Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and
mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET.(10points)
Though not biologically related,friends are as“related”as fourth cousins,
sharing about1%of genes.That is_(1)_a study,published from the University of
California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
has__(2)_.
The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted_(3)__1,932unique subjects which
__(4)__pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers.The same people were used
in both_(5)_.
While1%may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist.As James Fowler,professor
of medical genetics at UC San Diego,says,“Most people do not even_(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our kin.”
The study_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends
but not genes for immunity.Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult
to explain,for now,_(10)_,as the team suggests,it draws us to similar environments
but there is more_(11)_it.There could be many mechanisms working together that
_(12)_us in choosing genetically similar friends_(13)_”functional Kinship”of
being friends with_(14)_!
One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be
evolution_(15)_than other genes Studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace in the last30,000years,with social environment being a
major_(17)_factor.
The findings do not simply explain people’s_(18)_to befriend those of
similar_(19)_backgrounds,say the researchers.Though all the subjects were drawn
from a population of European extraction,care was taken to_(20)_that all subjects,
friends and strangers,were taken from the same population.
1.[A]when[B]why[C]how[D]what
【答案】[D]what
【解析】该题考查的是语法知识。根据句子结构和选项的特点，可以判断出空格处应填
从属连词引导从句;再根据句子的内容，可以看出该从句是一项研究的相关内容(what)，不是指研究的时间(when)，原因(why)和方式(how)，因此，该题的答案为what。
2.[A]defended[B]concluded[C]withdrawn[D]advised
【答案】[B]concluded
【解析】从此题所在的句子的前后内容可以判断出，that is_______中的that是指第
一句话的内容(朋友与我们基因上的相关性)，很显然是研究得出的结论。因此，答案为concluded。
3.[A]for[B]with[C]on[D]by
【答案】[C]on
【解析】根据空格所在句子的内容(研究对1932分独特的受试者进行分析)判断出进行
分析的对象是1932unique subjects。conduct analysis on…是固定表达。
4.[A]compared[B]sought[C]separated[D]connected
【答案】[A]compared
【解析】该空格所在的句子是which引导的定语从句修饰study,意思是：对几对基因
不相关的朋友和陌生人进行_______。因为“研究”的内容是关于朋友间基因上的相关性问题，所以完整的意思应该是：对几对基因不相关的朋友和陌生人进行比较。所以最佳答案为compared。
5.[A]tests[B]objects[C]samples[D]examples
【答案】[C]samples
【解析】根据空格的前后内容判断，到第五个空为止，文章都在讲实验过程，和实验对象，第五个空格所在句子的内容是：相同的人们都用于实验中的这两类______。所以根据上下文语境和内容，应该选与实验对象相对应的samples(样例).因此，答案是samples。
6.[A]insignificant[B]unexpected[C]unbelievable[D]incredible
【答案】[A]insignificant
【解析】空的语境为：尽管这1%看起来似乎____，但是遗传学家可不这么认为。空前
后形成对比转折的逻辑关系，而从后文列举的例子中可知遗传学家James Fowler对这1%基因的态度是肯定的，故答案为A。
7.[A]visit[B]miss[C]seek[D]know
【答案】[D]know
【解析】空的语境为：大多数人甚至不____他们隔三代的表亲，但却设法选择那些____
我们亲戚的人作为朋友。填入的词必须满足前后句之间的转折逻辑关系，四个选项带入，只有D选项符合上下文语义。
8.[A]resemble[B]influence[C]favor[D]surpass
【答案】[A]resemble
【解析】空的语境为：大多数人甚至不认识他们隔三代的表亲，但却设法选择那些____
我们亲戚的人作为朋友。根据全文中心：基因上的相似性，可知本题选择A。
9.[A]again[B]also[C]instead[D]thus
【答案】[B]also
【解析】空所在的句子开头用“The study…”,显然这是对上文话题的继续阐述，前文
指出研究发现朋友与我们有1%的基因关系，而空所在句“the genes for smell were something shared in friends”在进一步详细讨论该话题，前后之间是顺接关系，故答案
为B。
10.[A]Meanwhile[B]Furthermore[C]Likewise[D]Perhaps
【答案】[D]Perhaps
【解析】从选项和文字中句子结构可以判断，空格处要求填入一个能够体现前后两个句
子逻辑关系的副词，空前的句子谈到“为什么在嗅觉基因方面存在相似性还很难解释”，空后却紧接着对此得出一个相关结论，很明显是矛盾的，所以此结论只能是一种不确定的推测，故答案为D。
11.[A]about[B]to[C]from[D]like
【答案】[B]to
【解析】该题为介词选择题。后半句出现比较级，可见是和前文形成比较关系，因此和
上半句介词保持一致，用介词to。该句翻译：它(这种相似性)吸引我们到相同的环境，并
且使我们更为相似。因此答案为to。
12.[A]drive[B]observe[C]confuse[D]limit
【答案】[A]drive
【解析】该句意思为：很多机制共同作用，从而_____我们选择基因相似的朋友，_____
和_____交朋友的“功能关系”。根据上下文可知，此处所填入动词需符合结构_____sb.in doing sth，B选项observe(观察，遵守)和C选项confuse(困惑)均无此用法。符合该结构
只有A选项drive(驱使)和D选项limit(限制)。根据上下文可得知：这些机制驱使我们选
择基因相似的朋友，符合文章主题。如果选限制则为反向干扰。因此答案为drive。
13.[A]according to[B]rather than[C]regardless of[D]along with
【答案】[B]rather than
【解析】所填词为逻辑关系短语，空前说选择基因相似的朋友，空后说具有“实用关系”的朋友，可知前后为对立关系，并且根据文章主题，可知肯定前者而否定后者，可锁定B 选项rather than。A选项according to(根据)没有体现出对立及取舍关系，因此排除;C
选项regardless of(不管)表让步关系，干扰性较强，但文章更强调取前舍后，因此排除;D
选项along with(伴随)表顺接，故排除。故答案为rather than。
14.[A]chances[B]responses[C]missions[D]benefits
【答案】[D]benefits
【解析】根据前文functional kinship(实用关系)可得出D选项benefits(利益)，前
后形成呼应。A选项chances(机会)、B选项responses(反应)、C选项missions(使命)均不
符合题意。故答案为benefits。
15.[A]later[B]slower[C]faster[D]earlier
【答案】[C]faster
【解析】该句为：evolving______than other genes(比其他基因进化得______).根
据同词复现，我们找到该段第二句话中：human evolution picked pace in the last30,000 years(人类进化在过去30000年间提速)。C选项faster与下文picked pace(加速)形成呼
应，故答案为faster。
16.[A]forecast[B]remember[C]understand[D]express
【答案】[C]understand
