英语四级阅读30天学习笔记
按照内容分为两类：
一、文科文章 - 两点注意：
1.文章态度
2.抓住文章主题1)把握主题后不会偏差理解
2)与主题相关的选项为优选选项
二、理科文章
1.试验型(Study\Experiment\Research\Test)
2.科技成果型(e. g. Artificial Heart) 3.现象解释型
按照体裁分为三类：
一、说明文1.抓住说明对象2.重要数据事实
二、议论文属于文科类文章
三、记叙文
阅读中难点句型：
一、多重复合句 - 关键抓住主句主干成分
二、多重并列句 - 两个主句并列在一起，而非主句从句嵌套在一起
三、强调句 - 被强调部分为主语、宾语、状语It is that…
四、被动句 - 基本结构A is done by B
五、倒装句 - 否定词hardly, rarely, seldom, never, not until, not only引起句子倒装
六、省略句 - e. g. He is a good man, so am I.
建议采用的阅读方法：
一、扫描题干，大致了解题目类型及分布，将其中细节题题干关键词划出。
二、速读原文，遇到题干关键词或其同义词时做适当标记；关注考试原则句。
考试原则句：重要句(各段首句，文章末句，结论、解释句)，转折句，条件句，因果关系句，
复合句等难句(多重复合、多重并列、强调句、倒装句)，时间，数字，人名，比较。
三、定位答案，正确选项为文章对应语句的同义改写。
题型攻略：
一、主题题(main idea/ mainly/ mainly discuss/mainly concerned/ central/ primary)
两种变体：1.写作目的题型purpose of writing
2.文章标题题型the best title
做题方法：1.找主题句
2.找主体词(通常在文章中出现频率较高，往往会在第一段出现，且带有概括性的词语)
二、细节题类型：1.对错题2.例证题3.一般细节题
做题方法：准确定位
三、词汇题
类型：1.指代题2.词义题
做题方法：1.根据上下文关系
2.构词法(词根词缀)
st (位置不变)：stay - stand - stationary - street - star - statue - status
pose (放置)：position-expose (ex向外： exit-export)
propose (pro向前)
suppose (sup/sub在下面： subway - submarine)
depose (de否定)
deposit (de向下)
interpose (inter: internet, international)
背单词方法
1.词根词缀2.阅读记忆
3.联想记忆如：handsome (其中：h很，s帅，m嘛→英俊的)
morose (mo没有，rose玫瑰→郁闷的)
ancillary (an + cillary希拉里→辅助的)
四、推理题(infer-imply-suggest-indicate-conclude)
正确答案特点：文章对应内容的同义改写
五、作者态度题(attitude-be seen as)
做题方法：1.找作者直接评价语句
2.找表达感情色彩的形容词、动词、副词
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the fol
lowing passage:
21. The passage implies that the telegraph cable was built mainly ________.
A. for oceanographic studies
B. for military purposes
C. for business considerations
D. for investigating the depths of the oceans
22. It was ________ that asked Maury for help in oceanographic studies.
A. the American Navy
B. some early intercontinental travellers
C. those who earned a living from the sea
D. the company which proposed to lay an undersea cable
23. The aim of voyages Maury encouraged in the 1840 s was ________.
A. to make some sound experiments in the oceans
B. to collect samples of sea plants and animals
C. to estimate the length of cable that was to be made
D. to measure the depths of two oceans
24. 'Defied' in the 5th paragraph probably means ________
A. 'doubted' B. 'gave proof to'
C. 'challenged' D. 'agreed to'
25. This passage is mainly about ________
A. the beginnings of oceanography
B. the laying of the first undersea cable
C. the investigation of ocean depths
D. the early intercontinental communications
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
Oceanography has been defined as 'The application of all sciences to the study of the sea'.
注：1. Oceanography由Ocean (海洋)和graphy (学科)组成，意为“海洋学”
2. application表示“申请”用介词for,表示“应用”用介词to
3.第一句给某个东西下定义，称为篇章定义，必为文章主题
Before the nineteenth century, scientists with an interest in the sea were few and far between.
Certainly Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it in his writings, but he was reluctant
(不愿意) to go to sea to further his work.
注：1.第二段：在十九世纪之前，对海洋感兴趣的科学家很少，可以推断本文根据时间顺序
来描述海洋学发展的过程
2. further跟在to后面是个动词，表示“推进”
For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travelers or
others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, let
alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. The first time that the question 'What is at the bottom of
the oceans?' had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a
telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed. The engineers had to know the depth
profile (起伏形状) of the route to estimate the length of cable that had to be manufactured.
注：1. remote遥远的
2. and with…多重复合句
3. intercontinental洲际的(Inter在之间，continent大洲)
4. let alone更不用说……
5. first time由不感兴趣转折到感兴趣，谓语是was
6.第二句that引导同位语从句，when引导表语从句，整句意思为“当有人基于商业目的建议
在美国和欧洲之间铺设电报电缆的时候，
人们才提出问题：海底是什么？”
7. route路线router路由器
It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for
information on this matter. In the 1840 s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages
during which soundings (测深) were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and
Pacific Oceans. Later, some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book The
Physical Geography of the Sea.
注：1. it was …that…强调句型
2. turn to sb. for sth.向某人请教某事
3.出现问题中划线词：Maury,1840 s
3. investigate调查，测量
The cable was laid, but not until 1866 was the connection made permanent and reliable. At the
early attempts, the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in
living growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there
was no life in the deeper parts of the sea.
