented: back pain, repetitive strain injury (RSI) and osteoarthritis.
Task 2 Read the passage and match each common disease with one body system.
1.hypertension a. respiratory system
2.acne b. skin system
3.bone fracture c. nervous system
4.stomach cancer d. cardiovascular system
5.brain tumors e. endocrine system
6.AIDS f. digestive system
7.lung cancer g. immune system
8.hypothyroidism h. musculoskeletal system
Task 3 Read the passage again, and tick the facts mentioned in the passage about the common diseases of the body system.
?Our ability to fight human body diseases
?The case history of the patients
?Various disorders of the nine body systems
?Disorders typical of the body systems
?An introduction to the now cures for the diseases
?Two types of immune disorders
?The skin featuring its susceptibility
?Alcoholism contributing to digestive diseases
?The specialists in some ot the diseases
?Asthma as a respiratory problem
Listening
Task 1 Mr. Black is making a call to pre-register at a hospital. Listen to the conversation and choose the best answer to each question you hear.
1.Why can’t Mr. Black register right now?
A.Because of a power cut.
B. Because of lack of record.
C. Because of the system failure.
2.Which card is NOT necessary for registration?
A.ID card.
B. Credit card.
C. Insurance card.
3.What is the registration time?
A. 8 a.m. to 5 p.m.
B. 9 a.m. to 4 p.m.
C. 8 a.m. to 4 p. m.
4. When does the nurse suggest Mr. Black come to the hospital?
A. In the morning.
B. In the afternoon.
C. On weekdays.
5. Where will Mr. Black find receptionists in the hospital?
A. At the registration office.
B. In the Outpatient Hall.
C. Outside the consulting room. Task 2. Mr. Black is registering at the hospital in person. Listen to the conversation and fill in the blanks with what you hear.
Mr. Black: Good Morning.
Nurse: Good morning. Sorry to have kept you waiting. Have you ever been here before? Mr. Black: No, this is my first _______ here.
Nurse: In this case, you have to fill in this registration form. Your name, age, ________ and things like that. I will make a record for you.
Mr. Black:No problem.
Nurse: Well, what’s troubling you?
Mr. Black: I have a stomachache and feel like __________ sometimes. Besides, it’s difficult for me to swallow. Which department should I register ___________?
Nurse: I think you should go to the Department of Gastroenterology (胃肠学) first. If necessary w e’ll __________ you to the Department of Chest Surgery.
Mr. Black: Okay, here is my form.
Nurse:Thank you. The registration ___________ is five Yuan. This is your registration card. Please don’t lose it and bring it whenever you came.
Mr. Black: Thank you for your help.
Nurse: That’s all right
Task 3. Mr. Liu, an overseas student in Britain, is calling at St. Paul’s Hospital to make an appointment. Listen to the conversation and help the nurse to fill in the record.
Appointment Record
Patient’s name:
Date of Birth:
Visiting Purpose:
Time:
Doctor’s Name:
Reading B
Procedures to Visit a Doctor
●How to Visit a Doctor in the West:
When you get sick, you might have to make an appointment to visit a doctor for a physical checkup. Talking to the doctor and explaining your symptoms might not be too difficult. Here is how to make the most of your doctor’s visit.
●Before You Go
When you make the appointment, state the nature of your concern so that a proper length of time can be scheduled.
If it’s your first visit to that clinic or with that physician, be ready to give your medical history.
?Provide information about diseases that run in your family.
?Describe current and past heath problems and treatments.
?Bring the original containers for any prescription and over-the-counter medications, herbs,
supplements and vitamins you are taking.
Preparing written information to bring with can help you communicate well with your doctor.
? A short description of your health problems should include a list of symptoms and details
on when the problem started, where it is, what it fells like, and if there’s anything you do that makes it worse or better.
? A list of medications you are taking should include the dose and frequency of prescription
and over-the-counter drugs, as well as herbs, supplements and vitamins.
●While You’re There
When talking with your doctor, remember that your health is worth his or her time.
?Clearly describe you health concern (symptoms, when it started, where it is, what it fells
like). Information written in advance can help.
?Restate explanations and ask for clarification, until you’re sure that the doctor
understands your concerns and completely answer your questions.
?Don’t forget about your emotional health; it influences your physical health. So mention
all health-related concerns, not just the visible ones.
?Make sure your provider is aware of the prescription and over-the-counter medications,
herbs, supplements and vitamins you are taking.
Before leaving, find out
?It and when you should return for another visit.
?Whether you are to phone in for any test results or to report on your condition.
?If there are certain warning signs you should watch for
?Whether there are materials you could take home or a website you should visit to learn
more about your diagnosis or treatment
Never leave uncertain about your diagnosis or treatment
●Common Procedures to Visit a Doctor in China’s Hospital
The first thing you should know about the medical services is that you should have some basic knowledge about the procedures.
In china patients simply show up at local hospitals. No preset appointment is necessary, except for surgical procedures. Treatment techniques include diagnosis, medication, injection or the necessary scans. Your doctor may give you a prescription for you to buy medicine from the in-house pharmacy, most of the time at the lobby of the outpatient section building.
● A chart on how to visit a doctor in Chinese hospital:
Patient pre-check register diagnosis pay fees
take medicine leave
check & test specific section observation pay fees take medicine leave Task 1 Complete the procedures to visit a doctor in Western countries according to the passage.
How to Visit a Doctor in the West
1.Before you go
a.Make an _____________ with your ____________.
b.Be ready to give your _____________ on your first visit.
c.Prepare __________________________.
2.While You’re There
a.When _____________ with your doctor, remember that your ____________ is worth
his or her time.
b.Before leaving, make sure of __________________ things.
c.Never leave _____________ about your diagnosis or treatment.
Task 2 Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.
In china patients simply show up at local hospitals. No preset appointment is necessary, except
for surgical procedures. Treatment techniques include diagnosis, medication, injection or the necessary scans. Your doctor may give you a prescription for you to buy medicine from the in-house pharmacy, most of the time at the lobby of the outpatient section building.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________ Writing
Public Notice
Task 1 A public notice is written for many reasons. By writing a public notice, you will inform people about some news. No matter which kind of public notice you write, you will find several tips useful: be brief and to the point, well-worded, coherent and smooth with a definite purpose. Now read the following sample public notice and learn about the way it is written.
A Sample:
Public Notice
Notice is hereby given that Liu Dan from the Department of General Surgery in our hospital won the first place in the City’s 2009 Nursing Skills Contest held on May 4th, 2009.
We inform you that a commendation meeting is to be held at the hospital auditorium on Wednesday afternoon, at 1:30. Representatives from all departments are expected to attend the meeting on time.
The Office of Hospital President
May 5th, 2009
Commendation meeting 表彰会
Task 2 Suppose you are a secretary with the human resource department. Please write a public notice based on the following information.
Information:
Li Lan has succeeded in competing for the position of head nurse in the emergency department. She took the first place in both the theoretical examination and interview for the position. Therefore the hospital leaders and the nursing department, after due consideration, have officially decided to appoint Li Lan head nurse in the emergency department.
Technical Words:
Coronary artery disease (CAD) 冠状动脉疾病
Coronary heart disease (CHD) 冠心病
Juvenile diabetes 青少年糖尿病
Parkinson’s disease 帕金森氏病；震颤性麻痹
Repetitive strain injury （RSI）重复性过度劳累损伤
Rheumatoid arthritis 风湿性关节炎
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) 性传播疾病
Over-the-counter medication 非处方药
Parkinson’s disease
Parkinson’s disease is a chronic and progressive degenerative disease of the brain marked by tremors, rigidity and slow movements.
Parkinson’s disease belongs to a group of conditions called movement disorders. It is characterized by muscle rigidity, resting tremor, slowing of movement and, in extreme cases, nearly complete loss of movement. Secondary symptoms may include high level cognitive dysfunction, subtle language problems, and depression.
Exercise: Fill in each blank with the appropriate form of the word given in brackets.
1. At first, we didn’t realize the (severe) _______ of her wounds.
2. It is reported that this disease attacks the central (nerve) _____ system.
3. The (injure) ________ to their key player could be a decisive factor in the game.
4. We couldn’t feel the change in the blood pressure within the (arterial) _________.
5. (Diabetic) ________ is by far the most frequent disease among the over-weight people.
6. These bacteria can be thought of as an additional (digest) ________ organ.
7. It is (normal) ________ for a man to walk in his sleep.
8. They found it stimulated the (secrete) _______ of insulin in pancreatic (胰的) cells in the
laboratory.
9. Impairment of the ability to write is usually caused by brain (function) ________ or disease.
10. What is severe acute (respire) _________ syndrome?
Unit 2 Examination Process
Reading A
Task 1 Before reading the passage, see how much you know about medical tests by answering the following questions.
3.What are the most common medical tests in the hospital?
4.What are the purposes of medical tests?
A Directory of Medical Tests
Taking a medical history and performing a physical examination usually provide the information a doctor needs to evaluate a person’s health or to understand what is causing an illness. But sometimes, doctors need to order tests to find out more.
