毕业论文
中文题目：智能交通灯系统设计
外文题目：DESIGN OF INTELLIGENT TRAFFIC LIGHT S YSTEM
附录A外文文献中文译文
附录B外文文献
毕业设计（论文）共75 页（其中：外文文献及译文23 页）图纸共1 张完成日期2016 年6 月答辩日期2016 年6 月
摘要
随着科学技术的发展，交通运输工具发展也愈来愈快，交通堵塞，交通事故频发，严重影响到人们的正常生活。因此，一个功能完整，运行系统稳定，符合交通正常运行并且人性化的交通灯系统可以为我们的生活带来安全的保障，同时也有利于提高人们出行的便捷。
本文综合叙述了光电传感技术，交通灯的发展现状，在交通灯的基本功能即单片机控制红黄绿灯显示通行或禁行，数码管显示倒计时时间，黄闪等功能基础上，增加了紧急处理按键，应用光电传感器实现车流量检测智能调整时间以及闯红灯报警功能。本文共分为六大部分，交通灯基本知识的介绍，光电开关技术的介绍，智能交通灯总体设计，硬件电路设计，软件设计以及智能交通灯设计的总结。
通过增加车流量检测及闯红灯报警等功能，体现了现代交通灯的智能功能，可以根据检测到的车流量自动调节下一周期绿灯的时间，从而减轻通行压力。关键词：智能交通灯；车流量检测；光电开关
Abstract
With the development of science technology, the development of transportbecomes fast.Traffic jam, frequent traffic accidents have the serious influence onhuman's normal life.A fully functional, stable operation system, conform to the normal operation of traffic and humanized traffic light system can bring us life security, as well as improve the convenience of travel.
This article comprehensively describes thephotoelectric sensor technology , the development and status quo of traffic lights,besides the basic function ofthe chip microcomputer control traffic light shows the people pass or stop, digital tube displays the countdown time, yellow flashing, and other functions, I increase the emergency handling keys, adjusting time with the application of photoelectric sensors for detecting traffic and red light alarm functions. This article is divided into six parts, the introduction of basic knowledge about traffic lights ,the Photoelectric switch technology,the intelligent traffic light overall design, the hardware circuit design, the software design, as well as the summary and prospect of intelligent traffic light design.
By increasing traffic detection and,red light alarm, and other functions,which embodies the modern intelligent function of traffic lights, traffic can be detected according to automatically adjust the next cycle of green light time, so as to alleviate traffic pressure.
Key words:Intelligent traffic lights; Traffic detection; Photoelectric switch
目录
1 绪论 (1)
1.1 研究目的 (1)
1.2 研究意义 (1)
1.3 交通灯发展历史 (2)
1.4 交通灯分类及控制方式 (2)
1.4.1 交通灯分类 (2)
1.4.2 交通灯控制 (4)
1.5 智能交通灯的研究现状 (4)
1.6 预期实现功能 (5)
1.7 主要内容安排 (7)
2 光电传感技术 (8)
2.1 光电开关特点 (8)
2.2 光电开关分类 (8)
2.2.1 按结构分类 (8)
2.2.2 按检测方式分类 (8)
2.3 光电开关的工作原理 (10)
2.4 光电传感器技术应用 (11)
2.5 光电开关使用注意事项 (11)
3 总体设计方案选择 (12)
3.1 控制模块方案选择 (12)
3.2 显示模块方案选择 (13)
3.3 输入模块方案选择 (14)
3.4 传感器模块方案选择 (14)
4 硬件系统设计 (17)
4.1STC89C51 单片机介绍 (17)
4.2 单片机最小系统 (20)
4.2.1 时钟电路 (20)
4.2.2 复位电路 (21)
4.3 显示模块 (22)
4.3.1 发光二极管 (22)
4.3.2 数码管 (23)
4.4 按键模块 (24)
4.5 光电开关模块 (25)
4.6 蜂鸣器模块 (25)
5 软件设计 (27)
5.1 主程序设计 (27)
5.2 子程序设计 (28)
5.2.1 显示子程序设计 (28)
5.2.2 外部中断子程序设计 (29)
5.2.3 定时中断子程序设计 (29)
6 系统仿真 (31)