注：1. not until引导的句子要倒装
2. living growth生物
3. a fact作同位语
4. contemporary当代的
5. defy前后意思相反，可以推出24题答案为C
24. 'Defied' in the 5th paragraph probably means ________
A. 'doubted' B. 'gave proof to'
C. 'challenged' D. 'agreed to'
注：词汇题。定位倒数第二段
Within a few years oceanography was under way. In 1872 Thomson led a scientific expedition (考
察)， which lasted for four years and brought home thousands of samples from the sea. Their
classification and analysis occupied scientists for years and led to a five-volume report, the last
volume being published in 1895.
注：oceanography最末一段与第一段首句都出现oceanagraphy,回环结构。
21. The passage implies that the telegraph cable was built mainly ________.
A. for oceanographic studies
1
C. for business considerations
D. for investigating the depths of the oceans
注：推理题。定位第三段，倒数第三行。选项D的内容出现在第四段，为窜段选项
For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travelers or
others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, let
alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. The first time that the question 'What is at the bottom of
the oceans?' had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a
telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed. The engineers had to know the depth
profile (起伏形状) of the route to estimate the length of cable that had to be manufactured.
22. It was ________ that asked Maury for help in oceanographic studies.
A. the American Navy
B. some early intercontinental travellers
C. those who earned a living from the sea
D. the company which proposed to lay an undersea cable
注：细节题。定位第四段，选项B和C是窜段
选项
It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for
information on this matter. In the 1840 s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages
during which soundings (测深) were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and
Pacific Oceans. Later, some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book The
Physical Geography of the Sea.
23. The aim of voyages Maury encouraged in the 1840 s was ________.
A. to make some sound experiments in the oceans
B. to collect samples of sea plants and animals
C. to estimate the length of cable that was to be made
D. to measure the depths of two oceans
注：1.细节题。定位第四段，第二行。
2. B和C是窜段选项，A选项中的sound和文章中的sounding含义不同。
It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for
information on this matter. In the 1840 s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages
during which soundings (测深) were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and
Pacific Oceans. Later, some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book The
Physical Geography of the Sea.
24. 'Defied' in the 5th paragraph probably means ________
A. 'doubted' B. 'gave proof to'
C. 'challenged' D. 'agreed to'
注：词汇题。定位倒数第二段，defy前后意思相反，可以推出24题答案为C
25. This passage is mainly about ________
A. the beginnings of oceanography
B. the laying of the first undersea cable
C. the investigation of ocean depths
D. the early intercontinental communications
注：主题题。主题关键词为oceanography
Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.
1. What the author discussed in the previous section is most probably about ________.
A. relationships between causes and results
B. classification of reasoning
C. some other common types of reasoning
D. some special type of reasoning
2. According to the passage, to do the "effect to effect" reasoning is to reason ________.
A. from cause to effect
B. from effect to cause
C. from effect to effect and on to cause
D. from effect to cause and on to another effect
3. A necessary cause is ________.
A. one without which it is impossible for the effect to occur
B. one of the causes that can produce the effect
C. one that is enough to make the effect occur
D. none of them
4. Your refrigerator is not working and you have found that the electric power has been cut off.
The power failure is a ________.
A. necessary cause B. sufficient cause
C. contributory cause D. none of them
5. This passage mainly discusses ________.
A. causal reasoning B. classification of cause
C. various types of reasoning D. the causal process
Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.
Another common typ
e of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether
cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what cause malnutrition (营养不良)， the decay of cities, or
the decay of teeth. We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sulphur or lead in the
atmosphere, of oil spills and raw sewage (污水、污物) in rivers and the sea, of staying up late on
the night before an examination?
注：1. reasoning推理
2.第一句Another…下结论，是主题句
3.第二、三句We want to …an examination?是举例，可以略读
4. malnutrition中“mal”是表示“不好”的前缀；overnutrition营养过剩
Causal reasoning may go from cause to effect or from effect to cause. Either way, we reason from
what we know to what we want to find out. Sometimes we reason from an effect to a cause and
then on to another effect. Thus, if we reason that because the lights have gone out, the refrigerator
won't work we first relate the effect (lights out) to the cause (power off) and then relate that cause
to another effect. This kind of reasoning is called, for short, effect to effect. It is quite common to
reason through an extensive chain of causal relations. When the lights go out we might reason in
the following causal chain: lights out-power off-refrigerator not working-temperature will
rise-milk will sour. In other words, we diagnose (判定) a succession of effects from the power
failure, each becoming the cause of the next.
注：1. causal原因的，因果关系的
2.三种推理方式：从原因到结果、从结果到原因、从结果到原因再到另一个结果，第三种更
重要
3. extensive广泛的，来自extend延伸extensive reading泛读
4. In other words换而言之a succession of一系列
5.本段讲关系链
Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory (起辅助作用的)。 A necessary cause
is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion (燃烧)，is necessary to drive a
gasoline engine. A sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided (独自的)， though
there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery is enough to keep a car from starting,
but faulty spark plugs (火花塞) or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A contributory
cause is one which helps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself, as running through a red
light may help cause an accident, though other factors - pedestrians (行人) or other cars in the
intersection-must also be present.
