舞蹈教育与审美教育外文翻译中英文
英文
Theoretical Arguments for Dance as a Means of Providing Aesthetic
Education in Primary School
Sabina Macovei, Mihaela Zahiu, Roxana Sulea Abstract
Building autonomous and creative personalities is one of the ideals of integral education that also includes aesthetic education. One of its components is the education for self-expression through movement which can be achieved in school by means of physical education activities. The most representative artistic field enabling the development of an aesthetic posture through movement is dancing, and this is why we have chosen to dedicate our study to the formative-educative value of dancing and the importance of including it in primary school curricula, considering that the years spent in primary school are particularly significant in laying the foundations for the further development of the pupils’ personality.
Keywords: dance, aesthetic education, expressivity, motricity
1 Introduction
Aesthetics or “the science of artistic beauty”, as defined by Vianu (1936), is a cultural value that leaves its mark on human personality development. One of its manifestation forms is represented by dance, a human activity with many facets, from the simple pleasure of joining
together movement, music and feeling to the perfectionism of artistic performance.
From an educational perspective, this science prepares the human being to perceive, understand and promote artistic beauty. Essentially, it shapes the individual’s personality and behavior, by constructing hi s aesthetic attitude towards life and the surrounding world (Vianu, 1936; Dobrescu, 2008).
The role of aesthetic education in school has already been recognized and described in detail, as demonstrated by the rich specialized literature focusing on this to pic. In this context, Neac?u (1988) emphasizes that “the aesthetic component in the human personality structure” is achieved by educating the pupils’ sensitivity “for and through the beautiful”. The author highlights that aesthetic education has a well-def ined role in building the pupils’ personality, and it includes elements that go beyond the aesthetic and the artistic and can be traced back to philosophical, psychological, anthropological, ideological or cultural roots.
Along the same lines, Cristea draws a distinction between aesthetic education and other educational forms and methods used in school, specifying that the former develops sensitivity to beauty in art and nature, in society and in various artistic fields. Cultivating artistic attitude is one of the premises of pre-university education and it involves two
fundamental aspects: “education for art” and “education through art” (Cristea, 1947). The former aims at developing the pupils’ artistic sense and their desire to learn how to appreciate beauty in art and nature and to be receptive to values. Education through art is designed to develop the pupils’ personality, which will later incorporate new perspectives in adult age.
Physical education can also be included among the subjects whose goal is, among others, to achieve aesthetic education. Physical education is recognized to have formative-educative valences that contribute, along with the development of both motor and psychomotor behaviors and various bio-motor capacities, to ensuring a constant and consistent enhancement of creativity (St?nescu, 2002). Motor activities performed in schools contribute to achieving the pupils’ education for and through movement, thus directly contributing to the integral development of their personality.
2. Purpose and hypothesis
The purpose of our theoretical approach is to argue in favour of the formative-educative value of dance, as a means used to achieve aesthetic education, as well as in favour of the important role it plays in fulfilling the objective of physical education.
Our reference to primary school relies on both ontological and pedagogical considerations, this being a period in the pupils’ life that is
crucial for the construction of movement fundamentals, in parallel with the development of creativity and artistic sensibility. We start from the theoretical hypothesis that the implementation of the means of dancing into various sequences of physical education classes can contribute to achieving the goals of aesthetic education and to increasing the attractiveness of those classes.
3. Current state of play
Primary school, as the first schooling cycle, induces deep modifications in the children’s life and significantly influences their evolution over the years. This is a period of fundamental changes, with an influence on the further development of the personality because, due to its eminently educative function, primary education ensures the acquisition and the basis for “the construction of knowledge and skills later on in life” (Golu, 2010).
From the point of view of physical education, the beginning of primary school coincides with the time when children start acquiring the specialized motor skills specific to various motor or sports activities. The children’s future competences related to movement, t o motor learning and to self-expression through movement will depend on their experiences accumulated during primary school. According to Puran and St?nescu (2010), if movement patterns, along with motor communication and expression patterns, fail to be developed at the appropriate age, this will
have a limiting effect on the individual’s skill acquisition capacities.