6.1 仿真软件介绍 (31)
6.2 仿真结果及分析 (31)
7 总结 (38)
致谢 (39)
参考文献 (40)
附录 A 译文 (41)
附录 B 外文文献 (51)
附录 C 硬件电路图 (64)
附录 D 程序代码 (65)
辽宁工程技术大学毕业设计（论文）
1 绪论
本章重点介绍智能交通灯的研究目的、研究意义、以及交通灯的发展过程、交通灯分类及控制方式、智能交通灯的研究现状和预期实现功能。通过这些对智能交通灯这个课题有全面的认识并设计出功能更完善，更人性化的智能交通灯系统。
1.1 研究目的
随着科学技术和经济的发展，人们对交通工具的需求急剧膨胀，交通运输工具发展也愈来愈快，交通堵塞，交通事故频发，严重影响到人们的正常生活。中国每年因交通事故死亡的人约20 万左右，交通安全已然成为人们日益关注的话题。人们急需一个良好的交通运行系统，而交通信号灯作为交通指示和疏导交通系统正常运行的核心工具，对于保障交通安全以及人身安全具有重要作用。因此，关于智能交通灯的设计值得我们就此做深入研究。一个功能完整，运行系统稳定，符合交通正常运行并且人性化的交通灯系统可以为我们的生活带来安全的保障，同时也有利于提高人们出行的便捷。
1.2 研究意义
目前交通灯的基本功能有红、黄、绿灯指示是否允许通行，倒计时显示功能，夜间黄闪模式等。本次设计在这些基本的功能上增加了紧急按键控制、闯红灯报警功能，以及检测车流量以控制红绿灯时间，使得交通灯功能更加完善、更加智能并且更利于出行便利和安全保障。
首先，需要有交通灯的基本功能，即红黄绿灯相互交替，以表示是否允许通过，倒计时功能提示出行人需要继续等待的时间，以及在未通过路口时判断剩余时间是否可以安全通过。黄闪功能可以在夜间车辆较少时减少不必要的漫长等待。其次，当有紧急车辆通过时，为了能够争夺时间，添加紧急车辆通过按键，为紧急车提供便利，挽救一线生机。再次，由于现在车辆多，交通拥堵，司机对于等待红灯比较厌烦，他们总是尽量抢时间通过路口，这样的行为不仅影响交通秩序，更威胁到人身安全。所以，有必要增加闯红灯报警功能，以警示车主慎重行车。最后，设计了通过检测车流量来自动切换红绿灯，在某方向车流量很少时，可以自动缩短该方向绿灯时间，切换为红灯，相应另一方向可以通行。这样的功能体现了如今交通灯功能更加完善，更加智能。
当今社会交通系统面临着各种各样严峻的考验，所以利用现有资源来有效运行，对于人们财产、人身安全和各种利益有重要意义。
孙慧颖：智能交通灯系统设计
1.3 交通灯发展历史
在19 世纪初期，英国中部的约克城，红、绿装分别代表了女性不同的身份。其中，穿着红装的女人表示她已结婚，而穿着绿装的女人表示为未婚者。后来，由于英国伦敦议会大厦前经常会发生马车轧人等事故，故受到红绿装的启发，1868 年12 月10 日，伦敦议会大厦广场上诞生了信号灯家族的第一个成员，由英国的机械师德·哈特设计，其灯柱高约7 米，于其身上挂有一盏红、绿两色的提灯即煤气交通信号灯，这就是城市街道的第一盏信号灯。在此灯的脚下，一位警察手持长杆牵动皮带来转换提灯的颜色。后来设计师在信号灯的中心装上了煤气灯罩，在它前面有两块红、绿玻璃交替着遮挡。不幸的是刚刚面世了23 天的煤气灯突然爆炸，同时一位正在值勤警察因此断送了性命。
从此，城市的交通信号灯时代告一段落。直到1914 年，红绿信号灯才在美国的克利夫兰市率先恢复。不过，这时已成为“电气信号灯”。之后信号灯又在芝加哥和纽约等城市相继重新出现。
随着交通工具的快速发展以及对交通指挥的急切需求，1918 年诞生了第一盏名副其实的三色灯(红、黄、绿三种标志)。该灯是三色圆形四面投影器，安装于纽约市五号街中的一座高塔上，它的诞生使城市交通秩序大大的改善。
我国的胡汝鼎是黄色信号灯的发明者，他怀着“科学救国”的抱负去美国深造，并且作为职员在爱迪生为董事长的美国通用电器公司就职。有一天，他站在十字路口等待绿灯信号时，在红灯刚刚要过去时，一辆汽车急速转弯，呼地一声擦身而过，吓的他一身冷汗。回到宿舍后，他反复的琢磨，最后想到在红绿灯中间再加上一个黄色的信号灯，起到缓冲作用，提醒人们注意危险。他的建议得到了有关方面的肯定。此后红、黄、绿三色信号灯成为了一个完整的指挥信号家族。
1968 年，联合国《道路交通和道路标志信号协定》对各种信号灯含义作出规定。绿灯作为通行信号，面对绿灯的车辆可以直行，可以左转弯或右转弯，除非有另一种标志禁止某一种转向。左右转弯的车辆必须让合法地且正在路口内行驶的车辆和人行横道上的行人优先通行。红灯作为禁行信号，面对红灯的车辆必须于交叉路口的停车线前后停车。黄灯作为警告信号，面对黄灯的车辆不可以越过停车线，但是车辆已十分接近停车线而且不能安全停车的情况下可以进入交叉路口。此后，这一规定在全世界范围内开始通用。1.4 交通灯分类及控制方式
1.4.1 交通灯分类
辽宁工程技术大学毕业设计（论文）
交通信号灯可以分为：机动车信号灯、非机动车信号灯、人行横道信号灯、方向指示指示灯、车道信号灯、闪光警告信号灯、道路与铁路平面交叉道口信号灯。
1）机动车信号灯和非机动车信号灯机动车信号灯是由红色、黄色、绿色三种无图案的圆形单位组成的一组灯，用于指导
机动车通行。
非机动车信号灯则是由红色、黄色、绿色三种内含有自行车形状图案的圆形单位组成的一组灯，用于指导非机动车通行。
绿灯亮时，允许车辆通行，但是转弯的车辆不得妨碍被放行的直行车辆和行人的通行。当黄灯亮时，已经越过停止线的车辆是可以继续通行的。当红灯亮时，则禁止任何车辆通行。
在未设置非机动车信号灯以及人行横道信号灯的路口，所有非机动车和行人都应当按照机动车信号灯的指示选择是否通行。此时红灯亮时，右转弯的车辆若在不妨碍被放行的车辆和行人通行的情况下是可以通行的。
2）人行横道信号灯人行横道指示灯是由内含红色行人站立的图案以及内有绿色行人行走的图案组成的
一组信号灯，用来指导行人通行。绿灯亮时，允许行人通过人行横道。而红灯亮时，禁止行人进入人行横道，但若已经
进入人行横道的行人，可以继续通过或在道路中心线处停留等候。
3）车道信号灯车道信号灯是由叉形图案和箭头图案组成的一组信号灯，用于指导本车道内的车辆按
照指示通行。
绿色箭头灯亮时，允许本车道车辆按指示方向通行。红色叉形灯或者箭头灯亮时，则禁止本车道的车辆通行。
4）方向指示信号灯方向指示信号灯是由红、黄、绿三个内含有箭头图案组成的一组灯，用于指导机动车