注：intersection交叉路口inter+section
In establishing or refuting (驳斥，反斥) a causal relation it is usually necessary to show the
process by which the alleged (所宣称的，所指称的) cause produces the effect. Such an
explanation is called a causal process.
注：在证实或驳斥因果关系需要把推理过程显示出来，如灯灭了，
牛奶变酸：灯灭了-停电-
冰箱不工作-温度上升-牛奶变酸
A. relationships between causes and results
B. classification of reasoning
C. some other common types of reasoning
D. some special type of reasoning
注：文章之前的段落内容=首句+结构提示词，one-the
other/some-another
Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether
cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what cause malnutrition (营养不良)， the decay of cities, or
the decay of teeth. We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sulphur or lead in the
atmosphere, of oil spills and raw sewage (污水、污物) in rivers and the sea, of staying up late on
the night before an examination?
2. According to the passage, to do the "effect to effect" reasoning is to reason
A. from cause to effect
B. from effect to cause
C. from effect to effect and on to cause
D. from effect to cause and on to another effect
3. A necessary cause is ________.
A. one without which it is impossible for the effect to occur
B. one of the causes that can produce the effect
C. one that is enough to make the effect occur
D. none of them
注：第三段，A选项是必须在场的相同意思的改写。B选项是原因之一，sufficient cause, C
选项没有"必须"含义。
Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory (起辅助作用的)。 A necessary cause
is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion (燃烧)，is necessary to drive a
gasoline engine. A sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided (独自的)， though
there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery is enough to keep a car from starting,
but faulty spark plugs (火花塞) or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A contributory
cause is one which helps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself, as running through a red
light may help cause an accident, though other factors - pedestrians (行人) or other cars in the
intersection-must also be present.
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4. Your refrigerator is not working and you have found that the electric power has been cut off.
The power failure is a ________.
A. necessary cause B. sufficient cause
C. contributory cause D. none of them
注：断电不是冰箱不工作的必要原因，而是原因之一，冰箱坏了也可以导致冰箱不工作。
Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory (起辅助作用的)。 A necessary cause
is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion (燃烧)，is necessary to drive a
gasoline engine. A sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided (独自的)， though
there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery is enough to keep a car from starting,
but faulty spark plugs (火花塞) or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A contributory
cause is one which helps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself, as running through a red
light may help cause an accident, though other factors - pedestrians (行人) or other cars in the
intersection-must also be present.
5. This passage mainly discusses ________.
A. causal reasoning B. classification of cause
C. various types of reasoning
D. the causal process
注：主题题。文中只提到因果关系推理的几种操作方法
Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether
cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what cause malnutrition (营养不良)， the decay of cities, or
the decay of teeth. We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sulphur or lead in the
atmosphere, of oil spills and raw sewage (污水、污物) in rivers and the sea, of staying up late on
the night before an examination?
Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:
6. The author's purpose writing this passage is to tell ________.
A. readers how to be popular in with around
B. teen-agers how to learn to decide things for themselves
C. parents how to control and guide their children
D. people how to understand and respect each other
7. According to the author, many teen-agers think they are brave enough to act on their own, but,
in fact, most of them ________.
A. have much difficulty understanding each other
B. lack confidence
C. dare not cope with problems single-handed
D. are very much afraid of getting lost
8. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
A. There is no popularity that really counts.
B. What many parents are doing is in fact hindering their children from finding their own paths.
C. It is not necessarily bad for a tee
n-ager to disagree with his or her classmates.
D. Most teen-agers claim that they want to do what they like to, but they are actually doing the
same.
9. The author thinks of advertisements as ________.
A. convincing B. influential
C. instructive D. authoritative
10. During the teen-age years, one should learn to ________.
A. differ from others in as many ways as possible
B. get into the right season and become popular
C. find one's real self
D. rebel against parents and the popularity waves
Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:
I hear many parents complaining that their teen-age children are rebelling, I wish it were so. At
your age you ought to be growing away from your parents. You should be learning to stand on
your own two feet. But take a good look at the present rebellion. It seems that teenagers are all
taking the same way of showing that they disagree with their parents. Instead of striking out
boldly on their own, most of them are clutching at (attempting to seize) one another's hands for
reassurance.
注：1. rebel背叛、反叛
2.从第一句话看出本文是文科文章，所以从态度着手，I wish it were so说明作者是负态度。
3. should虚拟语气，表示负态度
4. reassurance=re+assure-ance使确信；boldly勇敢的；strike out开辟
They claim they want to dress as they please. But they all wear the same clothes. They set off in
new directions in music. But somehow they all end up crowded round listening to the same record.
Their reason for thinking or acting in thus-and-such a way is that the crowd is doing it. They have
come out of their cocoon (蚕茧) - into a larger cocoon.
注：1. But表明作者负态度
2. set off开始3. end up结果
4. reason用来解释前面的现象
5.把青少年从众心理比喻成蚕茧
It has become harder and harder for a teen-ager to stand up against the popularity wave and to go
his or her own way. Industry firmly carved out a teen-age market. These days every teen-ager can
learn from the advertisements what a teen-ager should have and be. And many of today's parents
have come to award high marks for the popularity of their children. All this adds up to a great
barrier for the teen-ager who wants to find his or her own path.
