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4.1.3.7 The Mines Act, 1923
THE MINES ACT, 1923
CONTENT
CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY
SECTIONS
1. Short title, extent and commencement
2. Omitted
3. Definitions
CHAPTER II
INSPECTORS
4. Chief Inspector and Inspectors
5. Functions of Inspectors
6. Powers to Inspectors of Mines
7. Powers of special officer to enter, measure, etc.
8. Facilities to be a afforded to Inspectors
9. Secrecy of information obtained
9A. Secrecy of source of complaint
CHAPTER III
MINING BOARDS AND COMMITTEES
Boards
10. Mining
11. Committees
12. Powers of Mining Boards
13. Recovery of expenses
CHAPTER IV
MINING OPERATIONS AND MANAGEMENT OF MINES
14. Notice to be given of mining operations
15. Managers
16. Duties and responsibilities of owners, agents and managers
CHAPTER V
PROVISION AS TO HEALTH AND SAFETY
17. Conservancy
17A. Canteens
17B. Shelters
appliances
18. Medical
rooms
18A. First-aid
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19.
Powers of Inspectors when causes of danger not expressly provided against exist or when employment of persons is dangerous 20.
Notice to be given of accidents. 21.
Power of Government to appoint court of inquiry in cases of accidents. 22. Publication of reports
CHAPTER VI
HOURS AND LIMITATION OF EMPLOYMENT
22A.
Weekly day of rest 22B.
Hours of work above ground 22C.
Hours of work below ground 22D.
Special provision for night relays 23.
Prohibition of employment of certain persons 23A Repealed 23B
Notices regarding hours of works 23C
Limitation of hours of work for female 24. Supervising staff 25.
Exemption from provisions regarding employment 26. Children 26A
Young persons not to be allowed underground without certificates of fitness 26B
Limitation of working hours for young persons 27.
Disputes as to age 28.
Register of employees 28A
Application of the Chapter 28B
Annual leave with wages 28C Festival holidays
28D
Casual leave and sick leave 28E
Wages during leave or holiday periods 28G Power of Inspector to act for Workers
CHAPTER VII
REGULATIONS, RULES AND BYS LAWS 29.
Power of appropriate Government to make regulations 30.
Power of appropriate Government to make rules 30A
Power of appropriate Government to require rescue stations to be established 31.
Prior publication of regulations and rules 31A
Power to make regulations without previous publication
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32. Bye-laws
33. Posting up of extracts from Act, regulations, etc.
CHAPTER VIII
PENALTIES AND PROCEDURE
34. Obstruction
35. Falsification of records, etc.
36. Omission to furnish plans, etc.
37. Contravention of provisions regarding employment of labour
38. Notice of accidents
39. Disobedience of orders
40. Contravention of law with dangerous results
41. Prosecution of owner, agent or manager
42. Limitation of prosecutions
43. Cognizance of offences
44. Reference to Mining Board or Committee in lieu of prosecution in certain cases
CHAPTER IX
MISCELLANEOUS
45. Decision of question whether a mine is under this Act.
46. Power to exempt from operation of Act
47. Power to alter or rescind orders
48. Application of Act to Government mines
49. Saving
50. Repealed
SCHEDULE Repealed
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ACT NO.IV OF 1923
23rd February 1923
An Act to amend and consolidate the law relating to the regulation
and inspection of mines
WHEREAS it is expedient to amend and consolidate the law relating to the regulation and inspection of mines; It is hereby enacted as follows.—-
CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY
1- Short title, extent and commencement.—
(1) This Act may be called the Mines Act. 1923.
(2) It extends to the whole of Pakistan
(3) It shall come into force on the first day of July, 1924.