按指示的方向通行。箭头方向向左、向上、向右分别来表示左转、直行、右转。5）闪光警告指示灯闪光警告信号灯即持续闪烁的黄灯，用来提示车辆、行人通行时要注意瞭望，确认安
全后即可通过。
6）道路与铁路平面交叉道口信号灯
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
当今时代是一个自动化时代，交通灯控制等很多行业的设备都与计算机密切相关。因此，一个好的交通灯控制系统，将给道路拥挤，违章控制等方面给予技术革新。随着大规模集成电路及计算机技术的迅速发展，以及人工智能在控制技术方面的广泛运用，智能设备有了很大的发展，是现代科技发展的主流方向。本文介绍了一个智能交通的系统的设计。该智能交通灯控制系统可以实现的功能有：对某市区的四个主要交通路口进行控制：个路口有固定的工作周期，并且在道路拥挤时中控制中心能改变其周期：对路口违章的机动车能够即时拍照，并提取车牌号。在世界范围内，一个以微电子技术，计算机和通信技术为先导的，一信息技术和信息产业为中心的信息革命方兴未艾。而计算机技术怎样与实际应用更有效的结合并有效的发挥其作用是科学界最热门的话题，也是当今计算机应用中空前活跃的领域。本文主要从单片机的应用上来实现十字路口交通灯智能化的管理，用以控制过往车辆的正常运作。 研究交通的目的是为了优化运输，人流以及货流。由于道路使用者的不断增加，现有资源和基础设施有限，智能交通控制将成为一个非常重要的课题。但是，智能交通控制的应用还存在局限性。例如避免交通拥堵被认为是对环境和经济都有利的，但改善交通流也可能导致需求增加。交通仿真有几个不同的模型。在研究中，我们着重于微观模型，该模型能模仿单独车辆的行为，从而模仿动态的车辆组。 由于低效率的交通控制，汽车在城市交通中都经历过长时间的行进。采用先进的传感器和智能优化算法来优化交通灯控制系统，将会是非常有益的。优化交通灯开关，增加道路容量和流量，可以防止交通堵塞，交通信号灯控制是一个复杂的优化问题和几种智能算法的融合，如模糊逻辑，进化算法，和聚类算法已经在使用，试图解决这一问题，本文提出一种基于多代理聚类算法控制交通信号灯。 在我们的方法中，聚类算法与道路使用者的价值函数是用来确定每个交通灯的最优决策的，这项决定是基于所有道路使用者站在交通路口累积投票，通过估计每辆车的好处(或收益)来确定绿灯时间增益值与总时间是有差异的，它希望在它往返的时候等待，如果灯是红色，或者灯是绿色。等待，直到车辆到达目的地，通过有聚类算法的基础设施，最后经过监测车的监测。 我们对自己的聚类算法模型和其它使用绿灯模拟器的系统做了比较。绿灯模拟器是一个交通模拟器，监控交通流量统计，如平均等待时间，并测试不同的交通灯控制器。结果表明，在拥挤的交通条件下，聚类控制器性能优于其它所有测试的非自适应控制器，我们也测试理论上的平均等待时间，用以选择车辆通过市区的道路，并表明，道路使用者采用合作学习的方法可避免交通瓶颈。 本文安排如下：第2部分叙述如何建立交通模型，预测交通情况和控制交通。第3部分是就相关问题得出结论。第4部分说明了现在正在进一步研究的事实，并介绍了我们的新思想。
附录 About Modenr Industrial Manipulayor Robot is a type of mechantronics equipment which synthesizes the last research achievement of engine and precision engine, micro-electronics and computer, automation control and drive, sensor and message dispose and artificial intelligence and so on. With the development of economic and the demand for automation control, robot technology is developed quickly and all types of the robots products are come into being. The practicality use of robot not only solves the problems which are difficult to operate for human being, but also advances the industrial automation program. Modern industrial robots are true marvels of engineering. A robot the size of a person can easily carry a load over one hundred pounds and move it very quickly with a repeatability of 0.006inches. Furthermore these robots can do that 24hours a day for years on end with no failures whatsoever. Though they are reprogrammable, in many applications they are programmed once and then repeat that exact same task for years. At present, the research and development of robot involves several kinds of technology and the robot system configuration is so complex that the cost at large is high which to a certain extent limit the robot abroad use. To development economic practicality and high reliability robot system will be value to robot social application and economy development. With he rapid progress with the control economy and expanding of the modern cities, the let of sewage is increasing quickly; with the development of modern technology and the enhancement of consciousness about environment reserve, more and more people realized
毕业论文（设计）外文翻译 题目：昌九一体化背景下的金融一体化研究 一、外文原文 DOES LOCAL FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT MATTER? We study the effects of differences in local financial development within an integrated financial market. We construct a new indicator of financial development by estimating a regional effect on the probability that, ceteris paribus, a household is shut off from the credit market. By using this indicator we find that financial development enhances the probability an individual starts his own business, favors entry, increases competition, and promotes growth of firms. As predicted by theory, these effects are weaker for larger firms, which can more easily raise funds outside of the local area. These effects are present even when we instrument our indicator with the structure of the local banking markets in 1936, which, because of regulatory reasons, affected the supply of credit in the following 50 years. Overall, the results suggest local financial development is an important determinant of the economic success of an area even in an environment where there are no frictions to capital movements. Since the seminal work of King and Levine (1993), a large body of empirical evidence has shown that a country’s level of financial development impacts its ability to grow.1 Much ofthis evidence, however, comes from a period when cross-border capital movements were very limited. In the last decade, international capital mobility has exploded. Private capital flow to emerging market economies have grown from close to nothing in the 1970s, to 170 billion in the 1980s, to 1.3 trillions in the 1990s.2 During the same period the amount of U.S. private equity money invested abroad and the number of foreign firms listed in the United States has experienced a similar growth rate. The phenomenon is so dramatic that many countries have started wondering whether they need a national stock market once their firms can list on NASDAQ. In light of these changes, the question of whether national financial institutions and markets still matter for growth once domestic agents have access to foreign markets has become very important from a policy perspective. Unfortunately, it is a difficult question to answer empirically. The integration of national financial markets is so recent that we lack a sufficiently long time series to estimate its impact in the data. At the same time, the pace of integration is so fast that if we were to establish that national financial development mattered for national growth during the last decade, we could not confidently extrapolate this result to the current decade. To try and assess the relevance for growth of national financial institutions and markets
毕业设计（论文） 外文文献译文及原文 学生：李树森 学号：201006090217 院（系）：电气与信息工程学院 专业：网络工程 指导教师：王立梅 2014年06月10日
JSP的技术发展历史 作者：Kathy Sierra and Bert Bates 来源：Servlet&JSP Java Server Pages(JSP)是一种基于web的脚本编程技术，类似于网景公司的服务器端Java脚本语言—— server-side JavaScript(SSJS)和微软的Active Server Pages(ASP)。与SSJS和ASP相比，JSP具有更好的可扩展性，并且它不专属于任何一家厂商或某一特定的Web服务器。尽管JSP规范是由Sun 公司制定的，但任何厂商都可以在自己的系统上实现JSP。 在Sun正式发布JSP之后，这种新的Web应用开发技术很快引起了人们的关注。JSP为创建高度动态的Web应用提供了一个独特的开发环境。按照Sun的说法，JSP能够适应市场上包括Apache WebServer、IIS4.0在内的85%的服务器产品。 本文将介绍JSP相关的知识，以及JavaBean的相关内容，当然都是比较粗略的介绍其中的基本内容，仅仅起到抛砖引玉的作用，如果读者需要更详细的信息，请参考相应的JSP的书籍。 1.1 概述 JSP(Java Server Pages)是由Sun Microsystems公司倡导、许多公司参与一起建立的一种动态网页技术标准，其在动态网页的建设中有其强大而特别的功能。JSP与Microsoft的ASP技术非常相似。两者都提供在HTML代码中混合某种程序代码、由语言引擎解释执行程序代码的能力。下面我们简单的对它进行介绍。 JSP页面最终会转换成servlet。因而，从根本上，JSP页面能够执行的任何任务都可以用servlet 来完成。然而，这种底层的等同性并不意味着servlet和JSP页面对于所有的情况都等同适用。问题不在于技术的能力，而是二者在便利性、生产率和可维护性上的不同。毕竟，在特定平台上能够用Java 编程语言完成的事情，同样可以用汇编语言来完成，但是选择哪种语言依旧十分重要。 和单独使用servlet相比，JSP提供下述好处： JSP中HTML的编写与维护更为简单。JSP中可以使用常规的HTML：没有额外的反斜杠，没有额外的双引号，也没有暗含的Java语法。 能够使用标准的网站开发工具。即使是那些对JSP一无所知的HTML工具，我们也可以使用，因为它们会忽略JSP标签。 可以对开发团队进行划分。Java程序员可以致力于动态代码。Web开发人员可以将经理集中在表示层上。对于大型的项目，这种划分极为重要。依据开发团队的大小，及项目的复杂程度，可以对静态HTML和动态内容进行弱分离和强分离。 此处的讨论并不是说人们应该放弃使用servlet而仅仅使用JSP。事实上，几乎所有的项目都会同时用到这两种技术。在某些项目中，更适宜选用servlet，而针对项目中的某些请求，我们可能会在MVC构架下组合使用这两项技术。我们总是希望用适当的工具完成相对应的工作，仅仅是servlet并不一定能够胜任所有工作。 1.2 JSP的由来 Sun公司的JSP技术，使Web页面开发人员可以使用HTML或者XML标识来设计和格式化最终
译文资料： 机器人 首先我介绍一下机器人产生的背景，机器人技术的发展，它应该说是一个科学技术发展共同的一个综合性的结果，同时，为社会经济发展产生了一个重大影响的一门科学技术，它的发展归功于在第二次世界大战中各国加强了经济的投入，就加强了本国的经济的发展。另一方面它也是生产力发展的需求的必然结果，也是人类自身发展的必然结果，那么随着人类的发展，人们在不断探讨自然过程中，在认识和改造自然过程中，需要能够解放人的一种奴隶。那么这种奴隶就是代替人们去能够从事复杂和繁重的体力劳动，实现人们对不可达世界的认识和改造，这也是人们在科技发展过程中的一个客观需要。 机器人有三个发展阶段，那么也就是说，我们习惯于把机器人分成三类，一种是第一代机器人，那么也叫示教再现型机器人，它是通过一个计算机，来控制一个多自由度的一个机械，通过示教存储程序和信息，工作时把信息读取出来，然后发出指令，这样的话机器人可以重复的根据人当时示教的结果，再现出这种动作，比方说汽车的点焊机器人，它只要把这个点焊的过程示教完以后，它总是重复这样一种工作，它对于外界的环境没有感知，这个力操作力的大小，这个工件存在不存在，焊的好与坏，它并不知道，那么实际上这种从第一代机器人，也就存在它这种缺陷，因此，在20世纪70年代后期，人们开始研究第二代机器人，叫带感觉的机器人，这种带感觉的机器人是类似人在某种功能的感觉，比如说力觉、触觉、滑觉、视觉、听觉和人进行相类比，有了各种各样的感觉，比方说在机器人抓一个物体的时候，它实际上力的大小能感觉出来，它能够通过视觉，能够去感受和识别它的形状、大小、颜色。抓一个鸡蛋，它能通过一个触觉，知道它的力的大小和滑动的情况。第三代机器人，也是我们机器人学中一个理想的所追求的最高级的阶段，叫智能机器人，那么只要告诉它做什么，不用告诉它怎么去做，它就能完成运动，感知思维和人机通讯的这种功能和机能，那么这个目前的发展还是相对的只是在局部有这种智能的概念和含义，但真正完整意义的这种智能机器人实际上并没有存在，而只是随着我们不断的科学技术的发展，智能的概念越来越丰富，它内涵越来越宽。 下面我简单介绍一下我国机器人发展的基本概况。由于我们国家存在很多其
道路与桥梁专业外文翻译 中英对照 Jenny was compiled in January 2021
本科毕业设计（论文） 专业名称：土木工程专业（道路与桥 梁） 年级班级：道桥08-5班学生姓名： 指导教师： 二○一二年五月十八日 专业外文翻译
Geometric Design of Highways The road is one kind of linear construction used for travel. It is made of the roadbed, the road surface, the bridge, the culvert and the tunnel. In addition, it also has the crossing of lines, the protective project and the traffic engineering and the route facility. The roadbed is the base of road surface, road shoulder, side slope, side ditch foundations. It is stone material structure, which is designed according to route's plane position .The roadbed, as the base of travel, must guarantee that it has the enough intensity and the stability that can prevent the water and other natural disaster from corroding. The road surface is the surface of road. It is single or complex structure built with mixture. The road surface require being smooth, having enough intensity, good stability and anti-slippery function. The quality of road surface directly affects the safe, comfort and the traffic. Highway geometry designs to consider Highway Horizontal Alignment, Vertical Alignment two kinds of linear and cross-sectional composition of coordination, but also pay attention to the smooth flow of the line of sight, etc. Determine the road geometry, consider the topography, surface features, rational use of land and environmental protection factors, to make full use of the highway geometric components of reasonable size and the linear combination. Design The alignment of a road is shown on the plane view and is a series of straight lines called tangents connected by circular. In modern practice it is common to interpose transition or spiral curves between tangents and circular curves.
毕业论文外文文献 Photography Pen Film director and critic Alexander Astruc's comments in today, wrote a famous: "Following a variety of other arts, especially painting, novel, film is rapidly becoming a tool to express ideas. It swept the market, a mall next to the theater's entertainment products. It is a well preserved image of the times methods. Now is gradually becoming a language, that is, the artist can use it to express themselves through a means of thinking, no matter how abstract this idea, or that it is also used as a kind of artists like prose or fiction a form to express their themes. So, I put this new era for film today called "photo pen" era, that era of writing, the use of the camera …… "Silent film attempts to use symbolic links to all the concept and meaning of the expression. We know, Lenovo exist in the image itself, naturally present in the film development process, there is the role of performance in each posture and expression, present in every word of in; also present in the camera movement, this movement linked to a piece of things, to link people and things …… "Obviously, that is, screenwriter making his own films. Or even say that there is no longer what the movie writer. Because, in such films, the playwright and director, there is nothing between significant
英文 Because of the rapid development of our economy resulting in the car number of large and medium-sized cities surged and the urban traffic, is facing serious test, leading to the traffic problem increasingly serious, its basically are behaved as follows: traffic accident frequency, to the human life safety enormous threat, Traffic congestion, resulting in serious travel time increases, energy consumption increase; Air pollution and noise pollution degree of deepening, etc. Daily traffic jams become people commonplace and had to endure. In this context, in combination with the actual situation of urban road traffic, develop truly suitable for our own characteristics of intelligent signal control system has become the main task. Preface In practical application at home and abroad, according to the actual traffic signal control application inspection, planar independent intersection signal control basic using set cycle, much time set cycle, half induction, whole sensor etc in several ways. The former two control mode is completely based on planar intersection always traffic flow data of statistical investigation, due to traffic flow the existence of variable sex and randomicity, the two methods have traffic efficiency is low, the scheme, the defects of aging and half inductive and all the inductive the two methods are in the former two ways based on increased vehicle detector and according to the information provided to adjust cycle is long and green letter of vehicle, it than random arrived adaptability bigger, can make vehicles in the parking cord before as few parking, achieve traffic flowing effect In modern industrial production,current,voltage,temperature, pressure, and flow rate, velocity, and switch quantity are common mainly controlled parameter. For example: in metallurgical industry, chemical production, power engineering, the papermaking industry, machinery and food processing and so on many domains, people need to transport the orderly control. By single chip microcomputer to control of traffic, not only has the convenient control, configuration simple and flexible wait for an advantage, but also can greatly improve the technical index by control quantity, thus greatly improve product quality and quantity. Therefore, the monolithic integrated circuit to the traffic light control problem is an industrial production we often encounter problems. In the course of industrial production, there are many industries have lots of traffic