雅思阅读中不容忽视的各种从句
朗阁雅思考试研究中心
朗阁雅思考试研究中心分析认为，关联词常有3个作用：连接作用，引导定语从句；代替先行词；在定语从句中担当一个成分。关联词为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词在定语从句中可以用作主语、宾语、定语等；关系副词在定语从句中只用作状语。
而其中定语从句（Attributive Clauses），在句中作定语，其作用是修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句。通常定语从句皆置于它所修饰的名词或代词之后，被修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词（antecedent），而引导定语从句的词称为关联词。
定语从句一般紧跟在其先行词之后。
★有时也可以与先行词分离。
★用作关联词的关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等，但朗阁雅思考试研究中心在此提醒考生们绝对没有“what”。who, whom, whose指人，who是主格，在定语从句中用作主语（在非正式英语中也可以用作宾语，并且用作宾语时可以省去不用）；whom是宾格，在定语从句中用作宾语（也可以省去不用）；whose是属格，在定语从句中用作定语（有时也可以指物）。
★The man who he talked about is a professor.（在非正式英语中who代替了whom,也可以省去不用)
★He doesn?t like the girl whom you refer to.（宾格关系代词whom在从句中用作宾语，也可以省去不用）
★The children whose parents give priority to work may feel lonely and alienated.（属格关系代词whose在定语从句中用作定语，指人）
★The car whose wheels have been stolen was bought yesterday.（属格关系代词whose在定语从句中用作定语，指物，即car，可以用of which代替，但后者较为正式）
That在定语从句中既可以用作主语，也可以用作宾语（在非正式文体中可省去）；既可以指人，也可以指物。如：
★These methods include strength training that duplicate what they are doing in their running events as well as plyometrics, a technique pioneered in the former Soviet Union.（关系代词that在定语从句中用作主语，指物）
★The students that hold a foreign degree seem to be more confident and independent.（关系代词that在定语从句中用作主语，指人）
which在定语从句中既可以用作主语，也可以用作宾语；一般皆指物（在非正式文体中可省去）。如：
★Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have stereoscopic forward and upward.（关系代词which在定语从句中用作主语）
★Those surveyed had experienced chronic illnesses, for which orthodox medicine had been able to provide little relief.（关系代词which在定语从句中用作宾语，可以省去）
which在从句中也可以被用作定语和表语。如：
★His money had been stolen, which news annoyed him.（关系代词which在定语从句中用作定语)
★They were completely mistrusted, which in fact, they were.（关系代词which 在定语从句中用作表语）
关系代词在从句中用作介词宾语时，介词可以位于从句之首，也可以位于从句之末。但以位于从句之首较为正式。如：
★This has been encouraged through programs of language classes fro children and through …apprentice? scheme, in which the endangered language is used as the medium of instruction to teach people a traditional skill.（关系代词which在定语从句中用作介词in的宾语，介词位于定语从句之首，即which之前）
★This has been encouraged through programs of language classes fro children
and through …apprentice? scheme, whi ch the endangered language is used as the medium of instruction to teach people a traditional skill in.（介词in位于定语从句之首，which在此可以省去）
像during, except或者表示分割作用的of等介词通常放在关系代词的前面。如：
★The years during which he was away were long years to her.
★He wrote many books, some of which you will read some day.
关系代词who和that用作介词宾语时，介词须置于句末。如：
★The writer you referred to was an unknown writer.（关系代词who用作介词to 的宾语，介词to须位于定语从句之末，who在口语中可以省去）
★This is the problem that he has been complaining about.（关系代词that用作介词about的宾语，介词about须位于定语从句之末）
有时定语从句中还有其他成分，介词则位于定语从句之中。如：
This is the engineer who he cooperated with in the project.
先行词指人时，关系代词既可以用who, 也可以用that。但关系代词在定语从句中用作主语时，多用主格who。如：
★Beyond the practical need to make order out of chaos, the rise of the dictionaries is associated with the rise of the English middle class, who were anxious to define and circumscribe the various world to conquer.（persons, those, people等先行词多用关系代词who）
★It is Tom who should be punished.（在强调结构中，指人时多用who）
朗阁雅思考试研究中心分析认为，在下列情况中多用that, 而不用who或者which。如：★much （很多）
little （很少）
none （没有任何）
everything （任何事情）+先行词+that
everybody （任何人）
nothing （没有任何）
nobody （没有人）
E.g. There is nothing in the world that can frighten him.
★先行词前面有最高级形容词修饰时
He is the most boring speaker that I have ever heard.
This is the most interesting book that I have ever read.