【解析】此题考查动词。根据语意。空格后面是一个why引导的宾语从句，意为“人类
进化在过去三万年间得以加速的原因”，表示这一研究的结果和意义。能与这一宾语从句构成搭配的只有C选项understand。A选项forecast“预测”与“过去三万年”相矛盾，B
选项remember“记住”和D选项“express”均不符合文意。
17.[A]unpredictable[B]contributory[C]controllable[D]disruptive
【答案】[B]contributory
【解析】此空需要填入一个形容词，表达社会环境对人类进步所起到的作用。help，pick pace这两个词表达的都是积极的含义，因此此处需要填入一个带有褒义的感情色彩的词，因此排除A选项“不可预测的”和D选项“破坏性的”;B而C选项“可控的”,与语意无关;因此正确答案为B选项contributory“促进的”。
18.[A]endeavor[B]decision[C]arrangement[D]tendency
【答案】[D]tendency
【解析】此处进一步陈述这一研究的结论。A选项endeavor“努力”，B选项“决定”，
C选项“安排”，D选项“倾向”。本文的主旨重在解释人们在交朋友的不自觉的一种倾向，而非通过人为的有意识的举动来选择朋友。因此正确答案为D。
19.[A]political[B]religious[C]ethnic[D]economic
【答案】[C]ethnic
【解析】结合文意，人们普遍希望和有相似基因背景的人。C选项ethnic意为“种族
的，民族的”，是对上文中多次重复出现的genes,以及下文的the same population的同
义复现。因此正确答案为C。A选项political“政治的”，B选项“宗教的”，D选项“经
济的”均不符合原文文意。
20.[A]see[B]show[C]prove[D]tell
【答案】[A]see
【解析】此处考察动词，动词势必要看前后搭配。see that构成固定词组，意为“务
必使……”，符合文意，即：即使所有的受访者都拥有欧洲血统，(研究者们)仍然悉心确保所有的受访者、朋友和陌生人都来自于同一群种。选项B“展示”,选项C“证明”，选项D “辨别”均无此含义，且不符合文意。
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing
A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(40points)
Text1
King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted“kings don’t abdicate,they dare in
their sleep.”But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left
in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down.So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days?Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals,with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle?
The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy.When public opinion is particularly polarised,as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above“mere”politics and“embody”a spirit of national unity.
It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’
continuing popularity polarized.And also,the Middle East excepted,Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world,with10kingdoms(not counting Vatican City and Andorra).But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia,
most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.
Even so,kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside.Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be,their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today
–embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities.At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth,it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic
families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.
The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways.Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles,not horses(or helicopters).Even so,these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%,and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.
While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come,it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.
It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary(if well-heeled)granny style.The danger will come with Charles,who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world.
He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service–as non-controversial and non-political heads of state.Charles ought to know that as English history shows,it is kings,not republicans,who are
the monarchy’s worst enemies.
21.According to the first two Paragraphs,King Juan Carlos of Spain
[A]used turn enjoy high public support
[B]was unpopular among European royals
[C]cased his relationship with his rivals
[D]ended his reign in embarrassment
【答案】[D]ended his reign in embarrassment
【解析】事实细节题。根据题干要求，定位到文章前两段。而文章第一段的第二句话提
到“But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent
Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down.”(在最近的欧洲选
举中，令人尴尬的丑闻和受欢迎的共和党，均迫使Carlos收回前言并退位)。D选项中，“stand down”是“end reign”的同义置换，且“embarrassment”与导致Carlos卸任的原因“embarrassing scandals”是相呼应的。故D是正确答案。A、B、C均属于无中生有。
22.Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly
[A]owing to their undoubted and respectable status
[B]to achieve a balance between tradition and reality
[C]to give voter more public figures to look up to
[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment
【答案】[A]owing to their undoubted and respectable status
【解析】事实细节题。根据题干关键词“monarchs”和“heads of state”，定位到第
三段的最后一句话“...most royal families have survived because they allow voters
to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.”
(大多数的王室幸存下来是由于他们让选民可以避免去寻找一个不受争议且受尊敬的公众人物的困难)其中“non-controversial but respected public figure”正是A选项中
“undoubted and respectable status”的同义置换。故A是正确答案。
23.Which of the following is shown to be odd,according to Paragraph4?