During primary education, the formative purpose of pedagogical intervention targets the acquisition of abilities, capacities and intellectual operations, while physical and motor education aims at improving coordination (Golu, 2010). Among the elements making up motor capacity, coordination is a component that can be developed starting with an early age. Weineck (1994) noted that deficiencies in the manifestation of this capacity are not necessarily due to some insufficient hereditary predisposition, but rather to the inappropriate attention given to its development already in the first years of life. This capacity ensures the accuracy, fluidity and deftness of overall body movement and the movement of body segments or, to be more specific, it is the prerequisite for the best execution of the motor program (Manno, 1992). If we refer to dancing, we can state that coordination-related aspects are maximally involved in any dance, due to the variety and diversity of movements associated with music they include.
4. Perspectives in the field
According to pedagogical literature, aesthetic education in school pursues the following objectives (Cristea, 1994):
? to build up and educate sensibility to beauty;
?to cultivate taste and aesthetic judgments and to configure the aesthetic attitude;
? to develop creativity;
? to develop the capacity for social integration and receptivity to the environment.
Within physical education, aesthetic education can be achieved through expressive corporal activities, such as dance, rhythmic gymnastics, aerobics, aesthetic gymnastics, pantomime, eurhythmics etc. These activities have a self-shaping role on the body, with effects upon (Epuran, 2006):
? the creation of a real self-image, as compared to the ideal image;
? the increase of self-confidence, due to enhanced body awareness, self value and social awareness;
?the development of the capacity to use non-verbal language through bodily motor communication;
? the improvement of the capacity to cope with different situations.
In practice, the didactic approach can be oriented towards the development of two categories of competences, some of them of a motor-behavioral type, reflected by the execution capacities, others of a psycho-creative type, reflected by the creation capacities, as showed in Table below (Levieux, Levieux, 1997).
Within the formative-educative process, dance can be practiced in schools as a form of cultural and recreational education or as a method for developing motor skills, with an emphasis on the coordination-related
aspects. These elements result from the general modalities of dance practice that are oriented towards two types of activity:
? Physical-artistic activities – performed for fun, with a recreational or an educative-formative goal. We can include here educational approaches within physical education classes.
?Cultural-artistic performance activities –carried out in public. Dance, as a cultural activity with a stage presence, involves a purposeful communication, where both the expression and the motor aspects are performance-related. We can include here school feasts and participation in various festivals.
The objectives of aesthetic education through dance are equally focused on the motor, psychomotor, intellectual and creative aspects. We have listed below some of the aspects that can be developed through dance practice (Dobrescu, 2006):
?artistic attitude and execution, which ensure a correct body posture;
? corporal expressivity, plasticity and elegance in movement;
? musical sense, through the development of motor rhythmicity and musicality;
? corporal scheme and movement fundamentals;
?different types of coordination, through the utilization of a wide range of movements;
artistic personality, imagination and creativity.
Not accidentally, some definitions of dance formulated by specialists in physical education reflect these desiderata:
“Dance is the aesthetically evaluated rhyth mic movement through which different emotional states and feelings are expressed and where motor symbols are consciously composed for the pleasure and satisfaction of the execution, for the creation of some exquisite movement forms, of knowledge, expression and communication through body language” (Vi?an, 2005). “Dance is a group of corporal rhythmic movements performed to a melodic rhythm, used as a means of communication, motor education, physical development and health preservation, socialization and con fidence building.” (N?stase, 2011).
School dancing, in parallel with the development of an aesthetic attitude and of motor skills, enables pupils to overcome their inhibitions and develop their musical sensibility. It will thus contribute to the achievement of the competences pursued by self-expression activities through movement: voluntary desire for motor expression, for communication with other people and for using one’s own body as an expressive object (Usmer and Rollet, 1995). In an attempt to provide a more memorable definition of dancing, we have composed an acrostic that is shown in Table 2 below. We cannot claim, however, that our little word game satisfies all the rules usually associated with this poetic form.