★先行词有以下代词或者有下列代词修饰时
the first
the last
the only
the same +先行词+that
the very
all
any
no
every
★前面已经有疑问词who或者which时
E.g. Who that knows him will trust him?
Which of these trains is the one that goes to Nanjing?
Which is the bike that you have lost?
★兼指人和物/事物时
E.g. The man and the horse that fell into the river were drowned.
Look at the girl and her dog that are crossing the bridge.
在下列情况中则多用which。如：
★离先行词较远时
He told me the story of the craftsman which I narrated at the beginning of this book.
★those + 复数名词之后
You should buy one of those clothes which sell best.
★which比较正式，非正式英语中也可以用that
Some water experts are now demanding that existing infrastructure be used in smarter ways rather than building new facilities, which is increasingly considered the option of last, not first, resort.
★描述性定语从句一般用which
Beijing, which was China?s capital foe more than 800 years, is rich in cultural and historic relics.
as, than, but也可以用作关系代词。如：
★The project was completed on time, as was expected before.（关系代词as 在定语从句中用作主语，其先行词是前面的整个句子）
★Tourism, holidaymaking and travel are these days more significant social phenomena than most commentators have considered.（关系代词than在定语从句中用作宾语，其先行词是social phenomena）
★There are very few but admire his talents.（关系代词but在从句中用作主语，其先行词是few, but= who don?t）
用作关联词的关系副词有where, when, why等，when在定语从句中用作时间状语，其先行词是表时间的名词。如：
★Just at the time when it became obvious that health-care resources could not possibly meet the demands being made upon them, people were
demanding that their fundamental right to health-care be satisfied by the state.（关系副词when的先行词是the time）
since, before, after, as也可以用作表时间的关系副词。如：
★At exactly the same time as this new realization of the finite character of health-care resources was sinking in, an awareness of a contrary kind was developing in western societies.（as用作关系副词）
★The year after she left school she spent abroad.（after用作关系副词）
where在定语从句中用作地点状语，其先行词是表地点的名词。如：
★I know the place where we can have a talk.
★The zoo is an ideal research centre where scientists can experiment on animals to find out the causes of some disease and develop effective cures.
where的先行词可以是有地点含义的抽象名词。如：
★He has reached a point where a change is needed.（where的先行词point是抽象名词）
why在定语从句中用作原因状语，其先行词只有reason。如：
★That is the reason why he set up his own business.（why的先行词是reason）★The company refused to disclose the reason why he left.（why的先行词是reason）
有时候why可以省去。如：
★The reason he came here is obvious.（reason后面省去why）
有时候why可以用that替代。如：
★ The reason that he failed was lack of patience.（why由that替代）
关系副词= 介词+ which（关系代词）
where = in/at which; when = in/at which; why = for which
定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。朗阁雅思考试研究中心提醒考生，限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切，对它有限制性作用，因此不可缺少，如果省去，会使主句的意思不完整、不明确。限制性定语从句前面一般不用逗号。如：
★The man who was driving the car was drunk.
★The speech which was made by the Minister made his supporters delighted. ★I shall never forget the day when she was born.
★The reason why he was late was unknown.
非限制性定语从句也称为描述性定语从句。非限制性定语从句只与先行词有一种松散的修饰关系，在口语中用停顿的方法表示，在书面语中用逗号分开。因此从句中的关系代词不能省略。that一般不引导非限制性定语从句。如：
★Water, which is a clear liquid, is the giver and taker of life.
★They gave up the plan, which was a very good one.