[A]Aristocrats’excessive reliance on inherited wealth
[B]The role of the nobility in modern democracies
[C]The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families
[D]The nobility’s adherence to their privileges
【答案】[B]The role of the nobility in modern democracies
【解析】事实细节题。定位在第四段的最后一句话“...it is bizarre that wealthy
aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic
states.”(离奇的是，富有的贵族竟然仍是现代民主国家的象征核心)其中，the symbolic heart of modern democratic states是题干the role of the nobility in modern
democracies的同义置换。
24.The British royals“have most to fear”because Charles
[A]takes a rough line on political issues
[B]fails to change his lifestyle as advised
[C]takes republicans as his potential allies
[D]fails to adapt himself to his future role
【答案】[D]fails to adapt himself to his future role
【解析】事实细节题。该题考查：英国皇家贵族们非常害怕是因为查尔斯……。根据题
干专有名词Charles可定位到文章第七段“the danger will come with Charles...worst enemies”。本段指出“危险源自于查尔斯，他生活奢靡，等级观念显著;并且他没有意识到君王的幸存很大程度上取决于君王提供了公共服务，同时，查尔斯并不知道，国王才是君主制度最大的敌人，而非共和党人。”选项A意为：对待政治问题态度强硬，文章并无提及;
选项B意为，对待建议的生活方式改变失败，文章中提到生活方式，但并未提到改变生活方式;选项C意为：视共和党人为潜在盟友，文章中提到，共和党人并非最大的敌人，并未指明把共和党人视为盟友，属于偷换概念，选项D意为：适应未来身份失败，文章指出查尔斯的生活方式，世界观以及他对于君王制度的错误理解均为身份特殊的他的不正确言行，与选项D表述吻合，故为正确答案。
25.Which of the following is the best title of the text?
[A]Carlos,Glory and Disgrace Combined
[B]Charles,Anxious to Succeed to the Throne
[C]Carlos,a Lesson for All European Monarchs
[D]Charles,Slow to React to the Coming Threats
【答案】[C]Carlos,a Lesson for All European Monarchs
【解析】主旨大意题。该题考察四个选项中哪个可作为文章最佳标题。文章从西班牙国
王Carlos退位事件切入，主要讨论当下欧洲君王制度所存在的问题，并非讨论查尔斯的事件，即可排除选项B“查尔斯—继位焦虑”和D“查尔斯—应对威胁缓慢”，而选项A“卡洛斯—荣辱并存”和C“卡洛斯—欧洲君王们的前车之鉴”中，选项A属于细节信息，不能概括文章大意，选项C可概括，故为正确答案。另外，文章主题词Monarch只有在选项C 中出现，也可作为迅速解题的依据。
Text2
Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data?The Supreme Court
will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without
a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.
California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling particularly
one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the
possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest.It is hard,the state argues,
for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.
The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice.Enough
of the implications are discernable,even obvious,so that the justices can and
should provide updated guidelines to police,lawyers and defendants.
They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the
contents of a smart phone—a vast storehouse of digital information—is similar
to,say,rifling through a suspect’s purse.The court has ruled that police don’
t violate the Fourth Amendment when they sift through the wallet or pocketbook of
an arrestee without a warrant.But exploring one’s smart phone is more like entering
his or her home.A smart phone may contain an arrestee’s reading history,financial
history,medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence.The development of“cloud computing,”meanwhile,has made that exploration so much
the easier.
Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy.But keeping
sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life.
Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and
protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.
As so often is the case,stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of
line-drawing.In many cases,it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain
a warrant to search through phone contents.They could still invalidate Fourth
Amendment protections when facing severe,urgent circumstances,and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a
warrant is pending.The court,though,may want to allow room for police to cite
situations where they are entitled to more freedom.
But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole.New,disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections.
Orin Kerr,a law professor,compares the explosion and accessibility of digital
information in the21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the20th:The justices had to specify novel rules for the new
personal domain of the passenger car then;they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.
26.The Supreme Court will work out whether,during an arrest,it is legitimate
to
[A]prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.
[B]search for suspects’mobile phones without a warrant.
[C]check suspects’phone contents without being authorized.
[D]prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.
【答案】[C]check suspects’phone contents without being authorized
【解析】这是一道事实细节题，根据题干关键词The Supreme Court回文定位到第一段的第二句话，“The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search for the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person
during an arrest”,一一比对选项，原文中的“police can search for the contents of
a mobile phone without a warrant”与选项C“check suspects’phone contents without being authorized”是同义替换，其他选项均是无关选项。
27.The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of
[A]disapproval.
[B]indifference.
[C]tolerance.
[D]cautiousness.
【答案】[A]disapproval
【解析】本题是观点态度题，考察作者的态度。根据题干关键词“California’s argument”，可以定位到文章第四段第一句“They should start by discarding California’
s lame argument…”。由第四段第一句话中的“discard(抛弃)”和“lame(没有说服力的)”
可以看出作者对于California’s argument是不支持的态度，因此选A。
28.The author believes that exploring one’s phone contents is comparable to
[A]getting into one’s residence.
[B]handling one’s historical records.
[C]scanning one’s correspondences.
[D]going through one’s wallet.
【答案】[A]getting into one’s residence
【解析】根据题干关键词the author believes和“exploring one’s phone contents
is comparable to”可回文定位到文章第四段第三句“But exploring one’s smartphone is more like entering his or her home”，选项A语义与之一致，其中，getting into与entering对应，one’s residence与his or her home对应，故A选项为正确答案。
29.The author believes that exploring one’s phone contents is comparable to
[A]principles are hard to be clearly expressed.
[B]the court is giving police less room for action.
[C]citizens’privacy is not effectively protected.
[D]phones are used to store sensitive information.
【答案】[C]citizens’privacy is not effectively protected
【解析】根据题干信息In paragraphs5and6定位第5段第一句话“Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy.及第6段最后一句话，...and they could
take reasonable measures to.....，可推知作者的顾虑，因此答案为C.
30.Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that
[A]the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.
[B]new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.
[C]California’s argument violates principles of the Constitution.
[D]principles of the Constitution should never be altered
【答案】[A]the Constitution should be implemented flexibly
【解析】这是一道例证题，根据题干关键词Orin Kerr可以回文定位到文章最后一段。
作者引用Orin Kerr这个人的比较是为了说明相关的论点。分析最后一段结构可知，最后一段的第三句和第四句都是在阐述该例子本身，所以相关论点应该往前面找，即是第二句话，“New，disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the
Constitution’s protection”,选项A与之同义替换，其中，be implemented和applications
对应，novel和flexibly对应。
Text3
The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its
peer-review process,editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today.The policy
follows similar efforts from other journals,after widespread concern that basic
mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many
published research findings.