5. Practical applications
Dance, as a motor-artistic activity, makes use of a varied and complex motor repertoire. Its accessibility depends on the target group and the objectives pursued. Through its judicious gradual implementation, it can be included in the content of physical education classes since the very first years of school. The acquisition of the specific motor content depends on the type of dance selected, on the school facilities available and last, but not least, on the te acher’s specialized knowledge (Vi?an, 2005).
Physical education curricula for the primary cycle specify neither reference objectives for aesthetic education, nor examples of activities to be used for learning how to dance. However, some of the curricula do include similar skills, for instance some steps specific to gymnastics. If we consider the recommendation that movement should be associated with music, we think that the introduction of some step types taken from folk dancing or dance sport would be most welcome. On the other hand, we should not overlook the contribution dancing can have to the education of movement fundamentals. From this perspective, it is important to emphasize the particular contribution it can have to the education of a correct body posture, an essential element to be developed in the first school years.
Correct posture represents a warranty for the health of the locomotor
apparatus and it depends on both the positioning of the body’s centre of gravity and on muscular activity. Building up the right posture and the bearing specific to various motor activities represents a prerequisite for each individual’s motor personality, its effects being reflected throughout his lifespan (Macovei and Vasile, 2009). If we analyze the reference objectives stipulated in the physical education curricula for the primary grades, we find that most of those objectives can also be achieved through means specific to dancing, whose educative offer also has the added value of being more attractive, due to the association between movement and music.
Practical and methodological experience has proved that the means of dancing, through their various and attractive contents, can be implemented into different parts of physical education classes, as they contribute to the education of aesthetic movement, the fulfilment of operational objectives, the increased diversity and attractiveness of the learning content (Vi?an, 2005; Macovei, Bu?u, 2008). In this context, we have developed a proposal that we present in Table below.
6. Conclusions
The implementation of the means of dancing in the content of physical education classes in primary school contributes to the achievement of the goals of aesthetic education, by ensuring the early construction of the aesthetic attitude in movement and the development of
the capacity for motor expression. Through dancing, children will be educated to freely express themselves, to repress their inhibitions, to know themselves and to communicate through their bodies. Dancing contributes directly to the education of a correct posture and builds up an aesthetic attitude of the body in motion, which eventually leads to harmonious physical development, in parallel with the development of coordination capacities.
中文
舞蹈作为审美教育的一种手段的理论论证
摘要
建立自主性和创造力的人格是教育的理想之一，其中还包括审美教育。它的组成部分之一是通过运动进行自我表达的教育，这可以在学校通过体育活动来实现。能够通过运动发展出审美姿势的最具代表性的艺术领域是舞蹈，这就是为什么我们选择将研究致力于舞蹈的形成性教育价值以及将其纳入小学课程的重要性的原因，考虑到在小学度过的几年特别重要，这为进一步发展学生的个性奠定了基础。
关键词：舞蹈，审美教育，表现力，运动能力
1引言
Vianu（1936）定义的美学或“艺术美的科学”是一种文化价值，在人类个性发展上留下了印记。它的一种表现形式是舞蹈，它是一种具有许多方面的人类活动，从将运动，音乐和感觉结合在一起的简单
乐趣到艺术表演的完美主义。