（本文来自朗阁教育雅思培训教研组，供广大考生学习使用，转载请注明出处）
搞懂雅思阅读四大逻辑关系秒上7.5 雅思阅读到底考我们什么？词汇？语法？篇章结构？推断能力？ 小编相信大家都知道雅思阅读不考语法，也不单纯考词汇，但是词汇量越大，语法越好，读起文章来就越轻松，做起题来就越得心应手--特别是对于填空类题目更是如此。那么是不是意味着，词汇量大，语法很好，就能够轻松拿到高分？答案自然是否定的，英语博士们不是个个都能做满分的，但是普通大学生，甚至是高中生，也有可能拿到高分。我的学生里，有高中生考到了7.5，甚至8.5的。那这里面的奥秘又在哪里呢？一个学员在有了词汇、语法的基础上怎么才能向高分发起冲刺呢，这里我们要探讨就是雅思阅读考试里面所隐含的逻辑关系，理清了这些逻辑关系，搞明白了文章和题目的基本思路，那么许许多多的问题就迎刃而解了。 雅思阅读里隐含的逻辑结构林林总总，但是大致我们可以归纳为以下四种，我们叫做雅思阅读四大逻辑关系：并列逻辑关系，转折逻辑关系，比较逻辑关系，因果逻辑关系。 这四种逻辑关系不仅涉及到了题目的半壁江山，而且对于理解一篇文章，或者段落的某些句子具有重大意义，接下来，我就讲一一分解它们，希望能给学习雅思阅读的同学一些启示和参考。 一、并列逻辑关系 并列逻辑关系是这四种逻辑关系里面最简单，最容易理解的一种，对于很多同学来说，无外乎就是and,or这两个词。 二、因果逻辑关系
既然是因果关系，那么就存在谁因谁果的问题，世间没有无因之果，也没有无果之因，cause和effect是相互依存的，在任何一个句子中出现了表述原因的词，必然能看到其结果，反之亦然。 三、比较逻辑关系 说到比较逻辑关系，大家可能首先想到的则是T，F，NG中对比较关系的判断，诚然，判断题里比较级是一大考点，但是比较逻辑关系的运用比这要广泛得多，做此类题时要记住两个原则即可： 原则一：但凡题目出现了比较逻辑关系，那么原文中答案所在的句子也必然会有比较逻辑关系出现，只是其关系词表述形式可能会替换 原则二：如果题目存在比较级，回原文去找比较级，如果题目是最高级，则抓最高级，或者extremely，或者比较级和最高级替换着找都可。 四、转折逻辑关系 转折经常给我们的生活带来各种惊喜，当然也不乏刚才例子里这种"惊喜"，那么这种逻辑关系跟我们的雅思阅读又有什么关系呢？作为雅思阅读四大逻辑关系之终结篇，本文将深入探讨转折逻辑关系在雅思阅读中的广泛运用与实战要领。转折逻辑关系词的运用，一如之前介绍过的三种逻辑关系词一样，绝不是光背背几个常见替换就可以熟练运用的，学员在运用的过程中一定要深刻体会它们所体现的逻辑关系，所涉及的要素，以及作者的意图等等，反复练习，建立良好的意识，方能玩转这些逻辑关系词。
雅思阅读长难句分析(十二) 雅思阅读长难句一直是雅思阅读中的一个难点，烤鸭们几乎都被折磨过。今天，雅思小编就给大家具体分析一下剑桥真题中出现过的长难句，让烤鸭们掌握分析长难句的分析技巧，攻克雅思阅读长难句，不再是个传说。 1. These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. (剑4 Test 1 Passage 1) 译文：这些误解不是孤立存在的，而是组成了一个尽管多层面却十分有条理的概念体系，这一点使得该体系本身及其所有组成的观点更加难以攻破，有些观点甚至本身就是错误的，但是也正是这样，它们反而更容易改动。 这个句子主要难在词汇和句子结构上。我们先来学习一下下面几个词汇： 1. multifaceted：多层面的；多才多艺的 2. component: 组成部分的 3. erroneous：错误的 4. robust: 粗鲁的；强健的 5. incorporated：组成的，合并的 我们该来分析一下句子结构：句子主语是These misconceptions，并列谓语do not remain ……but become，其中有not……but 句式，宾语是isolated，incorporated into…… framework。Making作结果状语，which引导限制性定语从句修饰the component ideas。
阅读核心单词汇总 本部分单词和常规阅读单词手册有很大不同，具体表现在： 1. 收集最核心，最常用的雅思阅读词汇，以动词，形容词和名词为核心。因为一个较长的词往往是由动词加名词后缀变成的，或者形容词变成的副词。根据笔者对考试文章的了解，收集了历届考试中高频出现的基本词汇。本部分不涉及高难词汇。熟练掌握这些词汇是获得6-7分的基石。 2.大多考生在面对单词常常困惑，因为一个单词有诸多解释。我们这里直接采用了文章中所对应的意思，因此为考试省去了很多麻烦，也充分体现了专业性。 3.单词除了核心解释外，紧接着是记忆方法。读者可以通过电影法对单词形成形象理解，也就是单词和意识的直接映射，相当于母语学习。 4.由于是从考试文章中选取的基本词汇，所以越到后面难度越高。笔者在编写时候发现到后面必须掌握的词汇越来越少，因为前面已经提到。这种排序对学习者大有裨益，因为每掌握十页单词，你的词汇就有一个不小的飞跃！ 注：N代表名词V代表动词A代表形容Adv代表副词 单词以文章出现顺序排序，这样比字母排序更有利记忆。 Measure v 测量me-meter字根表示测量。Sure确信的‘通过测量才能相信数值’