“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,”
writes McNutt in an editorial.Working with the American Statistical Association,
the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing
editors(SBoRE).Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the
journal’s internal editors,or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by
outside peer reviewers.The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to
review these manuscripts.
Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change,McNutt said:“The
creation of the‘statistics board’was motivated by concerns broadly with the
application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of
Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”
Giovanni Parmigiani,a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health,
a member of the SBoRE group.He says he expects the board to“play primarily an
advisory role.”He agreed to join because he“found the foresight behind the
establishment of the SBoRE to be novel,unique and likely to have a lasting impact.
This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself,but
hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their
approach after Science.”
John Ioannidis,a physician who studies research methodology,says that the
policy is“a most welcome step forward”and“long overdue.”“Most journals are
weak in statistical review,and this damages the quality of what they publish.I
think that,for the majority of scientific papers nowadays,statistical review is
more essential than expert review,”he says.But he noted that biomedical journals
such as Annals of Internal Medicine,the Journal of the American Medical Association
and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.
Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data,but
statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research,according to David
Vaux,a cell biologist.Researchers should improve their standards,he wrote in2012,
but journals should also take a tougher line,“engaging reviewers who are
statistically literate and editors who can verify the process”.Vaux says that
Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians“has some merit,but a weakness
is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify‘the papers that
need scrutiny’in the first place”.
31.It can be learned from Paragraph1that
[A]Science intends to simplify their peer-review process.
[B]journals are strengthening their statistical checks.
[C]few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.
[D]lack of data analysis is common in research projects.
【答案】[B]journals are strengthening their statistical checks
【解析】推理题。根据题干直接定位到第一段。解题关键在于第二句The policy follows similar efforts from other journals(该政策得到其他期刊类似的努力)the policy指第
一句The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its
peer-review process,(《科学》杂志把统计检查额外添加到它的同行评审过程中)，由此
可直接推断出正确答案为[B]journals are strengthening their statistical checks(各
大期刊正在加强统计数字检查)。选项[A]中simplify与原文语意不符，所以选项C、D属于无中生有。
32.The phrase“flagged up”(Para.2)is the closest in meaning to
[A]found.
[B]marked.
[C]revised.
[D]stored.
【答案】[C]marked
【解析】词义题。根据题干定位回第二段第三句Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal editors,(杂志内部编辑将通过更多
的审查来标记手稿)。文中运用代入法，把各选项代入句中替换，可知选项C marked(标记)为正确答案。选项A found(发现，找到)，选项B revised(修改)，选项D stored(存储)。
33.Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may
[A]pose a threat to all its peers.
[B]meet with strong opposition.
[C]increase Science’s circulation.
[D]set an example for other journals.
【答案】[D]set an example for other journals
【解析】细节题。根据题干关键词Giovanni Parmigiani，the establishment of the
SBoRE和may定位到第四段的最后一句“…but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science。选项中的
example是model的同义替换，others journals是原文中a larger group of publishing places的同义替换。
文章中出现了hopefully，表示作者积极的态度。选项A中的threat，选项B中的opposition分别表达负向消极的态度，所以错误。选项C increase Science’s
circulation(增加《科学》杂志的发行量)，文章并未提到，属于无中生有。
34.David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now
[A]adds to researchers’workload.
[B]diminishes the role of reviewers.
[C]has room for further improvement.
[D]is to fail in the foreseeable future
【答案】[C]has room for further improvement
【解析】细节题。由题干关键词David Vaux和Science，可定位到第六段最后一句。Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians“has some merit,
but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify‘the
papers that need scrutiny’in the first place”.(《科学》杂志把论文推给统计员
审核有一些优点，但缺点是它依赖于审稿编委会首先需要确定审查的文件。)
选项A中workload，选项B.diminish the role of reviewers和选项D中的foreseeable future没有提到，属于无中生有。
35.Which of the following is the best title of the text?
[A]Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers.
[B]Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect
[C]Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors’Desks
[D]Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science
【答案】A science joins push to screen statistics in papers
【解析】文章第一段由Science将增加statistical checks引出话题，接下来各段就
此问题McNutt,Giovanni Parmigianni,John Ioannidis,David Vaux提出各自的看法。
文中statistical，papers反复提及，可知该词是文中核心词。选项B和选项D首先排除，
偏离主题，statisticians仅在文中提及，非重点讨论内容;选项C与文中主题相差较大，因此排除。
Text4
Two years ago,Rupert Murdoch’s daughter,Elisabeth,spoke of the“unsettling
dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions”Integrity had collapsed,
she argued,because of a collective acceptance that the only“sorting mechanism”
in society should be profit and the market.But“it’s us,human beings,we the
people who create the society we want,not profit”.
Driving her point home,she continued:“It’s increasingly apparent that the
absence of purpose,of a moral language within government,media or business could become one of the most dangerous foals for capitalism and freedom.”This same absence
of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International,shield
thought,making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread
illegal telephone hacking.
As the hacking trial concludes–finding guilty ones-editor of the News of the
World,Andy Coulson,for conspiring to hack phones,and finding his predecessor,
Rebekah Brooks,innocent of the same charge–the winder issue of dearth of integrity
still standstill,Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to5,500
people.This is hacking on an industrial scale,as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire,
the man hired by the News of the World in2001to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial.This long story still unfolds.
In many respects,the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such
widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place.One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom,wow little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired wow
the stories arrived.The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.
In today’s world,title has become normal that well—paid executives should
not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run perhaps we
should not be so surprised.For a generation,the collective doctrine has been that
the sorting mechanism of society should be profit.The words that have mattered are efficiency,flexibility,shareholder value,business–friendly,wealth generation,
sales,impact and,in newspapers,circulation.Words degraded to the margin have
been justice fairness,tolerance,proportionality and accountability.