注：1.第一句结论句，后面跟着解释
2.第二、三句Industry…工业广告对青少年的影响
3.第四句And many of…父母亲对青少年的影响
4. have come to逐渐如何award奖励，鼓励； popularity潮流，名声
But the barrier is worth climbing over. The path is worth following. You may want to listen to
classical music instead of going to a party. You may want to collect rocks when everyone else is
collecting records. You may have some thoughts that you don't care to share at once with your
classmates. Well, go to it. Find yourself. Be yourself. Popularity will come-
with the people who
respect you for who you are. That's the only kind of popularity that really counts.
注： 1. path路径
2.三个you may举例来支持前面一句话The path is worth following.
3. Find yourself. Be yourself.提出建议，后面句子给出原因
4. count vi.重要，vt.数
6. The author's purpose writing this passage is to tell ________.
A. readers how to be popular in with around
B. teen-agers how to learn to decide things for themselves
C. parents how to control and guide their children
D. people how to understand and respect each other
注：写作目的题型，目标读者：青少年
7. According to the author, many teen-agers think they are brave enough to act on their own, but,
in fact, most of them ________.
A. have much difficulty understanding each other
B. lack confidence
C. dare not cope with problems single-handed
D. are very much afraid of getting lost
注：brave定位第一段boldly
I hear many parents complaining that their teen-age children are rebelling, I wish it were so. At
your age you ought to be growing away from your parents. You should be learning to stand on
your own two feet. But take a good look at the present rebellion. It seems that teenagers are all
taking the same way of showing that they disagree with their parents. Instead
of striking out boldly on their own, most of them are clutching at (attempting to seize) one
another's hands for reassurance.
8. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
A. There is no popularity that really counts.
B. What many parents are doing is in fact hindering their children from finding their own paths.
C. It is not necessarily bad for a teen-ager to disagree with his or her classmates.
D. Most teen-agers claim that they want to do what they like to, but they are actually doing the
same.
注：1.与文章最后一句话相反
2. no + n.中no相当于not any表示没有任何的，为绝对化语气
no + adj.中no表示否定
But the barrier is worth climbing over. The path is worth following. You may want to listen to
classical music instead of going to a party. You may want to collect rocks when everyone else is
collecting records. You may have some thoughts that you don't care to share at once with your
classmates. Well, go to it. Find yourself. Be yourself. Popularity will come-with the people who
respect you for who you are. That's the only kind of popularity that really counts.
9. The author thinks of advertisements as ________.
A. convincing B. influential C. instructive D. authoritative
注：态度题，找作者直接评价语句，倒数第二段，应该是负评价。
convincing有说服力的authoritative权威的
instructive有启发性的，有教育意义的
influential有影响的
A、C、D都属于正面评价，只有B为中性评价
It has become harder an
d harder for a teen-ager to stand up against the popularity wave and to go
his or her own way. Industry firmly carved out a teen-age market. These days every teen-ager can
learn from the advertisements what a teen-ager should have and be. And many of today's parents
have come to award high marks for the popularity of their children. All this adds up to a great
barrier for the teen-ager who wants to find his or her own path.
10. During the teen-age years, one should learn to ________.
A. differ from others in as many ways as possible
B. get into the right season and become popular
C. find one's real self
D. rebel against parents and the popularity waves
注：考最后一段，作者提出的建议
But the barrier is worth climbing over. The path is worth following. You may want to listen to
classical music instead of going to a party. You may want to collect rocks when everyone else is
collecting records. You may have some thoughts that you don't care to share at once with your
classmates. Well, go to it. Find yourself. Be yourself. Popularity will come-with the people who
respect you for who you are. That's the only kind of popularity that really counts.
31. If a person finds getting up early a problem, most probably ________.
A. he is a lazy person
B. he refuses to follow his own energy cycle
C. he is not sure when his energy is low
D. he is at his peak in the afternoon or evening
32. Which of the following may lead to family quarrels according to the passage?
A. Unawareness of energy cycles.
B. Familiar monologues.
C. A change in a family member's energy cycle.
D. Attempts to control the energy cycle of other family members.
33. If one wants to work more efficiently at his low point in the morning, he should ________.
A. change his energy cycle B. overcome his laziness
C. get up earlier than usual D. go to bed earlier
34. You are advised to rise with a yawn and stretch because it will ________.
A. help to keep your energy for the day's work
B. help you to control your temper early in the day
C. enable you to concentrate on your routine work
D. keep your energy cycle under control all day
35. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?
A. Getting off to work with a minimum effort helps save one's energy.
B. Dr. Kleitman explains why people reach their peaks at different hours of day.
C. Habit helps one adapt to his own energy cycle.
D. Children have energy cycles, too.
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:
Do you find getting up in the morning so difficult that it's painful? This might be called laziness,
but Dr. Kleitman has a new explanation. He has proved that everyone has a daily energy cycle.
注：1.第一句提出现象，后面跟着对现象的解释，这种解释一般是考点
2. but转折词和might虚拟语气都表达作者负态度
3.最后一句话he
has proved…主题句
During the hours when you labor through your work you may say that you're 'hot'. That's true. The
time of day when you feel most energetic is when your cycle of body temperature is at its peak.
For some people the peak comes during the forenoon. For others it comes in the afternoon or
evening. No one has discovered why this is so, but it leads to such familiar monologues (自言自
语) as: 'Get up, John! You'll be late for work again!' The possible explanation to the trouble is that
John is at his temperature-and-energy peak in the evening. Much family quarrelling ends when
husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the
family has.