Conception n 观念，构想cept拿 Depend on 依靠，由…决定 Evidence n 证据e:out vid看ence名词‘证据让人们看出真相’Advent n 到来‘来冒险（adventure） Empire n 帝国皇帝（emperor）的帝国 Introduce v 引入intro内部duc引领 Calendar n 日历cal(culate)+end ‘通过日历计算最后的日子’。Communal a共有的‘大家（community）共有’。 Rotate v 以轴为中心旋转ro(ll)圈，tt想成陀螺。 Regulate v 管理re反复，gu（an）l(i)（管理） Successive a 连续的连续成功（success） Period n 时期 Axis n 轴The Axis二战中的轴心国 Lunar a月亮的读音像‘路呢’，月光暗，看不清路’。 Solar a太阳的读音像‘馊了’，太阳光强，温度高，把食物搞馊了’。Obit v 围绕n 轨道 Define v 下定义de向下，fin边界‘向下划定边界’ Accompany v陪同ac去company 陪伴 Revolution n 旋转re多次volv 缠卷 Artificial a人工的art 手fic制造 Impact n 影响im相当于in pact约定 Equator n 赤道equ 相等or 名词‘日夜相等长的地方’Conspicuous a 明显的spicu 看‘完全能看出来的’
雅思阅读summary填空题是雅思阅读题中常见题型, 在阅读考试中占较大的比重. 同时也是众多考生头痛的一种题型. 因为此题型不仅考查考生快速准确理解阅读文章的主旨能力, 也考查考生对定位,同义转化以及语义间逻辑关系的灵敏度. 总的来说, 雅思阅读summary填空题主要有两种形式: 一种是单词填空式, 这种形式主要针对文章全文或者部分段落写出的一篇摘要, 空出若干空格, 要求考生从文章中寻找相应的单词进行填空; 另一种是单词选择式, 就是在第一种形式的基础上, 额外提供了一个词库, 要求考生从词库中选词填空. 下面环球雅思的老师将详细讲解如何快速而有效的解答这两种形式的summary填空题. 单词填空式 解题策略 对于单词填空式题, 一般把握三个关键信息: 逻辑关系词, 语法属性, 定位. 首先, 观察空格前后是否有语义间有逻辑关系的连接词, 即逻辑关系词推断. 这类表示空格前后内容逻辑关系的连接词主要包括:
①表示因果关系的词, 如because, as, since, for, due to, thanks to, as a result of等. 在考试中, 在因果关系中除了一些连接词的衔接外, 还有一些表示因果关系的大词, 如trigger, breed, induce, engender, generate, be responsible for, affect, determine等, 这些词在语义中隐含了因果关系. 所以也是考生在解题中值得注意的. ②表示转折关系的词, 如but, however, while, yet, instead, rather, whereas等 ③表示让步关系的词, 如despite, in spite of, although等 ④表示并列关系的词, 如and, both…and…, neither…nor等 ⑤表示举例关系的词, 如such as, for example等 观察有无这类词的目的在于为了回原文定位时, 能缩小寻找范围, 使定位更加准确. 在文章阅读中, 题目中的某些单词会进行同义转换而变得面目全非，但是句意不会变，语义关系不会变，这是最可靠的定位依据。从而逻辑关系词对于考生在解题中把握语义间的内在关系起了关键作用. 如剑桥4 Test 2 Passage 1 Lost for words 一篇中的summary 题中This great variety of languages came about largely as a result of geographical ___Q1______. But in today’s world, factors such as government initiatives and ____Q2_____ are contributing to a huge decrease in the number of languages. One factor which may help to ensure that some endangered languages do not die out completely is people’s increasing appreciation of their ____Q3_____.