The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader
understanding to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity.It
was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact.Ms Brooks may or may not
have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories,but she asked no
questions,gave no instructions—nor received traceable,recorded answers.
36.According to the first two paragraphs,Elisabeth was upset by
[A]the consequences of the current sorting mechanism
[B]companies’financial loss due to immoral practices.
[C]governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.
[D]the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.
【答案】[A]the consequences of the current sorting mechanism
【解析】通过题干可以将此题锁定在前两段。第一段指出Elisabeth谈到了“我们很多
机构都面临着令人沮丧的正直感的丧失”。接下来第二句指出这种正直感的丧失是因为大家普遍认为社会中唯一的分类机制(sorting mechanism)应该是利益和市场。而从第一段最后
一句我们看出，她认为“应该是我们人类自己创造我们想要的社会，而不应该是利益”。可见，Elisabeth很不认可目前的这种分类机制(sorting mechanism)以及所造成的不良后果，
这也正是她感到沮丧的原因。故A选项consequence of the current sorting mechanism(目
前这种分类机制的后果)是真正让她沮丧的原因。
37.It can be inferred from Paragraph3that
[A]Glem Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime
[B]more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.
[C]Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.
[D]phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.
【答案】[B]more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking
【解析】第三段第一句指出，Andy Coulson因为参与手机黑客案件被裁定有罪，然而
他的前任却被认定是无罪的。通过这一事件，作者得出由此造成的道德沦丧广泛问题依然存在(the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands)。即仍然存在一些人没有被
裁定有罪。接着文章指出了在新闻业中，已经有记者被认定非法侵入用户手机。而还有一些在等待审判(others await trial)，由此可以推出，将会有更多的记者因为涉及手机黑客案
件而被裁定有罪。故正确答案为选项B。
38.The author believes the Rebekah Books’s deference
[A]revealed a cunning personality
[B]centered on trivial issues
[C]was hardly convincing
[D]was part of a conspiracy
【答案】[C]was hardly convincing
【解析】根据题干中的“defence”可以回文定位到文章第四段最后一句话。该句指出Ms.Brooks辩护成功的关键在于她对这个事件一无所知(she knew nothing)。而作者在该
段第一句话中指出，道德丧失不仅体现在普遍存在的手机黑客这一事实上，更体现在一些审判案件所使用的条款上，其中最震惊的就是对Ms.Brooks的审判。可见，作者对该案的审判持否定态度。因此，认为她的辩护是不可信的。故正确答案为C。
39.The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows
[A]generally distorted values
[B]unfair wealth distribution
[C]a marginalized lifestyle
[D]a rigid moral cote
【答案】[A](generally distorted values)
【解析】通过题干中的“collective doctrine”可以直接定位到文中第五段第三行。
该句指出“collective doctrine”是社会的分类机制应该是利益。接下来可以看出，那些
真正起作用的是那些表示利益的词“efficiency，flexibility，shareholder value，
business-friendly，wealth generation…”，而表示公平、正义的词(Justice，fairness，tolerance…)则被置于边缘。可见，这种教义(collective doctrine)只关注利益，而忽略
了公平与正义，这显然是一种扭曲的价值观。故A选项正确。
40.Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?
[A]The quality of writing is of primary importance.
[B]Common humanity is central news reporting.
[C]Moral awareness matters in exciting a newspaper.
[D]Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.
【答案】[C]moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper
【解析】这是一道开放式推理题。作者在最后一段前两句话指出，新闻报道的目的不是
为了促进读者的理解，也不是为了追求公平或者违背人类共有的人性，而是通过追求发行量的影响率来破坏人们的生活。即文章从一开始指出的一个问题，为了追求利益而造成了正值感的丧失。从“ruin”一词可以看出，作者对新闻记者的这一行为持否定的态度。并且通过Ms.Brooks女士的行为加以佐证。作者通过正话反说的方式，突出新闻报道过程中正值感
的重要性。故正确答案为C，moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper(在新闻
报道中，道德意识很重要)，其中moral awareness和integrity是同义互换。
Part B
Directions:
In the following text,some sentences have been removed.For Questions41-45,
choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks.
Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(10points)
How does your reading proceed?Clearly you try to comprehend,in the sense of
identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them,
drawing on your explicit knowledge of English grammar(41)______you begin to infer
a context for the text,for instance,by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved:who is making the utterance,to whom,when and where.
The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of of comprehension.
But they show comprehension to consist not just passive assimilation but of active
engagement inference and problem-solving.You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and cues(42)
_______
Conceived in this way,comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for
each reader.What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute,fixed or“true”meaning that can be read off and clocked for accuracy,or some timeless relation
of the text to the world.(43)_______
Such background material inevitably reflects who we are,(44)_______This doesn’
t,however,make interpretation merely relative or even pointless.Precisely because readers from different historical periods,places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page-including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns-debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.
How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest
in reading it.(45)_______such dimensions of read suggest-as others introduced later
in the book will also do-that we bring an implicit(often unacknowledged)agenda
to any act of reading.It doesn’t then necessarily follow that one kind of reading
is fuller,more advanced or more worthwhile than another.Ideally,different kinds
of reading inform each other,and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another.Together,they make up the reading component of your overall literacy or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.
[A]Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the requirement of a given course?Reading it simply for pleasure?Skimming it for information?Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably
from reading in a seminar room.
[B]Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading,our gender ethnicity,age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretation
but at the same time obscure or even close off others.
[C]If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms,you guess at their meaning,using
clues presented in the contest.On the assumption that they will become relevant later,you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.
[D]In effect,you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any
given sentence,image or reference might have had:These might be the ones the author intended.
[E]You make further inferences,for instance,about how the test may be
significant to you,or about its validity—inferences that form the basis of a
personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.
[F]In plays，novels and narrative poems,characters speak as constructs created
by the author,not necessarily as mouthpieces for the author’s own thoughts.