Here are some common tests and what they involve:
Blood Tests
Complete Blood Count (CBC). A CBC measures the levels of different types of blood cells. By determining if there are too many or not enough of each blood cell type, a CBC can help to detect a wide variety of illnesses or signs of infection.
Blood Chemistry Test. Basic blood chemistry tests measure the levels of certain electrolytes, such as sodium and potassium, in the blood. Doctors typically order them to look for any sign of kidney dysfunction, diabetes, metabolic disorders, and tissue damage.
Liver Function Test. Liver function tests check to see how the liver is working and look for any sort of liver damage or inflammation.
Radiology Tests
X-Rays. X-rays can help doctors find a variety of conditions, including broken bones and lung infections.
Ultrasound. Though they’re typically associated with pregnancy, doctors order ultrasounds in lots of different cases. The images seen on most ultrasounds are difficult for the untrained eye to decipher, so a doctor will view the image and interpret it.
Computed Tomography (CAT scan or CT scan). CAT scans are a kind of X-ray, and typically are ordered to look for things such as appendicitis, internal bleeding, or abnormal growths. A scan may require the use of a contrast material (a dye or other substance) to improve the visibility of certain tissues or blood vessels.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). MRIs use radio waves and magnetic fields to produce an image. MRIs are often used to look at bones, joints, and the brain. Contrast material is sometimes given through an IV in order to get a better picture of certain structures.
Other Tests
Stool Test. Stool (or feces or poop) test can provide doctors with valuable information about what’s wrong when one has a problem in the stomach, intestines, or another part of the gastrointestinal system.
Urine Test. Doctors order urine tests to make sure that the kidneys are functioning properly or when they suspect an infection in the kidneys or bladder.
Electroencephalography (EEG). EEGs often are used to detect conditions that affect brain function, such as epilepsy, seizure disorders, and brain injury.
Electrocardiography (EKG). EKGs measure the heart’s electrical activity to help evaluate its function and identify any problems. The EKG can help determine the rate and rhythm of heartbeats, the size and position of the heart’s chambers, and whether there is any damage present. EKGs can detect abnormal heart rhythms, some congenital heart defects, and heart tissue that isn’t getting enough oxygen.
Task 2 After reading the passage, group the medical tests mentioned in the passage into each category.
Blood Tests: Radiology Tests: Other Tests:
Take 3 Read the passage again. Match each medical test with one fact as its target.
9.Ultrasound a. lung infections
10.X-rays b. an infection in the kidneys
https://www.doczj.com/doc/1614907978.html,plete Blood Test c. metabolic disorders
12.Blood Chemistry Test d. abnormal growths
13.Liver Function Test e. blood cell type
14.Urine Test f. heart rhythms
15.EKG g. pregnancy
16.Stool Test h. a problem in the intestines
17.MRI a. liver inflammation
18.EEG b. brain injury
https://www.doczj.com/doc/1614907978.html,puted Tomography k. joint problems
Listening
Task 1 Mr. Black is having a check at the Department of Gastroenterology. A nurse will draw some blood for him. Listen to the conversation and put the following items in correct order.
Sterilize the skin
Get the report
Take off coat and roll up your sleeve
Clench your fist
Open your hand
Send specimen to the laboratory
Tie the tourniquet
Press with cotton swab
Task 2 Mr. Black is going to have a gastroscopy（胃镜检查）. Listen to the conversation and choose the best answer to each question you hear.
1. What does an endoscope look like?
A. As long as a finger
B. Thin and flexible.
C. A large pipe
2. What should Mr. Black do before having the gastroscopy?
A. Smoke as little as possible.
B. Empty the stomach.
C. Drink a lot of water.
3. When is Mr. Black supposed to come tomorrow?
A. 6 a.m..
B. 2 p.m.
C. 8 a.m.
4. When will Mr. Black get the result?
A. In several days.
B. Immediately.
C. The day after tomorrow.
5. What will be sent to the pathology laboratory?
A. Blood Sample.
B. Gastric fluid sample.
C. Biology sample.
Task 3. Mr. Black is in the gastroscope room. Listen to the conversation and fill in the blanks with what you hear.
Nurse: Mr. Black, I’d like to know whether you ________ today.
Mr. Black: Never.
Nurse: Fine. The gastroscopy usually takes about ten minutes. But now we should make some ________ for it.
Mr. Black:Okay. Please tell me what to do.
Nurse: I will give you a ________ by an injection to help you relax.
Mr. Black: When it works, shall I fall sleep?
Nurse: No, it can only make you drowsy. It’s not a ___________ anesthetic.
Mr. Black:Will I feel intense pain during the test?
Nurse:No, the doctor will numb the back of your throat by spraying on some _________ anesthetic. You may just feel a little uncomfortable, particularly when you first swallow the _______.
Mr. Black: I see. Thank you.
Nurse: By the way, the doctor may take one or more _________ in the testing process. But don’t worry. That is painless.
Mr. Black: Alright, I will try to cooperate.
Reading B
View a Sample CBC
A complete blood count (CBC) is a calculation of the cellular makeup of blood. It measures the concentration of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets in the blood and aids in diagnosing conditions and diseases such as malignancy, anemia, or blood clotting problems. The CBC is typically reported in the format below, although different labs may use different formats.
●Sample CBC Test
The sample CBC below shows that the patient’s white blood cells and red blood cells are low.
Complete Blood Count (CBC) with Differential Test Results Result Units Reference Interval White Blood Count 1.5L ×103/mm3 5.0-10.0
Red Blood Count 3.50L ×106/mm3 4.1-5.3 Hemoglobin 10.8L g/dl 12.0-18.0 Hematocrit 31.1L % 37.0-52.0 Platelets 302 ×103/mm3150-400 Polys(neutrophils) 23L % 45-76 Lymphs 68H % 17-44 Monocytes 7 % 3-10
Eosinophil 2 % 0-4 Basophil 0.6 % 0.2
Polys(absolute) 3.4L ×103/mm3 1.8-7.8 Lymphs(absolute) 1.0 ×103/mm30.7-4.5 Monocytes(absolute) 0.1 ×103/mm30.1-1.0
Eos(absolute) 0.1 ×103/mm30.0-0.4 Basos(absolute) 0.0 ×103/mm30.0-0.2
●Understanding the Chart
Result:The “Result”column shows the counts. The “L”or “H”after the count shows whether the counts are lower (“L”) or higher (“H”) than the normal range.
Reference Interval (or Reference Range): The “Reference Interval”column shows the normal range for each measurement for the lab performing the test. Note that reference intervals may vary slightly among different laboratories.
White Blood Cells: The complete blood count (CBC) report shows that the patient’s total white blood cell count (WBC) is 1.5, which is lower than the normal range of 5.0-10.0. The low WBC count (leucopenia) may point toward autoimmune diseases, such as lupus erythematosus or rheumatoid arthritis, bone marrow problem, disease of the liver or spleen, or related to some medications, such as chemotherapy.
Red Blood Cells: The report shows that the patient has a red blood cell count of 3.50, which is lower than the normal range of 4.1-5.3. The low red blood cell count may suggest anemia, which can have many causes. Possible causes include autoimmune diseases, bone marrow failure, leukemia, malnutrition, heavy menstrual bleeding, stomach ulcers, inflammatory bowel disease, or some tumors.
Hemoglobin: The report indicates that the patient’s Hb count is 10.8, which is below the normal range of 12.0-18.0. Low hemoglobin values may indicate anemia, or blood loss.
Hematocrit: Hematocrit is also low. This means that the patient has mild anemia and may be starting to notice symptoms.
Platelets: The report indicates that the platelet count for this patient is normal.
Differential: also known as white blood cell (WBC) differential count. This portion of the report shows the counts for the five main types of white blood cells, either as percentages (the first five counts) or as the absolute number of cells (the second five counts). Such information helps the doctor monitor patients with allergies and determine how a patient is recovering from an illness or responding to therapy.
Task 1 Match the following terms with their Chinese meanings.
3.reference interval a. 白血球减少症
4.stomach ulcer b. 胃溃疡
5.bone marrow failure c. 参考范围
6.rheumatoid arthritis d. 骨髓衰竭
7.leucopenia f. 风湿性关节炎
Task 2 Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.
The cells that circulate in the bloodstream are generally divided into three types: white blood cells (leukocytes), red blood cells (erythrocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes). Abnormally high or low counts may indicate the presence of many forms of disease, and hence blood counts are
amongst the most commonly performed blood tests in medicine, as they can provide an overview of a patient’s general health status. A CBC is routinely performed during annual physical examination in some districts.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________ Writing
Memorandum (Memo)
Task 1 A memo is generally made up of three parts: Introduction, Body and Conclusion. It needs to be brief, to the point and clear. Now read the following sample memo and learn about how it is organized.