1. 【雅思长难句分析】1-5 雅思阅读长难句分析： 1 And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training. 雅思阅读长难句分析： 2 Whether the government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of techno logy or vice versa (反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force. 雅思阅读长难句分析： 3 How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and Appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. 雅思阅读长难句分析： 4 There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the Research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. 雅思阅读长难句分析： 5 Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s econom directly bound up with the efficiency of its
雅思阅读高频词汇 1 state n. 情形, 状态, 国家, 政府, 州vt.声明, 陈述, 规定For the century before Johnson ’s Dictionary was published in 1775 there had been concern about the state of the English language. statement n.声明, 陈述, 综述 2 special adj.特别的, 特殊的, 专门的 especially adv.尤其，特别specialization n.特殊化, 专门化 specialise v.专业化，专门研究 specialised adj. 专门的, 专科的 In the 19th century, new, specialised, professional societies were instituted to promote and publish in the new disciplines. specialist n. 专家 speciality n.特性, 特质, 专业 specify vt.指定, 详细说明specific adj.详 细而精确的, 明确的 An early scientific journal fostered a new kind of writing based on short descriptions of specific experiments. specifically adv.特定的, 明确的 species n.种类 Extinct species are being replaced by new species. 3 differ vi.不同 In both cases the critical day length differs from species to species. difference n.差异, 差别 different adj.不同的 Different groups of researchersattacked different problems, from speech recognition to chess playing, in different ways. differentiate v.区 别, 区分 4 appropriate adj.适当的 inappropriate adj.不适当的 5 staff n. 全体职员 6 contradict vt.同...矛盾 contradiction n.反驳, 矛盾 contrary adj.相反的, 逆的 contrastvt.使与...对比n.对比, 对照 7 claim n.(根据权利提出)要求, 主张vt.(根据权利)要求, 主张
雅思阅读中常见特殊句式整理和句型特点总结 雅思阅读以说明文为主，多是肯定、客观的表达方式。因此在陈述重点内容时势必会用到特殊的表达方式。下面我们就集中讲解下雅思阅读中会用到哪些特殊句式。 我们都知道，在做雅思阅读时，把握主旨和段落大意是非常重要的，但是想提高我们的英语阅读理解能力及做题正确率，仅仅有这些信息是不足矣的，在雅思阅读的40道题目中，80%的题目都会涉及到文章细节内容，因此，把握文中的重要细节信息就非常重要了。 我们在阅读文章时会发现，作者在点明主旨后会在后面的阐述中进一步细说论据，而这些就是考题中常常涉及的细节内容，这也正是我们考生最头疼的地方，即在这繁杂的信息中，如何准确把握作者想要表达的重点。 1.转折：转折词汇后面的内容往往是作者想要表达的重点。试想，我们在评论了别人的表现时，若说了一个“但是”，那后面的内容是否是最引起听者兴趣的地方？同理，雅思阅读中亦然。常见的转折英语词汇有：but、however、despite、in spite of、although、though、yet（用语句首，表示尽管、虽然之意）、while（有尽管之意，不多见，同学们应注意）等。 2.否定：否定句在雅思阅读的说明文体中并不多见，因此，否定句、双重否定句是阐述重点内容的一个重点句式，如：not…but…;not…without…。 3.因果：因果逻辑是雅思文章中最常见也是最重要的逻辑关系之一。因此，这是把握重要细节内容的重点之一。相关词汇有：because、so、since（表原因）、as（表原因）、lead to、cause、result in、as a result of、as a result、therefore等。 4.强调句式：it is...that/who/why...及What引导的主语从句，如what makes it bad is...，what we need is...这样的句式本身就有强调的含义，因此作者使用这种句式时一定在重点说明某些内容。 5.步骤：步骤的描述很多情况下也是设置考点的地方。在进行步骤描述时常会用到firstly、secondly等序数词（注意：initially是最初的意思，常同first互换）；除序数词外，也会用到next、then、finally等词。同时，应注意表示步骤的词汇有process、procedure、stage等词。 6.比较：比较也是重点内容之一，比较无非对比不同与相似，表达不同的词汇有：different、distinction、differ等；表达相似的词汇有：similarity、resemble、similar、resemblance、like（像的意思）等。另外，表达比较时，常会用到：compare、compared with、in comparison、by contrast、on contrary等。 7.绝对性说法：因为雅思阅读的阐述方式是客观，因此一旦出现绝对性的说法，很有可能会是考点。常见的绝对性词汇有：never、only（sole、alone常与这词互换）、must、mustn’t、always等。 8.定义式和结论性表述：所谓定义式表述就是作者在给出定义、阐述常识和某些真理时用到的表达方式；结论性表述是指作者在描述完某些项目或实验研究等后，得出的结论性东西，常用到的词汇有：therefore、conclude、in conclusion、the key for...is...等。