注：1. peak顶峰，高峰2. forenoon上午
You can' t change your energy cycle, but you can learn to make your life fit it better. Habit can
help. Dr. Kleitman believes. Maybe you're sleepy in the evening but feel you must stay up late
anyway. Counteract (对抗) your cycle to some extent by habitually staying up later than you want
to. If your energy is low in the morning but you have an important job to do early in the day, rise
before your usual hour. This won't change your cycle, but you'll get up steam (鼓起干劲)
and work better at your low point.
注：1.第一句话结论句，后面跟着结论的解释
2. stay up熬夜3. rise起床
4.本段说明针对能量周期我们怎么做
Get off to a slow start which saves your energy. Get up with a leisurely yawn (呵欠) and stretch.
Sit on the edge of the bed a minute before putting your feet on the floor. Avoid the troublesome
search for clean clothes by laying them out the night before. Whenever possible, do routine work
in the afternoon and save tasks requiring more energy or concentration for your sharper hours.
注：1. Get off to a slow start刚开始慢慢来
2. which引导定语从句其实是解释
3.本段解释慢慢来的具体动作，应该速读
4. routine例行公事的5. concentration集中
31. If a person finds getting up early a problem, most probably ________.
A. he is a lazy person
B. he refuses to follow his own energy cycle
C. he is not sure when his energy is low
D. he is at his peak in the afternoon or evening
注：定位第二段，新老观点混淆
During the hours when you labor through your work you may say that you' re 'hot'. That's true.
The time of day when you feel most energetic is when your cycle of body temperature is at its
peak. For some people the peak comes during the forenoon. For others it comes in the afternoon or
evening. No one has discovered why this is so, but it leads to such familiar monologues (自言自
语) as: 'Get up, John! You'll be late for work again!' The possible explanation to the trouble is that
John is at his temperature-and-energy peak in the evening. Much family quarrelling ends when
husbands and wives realiz
e what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the
family has.
32. Which of the following may lead to family quarrels according to the passage?
A. Unawareness of energy cycles.
B. Familiar monologues.
C. A change in a family member's energy cycle.
D. Attempts to control the energy cycle of other family members.
注：定位第二段，文章条件反过来讲
During the hours when you labor through your work you may say that you' re 'hot'. That's true.
The time of day when you feel most energetic is when your cycle of body temperature is at its
peak. For some people the peak comes during the forenoon. For others it comes in the afternoon or
evening. No one has discovered why this is so, but it leads to such familiar monologues (自言自
语) as: 'Get up, John! You'll be late for work again!' The possible explanation to the trouble is that
John is at his temperature-and-energy peak in the evening. Much family quarrelling ends when
husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the
family has.
33. If one wants to work more efficiently at his low point in the morning, he should ________.
A. change his energy cycle B. overcome his laziness
C. get up earlier than usual D. go to bed earlier
注：定位第三段
You can' t change your energy cycle, but you can learn to make your life fit it better. Habit can
help. Dr. Kleitman believes. Maybe you're sleepy in the evening but feel you must stay up late
anyway. Counteract (对抗) your cycle to some extent by habitually staying up later than you want
to. If your energy is low in the morning but you have an important job to do early in the day, rise
before your usual hour. This won' t change your cycle, but you'll get up steam (鼓起干劲) and
work better at your low point.
34. You are advised to rise with a yawn and stretch because it will ________.
A. help to keep your energy for the day's work
B. help you to control your temper early in the day
C. enable you to concentrate on your routine work
D. keep your energy cycle under control all day
注：定位第四段
Get off to a slow start which saves your energy. Get up with a leisurely yawn (呵欠) and stretch.
Sit on the edge of the bed a minute before putting your feet on the floor. Avoid the troublesome
search for clean clothes by laying them out the night before. Whenever possible, do routine work
in the afternoon and save tasks requiring more energy or concentration for your sharper hours.
35. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?
A. Getting off to work with a minimum effort helps save one's energy.
B. Dr. Kleitman explains why people reach their peaks at different hours of day.
C. Habit helps one adapt to his own energy cycle.
D. Children have energy cycles, too.
注：排除法。
A选项对应“Get off to a slow start which saves your ener
gy. ”
B选项与“No one has discovered why this is so,…”矛盾。
C选项对应“You can' t change your energy cycle, but you can learn to make your life fit it better.
Habit can help. ”
D选项对应第一段的末句。“He has proved that everyone has a daily energy cycle.”