A Sample Memo:
TO: (person or group to whom the memo is addressed)
FROM: (person of group sending the memo)
DA TE: (current date—month /date/year)
SUBJECT: (what the memo is about, this should be in bold)
First Sentence:
Reason for the memo
e.g. I would like to remind you that…
Second Sentence—Main Body
Any Instruction or Information
Closing Sentence:
What is required of the readers
e.g. confirmation, answers or feedback
Please share this announcement with co-workers immediately
Task 2 Suppose you are a clerk working in the family planning office of a hospital. Please write a memo based on the following information. Your memo should include the tips given in Task 1.
Situation:
A summing-up meeting on the 2008 family planning work of the hospital is to be held on April 25th, 2008. Besides, the 2009 family planning work will be assigned at the meeting. Those who are in charge of family planning work in all departments and offices are requested to attend the meeting.
Technical Words:
Complete Blood Count (CBC) 全血球计数
Computed Tomography (CT-scan) 计算机断层摄影
Contrast material 造影剂
Electrocardiograph (EKG) 心电图
Electroencephalograph (EEG) 脑电图
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 核磁共振成像
Basophil 嗜碱性粒细胞
Eosinophil嗜酸性粒细胞
Hematocrit 血细胞比容
Hemoglobin 血红蛋白
Leucopenia 白细胞减少
Lupus erythematosus 红斑狼疮
Monocyte 单核细胞
Neutrophil 嗜中性粒细胞，中性白细胞
Exercise: Fill in each blank with the appropriate form of the word given in brackets.
1. The frontiers of (medicine) ________ knowledge are being pushed forwards as time goes on.
2. The (metabolism) ________ abnormalities were corrected and renal function remained normal.
3. Will you please recommend some (typical) ______ Chinese dishes to the foreign guests？
4. Some women experience morning sickness during the first three months of (pregnant) ______.
5. Dense fog is covering roads in the north and (visible) _______ is very poor.
6. Modern machines, (range) _________ from TV to computers, can do various types of work for
man.
7. Dictionaries and encyclopedias are (refer) _________ books. You may (refer) _______ them while reading and writing.
8. A (consult) ________ room is a place where a doctor sees his patient.
9. (Immune) _________ can be acquired by having had the disease or by the use of vaccines.
10. The illness was (diagnose)__________ as mumps (腮腺炎).
Unit 3 Diagnosis
Reading A:
Task 1 Before reading the passage, see how much you know about the treatment of common chronic and acute diseases by answering the following questions.
1.What are the differences between acute diseases and chronic diseases?
2.What are the most common chronic diseases of older adults?
Treatment of Common Chronic and Acute Diseases
Health concerns are usually classified as either acute or chronic. Acute illnesses often begin abruptly and last only a short time. Most people with an acute illness can expect to return to normal health. However, chronic diseases usually develop slowly, last a long time, and are often progressive and incurable.
Chronic Diseases
Chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes, are by far the leading cause of mortality in the world. Treatment includes medication and lifestyle changes such as diet and physical activity, and stress management.
Cardiovascular diseases include coronary heart disease, hypertension, congenital heart disease, heart failure, etc. Once diagnosed with CVDs, patients are typically prescribed medication that will regulate cardiovascular functions and are usually taken daily for the rest of their life. Certain treatments are usually started right away if a heart attack is suspected, even before the diagnosis is confirmed. These include: oxygen, aspirin to prevent further blood clotting, nitroglycerin to reduce the workload on the heart, and treatment for chest pain.
Cancer may affect people at all ages, even fetuses. The three most common types of cancer treatment are surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, which aim at removing the cancer cells or destroying them in the body with medicines or other agents. Choice of treatment is influenced by several factors, including the specific characteristics of the cancer, the patient’s overall condition, and whether the goal of treatment is to cure the cancer, keep it from spreading, or relieve the symptoms.
All forms of diabetes have been treatable since insulin became medically available in 1921, but there is no cure. The insulin injection is a basic treatment of type I diabetes. TypeⅡis managed with a combination of dietary treatment, exercise, medications and insulin supplementation.
Acute Diseases
Treatment for acute diseases usually involves medication of antibiotics, which have direct effects on inflammation.
Pneumonia is a common illness which occurs in all age groups. Most cases of pneumonia can be treated without hospitalization. Typically, oral antibiotics, rest, fluids, and home care are sufficient for complete resolution. However, if the symptoms get worse, or complications occur, the person will often have to be hospitalized.
Appendicitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the appendix, which has been recognized as one of the most common causes of severe acute abdominal pain. Once a diagnosis of appendicitis is made, appendectomy is usually performed to remove the inflamed appendix. Antibiotics are always begun prior to surgery and as soon as appendicitis is suspected. Normally, the patient stays in the hospital for less than a week and can usually count on being back to a normal routine in three weeks. Once the useless appendix is removed, there is no danger of appendicitis recurring.
Task 2 Read the passage and match each paragraph with the corresponding aspect of chronic and acute diseases.
1.Paragraph 1 a. Diabetes
2.Paragraph 2 b. Cancer
3.Paragraph 3 c. Pneumonia
4.Paragraph 4 d. Appendicitis
5.Paragraph 5 e. Introduction of acute and chronic diseases
6.Paragraph 6 f. Common ground of acute diseases
7.Paragraph 7 g. Cardiovascular diseases
8.Paragraph 8 h. Common ground of Chronic diseases
Task 3 Match the following terms with their Chinese meanings.
1.cardiovascular disease a. 心力衰竭
2.mortality b. 并发症
3.Physical activity c. 血栓
4.heart failure d. 炎症，发炎
5.blood clotting e. 死亡，死亡率
6.dietary treatment f. 阑尾切除术
https://www.doczj.com/doc/1614907978.html,plication g. 腹痛
8.inflammation h. 饮食疗法
9.abdominal pain i. 身体锻炼
10.appendectomy j. 心血管疾病
Listening
Task 1 Ella Smith wants to visit a gynecologist. Listen to the conversation and decide whether the following statements are true or false.
There is no gynecologist in the consulting room right now.
Ella forgets taking her registration card.
Ella has to wait for about twenty minutes.
The nurse suggests Ella go to the waiting room downstairs.
Ella will be informed as soon as the doctor is free.
Task 2. The gynecologist has prescribed IV fluids for Ella. Listen to the conversation and choose the best answer to each question you hear.
1.What IV fluid did the doctor prescribe for Ella?
A.Penicillin.
B. Azithromycin.
C. Gentamicin.
2.What does the nurse require Ella to show?
A.Prescription.
B. Medication sheet.
C. Registration card.
3.Why can’t the nurse give her the drip immediately?
A. Because Ella hasn’t paid for it.
B. Because Ella has to take the blood test.
C. Because Ella has to take an allergy test.
4. Which allergic response hasn’t been mentioned?
A. Dizziness.
B. Chest pain.
C. V omiting.
5. How long should they wait for the result?
A. Half an hour.
B. Twenty minutes.
C. Twelve minutes..
Task 3. Listen to the conversation and fill in the blanks with what you hear.
Nurse: Ella, how are you feeling?
Ella: Nothing special.
Nurse: Fine, let me have a look. Ah, congratulations! There’s no red or ________ spot. You are not ___________ penicillin.
Ella:Well, great!
Nurse: I will _________ for you right now.
Ella: I am a little nervous. Please be tender.
Nurse: ______________. I will be very careful. Please ___________ your fist.
Ella:Alright.
Nurse: Please relax! It won’t be that painful.
Ella:You’re right. Never felt a thing. Why don’t you make the fluids drop more quickly? Nurse: The IV fluids must be given slowly so as not to ________ you.
Ella:Oh, I see.
Nurse: Would you like to lie on that __________? I can help you get there.
Ella:Yeah, thank you.
Reading B
Physician’s Order Sheet
PATIENT’S NAME: Mr. James Smith DATE: 3/17/2009
DATE OF BIRTH: 5/21/1959 TIME: 10:50 a.m.
Diagnosis: TypeⅡDiabetes (T2D)
Drug Allergies: None
Diet: ADA diet (balanced carb, low fat, HS snack)
Medication:
●Insulin: Lantus R
Dose: Start at an average dose of 10 units once daily and adjust according to the need to a total daily dose ranging from 2 to 100 units. Regular insulin subcutaneous given 30minutes before meals.
BEFORE MEALS: It is recommended that regular insulin be given at least 4 hours apart.
Blood Sugar
Medium Dose (requiring 40-80 units of insulin daily)
<80 Follow Guidelines for Correction Below
80-150 No insulin
150-199 1unit
200-249 3units
250-299 5units
300-349 7units
350-399 8units
>400 Call Physician
Guidelines for Correction:
For blood glucose less than 80mg/dl, use Hypoglycemia Protocol below:
1.Give 15grams of fast-acting carbohydrate (4 oz fruit juice/ non-diet soda, 8 oz nonfat
milk, or 3-4glucose tablets).
2.Check finger stick glucose every 15minutes and repeat above if blood glucose is less that
80mg/dl
3.Call physician.
Record all insulin given and glucose results on Blood Glucose Monitoring Record.