雅思阅读长难句分析作业（2011-12-23） 1.From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in space. But pictures are more than literal representations. 翻译： In this paragraph the writer makes the point that blind people A.may be interested in studying art. B.can draw outlines of different objects and surface. C.can recognize conventions such as perspective. D.can draw accurately. 1.This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was spinning .To show this motion, she traced a curve inside the circle. I was taken aback. 翻译：
剑六雅思阅读核心词汇
雅思阅读核心词汇 剑 6 Text1 Reading passage 1:
1. Fair adj. 合理的 > 10. Underpin v.以..为稳固基础: support pin 大头针 11. Nutritional adj.营养的nutrition 营养、营养物 nutritious 有营养的 12. Collaborate = cooperate v.合作 collaboration n.合作 13. Instrument = tool = appliance n.仪器、乐器 14. Come down to 可归结为 15. Slice v.划开、切开 16. Stroke n.划动、划水 (也做strike的过去式) Strike = hit = knock = rebel 攻击、罢工 17.spine n.脊柱 Spin = rotate = twist = swivel=revolve v.旋转 18.Biomechanical = bio+mechanical =生物+力学的/机械学的=生物力学 19.Profile n.轮廓、外形（文中指模型） 20.Velocity n.速度 gravity n.重心 21.Immune system 免疫系统 2019年雅思阅读：True False Not Given reading questions 题目是若干个陈述句，要求根据原文所给的信息，判断每个陈述句是对(Ture)、错(False)、还是未提及(Not Given)。 这种题型的难度在于，在对和错之外还有第三种状态：未提及。很多同学难以区分“错”和“未提及”。 解题步骤 STEP 1：定位，找出题目在原文中的出处。 STEP 2：判断，根据下列原则和规律，确定准确答案。 What is the difference between False and Not Given? FALSE题的特征 1. 数字精确性 2.肯定与否定 3.多与 4.可能性与绝对性 NOT GIVEN题的特征 1. 题目内容在原文完全未提到 2. 题目内容在原文部分未提到 3. 原文及题目只提到单一事物或者是状态的only题 4. 题目就事物的本质实行是非判断，而原文为第三者对该事物的评述或感知 5. 原文提到两个事物，但是没有在同一段落内表述，而题目涉及两者的关系 6. 两个事物在题目中是比较关系，而原文只提到其中任何一部分 7. 原文有发誓、决心、许诺、目的等表示状态的限定词，而题目去掉以上的限定成分 8. 其他情况 IELTS true false not given reading questions： Practice UN warns over impact of rapidly ageing populations The world needs to do more to prepare for the impact of a rapidly ageing population, the UN has warned - particularly in developing countries. Within 10 years the number of people aged over 60 will pass one billion, a report by the UN Population Fund said. The demographic shift will present huge challenges to countries' welfare, pension and healthcare systems. The UN agency also said more had to be done to tackle "abuse, neglect and violence against older persons". The number of older people worldwide is growing faster than any other age group. The report, Ageing in the 21st Century： A Celebration and a Challenge, estimates that one in nine people around the world are older than 60. The elderly population is expected to swell by 200 million in the next decade to surpass one billion, and reach two billion by 2050. This rising proportion of older people is a consequence of success - improved nutrition, sanitation, healthcare, education and economic well-being are contributing factors, the report says. 雅思阅读长难句的分类和实例分析从常见的主从复合句、并列复合句和其他特殊句式三个方面分享了这些复杂结构的分析方法，大家可以参考一下，希望能提高大家的备考质量。 一、主从复合句：是指一个句子中有两个或两个以上主谓结构，并且其中一个(或更多)主谓结构作为句子的某些成分。常见的主从复合句有名词性从句(主语从句、同位语从句、表语从句、宾语从句)、定语从句和状语从句。给大家举个例子吧： 例：同位语从句+定语从句+状语从句 Second, we make a very conservative assumption that we are looking for a life form that is pretty well like us, since if it differs radically from us we may well not recognise it as a life form, quite apart from whether we are able to communicate with it. (剑9 Test 1 Passage 2) 句子结构分析：这句话的主干是we make a very conservative assumption that…that…since if…whether…。第一个That引导的从句作assumption的同位语，第二个that引导定语从句修饰a life form，since引导时间状语从句，if引导条件状语从句。 译文：第二，我们保守地假定我们正在搜寻的生命形式和人类非常相似，如果形势完全不同，那么我们可能不会把它看作一种生命形式，更不用说能否与它进行交流了。 二、并列复合句：由两个或两个以上的分句通过一些并列连词(but、and、not only…but also…、neither…nor…、yet、while、so等)，构成的复合句。常见的并列复合句可以分为并列关系复合句、转折关系复合句、因果关系复合句和选择关系复合句。