2. Omitted.—
3. Definitions.—In this Act, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context.—-
(a) “agent” when used in relation to a mine, means any person appointed or acting as
the representative of the owner in respect of the management of the mine or of any
part thereof, and as such superior to a manager under this Act;
(aa) “appropriate Government” means, in relation to mines of nuclear substances, mineral oil natural gas and liquids and substances declared by Federal Law to be
dangerously inflammable, oilfields and gasfields), the Federal Government and, in
relation to other mines the Provincial Government;
(b) “Chief Inspector” means the Chief Inspector of Mines appointed under this Act;
(c) “child” means a person who has not completed his fifteenth year;
(cc) “day” means a period of twenty four hours beginning at midnight;
(d) a person is said to be “employed” in a mine who works under appointment by or
with the knowledge of the manger, whether for wages or not, in any mining
operation, or in cleaning or oiling any part of any machinery used in or about the
mine, or in any other kind of work whatsoever incidental to, or connected with,
mining operations;
(e) “Inspector” means an Inspector of Mines appointed under this Act, and includes a
District Magistrate when exercising any power or performing any duty of an
Inspector which he is empowered by this Act to exercise or perform;
(f) “mine” means any excavation where any operation for the purpose of searching for
or obtaining minerals has been or is being carried on, and includes all works,
machinery, tramways and sidings, whether above or below ground, in or adjacent
to or belonging to a mine;
Provided that it shall not include any part of such premises on which a
manufacturing process is being carried on unless such process is a process for
coke making or the dressing of minerals;
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(g) “owner”, when used in relation to a mine, means any person who is the immediate
proprietor or lessee or occupier of the mine or of any part thereof, but does not
include a person who merely receives a royalty, rent or fine from the mine, or is
merely the proprietor of the mine subject to any lease, grant or license for the
working thereof, or is merely the owner of the soil and not interested in the minerals
of the mine; but any contractor for the working of a mine or any part thereof shall
be subject to this Act in like manner as if he were an owner, but not so as to
exempt the owner from any liability;
(h) “prescribed” means prescribed by regulations, rules or bye-laws;
(i) “qualified medical practitioner” means any person registered under any Act of the
Central Legislature or any Provincial Legislature providing for the maintenance of a
register of medical practitioners, and includes, in any area where no such last
mentioned Act is in force, any person declared by the appropriate Government by
notification in the official Gazette, to be a qualified medical practitioner for the
purposes of this Act;
(j) “regulations”, “rules” and “bye-laws” means respectively regulations, rules and bye-laws made under this Act;
(jj) where work of the same kind is carried out by two or more sets of workers working during different periods of the day, each of such sets is called a ‘relay’ and the
period for which it works is called a ‘shift’;
(k) “serious bodily injury” means any injury which involves, or in all probability will involve, the permanent loss of the use of, or permanent injury to, any part of the
body or the permanent loss of or injury to the sight or heating, or the fracture of any
part of the body or the enforced absence of the injured person from work for a
period exceeding twenty days; and
(l) “week” means the period between midnight on Saturday night and midnight on the succeeding Saturday night.
CHAPTER II
INSPECTORS
4- Chief Inspector and Inspectors.—
(1) The appropriate Government may, by notification in the official Gazette, appoint a
duly qualified person to be Chief Inspector of Mines for the whole of Pakistan or for
the Province, as the case may be, and duly qualified persons to be Inspectors of
Mines subordinate to the Chief Inspector.
(2) No person shall be appointed to the Chief Inspector or an Inspector, or having
been appointed shall continue to hold such office who is or becomes directly or
indirectly interested in any mine or mining rights in Pakistan.
(3) The District Magistrate may exercise the powers and perform the duties of an
Inspector subject to the general or special orders of the appropriate Government;
Provided that nothing in this sub-section shall be deemed to empower a District
Magistrate to exercise any of the powers conferred by section 19 or section 32.
(4) The Chief Inspectors and every Inspector shall be deemed to be a public servant
within the meaning of the Pakistan Penal Code.
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5- Functions of Inspectors.—
(1) The Chief Inspector may, by order in writing, prohibit or restrict the exercise by any
Inspector named, or any class of Inspectors specified, in the order of any power
conferred on the Inspectors by this Act, and shall, subject as aforesaid, declare the
local area or areas within which, or the group or class of mines with respect to
which, Inspectors shall exercise their respective powers.
(2) The Inspector shall give information to owners, agents and managers of mines,
situate within the local area or areas or belonging to the group or class of mines, in
respect of which he exercises powers under sub-section (1) as to all regulation and
rules which concern them respectively and as to the places where copies of such
regulations and rules may be obtained.
6. Powers of Inspectors of Mines.— The Chief Inspector and any Inspector may.—-
(a) make such examination and inquiry as he thinks fit in order to ascertain whether
the provisions of this Act and of the regulation, rules and bye-laws and of any
orders made thereunder are observed in the case of any mine;
(b) with such assistance (if any) as he thinks fit, enter, inspect and examine any mine
or any part thereof
(c) examine into, and make inquiry respecting, the state and condition of any mine or
any part thereof, the ventilation of the mine, the sufficiency of the bye-laws for the
time being in force relating to the mine, and all matters and things connected with
or relating to the safety health and welfare of the persons employed in the mine.
(d) take, whether on the precincts of the mine or elsewhere, statement of any person
which he may consider necessary for carrying out the purposes of this Act;
Provided that no one shall be required under this section to answer or give any
evidence tending to criminate himself;
(e) require the production of any books, registers or other documents, the keeping of
which is prescribed, in order to see that they are in conformity with the provisions of
this Act and rules and regulations framed thereunder and take into his custody, or
make copies of, or extracts from any such book register or other document;
(f) after informing the manager of a mine or his representative, take or remove, for the
purpose of analysis samples of materials and substances used or handled in the
mine;
7. Powers of special officer to enter, measure etc.— Any person in the service of the
State duly authorised, by a special order in writing of the Chief Inspector or of an Inspector in this behalf may, for the purpose of surveying, leveling or measuring in any mine, after giving not less than three days’ notice to the manager of such mine, enter the mine and may survey, level or measure the mine or any part thereof at any reasonable time by day or night, but not so as unreasonably to impede or obstruct the working of the mine;
Provided that no such notice need be given if, for reasons to be recorded, the Chief Inspector or Inspector is of opinion that there is an emergency.
8. Facilities to be afforded to inspectors.— Every owner, agent and manager of a mine
shall afford the Chief Inspector and every Inspector and every person authorised under section 7 all reasonable facilities for making any entry; inspector, survey, measurement, examination or inquiry under this Act.
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9- Secrecy of Information obtained.—
(1) All copies of and extracts from, registers or other records appertaining to any mine,
and all other information acquired by the Chief Inspector or an Inspector or by any
one assisting him, in the course of the inspection of any mine under this Act or
acquired by any person authorised under section 7 in the exercise of his duties
thereunder, shall be regarded as confidential and shall not be disclosed to any
person other than a Magistrate or a Commissioner for Workmen’s Compensation
appointed under this Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1923, or an official superior or
the owner, agent or manager of the mine concerned unless the Chief Inspector or
the Inspector considers disclosure necessary to ensure the safety of any persons.
(2) If the Chief Inspector, or an Inspector or any other person referred to in sub-section
(1) disclose contrary to the provisions of sub-section (1), any such information as
aforesaid without the consent of the appropriate Government, he shall be guilty of a
breach of official trust, and shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which
may extend to one year, or with fine, or with both.
(3) No court shall proceed to the trial of any offence under this section 35except with
the previous sanction of the 36appropriate Government.
9A- Secrecy of source of complaint.— The Chief Inspector or an Inspector shall treat as absolutely confidential the source of any complaint bringing to his notice a defect or breach of any provision of this Act or any rules or regulations made thereunder and shall not give any intimation to the owner of the mine or his representative that a visit of inspection was made in consequence of the receipt of such a complaint.
CHAPTER III
MINING BOARDS AND COMMITTEE
10- Mining Boards .—
(1) The appropriate Government may constitute for any part of Pakistan or as the case
may be of the Province or for any group or class of mines, a Mining Board
consisting of.—-
(a) a person in the service of the State, not being the Chief Inspector or an
Inspector, nominated by the appropriate Government to act as Chairman;
(b) the Chief Inspector or an Inspector;
(c) a person not being the Chief Inspector or an Inspector, nominated by the
appropriate Government;
(d) two persons nominated by owners of mines or their representatives in such
manner as may be prescribed;
(e) two persons to represent the interest of miners, who shall be nominated in
accordance with the following provisions.—-
(i) if there are one or more registered trade unions having in the aggregate
as members not less than one quarter of the miners, the said persons
shall be nominated by such trade union or trade unions in such manner
as may be prescribed;
(ii) if sub-clause (i) is not applicable and there are one or more registered
trade unions having in the aggregate as members not less than 1,000
miners, one of the said persons shall be nominated by such trade union
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or trade unions in such manner as may be prescribed and the other by
the 45appropriate Government;
(iii) if neither sub-clause (i) nor sub-clause (ii) is applicable, the said
persons shall be nominated by the appropriate Government.
Explanation.—-In this clause ‘minor’ means a person employed otherwise than in a position of supervision or management in any of the mines for which the Mining
Board is constituted.
(2) The chairman shall appoint a person to act as secretary to the Board.
(3) The appropriate Government may give directions as to the payment of travelling
expenses incurred by the secretary or any member of any such Mining Board in the
performance of his duty as such secretary or member.
11- Committees.—
(1) Where under this Act any question relating to a mine is referred to a Committee,
the Committee shall consist of.—-
(a) a chairman nominated by the appropriate Government or by such officer or
authority as the appropriate Government may authorise in this behalf;
(b) a person nominated by the chairman and qualified by experience to dispose of
the question referred to the Committee; and
(c) two persons of whom one shall be nominated by the owner, agent or manager
of the mine concerned and the other shall be nominated by the appropriate
Government to represent the interests of the persons employed in the mine.
(2) No Inspector or person employed in or in the management of any mine concerned
shall serve as chairman or member of a Committee appointed under this section.
(3) Where an owner, agent or manager fails to exercise his power of nomination under
clause (c) of sub-section (1), the Committee may, notwithstanding such failure,
proceed inquire into and dispose of the matter referred to it.
(4) The Committee shall hear and record such information as the Chief Inspector or
the Inspector, or the owner, agent or manager of the mine concerned, ma please
before it, and shall intimate its decision to the Chief Inspector or the Inspector and
to the owner, agent or manager of the mine, and shall report its decision to the
appropriate Government.
(5) On receiving such report the appropriate Government shall pass orders in
conformity therewith unless the Chief Inspector or the owner, agent or manager of
the mine has lodged an objection to the decision of the Committee, in which case
the 1appropriate Government may proceed to review such decision and to pass
such orders in the matter as it may think fit. If an objection is lodged by the Chief
Inspector, notice of the same shall forthwith be given to the owner, agent or
manager of the mine.
(6) The appropriate Government may give directions as to the remuneration, if any, to
be paid to the members of the Committee or any of them, and as to the payment of
the expenses of the inquiry including such remuneration.
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12- Powers of Mining Boards.—
(1) Any Mining Board constituted under section 10 and any Committee constituted
under section 11 may exercise such of the powers of an Inspector under this Act as
it thinks necessary or expedient to exercise for the purpose of deciding or reporting
upon any matter referred to it.