从教育的角度来看，这门科学使人们做好了感知，理解和促进艺术美的准备。本质上，它通过构建个人对生活和周围世界的审美态度来塑造个人的个性和行为（Vianu，1936；Dobrescu，2008）。
审美教育在学校中的作用已经得到了认可和详细描述，正如专注于该主题的丰富专业文献所证明的那样。在这种情况下，尼亚库（Neac）u，1988）强调“人格结构中的审美成分”是通过教育学生“对美丽的追求”而实现的。作者强调，美育在培养学生的人格中具有明确的作用，它包括超越美学和艺术的元素，并且可以追溯到哲学，心理，人类学，思想或文化的根源。
同样，克里斯蒂亚（Cristea）区分了审美教育与学校使用的其他教育形式和方法，并指出前者对艺术和自然，社会以及各个艺术领域的美感越来越敏感。培养艺术态度是大学预科教育的前提之一，它涉及两个基本方面：“艺术教育”和“通过艺术进行教育”（Cristea，1947年）。前者旨在培养学生的艺术感和渴望学习如何欣赏艺术和自然之美以及接受价值观的渴望。通过艺术进行教育旨在培养学生的个性，稍后将在成人时代融入新观点。
体育也可以包括在目标之中，以实现审美教育为目标的学科中。体育被认为具有形成性的教育价，随着运动和心理运动行为以及各种生物运动能力的发展，有助于确保创造力的持续不断提高（St?nescu，2002）。在学校进行的汽车活动有助于实现学生对运动的教育，并通过运动来实现，因此直接促进了他们个性的整体发展。
毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献及译文 英文题目Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 中文题目模块化安全铁路信号计算机联锁系统 学院自动化与电气工程学院 专业自动控制 姓名葛彦宁 学号 200808746 指导教师贺清 2012年5月30日
Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 1 Introduction Signal Interlocking System is the critical equipment which can guarantee traffic safety and enhance operational efficiency in railway transportation. For a long time, the core control computer adopts in interlocking system is the special customized high-grade safety computer, for example, the SIMIS of Siemens, the EI32 of Nippon Signal, and so on. Along with the rapid development of electronic technology, the customized safety computer is facing severe challenges, for instance, the high development costs, poor usability, weak expansibility and slow technology update. To overcome the flaws of the high-grade special customized computer, the U.S. Department of Defense has put forward the concept：we should adopt commercial standards to replace military norms and standards for meeting consumers’demand [1]. In the meantime, there are several explorations and practices about adopting open system architecture in avionics. The United Stated and Europe have do much research about utilizing cost-effective fault-tolerant computer to replace the dedicated computer in aerospace and other safety-critical fields. In recent years, it is gradually becoming a new trend that the utilization of standardized components in aerospace, industry, transportation and other safety-critical fields. 2 Railways signal interlocking system 2.1 Functions of signal interlocking system The basic function of signal interlocking system is to protect train safety by controlling signal equipments, such as switch points, signals and track units in a station, and it handles routes via a certain interlocking regulation. Since the birth of the railway transportation, signal interlocking system has gone through manual signal, mechanical signal, relay-based interlocking, and the modern computer-based Interlocking System. 2.2 Architecture of signal interlocking system Generally, the Interlocking System has a hierarchical structure. According to the function of equipments, the system can be divided to the function of equipments; the system
中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
关于早期教育的文献综述 Prepared on 22 November 2020
关于中国早期教育研究述评 文献综述提纲 一、绪言 二、早期教育研究的发展 (一)早期教育研究的兴起 (二)相关代表作品 三、早期教育研究现状 (一)研究对象及研究类型 (二)研究方法 (三)当前早期教育研究的主要内容 1.对早期教育的适当年龄进行研究 2.对早期教育的主要功能进行研究 3.对早期教育正确实施的方法的研究 4.对早期教育的环境的影响的研究 四、早期教育研究的评析与建议 （一）前期研究存在问题评析 1、研究方法单一 2、研究的对象范围狭窄 3、研究在广度上发展的同时，对研究的深度还不够 4、征对特殊群体的研究或特别地区的研究较少 5、研究目的单一没有与实际完全联系起来 (二)对我国早期教育研究的展望 1.扩展研究对象的地理范围，真正做到全国性的全面研究。 2.增加研究深度，真正掌握早期教育的正确年龄阶段以及该阶段的教育内容和方法。 3.能校正错误的早期教育的观念，使孩子能真正得到发展，