●Oral Agent: Continue oral hypoglycemic agents and add 10u NPH at bedtime
Labs:
●Blood Glucose Monitoring:
AC/HS, or q 6 hours if NPO, and PRN hypoglycemic symptoms
●Fasting Lipid Profile
●Albumin/ Creatinine Ratio
Patient Education:
●Need to be aware of the importance of more frequent testing of blood sugar and
monitoring for symptoms during the next 24 hrs after an episode of hypoglycemia (if the next hypoglycemia episode is within 24hrs, glucose levels can drop much lower before hormonal counter-regulation and autonomic symptoms occur).
●Assess family’s knowledge of glucagon administration and hypoglycemia treatment.
Call Physician For:
A.Blood Glucose over 400 or 2 times consecutively over 300.
B.BS<70 more than two times consecutively or more than once on any one day.
C.Insulin adjustment order for: starting/ending NPO, change in tube feeding change in steroid
dose.
Follow-up:
●Call in blood sugars weekly for further insulin titration instructions.
●Document progress on Diabetes Encounter Form and Insulin Adjustment Tracking Form.
●Keep physician informed of progress every 3-4 weeks.
PHYSICIAN NAME: Thomas Kim.M.D.
SIGNATURE:________________
Task 1 Match the following terms with their Chinese meanings.
1. physician’s order a. 每日剂量
2. blood glucose b. 血糖
3. low fat c. 口服药物
4. daily dose d. 医嘱
5. oral agent e. 低脂
Task 2 Read the passage and decide whether the following statements are true of false.
?Regular insulin subcutaneous should be given sixty minutes before meals.
?It is recommended that regular insulin be given at least four hours apart.
?If the blood sugar is higher than 400mg/dl, the patient should call the physician.
?If the blood sugar is less than 80mg/dl, the patient had better take oral hypoglycemic
agents.
?The patients should realize the importance of more frequent testing of blood sugar and
monitoring for symptoms during the next 24 hrs after an episode of hypoglycemia. Task 3 Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.
Need to be aware of the importance of more frequent testing of blood sugar and monitoring for symptoms during the next 24 hrs after an episode of hypoglycemia (if the next hypoglycemia episode is within 24hrs, glucose levels can drop much lower before hormonal counter-regulation and autonomic symptoms occur).
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________ Writing
Informed Consent for Surgery
Task 1 Informed consent is the process by which a fully informed patient can participate in choices about his or her health care. The patient, or guardian, must understand the potential risks and benefits of the treatment and legally agree to accept those risks in writing. Furthermore, the risks and possible side effects must be explained in easy-to-understand language. It is generally accepted that complete informed consent includes a discussion of the following elements: (1) the nature of the decision or procedure; (2) reasonable alternatives to the proposed intervention; (3) the relevant risks, benefits, and uncertainties related to each alternative; (4) assessment of patients’ understanding; (5) the acceptance of the intervention by the patient.
A Sample:
Informed Consent Form
Patient Personal Data
Name: Mr. James Smith DOB: 05/21/1970
Surgery Physician: Thomas Kim. M.D.
Surgery Procedures
1.Clinical Disease/Condition: Acute Appendicitis
2.Surgery: Appendicectomy
3.The following procedure will be performed:
Removal of appendix through a cut on the lower right side of the abdomen.
Risk of This Procedure
There are some risks/complications, which include:
(a)Deep bleeding in the abdominal cavity. This may need fluid replacement or further surgery.
(b)Infections such as pus collections can occur in the abdominal cavity. This may need surgical
drainage.
(c)The wound may become thickened and red.
(d)Adhesions (bands of scar tissue) may form and cause bowel obstruction. This can be a short
term or long term complication and may need further surgery.
(e)Increased risk in obese people of wound infection, chest infection, heart and lung
complications and thrombosis.
Doctor’s Statement
1.I have already verbally explained to the patient in a way that he/she can understand
information concerning this surgery, as well as related information, especially the following: Reason for this surgery, surgical procedure and area, surgery risk and success rate, possibility of blood transfusion;
Other replacement treatments and possible consequences if the surgery is not performed;
Temporary or permanent symptoms that might result following the surgery;
I have told the patient all of the related information regarding the surgery.
2. I have given the patient/substitute decision-maker an opportunity to ask questions about any of the above matters and raise any other concerns which I have answered as fully as possible.
3. I am of the opinion that the patient/substitute decision-maker understood the above information. Signature of Physician: ___________ Date: 04/08/2009 Time: 10:35 a.m.
Patient’s Statement
I acknowledge that:
1. The doctor has explained my medical condition and the proposed procedure. I understand the risks of the procedure, including the risks that are specific to me, and the likely outcomes.
2. The doctor has explained other relevant treatment opinions and their associated risks.
3. The doctor has explained my prognosis and the risks of not having the procedure.
4. I was able to ask questions and raise concerns with the doctor about my condition, the procedure and its risks, and my treatment options. My questions and concerns have been discussed and answered to my satisfaction.
5. I understand that the procedure may include a blood transfusion.
6. I understand that if organs and tissues are removed during the surgery, that these may be retained for tests for a period of time and then disposed of sensitively by the hospital.
7. The doctor has explained to me that if immediate life-threatening events happen during the procedure, they will be treated accordingly.
8. I understand that no guarantee has been made that the procedure will improve the condition, and
2013年考研英语新大纲新增的60个词汇 详
2013年考研英语新大纲新增的60个词汇详解 海天教育2012-09-14 专业外贸英语,英语口语,商务英语培训浸泡式外贸英语培训让您英语快速提升! 2013年考研大纲解析及复习指导”专题的相关链接【点击进入】 2013年考研的孩子们，你们好！2013年考研新大纲英语一和二今天（ 9 月14日）和大家见面了，宫东风英语团队第一时间为学生就13考研英语大纲 进行解析，新大纲删减许多词汇的同时新增60个词汇，新大纲应用文写作部 分删除了摘要写作要求，大家不用准备摘要了。英语二删除了阅读新题型中的 判断正误题型。别的方面没有改动。这充分体现了教育部考试中心的维护安定 团结以人为本的大方针。 近来，网上流传的新增700词，增加听力等新题型，阅读难度到专业八级 都是没有根据的，扰乱人心的…希望同学们以后在考研政策上对政府要有信任， 别信网上的谣传…考研的孩子，咱伤不起！ 目前，大家要认真反复精研真题，把真题读懂读透读熟读烂… 孩子们，加油！Never say die!
2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）和（二） 考试大纲新增的60个词汇详解 1 accustom vt. 使习惯于(to)：~ oneself to rising early使自己习惯于 早起 / ~ sb. to sea life使某人习惯于海上生活 / ~ one's ears to the din使自己的耳朵适应喧闹声 2 alienate vt. 1使疏远，使不友好；离间；The management must never become ~d from the employees.管理层决不能脱离员工。 2【律】转让，让渡（财产等）3使转移；使转向 ?alienator n. 3 allegiance n. 1（对国家、政府、事业、个人等的）忠诚；效忠，忠贞：give ~ to效忠于 2（臣子对君主的）臣服义务 3（侨民对所居国政府的）效忠义务 4 ape n. 1无尾猿；类人猿 2猴 3粗野的大汉 4模仿者，学样的人 vt. 模仿，学…的样 adj. 〈口〉疯狂的；狂热的◇go ~〈口〉发疯；变得狂 热：go ~ over a girl为一个姑娘神魂颠倒 ?apelike adj. / aper n. 5 archaeology n. 1考古学 2（某民族的）文化遗迹，古迹 ?archaeological adj. / archaeologically adv. / archaeologist n. / archaeologize vi.