给大家举个例子吧： 例：并列关系复合句 The technology for dealing with the hostile saline environment under the sea has been developed in the North Sea oil industry and much is already known about turbine blade design, because of wind power and ship propellers. (剑9 Test 3 Passage 2) 句子结构分析：and连接两个并列句，第一个句子是被动语态，为现在完成时，句子主干是The technology has been developed in the North Sea oil industry 。第二个句子是主系表结构，为一般现在时，句子主干是much is already known about turbine blade design，because of作原因状语。 译文：应对海底恶劣盐渍环境的技术已经在北海油田工业中得以研发，而且得益于对风力发电及船只螺旋桨等技术的积累，人们对涡轮机叶片的设计已经有了很多了解。 三、其他特殊句式：除了上面给大家分享的一些复合句之外，雅思阅读中还会出现一些倒装、省略、强调等特殊句式，同学们备考的时候要注意一下。例子如下： 例1 ：强调句式 雅思G类词汇（附简写）Admin administrative 行政的 Jr junior 初级 ad/adv advertising 广告 K 1000元 agcy agency 经销商 knowl knowledge 知识 appt appointment 约会、预约 loc location 位置、场所 asst assistant 助理 Lv/lvl level 级/层 attn attention 给, 与…联系 mach machine 机器 bkgd background 背景 manuf/mf manufacturing 制造 bldg building 建筑物、大楼 mech mechanic 机械的 bus business 商业、生意 mgr manager 经理 clk clerk (办公室)职员 m-f monday-friday 从周一到周五 co company 公司 mo month 月 coll college 大专(学历) nec necessary 必要的 comm commission 佣金 oppty opportunity 机会 corp cororation (有限)公司 ot overtime 超时 data pro data processing 数据处理perm permanent 永久性的 dept department 部 pls please 请 dir director 董事 pos position 职位 div division 分工、部门 pref preference (有经验者)优先eqpt equipment 装备 prev previous 有先前(经验) etc and so on 等等 P/T part time 非全日制 eves evenings 晚上 refs references 推荐信 exc excellent 很好的 雅思阅读判断题考点总结及判断原则（上） 是非无判断题（TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN）一直以来都是一种令雅思考生们头疼不已的题型。这种题型的难点主要有以下两个方面：第一，题干信息和原文信息之间经常会发生同义替换，使得考生在定位题干出处以及理解题干与原文的对应上会时常出现问题。第二，在思维方式上的转换，过去的中国考生所涉及到的判断题型只有是和非两种情况，大家都已经比较适应非黑即白的解题思路了，但是在雅思考试中，又加入了Not Given这一概念，对考生的逻辑思维方面要求更加严谨，需要我们思考地更加全面。 正是这一点，使得广大的雅思考生难以适应，因而会导致很多解题上的失误。下面，笔者就结合上述的两方面难点，针对这种经典的雅思阅读题型进行做法和思路上的探讨。 一、解题思路 是非无判断题是一种细节题，因此在做题时，需要遵循细节题的解题思路： 1. 分析问题时，从题目中找出合适的定位词 所谓定位词，顾名思义，就是用来在原文中定位跟题目有关的信息出现的位置的依据。在从题目中找定位词时，找到的信息需要满足两个条件：一是具有独一性；二是最好不发生变化。因此，在解决雅思阅读的细节题时，从题目中找的定位词信息可以分为如下三类： 1）易识别的信息，如大写、数字、特殊字体等 这类词通常不容易发生变化，因此在原文中看到的和在题目中出现的基本是一样的；而且这类词比较显眼，在文章中的出处可以快速找到。 如剑5 Test 3 Passage 2中的第18题： Coastal erosion occurred along Egypt‘s Mediterranean coast before the building of t he Aswan dams. 本句中的Egypt’s Mediterranean coast可以作为定位信息在文中直接进行快速定位，我们很快就能够在第一段中找到出题点： The fertile land of the Nile delta is being eroded along Egypt‘s Mediterranean coast at on astounding rate，in some parts estimated at 100 metres per year. In the past，land scoured away from the coastline by the currents of the Mediterranean Sea used to be replaced by sediment brought down to the delta by the River Mile，but this is no longer happening. 定位到题目在原文中的出处之后，通过理解下文信息我们即可判断出原文信息和题目信息是对应的。 又如剑8 Test 1 Passage 2的第21题： Air Traffic Control started after the Grand Canyon crash in 1956. 雅思阅读长难句分析 1.There had, of course, been dictionaries in the past, the first of these being a little book of some 120 pages, compiled by a certain Robert Cawdray, published in 1604 under the title A Table Alphabeticall ‘of hard usuall English wordes’. 翻译：当然，过去也有词典，第一部词典是一本大约120页的小册子，它由一位叫罗伯特·考德雷的人编纂而成并于1604年出版，书名叫《疑难常用英语词汇表》。 词汇：compile v. 编写，编纂 a certain 某一 publish v. 出版 under the title 名叫……，题为…… 分析： 主干部分：There had been dictionaries in the past. （倒装句） 独立主格结构：the first of these being a little book of some 120 pages The first of these 逻辑主语 Being a little book of some 120 pages 分词短语 状语成分：compiled by a certain Robert Cawdray, publishe d ... wordes’. （过去分词短语作状语） 2.Beyond the practical need to make order out of chaos, the rise of dictionaries is associated with the rise of the English middle class, who were anxious to define and circumscribe the various worlds to conquer --- lexical as well as social and commercial. 