[G]Rather,we ascribe meanings to test on the basis of interaction between what
we might call textual and contextual material:between kinds of organization or
patterning we perceive in a text’s formal structures(so especially its language
structures)and various kinds of background,social knowledge,belief and attitude
that we bring to the text.
41【答案】[C]If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms...
【解析】从首段疑问句可以看出文章主题围绕如何阅读来进行展开。41题空在段中间，
需要看空处的前一句和后一句，前一句说的是要去理解单词的含义，并关注句法，而后一句说开始推测文章语境。所以可以推测出41题空处应该说的是单词语义和语境之间的联系，关键词就是words和context。纵览选项，只有C项符合语境和关键词要求，属同词复现，上下文语义逻辑关联。故正确答案选C。
42【答案】[E]You make further inferences,for instance...
【解析】该题空在段末，需要看空处的前一句和下一段首句，前一句说的是我们通过作
者给出的一些具体线索来理解含义，而下一段首句说通过这种方式表达，每个人的理解都会有所不同。所以可以推测出42空处内容要有关根据作者给的线索推测信息，而且可能会涉及不同的人有不同的理解，关键词是infer,the writer和each reader。纵览选项，只有
E项符合语境且出现inferences,the author,personal，属同义词复现。故正确答案选E。
43【答案】[G]Rather,we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis...
【解析】空格后出现明显的指代线索词such background material，所以空格内必定
要出现相关的信息，浏览选项，G选项中textual and contextual material，background
与空后线索实现代词指代复现。而且G选项中的rather,与空前what is in question is not...实现语义逻辑关联。确定此选项为正确答案。
44【答案】[B]Factors such as the place and period in which...
【解析】空前的线索词为who we are，空后的线索为转折逻辑关系，意思是“但这并
2015年考研英语二真题答案（完整版） 2015考研英语二答案 完型填空题 1 .C signal 2 .D much 3. C plugged 4. A message 5. C behind 6. A misinterpreted 7. B judged 8. D unfamiliar 9. B anxious 10. D turn 11.A dangerous 12. A hurt 13.B conversation 14. D passengers 15.C predict 16. D ride 17.A went through 18.C in fact 19.B since 20 B simple 阅读题答案 Text 1 答案 21. D offered greater relaxation than the workplace 22. B childless husbands 23. A they are both bread winners and housewives 24. C earnings 25. B division of labor at home is seldom clear-cut Text2 答案 26. C miss its original purpose 27. A the problem is solvable 28. C are in need offinancial support 29. D are inexperienced in handling issues at college
30. D colleges are partly responsible for the problem in question Text3 答案 31. A more emotional 32. C sports culture 33.D strengthen employee loyalty 34.A voices for working women 35. C companies find it to be fundamental Text4 36. B the increase of voluntary part-time jobs 37. C cannot get their hands on full-time jobs 38. B shows a general tendency of decline 39. B empolyment is no longer a precondition to get insureance 40.A 阅读新题型 41 .D Most of your fearsare unreal 42. E Think about the [resent moment 43.G There are many things to be grateful for 44.A You are not alone 45. C Pave your own unique path 翻译题 回想一下这样的经历：开车行驶在一条非常熟悉的道路上。这可能是你每天上下班的必经之路，可能是进城的旅行，亦或是回家的道路。不管是哪一种，你都了解每一个屈折拐弯之处，就像熟悉自己手背上的纹路一样。在这些所有类型的旅途中，很容易失去驾车的注意力，并且几乎不注意沿途的风景。结果，比起这段路途实际需要的时间，你的感觉是花费的时间更少。 这就是经常旅行线路效应：人们往往低估了花费在一条熟悉的路线上的时间。 这种效应是由于我们分配注意力的方式引起的。当我们旅行一条非常著名的路线时，因为我们不是非得注意太多，时间似乎流逝得更快。然后，当我们回忆起这段旅程时，因为我们没有花费太多的注意力，因此我们对之记忆地不太清楚，所以我们认为这段旅行更为短途作文 PART A 【参考范文1】 Notice In order to enrich high school students’ life in summer holiday and expand the reputation of our university, the Students Union are going to host a summer camp in our school campus and volunteers are needed. The details about this summer camp and volunteer recruitment are listed as follows. Firstly, the summer camp will begin on September 1st and it will last for ten days. Secondly, the main theme of this summer camp is “Better English, Better life” and there are various activities in this summer camp, including English-speaking contest, drama contest, sports meeting and
2015年考研英语二阅读Text1真题详解 整篇文章的主题是与我们生活息息相关的内容，文章的难度不大，相比2014年英语二的阅读来说，难度稳定，这是在我们预料之中的。 第21题According to Paragraph 1,most previous surveys found that home＿＿＿(根据第一段可知，之前的调查中认为家是一个____地方)。[A] offered greater relaxation than the workplace [B] was an ideal place for stress measurement [C] generated more stress than the workplace [D] was an unrealistic place for relaxation题目中明确给出范围，所以我们只要在第一段中找答案，且要注意题目中的关键词是previous。回归第一段，不难发现文章的首句便是答案出处：A new study suggests that contrary to most surveys, people are actually more stressed at home than at work.（新的研究显示不同于以往的绝大多数调查，人们在家比工作时的压力更大）。这句话中new、contrary to most surveys是提示词，与题目中的previous study相对应的，不难做出正确答案是[A] 第22题According to Damaske, who are likely to be the happiest at home?（Damaske 认为，谁可能是最家里最快乐的？）读完题目，回到文章第二段找Damaske的观点：It is men, not women, who report being happier at home than at work.在家男性比女性更快乐，Another surprise is that findings hold true for both those with children and without, but more so for nonparents.这句话的关键词是more,它与题目中的happiest最高级是相对应的，所以解这道题的关键便是nonparents.但是对于很多同学来说，nonparents是个生词，不认识。其实大家只要上过中公考研的英语词汇课，学习过词根词缀法，这个单词就变的很简单。nonparents是由否定前缀non-+parents构成的，non-这个否定前缀表示“不无非”，所以整个单词可以译为不是父母。四个选项[A] Childless wives [B] Working mothers [C] Childless husbands [D] Working fathers，我们可以轻易选出答案C，没有孩子且是丈夫。 第23题，The blurring of working women's roles refers to the fact that＿＿。回归第三段中，找到With the blurring of roles，发现前面的句子正是对这种现象的解释：for women who work outside the home, they often are playing catch-up-with-household tasks.以及后面的the home front lags well behind the workplace a making adjustments for working women，指的便是女性不仅得工作赚钱，而且还得在家得忙家务，所以她们的身份是双重的。所以选[D] they are both bread winners and housewives. 第24题，The word“ moola”(Line4,Para4)most probably means＿＿这是一道词义推测题，它与前文中的marking money是近义词，答案选[C] earnings收入。 第25题The home front differs from the workplace in that＿＿。文章第5段there are inadequate rewards for most of them. Your home colleagues-your family-have no clear rewards for their labor;家务劳动不会像工作一样得到足够的奖励，而且分工也是不明确的。答案对应选项[A] division of labor at home is seldom clear-cut. 虽然有突破口、也有规律可循，但这并不意味着我们可以一劳永逸、高枕无忧，要知道，
2015 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题Section 1 Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Though not biologically related, friends are as related as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is 1 a study published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has 2 . The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1932 unique subjects which 4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both 5 .While 1% may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, Most people do not even 7 their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin. The study 9 found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. 10 Perhaps, as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more 11 it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that 12 us in choosing genetically similar friends 13 than nal kinship of being friends with 14 !One of the remarkable
Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET.(10points) Though not biologically related,friends are as“related”as fourth cousins, sharing about1%of genes.That is_(1)_a study,published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has__(2)_. The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted_(3)__1,932unique subjects which __(4)__pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers.The same people were used in both_(5)_. While1%may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist.As James Fowler,professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego,says,“Most people do not even_(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our kin.” The study_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity.Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain,for now,_(10)_,as the team suggests,it draws us to similar environments but there is more_(11)_it.There could be many mechanisms working together that _(12)_us in choosing genetically similar friends_(13)_”functional Kinship”of being friends with_(14)_! One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolution_(15)_than other genes Studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace in the last30,000years,with social environment being a major_(17)_factor. The findings do not simply explain people’s_(18)_to befriend those of similar_(19)_backgrounds,say the researchers.Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction,care was taken to_(20)_that all subjects, friends and strangers,were taken from the same population. 1.[A]when[B]why[C]how[D]what 【答案】[D]what 【解析】该题考查的是语法知识。根据句子结构和选项的特点，可以判断出空格处应填
2015年考研英语一翻译真题解析 一、来源：今年的文章来源于An outline of American history(1954)(《美国历史纲要(1954年英文版)》)，是其中一章The Colonial Period(殖民时期)的节选。这个符合历年来翻译的考查规律，往往都是从书籍中节选段落进行翻译，内容相对于阅读而言，相对于2014年“贝多芬”而言，有些难懂。 二、难度：5句话共151词，相当平稳。其中48题最长，35词;50题最简单，24词。可以说，不同基础的同学都可以从中找到自己熟悉的部分，不至于在这个题上一分未得。 三、句型特点：今年的5句话中，有2句(46，48)是简单句，另外3句(47，49，50)是复合句。其中的复合句无一例外都考查的是定语从句的翻译，并没有涉及到其他从句类型。简单句中考查最多的也是后置定语的翻译。所以，中公考研考前为大家预测的难点中，定语的翻译是绝对考点和重点。 四、逐题详解： 46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent. 重点词组：out of a wilderness(摆脱荒凉)，by its nature(就其本质而言，从本质来说)，uncharted(未知的;图上未标明的)。 结构分析：整个句子是一个简单句，由and并列谓语动词built和shaped。driven by powerful and diverse motivations是后置定语，修饰movement;out of a wilderness是后置定语，修饰nation;of an uncharted continent是后置定语，修饰character and destiny。 参考译文：这项运动，由多种强大的动机驱动，建立了一个摆脱荒凉的国家，并且从本质上来讲，塑造了一块不为人熟悉的大陆的性格和命运。 47) The United States is the product of two principal forces—the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. 重点词组：product(产物)，principal(主要的;首要的)，peoples(民族)，impact(影响) 结构分析：句子的主干是The United States is the product of two principal forces，破折号解释说明forces。of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics是后置定语，修饰immigration;of a new country which modified these traits是后置定语，修饰impact，其中包含一个定语从句which modified these traits，修饰country。 参考译文：美国是两股主要力量的产物——带有不同思想、风俗习惯和国家特征的欧洲民族的移民，和修改这些特征的新兴国家的影响。 48) But the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the carried national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. 重点词组：peculiar(特有的，独特的)，interplay(互相影响)，sheer(独特的) 结构分析：整个句子是简单句，主语由三个名词短语用and并列承担，谓宾部分比较短小caused significant changes。主语1中，of geographic conditions peculiar to America是后置
2015年考研英语一真题原文及答案解析完整版 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is _(1)_a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has__(2)_. The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted _(3)__1,932 unique subjects which __(4)__pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both_(5)_. While 1% may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even _(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our kin.” The study_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity .Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now,_(10)_,as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more_(11)_it. There could be many mechanisms working together that _(12)_us in choosing genetically similar friends_(13)_”functional Kinship” of being friends with_(14)_! One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolution_(15)_than other genes Studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major_(17)_factor. The findings do not simply explain people’s_(18)_to befriend those of similar_(19)_backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to_(20)_that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population. 1. [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what 【答案】[D] what 【解析】该题考查的是语法知识。根据句子结构和选项的特点，可以判断出空格处应填从属连词引导从句;再根据句子的内容，可以看出该从句是一项研究的相关内容(what)，不是指研究的时间(when)，原因(why)和方式(how)，因此，该题的答案为what。 2. [A] defended [B] concluded [C] withdrawn [D] advised 【答案】[B] concluded 【解析】从此题所在的句子的前后内容可以判断出，that is_______ 中的that是指第一句话的内容(朋友与我们基因上的相关性)，很显然是研究得出的结论。因此，答案为concluded。 3. [A] for [B] with [C] on [D] by
2015年考研英语一真题及答案（完整版）Section 1 Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Though not biologically related, friends are as "related" as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is 1 a study published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has 2 . The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1932 unique subjects which 4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both 5 .While 1% may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, "Most people do not even 7 their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin." The study 9 found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. 10 Perhaps, as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more 11 it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that 12 us in choosing genetically similar friends 13 than "functional kinship" of being friends with 14 !One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving 15 than other genes. Studying this could help 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major 17 factor. The findings do not simply corroborate people's 18 to befriend those of similar 19 backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to 20 that all