2019考研英语词汇大纲中的词汇你掌握了多少个呢?我们来看看2019考研英语二词汇大纲表吧! 1. a [ei] art.一(个);每一(个);(同类事物中)任一个 2. abandon [?'b?nd ?n] vt. 离弃，丢弃 ;遗弃，抛弃 ;放弃 3. abdomen [?b'd?umen] n.腹，下腹 (胸部到腿部的部分 ) 4. abatement [?'beitm ?nt] n. 减 (免 )税，打折扣，冲销 5. abide [?'baid] vi.(abode， abided)(by) 遵守 ;坚持 ;vt. 忍受，容忍 6. ability [?'biliti] n. 能力 ;本领 ;才能，才干 ;专门技能，天资 7. able ['eibl] a.有 (能力、时间、知识等 )做某事，有本事的 8. abnormal [?b'n?:m ?l] a. 反常的，不正常的，不规则的 9. aboard [?'b ?:d] ad.&prep.在船 (飞机、车 )上 ;ad. 上船 (飞机、车 ) 10. abolish [?'b ?li ?] vt. 废除 (法律、习惯等 ); 取消 11. abound [?'baund] vi. 大量存在 ;(~in ，~with) 充满，富于 12. about [?'baut] ad. 在周围 ;大约 prep. 关于 ;在周围 a.准备 13. above [?'b ?v] a. 上述的ad. 在上面 ,在前文 prep. 在 ..之上，高于 14. abroad [?'br ?:d] ad. 到国外，在国外 ;在传播，在流传 15. abrupt [?'br ?pt] a. 突然的，出其不意的 ;(行为等 )粗鲁无礼的 16. absence ['?bs?ns] n. 缺乏，不存在 ;缺席，不在场 ;缺席的时间 17. absent ['?bs?nt, ?b'sent] a. 缺席的 ;缺乏的 ,不存在的 ;心不在焉的 18. absolute ['?bs?lju:t] a.绝对的，完全的 ;确实的，肯定的 19. absorb [?b's ?:b, -'z ?:b] vt. 吸收 (水、光、蒸汽等 );使全神贯注 ;吞并 / 兼并 20. abstract ['?bstr?kt] a.n. 摘抽要象的,文摘 ,梗概 vt. 提取 ;摘录要点
2019年考研英语词汇：必背大纲5500词（88） 2018考研英语词汇：必背大纲5500词（88） 1 shame n.羞耻,耻辱;可耻的人(或事物) v.使羞愧 2 shampoo n.洗发膏,香波;洗发,洗头 v.洗发,洗头 3 shape n.形状,外形;情况,状态;种类v.成型,塑造 4 share v.(with)分配,共用;分担n.一份,份额;股份 5 shark n.鲨鱼 6 sharp a.锋利的;轮廓分明的;急转的ad.(指时刻)正 7 shatter n.碎片;粉碎v.粉碎;使疲惫;使震骇 8 shave v.剃,刮,刨,削 n.刮脸 9 she pron.(主格)她 10 shear v.剪,修剪 11 shed v.流出;发散,散发,脱落,脱去 n.棚,小屋 12 sheep n.(绵)羊;易受人摆布的人 13 sheer a.纯粹的,十足的,全然的;陡峭的,险峻的 14 sheet n.被单;(一)张,(一)片,薄片;大片 15 shelf n.架子,搁板 16 shell n.壳,贝壳;炮弹 17 shelter n.掩蔽处;掩蔽,保护 v.掩蔽,躲避,庇护 18 shepherd n.牧民,牧羊人
19 shield n.防护物,护罩;盾,盾状物 v.保护,防护 20 shift v.替换,转移n.转换,转变;(轮)班,(换)班 21 shilling n.先令 22 shine v.照耀,发光;擦亮 n.光泽,光 23 ship n.船舶，舰艇 v.装运，航运，运送;发货 24 shipment n.装船,装运;装载的货物,装货量 25 shirt n.衬衫 26 shiver v./n.战栗,发抖 27 shock n.震动;电击,触电;休克v.(使)震动/震惊 28 shoe n.鞋 29 shoot v.发射;掠过,疾驰而过 n.嫩枝,苗,射击 30 shop n.商店，店铺;工厂，车间 v.买东西 31 shopkeeper n.店主 32 shore n.海滨,湖滨 33 short a.短的,矮的;(of)缺乏,不足 n.(pl.)短裤 34 shortage n.不足,缺少 35 shortcoming n.短处,缺点 36 shorthand n.速记 37 shortly ad.立刻，不久;不耐烦地，简慢地 38 shot n.开枪,射击;投篮;弹丸,炮弹,子弹 39 should aux.v.应该;万一;可能，该;就;竟然会
全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）考试大 纲（非英语专业）（2020年版） I.考试性质 英语（二）考试主要是为高等院校和科研院所招收专业学位硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国统一入学考试科目。其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生对英语语言的运用能力，评价的标准是高等学校非英语专业本科毕业生所能达到的及格或及格以上水平，以保证被录取者具有 一定的英语水平，并有利于各高等学校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔。 II .考查内容 考生应掌握下列语言知识和技能: （一）语言知识 1?语法知识 考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识，其中包括:
（1）名词、代词的数和格的构成及其用法 (2)动词时态、语态的构成及其用法； (3)形容词与副词的比较级和最高级的构成及其用法； (4)常用连接词的词义及其用法； (5)非谓语动词(不定式、动名词、分词)的构成及其用法； (6)虚拟语气的构成及其用法； (7)各类从句(定语从句、主语从句、表语从句等)及强调句型的结构及其用法； (8)倒装句、插入语的结构及其用法。 2.词汇 考生应能较熟练地掌握 5 500个左右常用英语词汇以及相关常用词组(详见附录相关部分)。考生应能根据具体语境、句子结构或上下文理解一些非常用词的词义。 (二)语言技能 1?阅读 考生应能读懂不同题材和体裁的文字材料。题材包括经济、管理、社会、文化、科普等，体裁包括说明文、议论文和记叙文等。
根据阅读材料，考生应能： (1)理解主旨要义； (2)理解文中的具体信息； (3)理解语篇的结构和上下文的逻辑关系 (4)根据上下文推断重要生词或词组的含义 (5)进行一定的判断和推理； (6)理解作者的意图、观点或态度。 2?写作 考生应能根据所给的提纲、情景或要求完成相应的短文写作。短文应中心思想明确、切中题意、结构清晰、条理清楚、用词恰当、无明显语言错误。 III.考试形式、考试内容与试卷结构 (一)考试形式 考试形式为笔试。考试时间为180分钟。满分为100分试卷包括试题册和1张答题卡。考生应将英语知识运用和阅读理解部 分的答案按要求涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，将英译汉和写作部分 的答案书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内
2021考研英语大纲词汇整理 在考研英语中有很多词汇是经常在考的，所以我们需要把词汇记住并理解，下面由我为你精心准备了“2021考研英语大纲词汇整理”，持续关注本站将可以持续获取更多的考试资讯！ 2021考研英语大纲词汇整理 1 calculate v.计算，推算计划，打算 2 calendar n.日历，月历 3 call vt.叫，喊打电话 vi.叫访问 n.叫号召 4 calm a.（天气，海洋等）静的 n.平静 v.（使）平静 5 calorie n.卡路里（食物所产生的热量或能量单位） 6 camel n.骆驼 7 camera n.照相机，摄影机 8 camp n.野营，营地帐篷，阵营 v.设营，宿营 9 campaign n.战役运动 10 campus n.（大学）校园 11 can aux.v.能可以 n.罐头容器 vt.把…装罐 12 canal n.运河（沟）渠 13 cancel v.取消，把…作废删去，划掉 14 cancer n.癌 15 candidate n.候选人，候补者报考者 16 candle n.蜡烛 17 candy n.糖果 18 cannon n.大炮，火炮
19 canoe n.独木舟，小游艇 20 canteen n.（工厂、办公室等）食堂或小卖部 21 canvas n.帆布帆布画布，（帆布）油画 22 cap n.便帽，军帽盖，罩，套 v.覆盖于…顶端 23 capable a.有本领的，有能力的（of）可以…的，能…的 24 capacity n.容量，容积能量，能力接受力 25 cape n.海角，岬披肩，短披风 26 capital n.首都大写字母资本 a.主要的，大写字母的 27 capitalism n.资本主义 28 capsule n.胶囊太空舱 29 captain n.首领，队长船长上尉 v.做…的首领，指挥 30 captive n.俘虏 a.被俘虏的，被监禁的 31 capture v./n.捕获，俘虏夺得，攻占 32 car n.汽车，车辆，车（火车）车厢 33 carbohydrate n.碳水化合物糖类（plural）淀粉质或糖类 34 carbon n.碳 35 card n.卡片，名片纸牌纸片 36 cardinal n.（天主教的）红衣主教 a.首要的，基本的 37 care n.小心关怀，照料 v.（about）关心，介意，计较 38 career n.（个人的）事业专业，生涯，职业，经历 39 careful a.小心的，仔细的细致的，精心的 40 caress vt./n.爱抚，抚摸