达到优生优育的目标。 4.编制科学的测量工具，多种方法综合运用。 5.注重文化，环境各种因素对早期教育的影响。 【参考文献】 [1]李彩红.早期教育对幼儿体格和智能的影响[J].中国妇幼保健,2010年34期：5029-5030. [2]杨宁.儿童游戏:行为种系发生与个体发生之间的桥梁——三论进化、发展和儿童早期教育[J].学前教育研究,2010年11期:3-11. [3]程沿彤.走出早教误区学会读懂孩子[J].黑龙江科技信息,2010年36期:227. [4]吴小姝.121例婴幼儿智能发育测试结果分析[J].安徽卫生职业技术学院学报,2010年06期:40-41. [5]刘颖.医院内对弃婴进行早期教育初探[J].山西护理杂志,1993年04期:29-30. [6]郭映红.家长参与对早期教育的影响——国内外相关研究述评[J].市场论坛,2010年11期:103-104. [7]王建春.浅谈婴幼儿语言发展与智力开发的关系[J].黑河学刊,2010年12期:172-175. [8]袁爱玲.学前创造教育课程及其理论构建[D].重庆，西南师范大学(博),2001. [9]裴小倩.全球化背景下有关中国学前教育的地域文化研究 [D].上海，华东师范大学(博).2010. [10]傅敏敏.关于培养幼儿早期阅读兴趣的研究[D].上海，华东师范大学(硕).2005. [11]卜维勤.绘画·成才：早期艺术教育对话[M].天津：新蕾出版社，2000年01月第1版. [12]陈汉生.教子成才的奥秘[M].郑州：中原农民主板社，1992年03月第1版.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/1b14017673.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world
文献信息： 文献标题：Challenges and opportunities affecting the future of human resource management（影响人力资源管理未来的挑战和机遇） 国外作者：Dianna L. Stone，Diana L. Deadrick 文献出处：《Human Resource Management Review》, 2015, 25(2):139-145 字数统计：英文3725单词，21193字符；中文6933汉字 外文文献： Challenges and opportunities affecting the future of human resource management Abstract Today, the field of Human Resource Management (HR) is experiencing numerous pressures for change. Shifts in the economy, globalization, domestic diversity, and technology have created new demands for organizations, and propelled the field in some completely new directions. However, we believe that these challenges also create numerous opportunities for HR and organizations as a whole. Thus, the primary purposes of this article are to examine some of the challenges and opportunities that should influence the future of HR. We also consider implications for future research and practice in the field. Keywords: Future of human resource management, Globalization, Knowledge economy Diversity, Technology 1.Change from a manufacturing to a service or knowledge economy One of the major challenges influencing the future of HR processes is the change from a manufacturing to a service or knowledgebased economy. This new economy is characterized by a decline in manufacturing and a growth in service or knowledge as the core of the economic base. A service economy can be defined as a system based on buying and selling of services or providing something for others (Oxford
New technique of the computer network Abstract The 21 century is an ages of the information economy, being the computer network technique of representative techniques this ages, will be at very fast speed develop soon in continuously creatively, and will go deep into the people's work, life and study. Therefore, control this technique and then seem to be more to deliver the importance. Now I mainly introduce the new technique of a few networks in actuality live of application. keywords Internet Network System Digital Certificates Grid Storage 1. Foreword Internet turns 36, still a work in progress Thirty-six years after computer scientists at UCLA linked two bulky computers using a 15-foot gray cable, testing a new way for exchanging data over networks, what would ultimately become the Internet remains a work in progress. University researchers are experimenting with ways to increase its capacity and speed. Programmers are trying to imbue Web pages with intelligence. And work is underway to re-engineer the network to reduce Spam (junk mail) and security troubles. All the while threats loom: Critics warn that commercial, legal and political pressures could hinder the types of innovations that made the Internet what it is today. Stephen Crocker and Vinton Cerf were among the graduate students who joined UCLA professor Len Klein rock in an engineering lab on Sept. 2, 1969, as bits of meaningless test data flowed silently between the two computers. By January, three other "nodes" joined the fledgling network.