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
36. In the passage the author's attitude towards 'mixed-ability teaching' is ________.
A. critical B. questioning
C. approving D. objective
37. By 'held back' (Line 1) the author means ________.
A. made to remain in the same classes
B. forced to study in the lower classes
C. drawn to their studies
D. prevented from advancing
38. The author argues that a teacher's chief concern should be the development of the student's
________.
A. personal qualities and social skills
B. total personality
C. learning ability and communicative skills
D. intellectual ability
细节题准确定位方法：
1、根据题干关键词定位。(注意题干关键词在文章中的同义词)
例：brave=bold
2、利用因果、条件、比较关系词定位。
例：It's a better way of education.条件词：It is a good way of education; if… At…When…都是
if的同义转换。
3、注意结合顺序原则定位。
4、难于定位时，抓住段落中最重要的考试原则句进行反推
18. Echo location in this article means the ________.根据顺序原则定位在第三段。
A. location of echoes
B. ability to determine where an echo comes from
C. scientific term for sound waves
D. ability to locate unseen objects by echoes
To appreciate the precision of the bats' echo location, we must first consider the degree of their
reliance upon it. Thanks to sonar, an insect-eating bat can get along perfectly well without
eyesight. This was brilliantly demonstrated by the Italian naturalist Lazzaro Spallanzani. He
caught some bats in a bell tower, blinded them. and released them outdoors. Four of these blind
bats were recaptured after they
had found their ways back to the bell tower, and on examining their stomachs' contents,
Spallanxani found that they had been able to capture and eat flying insects. We know from
experiments that bats easily find insects in the dark of night, even when the insects make no sound
that can be heard by human ears. A bat will catch hundreds of softbodied silent flying insects in a
single hour. It will even detect and chase pebbles (卵石) tossed (向上扔) into the air.
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:
31. When a consumer finds that his purchase has a fault in it, the first thing he should do is to
________
A. complain personally to the manager
B. threaten to take the matter to court
C. write a firm letter of complaint to the store of purchase
D. show some written proof of the purchase to the store
32. If a consumer wants a quick settlement of his problem, it's better to complain to ________.
A. a shop assistant
B. the manufacturer
C. the store manager
D. a public organization
33. The most effective complaint can be made by ________.
A. showing the faulty item to the manufacturer
B. explaining exactly what is wrong with the item
C. saying firmly that the item is of poor quality
D. asking politely to change the item
34. The phrase "live up to"(Para. 1, Line 2) in the context means ________.
A. meet the standard of
B. realize the purpose of
C. fulfill the demands of
D. keep the promise of
35. The passage tells us ________.
A. how to settle a consumer’s complaint about a faulty item
B. how to make an effective complaint about a faulty item
C. how to avoid buying a faulty item
D. how to deal with complaints from customers
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:
When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some other way does not live
up to the manufacturer's claim for it, the first step is to present the warranty (保单), or any other
records which might help, at the store of purchase. In most cases, this action will produce results.
However, if it does not, there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction.
注：1. present v.提交
2.主题句后将介绍其他不同投诉的方法
A simple and common method used by many consumers is to complain directly to the store
manager. In general, the "higher up" the consumer takes his or her complaint, the faster he or she
can expect it to be settled. In such a case, it is usually settled in the consumer’s favor, assuming he
or she has a just claim.
注：the more…the more…比较结构，可以跟32题联系在一起。
(到此处，文章后面的题目中有4道题已经可以定位了。31题、32题、34题和35题)
Consumers should complain in person whenever possible, but if they cannot get to the place of
purchase, it is acceptable to phone or write the complaint in a letter.
Complaining is usually most effective when it is done politely but firmly, and especially when the
consumer can demonstrate what is wrong with the item in question. If this cannot be done, the
consumer will succeed best by presenting specific information as to what is wrong, rather than by
making general statements. For example, "The left speaker does not work at all and the sound
coming out of the right one is unclear"is better than"This stereo (立体声音响) does not work."
注：1. firmly坚决的
2. demonstrate证明、证实
3. specific具体的，详细的
4. as to = about
The store manager may advise the consumer to write to the manufacturer. If so, the consumer
should do this, stating the complaint as politely and as firmly as possible. But if a polite complaint
does not achieve the desired r
esult, the consumer can go a step further. She or he can threaten to
take the seller to court or report the seller to a private or public organization responsible for
protecting consumers' rights.
33. The most effective complaint can be made by ________.
A. showing the faulty item to the manufacturer
B. explaining exactly what is wrong with the item
C. saying firmly that the item is of poor quality
D. asking politely to change the item
注：B选项exactly =文中specific,同义改写
31. When a consumer finds that his purchase has a fault in it, the first thing he should do is to
________
A. complain personally to the manager
B. threaten to take the matter to court
C. write a firm letter of complaint to the store of purchase
D. show some written proof of the purchase to the store
注：1. A、B、C是窜段选项
2.提交保单或有力证明是文章中第一段就提到的the first step
When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some other way does not live
up to the manufacturer's claim for it, the first step is to present the warranty (保单), or any other
records which might help, at the store of purchase. In most cases, this action will produce results.
However, if it does not, there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction.
32. If a consumer wants a quick settlement of his problem, it's better to complain to ________.
A. a shop assistant B. the manufacturer
C. the store manager D. a public organization
注：级别越高，解决问题越快
A simple and common method used by many
consumers is to complain directly to the store manager. In general, the "higher up" the consumer
takes his or her complaint, the faster he or she can expect it to be settled. In such a case, it is
usually settled in the consumer’s favor, assuming he or she has a just claim.
34. The phrase "live up to"(Para. 1, Line 2) in the context means ________.
A. meet the standard of B. realize the purpose of
C. fulfill the demands of D. keep the promise of
注：词汇题。
1. or前后两部分意思相近：faulty产品有问题/不符合厂家宣称质量
2.采用代入法，将选项代替文中的live up to ，找到符合句义的选项
When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some other way does not live
up to the manufacturer's claim for it, the first step is to present the warranty (保单), or any other
records which might help, at the store of purchase. In most cases, this action will produce results.