2020年考研英语大纲词汇解析 2020年考研英语大纲已经公布，在词汇上面没有变动，大家能够 安心备考。下面咱们对大纲词汇做一总体分析：首先，是词汇的量的 问题。根据大纲规定，考生应掌握考研词汇和词组约5500个。并掌握 一些常用的前缀，词根和后缀。 首先，是词汇的量的问题。根据大纲规定，考生应掌握考研词汇 和词组约5500个。并掌握一些常用的前缀，词根和后缀。比如，即使《大纲》的词汇表中未列出“ultrasound”一词，但是因为词汇表中 有“sound”一词，且要求考生掌握的前缀中有“ultra”。故“unltrasound”一词也是考生应该掌握的词汇”。同样，“future” 是大纲中的词汇，多数同学也都理解，“ology”是列出的常见后缀， 那么“futurology”一词就应该在考生掌握的词汇量之内。绝大部分 考生对常用的词缀都有一定的了解，而对词根却很陌生。例如，如果 我们知道“scribe(script)”这个词根意为“write ,or draw”，呢 么当遇到“manuscript”，“subscribe”，“prescribe”等词时就 很容易理解和掌握。在美国读者文摘社出版的《如何扩大你的词汇水平》(How to Increase Your Word Power)一书，把词根，前缀、后缀 称为“扩大词汇的三把钥匙”。美国读者文摘社出版的《如何扩大你 的词汇水平》(How to Increase Your Word Power)一书，把词根，前缀、后缀称为“扩大词汇的三把钥匙”。这些也和我们大纲的要求不 谋而和。 其实是词汇质的问题，这涉及到一词多意，词的固定搭配等问题。 例如school这个单词考研就考过几次，考过鱼群的意思，考过流 派的意思。这就要求考生对词汇的本意要有彻底的理解。另外，考生 不但仅要注重词的“释义”，更要注重“用法”。比如单词green,能 够用作三种词性，分别为形容词、名词和动词，搭配和用法都有所不同。这些就要求考生在熟记词义的同时，必须要灵活掌握词汇在不同 语境中的灵活使用。
2019考研英语大纲5500词汇表 1.a[ei]art.一(个);每一(个);(同类事物中)任一个 2.abandon['bndn]vt.离弃，丢弃;遗弃，抛弃;放弃 3.abdomen[b'dumen]n.腹，下腹(胸部到腿部的部分) 4.abatement['beitmnt]n.减(免)税，打折扣，冲销 5.abide['baid]vi.(abode，abided)(by)遵守;坚持;vt.忍受，容忍 6.ability['biliti]n.水平;本领;才能，才干;专门技能，天资 7.able['eibl]a.有(水平、时间、知识等)做某事，有本事的 8.abnormal[b'n：ml]a.反常的，不正常的，不规则的 9.aboard['b：d]ad.&prep.在船(飞机、车)上;ad.上船(飞机、车) 10.abolish['bli]vt.废除(法律、习惯等);取消 11.abound['baund]vi.大量存有;(~in，~with)充满，富于 12.about['baut]ad.在周围;大约prep.关于;在周围a.准备 13.above['bv]a.上述的ad.在上面,在前文prep.在..之上，高于 14.abroad['br：d]ad.到国外，在国外;在传播，在流传 15.abrupt['brpt]a.突然的，出其不意的;(行为等)粗鲁无礼的 16.absence['bsns]n.缺乏，不存有;缺席，不在场;缺席的时间 17.absent['bsnt,b'sent]a.缺席的;缺乏的,不存有的;心不在焉的
18.absolute['bslju：t]a.绝对的，完全的;确实的，肯定的 19.absorb[b's：b,-'z：b]vt.吸收(水、光、蒸汽等);使全神贯注;吞并/兼并 20.abstract['bstrkt]a.抽象的n.摘要,文摘,梗概vt.提取;摘录要点 21.absurd[b's：d]a.荒谬的，荒诞的，荒唐可笑的;不合理的 22.abundance['bndns]n.丰富，充裕，大量 23.abundant['bndnt]a.大量(充足)的;(in)丰富(富裕)的 24.abuse['bju：z,'bju：s]vt.滥用;虐.待，辱骂;诋毁n.滥用;恶习;弊端 25.academic[,k'demik]a.学院的，学术性的;大学的;理论的 26.academy['kdmi]n.(高等)专科院校;学术社团，协会，研究院 27.accelerate[k'selreit]v.使加速，使增速，促动vi.加快，增加 28.accent"['ksnt,k'sent]""n.口音,腔调;重音(符号)vt.重读" 29.accept[k'sept]vt.接受，领受;认可，同意vi.同意，认可 30.acceptable[k'septbl]adj.可接受的,合意的 31.acceptance[k'septns]n.接受，接收，验收，接纳;承认，认可 32.access['kses]n.进入;接入;到达;享用权;入口vi.存取 33.accessory[k'sesri]"n.附件,附属品;(为全套衣服增加美感的)服饰" 34.accident['ksidnt]"n.意外遭遇,事故;意外(因素)"
考研英语大纲词汇（带音标和例句）超全版本（字母B） （275个单词） 例句基本选自《牛津英语词典》，个别出自《朗文词典》等。 370.baby ['beibi] n.婴儿；年龄最小的人；小动物 a.婴儿似的 Stop crying! Don't be such a baby. 371.bachelor ['b?t??l?] n.单身汉;(亦作B-)学士(学位) Many would regard him, I think, as an eligible bachelor. 372.back [b?k] a.后面的 ad.向后 v.倒退；支持 n.背；后面 Do you sleep on your back or your stomach? 373.background ['b?kɡraund] "n.背景,经历；幕后" The job would suit someone with a business background. 374.backward ['b?kw?d] "a.向后的,倒行的;迟钝的 ad.向后,朝反方向" She strode past him without a backward glance. 375.bacon ['beik?n] "n.咸猪肉,熏猪肉" Jim ate the last piece of bacon and moved the bed tray from his lap. His friends had all gone to college or were bringing home the bacon. 376.bacterium [b?k'ti?ri?m] n.(pl.)bacteria 细菌 The spots can become infected with bacteria. 377.bad [b?d] a.坏的；低劣的；不舒服的；腐败的；严重的 Smoking gives you bad breath. 378.badge ['b?d?] "n.徽章,像章；标记；象征；记号" All employees have to wear name badges. 379.badly ['b?dli]ad.非常，严重地；坏地，差地，拙劣地 The building is badly in need of repair.
2019 考研英语大纲5500 词汇表 1.a[ei]art. 一( 个); 每一( 个);( 同类事物中) 任一个 2. a bandon['bndn]vt. 离弃，丢弃; 遗弃，抛弃; 放弃 3. a bdomen[b'dumen]n. 腹，下腹( 胸部到腿部的部分) 4. a batement['beitmnt]n. 减( 免) 税，打折扣，冲销 5. a bide['baid]vi.(abode ，abided)(by) 遵守; 坚持;vt. 忍受，容忍 6. a bility['biliti]n. 水平; 本领; 才能，才干; 专门技能，天资 7.able['eibl]a. 有( 水平、时间、知识等) 做某事，有本事的 8.abnormal[b'n ：ml]a. 反常的，不正常的，不规则的 9. a board['b ：d]ad.&prep. 在船( 飞机、车) 上;ad. 上船( 飞机、车) 10. a bolish['bli]vt. 废除( 法律、习惯等); 取消 11. a bound['baund]vi. 大量存有;(~in ，~with) 充满，富于 12. a bout['baut]ad. 在周围; 大约prep. 关于; 在周围a. 准备 13. a bove['bv]a. 上述的ad. 在上面, 在前文prep. 在.. 之上，高于 14. a broad['br ：d]ad. 到国外，在国外; 在传播，在流传 15. a brupt['brpt]a. 突然的，出其不意的;( 行为等) 粗鲁无礼的 16. a bsence['bsns]n. 缺乏，不存有; 缺席，不在场; 缺席的时间 17. a bsent['bsnt,b'sent]a. 缺席的; 缺乏的, 不存有的; 心不在焉的
全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)考试大纲(非英语专业)(2020 年版) I.考试性质 英语(一) 考试是为高等学校和科研院所招收硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国 统一入学考试科目，其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生对英语语言的运用能力，评价的 标准是高等学校非英语专业本科毕业生所能达到的及格或及格以上水平，以保证被录取者具有一定的英语水平，并有利于各高等学校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔。 II.考查目标 考生应掌握下列语言知识和技能： ( 一) 语言知识 1. 语法知识 考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识。 本大纲没有专门列出对语法知识的具体要求，其目的是鼓励考生用听、说、读、写的实践代替单纯的语法知识学习，以求考生在交际中能更准确、自如地运用语法知识。 2. 词汇 考生应能掌握5500 左右的词汇以及相关附表中的内容( 详见附录1、2) 。 除掌握词汇的基本含义外，考生还应掌握词汇之间的词义关系，如同义词、近义词、反义词等; 掌握词汇之间的搭配关系，如动词与介词、形容词与介词、形容词与名词等; 掌握词汇生成的基本知识，如词源、词根、词缀等。 英语语言的演化是一个世界范围内的动态发展过程，它受到科技发展和社会进步的影响。这意味着需要对本大纲词汇表不断进行研究和定期的修订。 此外，全国硕士研究生入学英语统一考试是为非英语专业考生设置的。考虑到交际的需要， 考生还应自行掌握与本人工作或专业相关的词汇，以及涉及个人好恶、生活习惯和宗教信仰等方面的词汇。 ( 二) 语言技能 1. 阅读 考生应能读懂选自各类书籍和报刊的不同类型的文字材料( 生词量不超过所读材料总词 汇量的3%)，还应能读懂与本人学习或工作有关的文献资料、技术说明和产品介绍等。对所 选材料，考生应能： 1) 理解主旨要义; 2) 理解文中的具体信息; 3) 理解文中的概念性含义;
考研英语大纲一(非英语专业) (非英语专业)(2013年版) I. 考试性质 英语(一)考试是为高等学校和科研院所招收硕士研 究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国统一入学考试科目，其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生对英语语言的运用能力，评价的标准是高等学校非英语专业本科毕业生所能达到的 及格或及格以上水平，以保证被录取者具有一定的英语水平，并有利于各高等学校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔。 II. 考试形式和试卷结构 (一)考试形式 考试形式为笔试。考试时间为180分钟。满分为100分。 试卷包括试题册和答题卡。答题卡分为答题卡1和答题卡2。考生应将1~45题的答案按要求填涂在答题卡1上，将46~52题的答案写在答题卡2上。 (二)试卷结构 试题分三部分，共52题，包括英语知识运用、阅读理解和写作。
第一部分英语知识运用 该部分不仅考查考生对不同语境中规范的语言要素(包括词汇、表达方式和结构)的掌握程度，而且还考查考生对语段特征(如连贯性和一致性等)的辨识能力等。共20小题，每小题0.5分，共10分。 在一篇240~280词的文章中留出20个空白，要求考生从每题给出的4个选项中选出答案，使补全后的文章意思通顺、前后连贯、结构完整。考生在答题卡1上作答。 第二部分阅读理解 该部分由A、B、C三节组成，考查考生理解书面英语的能力。共30小题，每小题2分，共60分。 A节(20小题)：主要考查考生理解主旨要义、具体信息、概念性含义，进行有关的判断、推理和引申，根据上下文推测生词的词义等能力。要求考生根据所提供的4篇(总长度约为1 600词)文章的内容，从每题所给出的4个选项中选出答案。考生在答题卡1上作答。 B节(5小题)：主要考查考生对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征以及文章结构的理解。本部分有3种备选题型。每次考试从这3种备选题型中选择一种进行考查。考生在答题卡1上作答。 备选题型有： 1)本部分的内容是一篇总长度为500~600词的文章，
考研英语大纲词汇 考研英语该部分不仅考查考生对不同语境中规范的语言要素(包括词汇、表达方式和结构)的掌握程度，而且还考查考生对语段特征(如连贯性和一致性等)的辨识能力等。下面是小编整理的关于考研英语大纲词汇，希望大家认真阅读! habit n.习惯,习性,脾性 habitat n.(动物的)栖息地，(植物的)产地 hail v.下雹;欢呼,欢迎n.雹 hair n.毛发，头发;绒毛，毛状物 half n.半，一半a.一半的，不完全的ad.一半地 hall n.礼堂,会堂,办公大楼,门厅 halt n.止步,停步,停止前进v.止步,(使)停止 ham n.火腿 hamburger n.汉堡包,牛肉饼 hammer n.铁锤,槌,榔头v.锤击,敲打 hamper v.妨碍,阻碍,牵制 hand n.手，人手，雇员;专门业人员;指针v.交 handbook n.手册,指南 handful n.一把;少数;一小撮 handicap v.妨碍n.(身体或智力方面的)缺陷;不利条件 handkerchief n.手帕 handle n.柄,把手,拉手v.处理,对待,操纵;触,抚养 handsome a.漂亮的,英俊的;慷慨的,数量可观的 handwriting n.笔迹,手迹,书法 handy a.手边的,近便的;方便的
v.悬挂,垂吊;吊死,绞死 happen v.(偶然)发生;碰巧，恰好 happy a.快乐的，幸福的;乐意的;令人满意的harassment n.骚扰，扰乱;烦恼，烦乱 harbor n.(harbour)海港;避难所v.隐匿,窝藏hard a.坚硬的;结实的;困难的;难忍的;严厉的. harden v.(使)变硬 hardly ad.几乎不,简直不;仅仅 hardship n.艰难,困苦 hardware n.五金,金属制品;硬件 harm n./v.伤害,损害,危害 harmony n.协调,和谐;融洽 harness v.治理,利用n.马具,挽具 harsh a.粗糙的;(声音)刺耳的;苛刻的，严酷的harvest n.收获,收成;成果,后果v.收获,收割haste n.匆忙,急速;草率v.赶快;匆忙 hasty a.匆忙的,仓促的;草率的 hat n.帽子(一般指有边的帽子) hatch v.孵,孵出;策划,图谋n.舱口,小门 hate v.恨,憎恨;不愿,不喜欢n.恨,憎恶hatred n.憎恨,憎恶,怨恨 haul v.拖曳,拖运,用力拖
2017考研英语（一）考试大纲 教育部中心在2016年8月26日颁布了《2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英 语(一)考试大纲》，与去年的考纲相比，今年的考纲未进行任何调整和变化。现在基于最 新大纲和历年真题命题规律，对2017年考研英语的考查要求和试卷结构进行全面分析。 从语言知识来看，新大纲中，对词汇的掌握和去年大纲要求完全一致，“考生应能掌 握5500左右的词汇以及相关词组。除掌握词汇的基本含义外，考生还应掌握词汇之间的 词义关系，如同义词、近义词、反义词等;掌握词汇之间的搭配关系，如动词与介词，形 容词与介词，形容词与名词等;掌握词汇生成的基本知识，如词源、词根、词缀等。”这种 具体要求主要体现在对词汇的微观掌握和记忆上：词汇基本知识(词性、词形、本义和引 申义等);词际关系(同义词、反义词、形近词，动词与介词、动词与副词、形容词与介词、形容词与名词等词汇搭配关系);词汇“背景”(词源、词根、词干、词缀)。提出这样的具体 要求，就是提醒考生避免单词的死记硬背，要活学活用。各位考生完全可以继续按照既定的复习思路备考，但是要特别注意英语作为一门语言，运用是考查的最终目的。另外，提示广大考生，2013年考纲中新增的59个单词，在2014年的考试中已经有所体现，如2014年新题型所考查的一个学科领域archaeology就是大纲新增词汇，这些新增词汇就 是备考热点词。所以这59个单词仍然是复习2017考研英语的重点。 就语言技能而言，与2016年大纲相比，2017年大纲依然突出阅读和写作的重要性。关于阅读，强调“考生应能读懂选自各类书籍和报刊的不同类型的文字材料(生词量不超过 所读材料总词汇量的3%)”;关于写作，则强调考生“应能写不同类型的应用文，包括私人 和公务信函、备忘录、报告等，以及一般描述性、叙述性、说明性或议论性的文章(实际 就是应用文和图画作文)”，同时明确了阅读和写作的考查能力要求。总的来说，上述语言 知识和语言技能仍然是研究生入学英语考试的主要测评目标。 对比往年考点，接下来根据新大纲，万学·海文为广大学子全面解析2017年考研英 语的各个题型的总体要求和备考重点： 完形填空 完形填空主要测试考生结合上下文的综合理解能力和语言运用能力，即在阅读理解的基础上对篇章结构、语法和词汇知识的运用能力的考查，这是对完形填空的定位。透过大纲可以看出对完形填空考核的重点：语法、固定搭配、近义词辨析和逻辑关系。考生可从历年真题中按照这几大重点去准备和复习有关考研完形填空方面的知识点，这样可以做到事半功倍的效果。
1accustom vt.使习惯于(to)：~ oneself to rising early使自己习惯 于早起 / ~ sb. to sea life使某人习惯于海上生活 / ~ one's ears to the din使自己的耳朵适应喧闹声 2alienate vt.1使疏远，使不友好；离间；The management must never become ~d from the employees.管理层 决不能脱离员工。 2【律】转让，让渡（财产等）3使转移；使转 向 ?alienator n. 3allegiance n.1（对国家、政府、事业、个人等的）忠诚；效 忠，忠贞：give ~ to效忠于 2（臣子对君主的）臣服义务 3（侨民对所居国政府的）效忠义务 4ape n.1无尾猿；类人猿 2猴 3粗野的大汉 4模仿者，学样的人 vt.模仿，学…的样 adj.〈口〉疯狂的；狂热的◇go~〈口〉发疯；变 得狂热：go ~ over a girl为一个姑娘神魂颠倒 ?apelike adj. / aper n. 5archaeology n.1考古学 2（某民族的）文化遗迹，古迹 ?archaeological adj./ archaeologically adv./ archaeologist n. / archaeologize vi. 6bail1n.【律】保释金；保释人；保释；accept (或refuse) ~ 准许（不准许）保释 vt.1保释（某人）；（法官）将（在押犯）交保释 放 2托付（财务） ~ out1保释：~ sb. out保释某人2帮助（某人）
考研英语词汇大纲第一天 1 a art.一(个);每一(个);(同类事物中)任一个 2 abandon vt.离弃，丢弃;遗弃，抛弃;放弃 3 abdomen n.腹，下腹(胸部到腿部的部分) 4 abide vi.(abode，abided)(by)遵守;坚持 5 ability n.能力;本领;才能，才干;专门技能，天资 6 able a.有(能力、时间、知识等)做某事，有本事的 7 abnormal a.反常的，不正常的，不规则的 8 aboard ad.&prep.在船(飞机、车)上;ad.上船(飞机) 9 abolish vt.废除(法律、习惯等);取消 10 abound vi.大量存在;(in，with)充满，富于 11 about ad.在周围;大约prep.关于;在周围a.准备 12 above a.上述的ad.在上面prep.在..之上，高于 13 abroad ad.到国外，在国外;在传播，在流传 14 abrupt a.突然的，出其不意的;(行为等)粗鲁无礼的