翻译：除了从混乱中建立起秩序的实际需要，词典的兴起也与英国中产阶级的兴起息息相关，他们急切地希望能定义和界定各种各样等待他们去征服的领域——词汇领域，社会领域以及商业领域。 词汇： Chaos n. 混乱，紊乱 新通教育 小编仔细分析了一下，发现生词多、长难句多、不熟悉解题技巧是考生觉得雅思阅读时间紧张的原因。所以，小编整理了雅思阅读中的15个长难句分析，希望大家可以克服长难句这个壁垒。 1. Ahomeowner can get hurt trying to use the wrong kind of extinguisher on anelectrical fire. 2.Bolenciecwcz was staring at the floor, trying to think, his huge hands rubbingtogether, his face red. 3. Facingthe Atlantic, it is on the northeastern coast of the United States, and most ofthe city is built on islands. 4. He sat infront of them, dressed in a plain, ill-fitting suit, never moving, his dustyface masking his age. 5. Freedfrom TV, forced to find their activities, they might take a ride together towatch the sunset. 6. Over 800full-time thatchers are employed in England and Wales today, maintaining andrenewing the old roofs as well as thatching newer houses. 7. He hadnever been to school or university but had studied privately and by the time hewas twenty he was a skillful chemist and excellent linguist, speaking Swedish,Russian, German, France, and English. 8. Thematerials used – copper, stainless steel, concrete and glass- give the buildinga striking beauty. 9. Afterall, eighty was a special birthday, another decade lived or endured just as youchose to look at it. 10. But atleast they would distinguish the organizations entitled to a continuing voicein the dialogue with the research community about the rights of animals inresearch from the organizations that deserve no say. 11.Registering for classes, becoming familiar with the buildings on campus, buyingbooks, adding and dropping classes, and paying fees are confusing for everyone. 雅思阅读超高频词汇及相关衍生词汇总 ————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期： 雅思阅读超高频词汇及相关衍生词总结 Sam Huang 20160816 1.state n. 情形, 状态, 国家, 政府, 州vt.声明, 陈述, 规定 2.For the century before Johnson’s Dictionary was published in 1775, there had been concern about the state of the English language. statement n.声明, 陈述, 综述 3.special adj.特别的, 特殊的, 专门的 4.especially adv.尤其，特别 5.specialization n.特殊化, 专门化 6.specialise v.专业化，专门研究 7.specialised adj. 专门的, 专科的 8.In the 19th century, new, specialised, professional societies were instituted to promote and publish in the new disciplines. specialist n. 专家 speciality n.特性, 特质, 专业 specify vt.指定, 详细说明 specific adj.详细而精确的, 明确的 An early scientific journal fostered a new kind of writing based on short descriptions of specific experiments. specifically adv.特定的, 明确的 species n.种类 Extinct species are being replaced by new species. 9.differ vi.不同 10.In both cases the critical day length differ s from species to species. 11.difference n.差异, 差别 12.different adj.不同的 13.Different group s of researchers attacked different problem s, from speech recognition to chess playing, in different way s. differentiate v.区别, 区分 14.appropriate adj.适当的 15.inappropriate adj.不适当的 16.staff n. 全体职员 17.contradict vt.同...矛盾 18.contradiction n.反驳, 矛盾 19.contrary adj.相反的, 逆的 20.contrast vt.使与...对比n.对比, 对照 21.claim n.(根据权利提出)要求, 主张vt.(根据权利)要求, 主张 22.claimant n.（根据权利）提出要求者 23.reclaim vt.要求归还，开垦2019年雅思阅读：True False Not Given reading questions
雅思阅读长难句的分类和实例分析
雅思G类阅读高频词汇
雅思阅读判断题考点总结及判断原则(上)
雅思阅读长难句分析
雅思阅读中的15个长难句分析
雅思阅读超高频词汇及相关衍生词汇总
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