2015年考研英语一小作文真题解析 Part A 51. Directions: You are going to hold a club reading session. Write an email of about 100 words recommending a book to the club members. You should state reasons for your recommendation. You should write neatly on the ANWSER SHEET. Do not sign you own name at the end of the letter, use “Li Ming ” instead. Do not write the address .(10 points) Dear Friends， I am writing to tell you about a fantastic book I have just read, as we always share the same taste of books. The book is called Journey to the West, which tells us a story that four monks conquered multiple handicaps to achieve their final destination. Besides the touching and thrilling plot, the book also features humorous languages, thanks to the talented author. So I recommend it to all of you as one of the favorite books that I have ever read. I am sure you will love it as much as I do. I am looking forward to discussing more with you after you read it. Yours sincerely, Li Ming 说实话，今年英语一的小作文考得有点难，虽然是历年来常考的形式—书信体，但是要求写一封推荐信。比较熟悉的推荐信是推荐一个人，本次作文要求推荐一本书。开头可以直接写明是哪一本书，接下来说明这部电影好在哪里，有什么意义等内容。最后可以说一下相信对方一定会喜欢等内容。 本文的写作难点是：因为读书少了，有的同学可能不知道写什么书名，这就像2010年当年考推荐信推荐电影时一样，当时就有很多考生不会写电影的名字，据说很多考生当时写《2012》，因为名字好写...... 到了推荐书，同学们就根据平时读书的积累了。 本文分为三段：第一段指出写作目的；第二段指出书的内容，可以说书的读者，书的内容和书的特色；最后一段写再次和期待：再次推荐和期待对方阅读。当然，也有不少亮点的句子可以借鉴！ 白岩松在一次演讲中有下列的表述：“有人问我读了多少本书？我说无法回答你一个数字，此时此刻我什么样就可以反过来告诉你我读了多少书，因为它变成了我。最重要的是，读书本身是一种最大的乐趣，不是我的结果让我得到了乐趣。” “现在去中国的书店，最显著的特点是有这样几摞书。第一个是与考试有关的书，第二
2015年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一试题 We have more genes in common with people we pick to be our friends than with strangers. Though not biologically related, friends are as "related" as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is 1 a study publishedfrom the University of California and Yale University in theProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has 2 . The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1932 unique subjects which 4pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both 5. While 1% may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. As co-author of the study James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego says, "Most people do not even 7their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin." The team 9 developed a "friendship score" which can predict who will be your friend based on their genes. The study also found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. 10, as the team suggests, it draws us 11similar environments but there is more to it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that 12us in choosing genetically similar friends 13 "functional kinship" of being friends with 14 ! One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving 15 than other genes. Studying this could help 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major 17 factor. The findings do not simply corroborate people's 18to befriend those of similar et 19 backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to 20that all subjects, friends and
[B]journals are strengthening their statistical checks. [C]few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis. [D]lack of data analysis is common in research projects. 32.The phrase“flagged up”(Para.2)is the closest in meaning to______. [A]found[B]revised[C]marked[D]stored 33.Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may______. [A]pose a threat to all its peers[B]meet with strong opposition [C]increase Science’s circulation[D]set an example for other journals 34.David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now______. [A]adds to researchers’workload[B]diminishes the role of reviewers [C]has room for further improvement[D]is to fail in the foreseeable future 35.Which of the following is the best title of the text?______. [A]Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers[B]Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect [C]Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors’Desks[D]Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science Text4 Two years ago,Rupert Murdoch’s daughter,Elisabeth,spoke of the“unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions”.Integrity had collapsed,she argued,because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism”in society should be profit and the market.But“it’s us,human beings,we the people who create the society we want,not profit”. Driving her point home,she continued:“It’s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose,of a moral language within government,media or business could become one of the most dangerous own goals for capitalism and freedom.”This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International,she thought,making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking. As the hacking trial concludes—finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World,Andy Coulson,for conspiring to hack phones,and finding his predecessor,Rebekah Brooks,innocent of the same charge—the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands.Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to5,500people. This is hacking on an industrial scale,as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire,the man hired by the News of the World in2001to be the point person for phone hacking.Others await trial.This long story still unfolds. In many respects,the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place.One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom,how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived.The core of her successful defense was that she knew nothing. In today’s world,it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run.Perhaps we should not be so surprised.For a generation,the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit.The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility,shareholder value,business-friendly,wealth generation,sales,impact and,in newspapers,circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice,fairness,tolerance,proportionality and accountability. The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding,to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity.It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact.Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories,but she asked no questions,gave no instructions—nor received traceable,recorded answers. 36.According to the first two paragraphs,Elisabeth was upset by______. [A]the consequences of the current sorting mechanism [B]companies’financial loss due to immoral practices [C]governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues