THAT用法总结
第一、that 用作形容词（后接复数名词时用those）
它用来指已被提到的人或物；也可表对比，指两个中较远的那个。
What about that book you borrowed from me last month？
请注意，that 有时候在句子中具有喜欢或轻蔑等感情色彩。
that little son of his 他那个小宝贝儿子
That George！乔治那家伙！（含有轻蔑语气）
第二、that 用作代词。
1. that 用作指示代词（复数形式是those），其指代意义同形容词用法，同时它还可以用作定语从句中的先行词；还可为了避免重复，代替前述名词。
.that用来替代前面提到的特指的事物,所代替的名词可以是可数名词,也可以是不可数名词.代替可数名词可以用the one替换.但其前面不可用任何限定词修饰.例如:
1)The population of China is larger than that of Japan.(that代替不可数名词population,不可用the one替换)
2)The headteacher in your class is younger and more active than that in theirs.(that代替可数名词headteacher,可用the one替换)
that 代替指物的单数可数名词或抽象不可数名词，一般是特指的
those 代替指人或指物的复数名词，一般是特指的=the ones
one 代替指人或指物的单数可数名词，一般是泛指的
ones 代替指人或指物的复数名词，一般是泛指的
That is what he told me.
What is that (which) you have got in your hand?
The price of rice is higher than that of flour.
2. that 用作关系代词，引导限制性定语从句。先行词可人可物，用法相当于who或which。（但是在下列情况下多用that：先行词既有人又有物时；先行词有形容词最高级、序数词、不定代词、very，only等修饰时；先行词是不定代词时）He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.
I think it one of the most wonderful films that the film company has ever produced. She has little information that is useful for our research.
Is there anything that I can do for you?
请注意，that 在定语从句中作宾语时通常可省略。
The books (that) I sent you will help you in your studies.
第三、that 用作连词，引导名词性从句,状语从句和强调句。
1. that名词性从句。
①引导宾语从句。及物动词后的引导词that可省略。
I didn't expect (that) he could win the championship.
The teacher pointed out that Tom was not working hard enough.
②引导主语从句。通常采用it作形式主语的句型。
That the earth goes around the sun is known to everyone.
（It is known to everyone that the earth goes around the sun.）
③引导表语从句。
The trouble is that we are short of money.
④引导同位语从句。
引导同位语从句的that和引导定语从句的that是不同的
前者只起语法作用，在从句中不作任何成分；而后者在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。举例说明：
The news that he resigned from office surprised us.
The idea that he holds is very common nowadays on campus.
2. that引导状语从句
①引导目的状语从句。
Bring it nearer that I may see it better.
②引导结果状语从句。
What have I done that he should be so angry with me?
③引导原因状语从句。
I am afraid that I will fail in the driving test.
④引导让步状语从句。意为“虽然、尽管”。
Difficult that/as the task was, they managed to accomplish it on time.
⑤引导条件状语从句。意为“假使、假设”。
Supposing that you were in my position, what would you do?
On condition that you were lost in the desert, you should ask for help as soon as possible.
第四、that用作副词。
1. that用作普通副词。
I was that/so angry I could have hit him.
2. that用作关系副词。引导定语从句，可以代替when，where，why或in which，常可省略。
I will never forget the evening (that) / when we went to the theatre.
The house (that)/where I used to live has been knocked down.
第五That 的固定搭配
①and all that诸如此类
----Poverty compelled him to sell his house, clothes, and all that.
②and that 而且（用来加强语气）
----They finished the work, and that in only a few days.
③at that 就这样
----They left it at that.
④for all that尽管如此
----He may have shortcomings and faults, but he is a good comrade for all that.
⑤now that 既然，由于
----You ought to write it now that you know the address,
⑥that is 那就是
---He will come back in a week, that is, in March 1.
⑦with that接着就
----With that she left the room;.
= With these words, she left the room.
⑧in that，意为“既然、因为”。
Criticism and self-criticism is necessary in that it helps us correct our mistakes.
⑨see (to it) that，意为“注意、务必做到、保证”。
We will see to it that she gets home early.
See to it that you are not late again.
⑩ seeing that，意为“鉴于、由于”。
Seeing that it is 8 o'clock, we'll wait no longer.
Seeing that he was busy with his work, I didn't disturb him.
3、 than作关系代词时，一般用在形式为比较级的复合句中，其结构为形容词比较级（more）．．．than＋从句，than在从句中作主语，相当于that，代表它前面的先行词。（这时，它兼有连词和代词的性质，也有学者认为这种用法的than是连词，后面省略了主语what。）
如：①The indoor swimming pool seems to be a great deal more luxious than is necessary．室内游泳池过于豪华。
②He got more money than was wanted．他得到了更多的钱。
But也被看作关系代词，引导定语从句，在句中作主语，在意义上相当于who not 或that not，即用在否定词或具有否定意义的词后，构成双重否定。
如：①There is no mother but loves her children．没有不爱自己孩子的母亲。
②There was no one present but knew the story already．在场的人都知道这个故事。
6．（一）、当what用作连接代词，引导名词性从句时，可引导主语从句、表语从句和宾语从句（不可引导同位语从句）；它本身在句中充当主语、宾语或表语。
1、what表示“所以……的（事）”的意思，相当于“the thing(s) that…”、“all that…”、“that which…”、“everything that…”等。例如：
（1）Leave it with me and I’ll see what I can do.(what引导宾语从句，并作do 的宾语。)
（2）What you have done might do harm to other people. (what引导主语从句，并在从句中作宾语。)
（3）What he said at the meeting astonished everybody present. (what引导主语从句，并在从句中作宾语。)
（4）What is most important in life isn’t money.(what引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语。)
（5）But wait till you see what we’ll make for you to your own measure.(what 引导宾语从句，并在从句中作宾语。)
（6）What he wanted to see was an end to all the armies of the world. (what 引导主语从句，并在从句中作宾语。)
2、what 表示“所……的（人）”的意思，相当于“the person that…”等。例如：
（1）He is not what he used to be. (what 引导表语从句，并在从句中作表语。) （2）She is no longer what she was five years ago. (what 引导表语从句，并在从句中作表语。)
what = just as，意为“恰像，犹如，好比”用作连词，引导比较状语从句。
⑴惯用句式是：A is to B what C is to D. 意为“A对B而言正如C对D一样”例如：
①空气对于我们犹如水对于鱼。
Air is to us What water is to fish. （介词to 表示两者的关系）
⑵也有“A is for B what C is for D.”句式。例如：
②厨师离不了家禽正如画家离不开画布一样。
Poultry is for the cook what canvas is for the paint.（介词for表示“供…使用”）
⑶ what 引导的从句也可以放在句首，其句式是：What C is to D，that A is to B.（= A is to B what C is to D.）
在这一结构中，喻体在前，主体在后，相当于“just as……，so……”结构，意思也是“A对B而言正如C对D一样”例如：
What blood vessel is to a man's body，that railway is to transportation.（=Just as blood vessel is to a man's body ，so Railway is to transportation.）铁路对于运输，好比血管对于人体一样。
when、while、as 用法的区别
一。引导时间状语从句时，WHILE连接的是时间段，而WHEN连接的多是时间点
例如What does your father do while your mother is cooking?
What does your mother do when you come back?
二，WHILE可以连接两个并列的句子，而WHEN不可以
例如I was trying my best to finish my work while my sister was whtching TV
三，WHEN是特殊疑问词，对时间进行提问，WHILE不是。
例如，When were you bron?
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①when是at or during the time that, 既指时间点，也可指一段时间，while是during the time that，只指一段时间，因此when引导的时间状语从句中的动词可以是终止性动词，也可以是延续性动词，而while从句中的动词必须是延续性动词。
②when 说明从句的动作和主句的动作可以是同时，也可以是先后发生；while 则强调主句的动作在从句动作的发生的过程中或主从句两个动作同时发生。
③由when引导的时间状语从句，主句用过去进行时，从句应用一般过去时；如果从句和主句的动作同时发生，两句都用过去进行时的时候，多用while引导，如：
a. When the teacher came in, we were talking.
当此句改变主从句的位置时，则为：
While we were talking, the teacher came in.
b. They were singing while we were dancing.
④when和while 还可作并列连词。when表示“在那时”；while表示“而，却”，表对照关系。如：
a. The children were running to move the bag of rice when they heard the sound of a motor bike.
孩子们正要跑过去搬开那袋米，这时他们听到了摩托车的声音。
b. He is strong while his brother is weak.
他长得很结实，而他弟弟却很瘦弱。
when,as,while这三个词都可以引出时间状语从句，它们的差别是：when 从句表示某时刻或一段时间as 从句表示进展过程，while 只表示一段时间
When he left the house, I was sitting in the garden.
当他离开家时，我正在院子里坐着。
When he arrived home, it was just nine o'clock.
当他到家时，正是九点钟。
As he grew older, he became more intelligent.
随着他年龄的增长，他变得更有才智了。
While he was in London,he studied music.
当他在伦敦时，他学习音乐。
While she was typing the letter,the telephone rang.
当她在用打字机打那封信时，电话响了。
prefer A to B
在本句型中，A与B是平行结构，可以是名词，也可以都是动名词。例如：
I prefer dogs to cats.在狗与猫之间我更喜欢狗。
Most people prefer trains to buses.大多数人愿意坐火车而不愿坐汽车。
I prefer writing a term paper to taking an examination.
我宁愿写一篇学期论文也不愿参加考试。
I prefer staying at home to going ou.我觉得在家里比出去好。
Thousands of children nowadays prefer doing their homework to a background of pop-music to doing it in a quiet room.
成千上万的孩子如今一边听流行音乐一边做作业，也不愿在安安静静的房间里做。
She has always preferred marking her own clothes rather than buying them in the shops.
她向来喜欢自己做衣服，而不到商店里去买衣服
6．Prefer+不定式+rather than+不定式
1) 本句型中，第一个不定式前面要加to，第二个不定式前面以不加to居多。例如：
He prefer to die rather than become traitor.她宁死也不做叛徒。
Older people often fear change. They know what they can do best. They prefer to repeat their successes rather than risk failure.
年纪大的人常常怕变化。他们知道什么最拿手，宁愿把自己成功的经验在如法炮制而不愿冒失败的危险。
She preferred to sew rather than to knit.她喜欢缝纫而不喜欢编织。
2)rather than 也可以至于句首：
Rather than buy a car of his own, he prefers to rent one.
3）than后也可用动名词：
I prefer to stay at home rather than go/going to see a film.
我觉得与其去看电影倒不如呆在家里。
I would prefer to spend the weekend at home rather than drive/driving all the way to your mother’s.
我觉得与其开车跑那么远的路到你母亲那里度周末，到布热在家里过更好些。
4）prefer …rather than 中的rather也可以移到第一个不定式之前（prefer rather…than），这种用法多见于书面语。例如：
He preferred rather to take the whole blame himself than to allow it to fall on the innocent. 她宁可自己承担全部责任而不愿让无辜的人受到连累。
5）prefer to do A rather than do B 意义相同，试比较：
Joe prefers skating to skiing.
Joe prefer to skate rather than ski.
Bill preferred playing soccer to swimming.
Bill preferred to play soccer rather than swim.
He preferred rating a car to having one of his own.
He prefers to rent a car rather than to have one of his own.
他宁愿租车也不愿买车。
6）用prefer…rather than代替prefer…to连接名词的情形偶尔也可见到。如：
Mr. Brunner prefers chemistry rather than physics.
有人认为两者的区别是：prefer…to表示一般的倾向，prefer…rather than则表示在某种具体场合的选择。如:
What shall we have to drink, port or sherry? 我们该喝什么呢？
I should prefer port rather than sherry. 我宁愿和红葡萄酒而不合雪利酒。
7）prefer + that从句
Would you prefer that I come on Monday instead of on Tuesday?
你宁愿让星期一来而不是星期二来吗
I prefer that someone else should do this.
____ is no good trying to solve the issue between the nations by means of war.
填It.It作形式主语.
表语是（of）no use，not any use，not the slightest use，no good，not much good，fun等时，常用动名词（不用不定式）做主语并后置，用it 做形式主语.
例如: It’s no use crying over spilt milk.
动名词可在there be 句型中做主语（不能用不定式），常见形式为“there is no + 动名词”或“there is no / any + 名词+ 动名词”.
例如:
There isn’t any use trying again.
句型是：There is + no + noun + (in) doing something.
12．集体名词作主语主谓一致
1)通常作复数的集体名词
集体名词，如：police, people,cattle,militia,poultry等，
通常作复数，用复数动词。如：
Domestic cattle provide us with milk, beef and hides.
2)通常作不可数名词的集体名词
有些集体名词，如foliage,machinery,equipment,furniture,merchandise,通常作不可数名词，随后的动词用单数。例如：All the machinery in the factory is made in China.
3)既可作单数也可作复数的集体名词
集体名词，如audience, committee, class, crew, family, public, government等，既可作单数，也可作复数用。 The city council is meeting to set its agenda.
4)a committee,etc. of +复数名词
如果主语是由“a committee of /a panel of /a board of +复数名词”构成，随后的动词通常用单数。例如：
A committee of five men and three women is to consider the matter.
13．现在进行时与Always连用(Using the Present Progressive with Always)
1. Mary always leaves for school at 7:45. 在指出现在某个时间的句子中，always 与连用的一般现在进行时用于描述习惯性的或日常的活动。
2. Mary is always leaving her dirty socks on the floor for me to pick up! Who does she think I am? Her maid?
3. I am always/forever/constantly picking up Mary’s dirty socks! 在特殊情况下，讲话人可以将always与现在进行时连用来抱怨，即表达恼火或生气。除always之外，forever与constantly也用于现在进行时表达恼火。现在进行时常与always, continually, constantly 等副词连用，表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作。这种用法常表示说话人的某种感情，如赞扬、遗憾、讨厌或不满等。例如：
He is always asking questions. 他老爱提问题。
He is constantly leaving his things about. 他老是乱扔东西。
You are always saying that sort of thing. 你老爱说那样的话。
15．thanks to\due to\because of\owing to /on account of/、
非谓语动词（动名词与分词）
1、非谓语动词：是一类由动词原形演变而来的表示动作，但又不能构成谓语句子成分的词。
2、非谓语动词的分类：分词、动名词、动词不定式。
（1）动名词：其构成为动词原形ing。它的构成与现在分词完全相同，所以要从两者的用法上区别这两类词。用法：可以被用作句子主语、表语、宾语和同位语。
Eg: (1) Reading affords pleasure. (主语)
(2) The football match between Brazil and China is exciting. (表语)
(3) They enjoyed listening to pop songs very much. (宾语)
(4) My hobby, reading books in bed, remains unchanged. (同位语)
原则：动名词从字面，即语法角度讲，是名词。但是，其本质上仍然具有动作的性质。所以，当使用动名词作动词宾语且需要表达动作的施动者时，可以加上相应的所有格代词或者宾格代词；然而，当它用作句子主语时，若要体现这一点，则只能用所有格代词。
Eg: (1) His giving up smoking is encouraging. (只能用所有格代词)
(2) They enjoyed my/me good cooking. (所有格代词/宾格代词)
（2）分词：分为现在分词和过去分词两大类。现在分词在构成上与动名词完全
相同，而过去分词则在动词后面加-ed构成。同时，还必须详记一些常用的不规则动词的过去式和过去分词。分词在句子中一般用作定语和状语。在详细阐述之前，必须先树立这样一个观念：现在分词表示主动或进行；过去分词表示被动或者完成。这一点是学习分词的根基！
（I）分词作定语：顾名思义，就是分词可以限定或者修饰名词或代词。现在开一个十分简单的例子：a working desk --- a desk for working/a working man --- a man who is/was working 显然，前这是一个动名词，后者是分词。它们同作定语，但性质不同。从中我们可以看到：凡是分词用作定语都是从定语从句转换而来。这是一个基本原则！
Eg: (1) The windows which face south are broken. ---
The windows facing south are broken.
(2) The man who is talking with the teacher is my father. ---
The man talking with the teacher is my father.