However, if it does not, there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction.
35. The passage tells us ________.
A. how to settle a consumer's complaint about a faulty item
B. how to make an effective complaint about a faulty item
C. how to avoid buying a faulty item
D. how to deal with complaints from customers
注：1.主
题题，有效投诉
2.其他的选项都是从商场的角度，而文章是从消费者的角度来写的。
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
21. Which of the following best characterizes the main feature of the nursing system at Beth
Israel Hospital?
A. The doctor gets more active professional support from the primary nurse.
B. Each patient is taken care of by a primary nurse day and night.
C. The primary nurse writes care plans for every patient.
D. The primary nurse keeps records of the patient's health conditions every day.
22. It can be inferred from the passage that ________.
A. compared with other hospitals nurses at Beth Israel Hospital are more patient
B. in most hospitals patient care is inadequate from the professional point of view
C. in most hospitals nurses get low salaries
D. compared with other hospitals nurses have to work longer hours at Beth Israel Hospital
23. A primary nurse can propose a different approach of treatment when ________.
A. the present one is refused by the patient
B. the patient complains about the present one
C. the present one proves to be ineffective
D. the patient is found unwilling to cooperate
24. The main difference between a nurse-manager and a head nurse is that the former ________.
A. is a member of the Medical Executive Committee of the hospital
B. has to arrange the work shifts of the unit's nurses
C. can make decisions concerning the medical treatment of a patient
D. has full responsibility in the administration of the unit's nurses
25. The author's attitude towards the nursing system at Beth Israel hospital is ________.
A. negative B. neutral
C. critical D. positive
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
Nursing at Beth Israel Hospital produces the best patient care possible. If we are to solve the
nursing shortage (不足), hospital administration and doctors everywhere would do well to follow
Beth Israel's example.
注：1. patient n.病人，adj.耐心的
2.第一句强烈结论：主题句
3. administration管理
4. do well to最好……
At Beth Israel each patient is assigned to a primary nurse who visits at length with the patient and
constructs a full-scale health account that covers everything from his medical history to his
emotional state. Then she writes a care plan centered on the patient's illness but which also
includes everything else that is necessary.
注：1. assign分配
2. at length长时间
3. account纪录，账户
The primary nurse stays with the patient through his hospitalization, keeping track with his
progress and seeking further advice from his doctor. If a patient at Beth Israel is not responding to
treatment, it is not uncommon for his nurse to propose another approach to his doctor. What the
doctor at Beth Israel has in the primary nurse is a true colleague.
注：1. keep track with跟踪
2. not uncommon = common
3. approach接近，方法
4.本段讲Beth Israel医院医生和护士协调合作
Nursing at Beth Israel also involves a decentralized (分散的) nursing administration; every floor,
every unit is a self-contained organization. There are nurse-managers instead of head nurses; in
addition to their medical duties they do all their own hiring and dismissing, employee advising,
and they make salary recommendations. Each unit's nurses decide among themselves who will
work what shifts and when.
注：1. self-contained自成一体
2.划线句为列举语言现象，可能出考题，快速阅读此部分
3. shift班次
Beth Israel's nurse-in-chief ranks as an equal with other vice presidents of the hospital. She also is
a member of the Medical Executive Committee, which in most hospitals includes only doctors.
注：1. nurse-in-chief护士长
2.首句说明护士长的地位很高
3. only出现，是考点
21. Which of the following best characterizes the main feature of the nursing system at Beth
Israel Hospital?
A. The doctor gets more active professional support from the primary nurse.
B. Each patient is taken care of by a primary nurse day and night.
C. The primary nurse writes care plans for every patient.
D. The primary nurse keeps records of the patient's health conditions every day.
注：第三段末句，B选项day and night, C选项every patient, D选项every day
The primary nurse stays with the patient through his hospitalization, keeping track with his
progress and seeking further advice from his doctor. If a patient at Beth Israel is not responding to
treatment, it is not uncommon for his nurse to propose another approach to his doctor. What the
doctor at Beth Israel has in the primary nurse is a true colleague.
22. It can be inferred from the passage that ________.
A. compared with other hospitals nurses at Beth Israel Hospital are more patient
B. in most hospitals patient care is inadequate from the professional point of view
C. in most hospitals nurses get low salaries
D. compared with other hospitals nurses have to work longer hours at Beth Israel Hospital
注：1.推理题，正确答案为原文内容的同义改写。
2. A项中的patient为耐心的，混淆“病人”意思
3. inadequate不完善的，B项为文章第二句的同义改写句
Nursing at Beth Israel Hospital produces the best patient care possible. If we are to solve the
nursing shortage (不足), hospital administration and doctors everywhere would do well to follow
Beth Israel's example.
同类型题：
It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for
information on this matter. In the 1840 s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages
during which soundings (测深) were taken to investigate the depths of the North At
lantic and
Pacific Oceans. Later, some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book The
Physical Geography of the Sea.
23. The aim of voyages Maury encouraged in the 1840 s was ________.
A. to make some sound experiments in the oceans
B. to collect samples of sea plants and animals
C. to estimate the length of cable that was to be made
D. to measure the depths of two oceans
23. A primary nurse can propose a different approach of treatment when ________.
A. the present one is refused by the patient
B. the patient complains about the present one
C. the present one proves to be ineffective
D. the patient is found unwilling to cooperate
注：第三段第二句
The primary nurse stays with the patient through his hospitalization, keeping track with his
progress and seeking further advice from his doctor. If a patient at Beth Israel is not responding to
treatment, it is not uncommon for his nurse to propose another approach to his doctor. What the
doctor at Beth Israel has in the primary nurse is a true colleague.