15 absence n.缺乏，不存在;缺席，不在;缺席的时间 16 absent a.缺席的;缺乏的,不存在的;心不在焉的 17 absolute a.绝对的，完全的;确实的，肯定的 18 absorb vt.吸收(水、光、蒸汽等);使全神贯注 19 abstract a.抽象的n.摘要，梗概vt.提取;摘录要点 20 absurd a.荒谬的，荒诞的，荒唐可笑的;不合理的 21 abundance n.丰富，充裕，大量 22 abundant a.大量(充足)的;(in)丰富(富裕)的 23 abuse vt.滥用;辱骂;诋毁n.滥用;恶习;弊端 24 academic a.学院的，大学的;学术性的;理论的 25 academy n.(高等)专科院校;学术社团，协会，研究院 26 accelerate v.使加速，使增速，促进vi.加快，增加 27 accent n.口音,腔调;重音(符号)vt.重读 28 accept vt.接受，领受;认可，同意vi.同意，认可 29 acceptance n.接受，接收，验收，接纳;承认，认可 30 access n.进入;接入;到达;享用权;入口vi.存取 31 accessory n.附件,附属品;(为全套衣服增加美感的)服饰
2021英语考研新增词汇 大纲词汇变化的三大趋势： 第一.疫情的影响，国外期刊都是写新冠的文章，所以coronavirus 等和疫情相关的词汇被加入了大纲。 第二个趋势，科技最近几年发展很快，一些单词必须列入。 第三个趋势：很多单词都是六级词汇！ aftermath n. (战争、事故的)后果，创伤 aggregate n.总数 adj.总数的 albeit conj.尽管，虽然 algorithm n.算法，计算程序 align v.排整齐，校准，使一致 archive n.档案室 v.把…存档 arena n.斗争场所 artifact n.手工制品 bearing n.关系，影响，姿态，方位 v.承受，承担 bolster v.改善，加强 n.垫枕 brevity n.简洁，短暂 concurrent adj.同时存在的 configuration n.布局，结构，形状，（计算机的）配置contingent n.代表团 adj.依情况而定的 convene v.召开，聚集 coronavirus n.冠状病毒
culminate v.结束 cumulative adj.积累的 daunt v.使气馁 demographic n.（特定的）人群 adj.人口统计学的deplete v.耗尽 deploy v.部署，调动 deter v.阻止，威慑 discretion n.自行决定权，谨慎 drone v.n.嗡嗡声 elicit v.引出 empathy n.同情，共鸣 epic n.壮举 adj.史诗般的，壮丽的 equity n.股本，公正 erode v.损害，腐蚀（水土） corrode v.侵蚀，腐蚀（金属） rodent n.啮齿动物 facet n.部分，方面 gadget n.小器具（如指甲刀）
2013年考研英语大纲新增词汇详解 accustom vt. 使习惯于(to)：~ oneself to rising early使自己习惯于早起 / ~ sb. to sea life使某人习惯于海上生活 / ~ one's ears to the din使自己的耳朵适应喧闹声 alienate vt. 1使疏远，使不友好；离间； The management must never become ~d from the employees.管理层决不能脱离员工。 2【律】转让，让渡（财产等）3使转移；使转向 ?alienator n. allegiance n. 1（对国家、政府、事业、个人等的）忠诚；效忠，忠贞：give ~ to效忠于 2（臣子对君主的）臣服义务 3（侨民对所居国政府的）效忠义务 ape n. 1无尾猿；类人猿
2猴 3粗野的大汉 4模仿者，学样的人 vt. 模仿，学…的样 adj. 〈口〉疯狂的；狂热的◇go ~〈口〉发疯；变得狂热：go ~ over a girl为一个姑娘神魂颠倒 ?apelike adj. / aper n. archaeology n. 1考古学 2（某民族的）文化遗迹，古迹 ?archaeological adj. / archaeologically adv. / archaeologist n. / archaeologize vi. bail n. 【律】保释金；保释人；保释；accept (或refuse) ~ 准许（不准许）保释 vt. 1、保释（某人）；（法官）将（在押犯）交保释放 2 、托付（财务） ~ out 1保释：~ sb. out保释某人 2帮助（某人）脱离困境；从困境中摆脱出来 / forfeit ~ 保释后不出庭候审 / go (stand) ~ for 做…的
考研英语复习计划表，超全的！ 我本一个大学四年，考过四次、才勉强拿到大学英语四级证书的英语学渣，到最后考出75分的成绩。这期间付出努力是不可少的，但我特别要强调的是复习计划。下面我将自己一年的考研英语复习计划表整理出来，供大家参考。 基础阶段——3月至5月 记得去年一开学已是三月份了，考研教室里的研友们都有开始做真题的，但是我基础实在不好，看了份真题，压根看不懂。果断放弃，从基础的做起。英语最基础的应为词汇与语法，且考虑到写作在考研真题中占分较大，底子薄的我决定早准备。因此我的基础阶段就着重于这三个方面——词汇、语法与写作。 本阶段每天用2小时来复习词汇与语法；写作积累主要是通过不定期地晨读进行。 1.考研英语复习计划表——词汇记忆。 词汇是语言的基础，词汇记忆是攻克考研英语的前提，必须做好规划。但是，若想着“将大纲词汇分成单元，每天将几个单元记一遍，多少天全部背完，考研大纲词汇就会全面掌握”，那就大错特错了。因为我基础不是很好，词汇和语法比较差，所以买一本《考研真相（最新十年版）》，这本书的词汇注释很详细，不用查字典，而且对每个句子都进行了语法讲解，也不用查语法书，解析也比较好理解。
2.考研英语复习计划表——语法巩固。 提起考研阅读中的长难句，考研的人应该都不会感到陌生。而长难句的理解，不仅取决于词汇量，语法同样至关重要。而只用一本专门的语法书去看，不仅枯燥乏味，而且再看到长难句还是分析不了。因此，此阶段语法的复习主要是：先结合语法书，掌握所有核心语法知识；再结合具体句子分析，将理论与实践结合起来，扫清长难句分析的障碍——对此，我参考的是《阅读基础90篇》的“文章逐句精讲”版块。 具体而言，最开始复习重在掌握所有核心语法知识，虽然五大句型、主从复合句等语法知识我们在初高中都学过，但为了之后更好地分析长难句，故需借用语法书，系统地将所有核心语法知识进行梳理。 3.考研英语复习计划表——写作积累。 鉴于个人基础不是很好，从一开始就进行练习写作的话，会无话可说。因此，在基础阶段的这几个月，每星期会选择3到4个早上进行晨读半小时，一个星期只记一篇范文，基本上一个星期下来，一篇范文会轻松达到背诵程度。后来发现，这几个月的积累确实很有效果，
I.考试性质 英语(一)考试是为高等学校和科研院所招收硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国统一入学考试科目，其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生对英语语言的运用能力，评价的标准是高等学校非英语专业本科毕业生所能达到的及格或及格以上水平，以保证被录取者具有一定的英语水平，并有利于各高等学校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔。 II.考查目标 考生应掌握下列语言知识和技能： (一)语言知识 1.语法知识 考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识。 本大纲没有专门列出对语法知识的具体要求，其目的是鼓励考生用听、说、读、写的实践代替单纯的语法知识学习，以求考生在交际中能更准确、自如地运用语法知识。 2.词汇 考生应能掌握5500左右的词汇以及相关附表中的内容(详见附录1、2)。 除掌握词汇的基本含义外，考生还应掌握词汇之间的词义关系，如同义词、近义词、反义词等;掌握词汇之间的搭配关系，如动词与介词、形容词与介词、形容词与名词等;掌握词汇生成的基本知识，如词源、词根、词缀等。 英语语言的演化是一个世界范围内的动态发展过程，它受到科技发展和社会进步的影响。这意味着需要对本大纲词汇表不断进行研究和定期的修订。 此外，全国硕士研究生入学英语统一考试是为非英语专业考生设置的。考虑到交际的需要，考生还应自行掌握与本人工作或专业相关的词汇，以及涉及个人好恶、生活习惯和宗教信仰等方面的词汇。 (二)语言技能 1.阅读 考生应能读懂选自各类书籍和报刊的不同类型的文字材料(生词量不超过所读材料总词汇量的3%)，还应能读懂与本人学习或工作有关的文献资料、技术说明和产品介绍等。对所选材料，考生应能：
1)理解主旨要义; 2)理解文中的具体信息; 3)理解文中的概念性含义; 4)进行有关的判断、推理和引申; 5)根据上下文推测生词的词义; 6)理解文章的总体结构以及上下文之间的关系; 7)理解作者的意图、观点或态度; 8)区分论点和依据。 2.写作 考生应能写不同类型的应用文，包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、报告等，以及一般描述性、叙述性、说明性或议论性的文章。写作时，考生应能： 1)做到语法、拼写、标点正确，用词恰当; 2)遵循文章的特定文体格式; 3)合理组织文章结构，使其内容统一、连贯; 4)根据写作目的和特定作者，恰当选用语域**。 Ⅲ.考试形式、考试内容与试卷结构 (一)考试形式 考试形式为笔试。考试时间为180分钟。满分为100分。 试卷包括试题册和1张答题卡。考生应将1~45题的答案按要求涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，将46~52题的答案书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。 (二)考试内试题分三部分，共52题，包括英语知识运用、阅读理解和写作。 第一部分英语知识运用