(3) The money invested in this project added up to 20 million yuan. ---
The money, which had been invested in this project，added up to 20 million yuan. (4) The meeting to be held this weekend is important. ---
The meeting, which is to be held this weekend is important.
结论1：现在分词作后置定语，表示与主句时态一致的一个经常发生的动作。
结论2：现在分词作后置定语，表示与主句时态一致的一个正在发生的动作。
结论3：过去分词作后置定语，表示被动语态。
结论4：to be 过去分词结构作后置定语，表示即将发生的行为或动作。
原则：一切分词作定语的判断标准就是以上四条，必须牢记！其中，充分体现了“现在分词表示主动或进行；过去分词表示被动或者完成。”的基本思想。所以，要清楚，定语从句和分词作定语只是两种不同的表达方式，本质是相同的！（II）分词作状语：与“分词作定语从定语从句转换而来”如出一辙，分词作状语同样可以看作是从各类状语从句转换而来。分词作状语共7类，分别是：原因、结果、条件、让步、时间、方式和伴随状语。
Eg: (1) Lost in thought, he didn’t even hear her knocking at the door. (原因状语)
(2) He fired, killing two flying birds. (结果状语)
(3) (If) Given more time and money, we could have completed the task. (条件状语)
(4) Doing his homework, the girl was listening to the pop songs. (时间状语)
(5) Gaining much money, he still felt unhappy. (让步状语)
(6) Using negotiation instead of arm force, the two nations eventually solved the border dispute peacefully. (方式状语)
(7) Reading detective books, he lied in bed. (伴随状语)
原则1：由于分词作状语是从状语从句转换而来，故有时为了明确句子的具体含义，可以在从句中出现表示主从关系的连接词，往往连接词位于“分词作状语”之前！
Eg: (1) When doing his homework, the girl was listening to her classical music. (时间状语)
(2) If given more time and money, we could have completed the task. (条件状语)
(3) Although gaining much money, he still felt unhappy. (让步状语)
原则2：分词的逻辑主语必须与主句的主语一致。这一点是最根本的原则！只有当两者一致时，分词作状语才能成立。但是，如果不一致，就不能使用分词作状
语，而要用“分词的独立主格结构”予以代替！
Eg: (1) Using negotiation instead of arm force, the two nations eventually solved the border dispute peacefully. (方式状语) ---
(With) the peaceful means used, the two nations eventually solved the border dispute. 分词独立主格结构，不是一个完整的句子，但却表达了一个完整的意义，大致可以分为以下两类：（1）表示逻辑关系的连接词从句主语分词。
Eg: (1) If the weather permitting, we would go outside for a picnic.
(2) After the work done, we will have a relatively long vacation.
（2）with 名词/主语分词，该结构只能用于表示原因状语！
Eg: (1) With his homework having been done, he went out for playing basketball. (2) With the bridge to be completed, the communication between the two cities will surely be strengthened.
at play 在玩
at the play 在看戏
behind time 迟到
behind the times 落在时代后
by day 在白天
by the day 按日计算
by sea 乘船
by the sea 在海边
in front of 在……(外面的)前面
in the front of 在……(内部的前面)
in charge of 看护,负责
in the charge of 由……看护,由……负责
in secret 秘密地(作状语)
in the secret 知道内情(作表语)
in course of 在……过程中(作表语/后置定语) in the course of 在……期间(作状语)
in red 穿着红衣服
in the red 负债,赤字
of age 成年
of an age (岁数)同年
on fire 着火
on the fire 在考虑中
on occasion 不时地;必要时
on the occasion 在那时
out of question 毫无疑问
out of the question 不可能
to death 十分
to the death 到最后
five of us 我们中的五人(部分)
the five of us 我们五个人(全部)
a yellow and white cat 一只黄白相间的猫
a yellow and a white cat 一只黄猫和一只白猫
in a faimly way 象一家人一样
in the family way 怀孕
die of cold 冻死
die of a cold 感冒而死
have words with 与……争吵
have a word with 与……略谈
keep house 管理家务
keep the house 守在家里
take rest 就寝
take a reat 休息一下
take place 发生
take the place of 代替
独立逐个结构.
1）名词/ 代词+ 分词
The foreign travelers had many talks with the natives, the guide act ing as an interpreter.