24. The main difference between a nurse-manager and a head nurse is that the former ________.
A. is a member of the Medical Executive Committee of the hospital
B. has to arrange the work shifts of the unit's nurses
C. can make decisions concerning the medical treatment of a patient
D. has full responsibility in the administration of the unit's nurses
注：1.倒数第二段，former前者指代nurse-manager,反义latter后者
2. A选项为窜段选项，B与黑体部分矛盾。D选项对应划线部分。
Nursing at Beth Israel also involves a decentralized (分散的) nursing administration; every floor,
every unit is a self-contained organization. There are nurse-managers instead of head nurses; in
addition to their medical duties they do all their own hiring and dismissing, employee advising,
and they make salary recommendations. Each unit's nurses decide among themselves who will
work what shifts and when.
25. The author's attitude towards the nursing system at Beth Israel hospital is ________.
A. negative B. neutral
C. critical D. positive
注：态度题，找直接评价，文章第一句话
在态度题中出现neutral的话，一定不会是答案。
Nursing at Beth Israel Hospital produces the best patient care possible. If we are to solve the
nursing shortage (不足), hospital administration and doctors everywhere would do well to follow
Beth Israel's example.
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
36. Designers and big stores always make money ________.
A. by mercilessly exploiting women workers in the clothing industry
B. because they are capable of predicting new fashions
C. by constantly changing the fashions in women's clothing
D. because they attach great importance to quality in women s clothing
37. To the writer, the fact that women alter
their old-fashioned dresses is seen as ________.
A. a waste of money B. a waste of time
C. an expression of taste D. an expression of creativity
38. The writer would be less critical if fashion designers placed more stress on the ________ of
clothing.
A. cost B. appearance
C. comfort D. suitability
39. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. New fashions in clothing are created for the commercial exploitation of women.
B. The constant changes in women's clothing reflect their strength of character.
C. The fashion industry makes an important contribution to society.
D. Fashion designs should not be encouraged since they are only welcomed by women.
40. By saying "the conclusions to be drawn are obvious" (Para. 4, Line 1-2), the writer means
that ________.
A. women's inconstancy in their choice of clothing is often laughed at
B. women are better able to put up with discomfort
C. men are also exploited greatly by fashion designers
D. men are more reasonable in the matter of fashion
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
If women are mercilessly exploited (剥削) year after year, they have only themselves to blame.
Because they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they
are always taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores. Clothes which have been worn
only a few times have to be put aside because of the change of fashion. When you come to think
of it, only a woman is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe (衣柜) packed full of clothes and
announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear.
注：1. merciless无情的
2.第一句结论主题句
3. taken advantage of利用；tremble颤抖
4. fashion时尚，时装，形势；一词多义的现象：blue蓝色；忧郁的；社会地位比较高的
妇女，blues蓝调音乐
36. Designers and big stores always make money ________.
A. by mercilessly exploiting women workers in the clothing industry
B. because they are capable of predicting new fashions
C. by constantly changing the fashions in women's clothing
D. because they attach great importance to quality in women s clothing
注：考得是首段第二和第三句之间的关系
Changing fashions are nothing more than the intentional creation of waste. Many women spend
vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women who cannot
afford to throw away clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have.
Skirts are lengthened or shortened; neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so on.
注：1. nothing/no more than = only
2. changing fashion改变中的时尚
3. alter改变；afford承担，支付
4.本段首句结论句，末句细节句
No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society.
Fas
hion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability (耐
用). They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that
women will put up with any amount of discomfort, as long as they look right. There can hardly be
a man who hasn't at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on
a winter day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in high-heeled shoes.
注：1.首句为结论句，后面开始解释
2. vital重要的vit词根，意思是“重要”
VIP = very important person重要的人
3. put up with忍受= stand
4.末句为细节句，速读
When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawn are
obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of women’s clothes, one wonders, reflect basic
qualities of inconstancy and instability? Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by
fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and
reliability? That is for you to decide.
37. To the writer, the fact that women alter their old-fashioned dresses is seen as ________.
A. a waste of money B. a waste of time
C. an expression of taste D. an expression of creativity
注：通过alter一词定位于第二段
Changing fashions are nothing more than the intentional creation of waste. Many women spend
vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women who cannot
afford to throw away clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have.
Skirts are lengthened or shortened; neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so on.
38. The writer would be less critical if fashion designers placed more stress on the ________ of
clothing.
A. cost B. appearance
C. comfort D. suitability
注：1. place stress on重视
2.本句为虚拟语气，说明应该是设计师没有重视而被作者批判的东西。反过来想，定位第三
段第二句，考得是列举现象
No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society.
Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability (耐
用). They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that
women will put up with any amount of discomfort, as long as they look right. There can hardly be
a man who hasn't at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on
a winter day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in high-heeled shoes.
39. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. New fashions in clothing are created for the commercial exploitation of women.
B. The constant changes in women's clothing reflect their strength of character.
C. The fashion industry makes an important contribution t