equipment, in the current system, most of the traffic control signal is accomplished by relays, but relays response time is long, sensitivity low, long-term after use, fault opportunity increases greatly, and adopts single-chip microcomputer control, the accuracy of far greater than relays, short response time, software reliability, not because working time reduced its performance sake, compared with, this solution has the high feasibility. About AT89C51 (1)function characteristics description: AT89C51 is a low power consumption, high performance CMOS8 bit micro-controller, has the 8K in system programmable Flash memory. Use high-density Atmel company the beltpassword nonvolatile storage technology and manufacturing, and industrial 80S51 product instructions and pin fully compatible. Chip Flash allow program memory in system programmable, also suitable for conventional programmer. In a single chip, have dexterous 8 bits CPU and in system programmable Flash, make AT89C51 for many embedded control application system provides the high flexible, super efficient solution. AT89C51 has the following standard function: 8k bytes Flash, 256 bytes RAM, 32-bit I/O mouth line, the watchdog timer, two data pointer, three 16 timer/counter, a 6 vector level 2 interrupt structure, full-duplex serial port, piece inside crystals timely clock circuit. In addition, AT89C51 can drop to 0Hz static logic operation, support two software can choose power saving mode. Idle mode, the CPU to stop working, allowing the RAM, timer/counter, serial ports, interruption continue to work. Power lost protection mode, RAM content being saved, has been frozen, microcontroller all work stop, until the next interruption or hardware reset so far. As shown in
道路设计外文翻译 摘要部分的翻译： 各种断面形状钢管混凝土的单轴应力应变关系 K.A.S. Susantha ，Hanbin Ge, Tsutomu Usami* 土木工程学院，名古屋大学, Chikusa-ku ，名古屋464-8603, 日本 收讫于2000年5月31日; 正式校定于2000年12月19日; 被认可于2001年2月14日 ?? 摘要 一种预测受三轴压应力混凝土的完全应力-应变曲线的方法被提出，这种三轴压应力是由环形、箱形和八角形的钢管混凝土中的限制作用导致的轴向荷载加测向压力所产生的。有效的经验公式被用来确定施加于环形钢管混凝土柱内混凝土的侧向压力。FEM（有限元）分析法和混凝土-钢箍交互作用模型已被用来估计施加于箱形和八角形柱的混凝土侧向压版权所有2001 Elsevier科学技术有限公司。 力。接着，进行了广泛的参数研究，旨在提出一个经验公式，确定不同的筒材料和结构特性下的最大平均侧向压力。如此计算出的侧向压力通过一个著名经验公式确定出侧向受限混凝土强度。对于高峰之后的应力-应变关系的确定，使用了有效的试验结果。基于这些测试结果，和近似表达式来推算下降段的斜度和各种断面形状的筒内侧向受限混凝土在确认的混凝土强度下的应变。推算出的混凝土强度和后峰值性能在允许的界限内与测试结果吻合得非常好。所提出的模型可用于包括梁柱构件在内的纤维分析，以确定抗震结构设计中混凝土填充钢柱筒的极限状态的推算标准。? 关键词: 钢管混凝土；限制；混凝土强度；延性；应力应变关系；纤维分析 Uniaxial stress–strain relationship of concrete confined by various shaped steel tubes K.A.S. Susantha, Hanbin Ge, Tsutomu Usami * Department of Civil Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan Received 31 May 2000; received in revised form 19 December 2000; accepted 14 February 2001 Abstract