He being absent, nothing could be done.
The floor being wet and slippery, we stay outside.
All things considered, I think I ought to award the job to Mrs. Sm ith.
?1.独立主格结构的语法形式是：主语+非谓语动词。
?2. 非谓语动词有三种：（1）to + v.
?（2）v. –ing
?（3）v. –ed
?3. 非谓语动词的特点：
? 1) 时间关系：（1）不定式具有后时性
?（2）–ing 分词具有同时性
?（3）–ed 分词具有先时性
e.g. Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month.
They visited Danxia Mountain yesterday, Miss Lee acting as the tou rist guide.
His work done, he went home.
2）逻辑主语与非谓语动词的关系：
(1) –ing分词表主动
(2) –ed分词表被动
e.g. He being sick in bed, the team had to find a replacement.
Weather permitting, we will go picnicking this weekend.
The friendly match being over, the players of the two countries sho ok hands with each other.
All the tickets sold out, they returned home disappointed.
The dispute settled, the meeting came to an end.
His voice drowned by the noise, the speaker interrupted his lecture.现在你对独立主格的结构了解多少呢?
(1) 找出非谓语动词的逻辑主语
(2)弄清楚非谓语动词与逻辑主语的主被动关系
(3) 弄清楚非谓语动词与主句动词的时间关
/*
我的家人都是工人。
▲▲▲上述(Ⅰ)部分的词以及public，church，audience，mankind，humanity 等通常只有单数形式，也不能直接加a（n）（audience除外）；其中clergy，public, hurch，youth，police等的前面通常要加the。
▲▲▲▲把一个集体名词看作单数或复数，要注意前后一致。如：
The team is famous for its(不能用their) long history.
该对以历史悠久而闻名。
He has joined the football team who are (不可用which is) all famous footballers.
他参加了一个队员全是著名足球选手的那个足球队。
1．语法考题的涉及面宽，近年考题曾经考到：几乎所有词类；三种动词的非谓语形式；各种从句及关系词的用法；动词时态、虚拟语气、情态动词的用法；独立主格，主谓一致，倒装，强调、并列结构等基本语法知识。
2．语法考试的重点突出，语法考试的重点为内容庞杂较难掌握的项目，这些项目还反复出现，如：虚拟语气，状语从句，定语从句，独立主格，情态动词。3．具体考查重点为以上项目中的特殊用法，不常用的情况
1）虚拟语气的考点为：would rather＋that从句＋一般过去时：It is vital ／ necessary／ important／ urgent／ imperative／ desirable／ advisable／ natural ／ essential＋that＋动词原形；It is time／about time／high time＋that＋一般过去时：proposal／suggestion＋that＋动词原形；lest＋that＋should＋动词原形；if only ＋that＋would＋动词原形。
2）状语从句的考点为：非if引导的条件状语从句，此类句子多用at times，provided，so long as，in case，once等来替代if；由even if／so，now that，for all 等引导的让步状语从句；just／hardly...when引导的时间状语从句；more than，as...as，not so much as，the same as，as much as等引导的比较状语从句。
3）独立主格结构多以逻辑主语＋分词的形式出现。
4）情态动词多与完成时形式连用。
5）定语从句重点考查介词＋关系代词（which）和as作为关系代词。
专业四级考试的词汇部分要求考生能灵活正确运用教学大纲语法结构表一至四级的全部内容，熟练掌握教学大纲词汇表中一至四级规定的5000—6000个认知词汇及其最基本的搭配。其考查重点为：
1．动词、名词与介词的搭配如：popular／patient＋with；yield／solution／adapt ／transfer／access＋to；accuse／require＋of；charge＋for；under＋discussion等等。
2．习惯用法如：confess to／set about／be used to＋doing；be supposed to／have ／make sb．＋do等。
3．由同一动词构成的短语如：come，go，set，break等构成的短语。
4．单个的动词，抽象名词，形容词和副词多以近义词、同义词的形式出现。5．介词短语在句中作状语如：in terms of；with the exception of；in vain等，另外还应注意rather than，other than，such as，none／nothing＋but等词在考题中的出现。