文献信息： 文献标题：The Existing Approaches to Sexuality Education Targeting Children: A Review Article（针对儿童的性教育的现有方法：综述文章）国外作者：Ganji J, Emamian M H, Maasoumi R, et al 文献出处：《Iranian Journal of Public Health》,2017 , 46 (7) :890-898 字数统计：英文2177单词，12737字符；中文3949汉字 外文文献： The Existing Approaches to Sexuality Education Targeting Children: A Review Article Abstract Background:We aimed to assess what is already known about sexuality education (SE)-related policy or practical issues using review methods to search and critically appraise the existing SE approaches targeting children under age 12 yr. Methods: We completed the data collection by an extensive search of the English and Persian published and unpublished literature, evidence from experts in the topic, and by searching citations. The MeSH-terms were sexuality and training, sexuality education and programs or approaches, sexuality and children, sexuality education and parents, sex or sexuality education, sex education and parents or caregivers. A systematic search of medical and health-related databases, the Cochrane Library and Web of Science was undertaken for the years 1970–2015 together with citation searching, reference list checking and recommendations from stakeholders to identify evidence for SE. Results: According to the inclusion criteria, 20 documents were identified. They were synthesized into three main categories as sexuality-related knowledge, attitudes, and parents' skills to manage children's sexual behavior and related education. Employed approaches to children's sexuality were reported to be effective in
XXX学院 毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 学院：计算机与软件工程学院 专业：计算机科学技术(软件工程方向) 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：GoyKakus.THE RESEARCH OFCUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT STRATEGY [J]. International Journal of Management Research & Review, 2017, 1(9): 624-635. 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 客户关系管理战略研究 Goy Kakus 摘要 客户关系管理解决方案，通过为你提供客户业务数据来帮助你提供客户想要的服务或产品,提供更好的客户服务、交叉销售和更有效的销售,达成交易,保留现有客户并更好地理解你的客户是谁。本文探讨了客户关系管理模型在获得、保持与发展策略方面的优势。然而,我们对其定义和意义还存在一些困惑。本文通过考察关系营销和其他学科方面的相关文献，解释了客户关系管理的概念基础,从而对客户关系管理的知识作出了贡献。 关键词:客户关系管理模型, 客户关系管理的博弈改变者与关键策略 引言 CRM 是客户关系管理的简称。它的特征在于公司与客户的沟通,无论是销售还是服务相关的。客户关系管理这一术语经常用来解释企业客户关系,客户关系管理系统也以同样的方式被用来处理商业联系, 赢得客户,达成合同和赢得销售。 客户关系管理通常被考虑作为一个业务策略，从而使企业能够: *了解客户 *通过更好的客户体验留住客户 *吸引新客户 *赢得新客户和达成合同 *提高盈利 *减少客户管理成本 *通过服务台等工具软件,电子邮件组织者和不同类型的企业应用程序，企业业务经常寻求个性化的在线体验。 设计精良的客户关系管理包括以下特征: 1．客户关系管理是一种以顾客为中心并以客户投入为基础的服务响应，一对一的解决客户的必需品, 买家和卖家服务中心直接在线互动,帮助客户解决他
毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程
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英文翻译 A comprehensive overview of substations Along with the economic development and the modern industry developments of quick rising, the design of the power supply system become more and more completely and system. Because the quickly increase electricity of factories, it also increases seriously to the dependable index of the economic condition, power supply in quantity. Therefore they need the higher and more perfect request to the power supply. Whether Design reasonable, not only affect directly the base investment and circulate the expenses with have the metal depletion in colour metal, but also will reflect the dependable in power supply and the safe in many facts. In a word, it is close with the economic performance and the safety of the people. The substation is an importance part of the electric power system, it is consisted of the electric appliances equipments and the Transmission and the Distribution. It obtains the electric power from the electric power system, through its function of transformation and assign, transport and safety. Then transport the power to every place with safe, dependable, and economical. As an important part of power’s transport and control, the transformer substation must change the mode of the traditional design and control, then can adapt to the modern electric power system, the development of modern industry and the of trend of the society life. Electric power industry is one of the foundations of national industry and national economic development to industry, it is a coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and other energy conversion into electrical energy of the secondary energy industry, it for the other departments of the national economy fast and stable development of the provision of adequate power, and its level of development is a reflection of the country's economic development an important indicator of the level. As the power in the industry and the importance of the national economy, electricity transmission and distribution of electric energy used in these areas is an indispensable component.。Therefore, power transmission and distribution is critical. Substation is to enable superior power plant power plants or power after adjustments to the lower load of books is an important part of power transmission. Operation of its functions, the capacity of a direct impact on the size of the lower load power, thereby affecting the industrial production and power consumption.Substation system if a link failure, the system will protect the part of action. May result in power outages and so on, to the production and living a great disadvantage. Therefore, the substation in the electric power system for the protection of electricity reliability,
Dashboard From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about a control panel placed in the front of the car. For other uses, see Dashboard (disambiguation). The dashboard of a Bentley Continental GTC car A dashboard (also called dash, instrument panel (IP), or fascia) is a control panel located directly ahead of a vehicle's driver, displaying instrumentation and controls for the vehicle's operation. Contents 1.Etymology 2.Dashboard features 3.Padding and safety 4.Fashion in instrumentation 5.See also 6.References Etymology Horse-drawn carriage dashboard Originally, the word dashboard applied to a barrier of wood or leather fixed at the front of a horse-drawn carriage or sleigh to protect the driver from mud or other debris "dashed up" (thrown up) by the horses' hooves.[1] Commonly these boards did not perform any additional function other than providing a convenient handhold for ascending into the driver's seat, or a small clip with which to secure the reins when not in use. When the first "horseless carriages" were constructed in the late 19th century, with engines mounted beneath the driver such as the Daimler Stahlradwagen, the simple dashboard was retained to protect occupants from debris thrown up by the cars' front wheels. However, as car design evolved to position the motor in front of the driver, the dashboard became a panel that protected vehicle occupants from the heat and oil of the engine. With gradually increasing mechanical complexity, this panel formed a convenient location for the placement of gauges and minor controls, and from this evolved the modern instrument panel,
Project Budget Monitor and Control Author：Yin Guo-li Nationality：American Derivation：Management Science and Engineering.Montreal: Mar 20, 2010 . With the marketing competitiveness growing, it is more and more critical in budget control of each project. This paper discusses that in the construction phase, how can a project manager be successful in budget control. There are many methods discussed in this paper, it reveals that to be successful, the project manager must concern all this methods. 1. INTRODUCTION The survey shows that most projects encounter cost over-runs (Williams Ackermann, Eden, 2002,pl92). According to Wright (1997)'s research, a good rule of thumb is to add a minimum of 50% to the first estimate of the budget (Gardiner and Stewart, 1998, p251). It indicates that project is very complex and full of challenge. Many unexpected issues will lead the project cost over-runs. Therefore, many technologies and methods are developed for successful monitoring and control to lead the project to success. In this article, we will discuss in the construction phase, how can a project manager to be successful budget control. 2. THE CONCEPT AND THE PURPOSE OF PROJECT CONTROL AND MONITOR Erel and Raz (2000) state that the project control cycle consists of measuring the status of the project, comparing to the plan, analysis of the deviations, and implementing any appropriate corrective actions. When a project reach the construction phase, monitor and control is critical to deliver the project success. Project monitoring exists to establish the need to take corrective action, whilst there is still time to take action. Through monitoring the activities, the project team can analyze the deviations and decide what to do and actually do it. The purpose of monitor and control is to support the implementation of corrective actions, ensure projects stay on target or get project back on target once it has gone off target。