(2) Every Mining Board constituted under section 10 and every Committee appointed
under section 11 shall have the powers of a Civil Court under the Code of Civil
Procedure, 1908 for the purposes of enforcing the attendance of witnesses and
compelling the production of documents and material objects; and every person
required by any such Mining Board or Committee to furnish information before it
shall be deemed to be legally bound to do so within the meaning of Section 176 of
the Pakistan Penal Code
13. Recovery of expenses.— The appropriate Government may direct that the expenses of
any inquiry conducted by a Mining Board constituted under section 10 or by a Committee appointed under section 11 shall be borne in whole or in part by the owner or agent of the mine concerned, and the amount so directed to be paid may, on application by the Chief Inspector or an Inspector to a Magistrate having jurisdiction at the place where the mine is situated or where such owner or agent is for the time being resident, be recovered by the distress and sale of any moveable property within the limits of the Magistrates’ jurisdiction belonging to such owner or agent.
CHAPTER IV
MINING OPERATIONS AND MANAGEMENT OF MINES
14.– Notice before commencement of mining operations.—
(1) The owner, agent or manager of a mine shall, in the case of an existing mine within
one month from the commencement of the Mines (Amendment) Ordinance, 1973,
or in the case of proposed mining operations, not less than fifteen days before the
commencement of such operations, give to the Chief Inspector and the District
Magistrate of the district in which the mine is situated or the operations will
commence notice in writing in such form and containing such particulars as maybe
prescribed.
(2) If the proposed operations in respect of which notice is given under sub-section (1)
are not commenced within sixty days from the date on which the notice was given,
the said notice shall be deemed to have expired and no operations shall
commence except after such notice has been given in accordance with that sub
section.
15. – Managers.—
(1) Save as may be otherwise prescribed, every mine shall be under one manager
who shall have the prescribed qualifications and shall be responsible for the
control. management and direction of the mine, and the owner or agent of every
mine shall appoint himself or some other person, having such qualifications, to be
such manager.
(2) If any mine is worked without there being a manager for the mine as required by sub-
section (1), the owner and agent shall each be deemed to have contravened the
provisions of this section.
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16- Duties and responsibilities of owners, agents and managers.—
(1) The owner, agent and manager of every mine shall be responsible that all
operations on in connection therewith are conducted in accordance with the
provisions of this Act and of the regulations, rules and bye-laws and of any orders
made thereunder.
(2) In the event of any contravention of any such provisions by any person
whomsoever, the owner, agent and manager of the mine shall each be deemed
also to be guilty of such contravention unless he proves that he had taken all
reasonable means, by publishing and to the best of his power enforcing those
provisions to prevent such contravention.—
Provided that the owner or agent shall not be so deemed if he proves.—-
(a) that he was not in the habit of taking, and did not in respect of the matter in
question take, any part in the management of the mine; and
(b) that he had made all the financial and other provisions necessary to enable
the manager to carry out his duties; and
(c) that the offence was committed without his knowledge, consent or
connivance.
(3) Save as herein before provided, it shall not be a defence in any proceedings
brought against an owner or agent of a mine under this section that a manager of
the mine has been appointed in accordance with the provisions of this Act.
CHAPTER V
PROVISIONS AS TO HEALTH AND SAFETY
17. Conservancy.— There shall be provided and maintained for every mine latrine and urinal
accommodation of such kind and on such scale, and such supply of water fit for drinking,
as may be prescribed.
17A. Canteens.— At every mine wherein more than one hundred persons are ordinarily
employed, a canteen of such standard as may be prescribed shall be provided for the use
of persons employed therein.
17B. Shelters.— There shall be provided and maintained for use of persons working above
ground in a mine, during intervals for rest, shelters of such standard and on such scale as
may be prescribed.
18. Medical appliances.— At every mine such supply of ambulances or stretchers, and of
splints, bandages and other medical requirements, as may be prescribed, shall be kept
ready at hand in convenient place and in good and serviceable order.
18A. First Aid rooms.— At every mine in respect of which the appropriate Government may,
by notification in the official Gazette, declare this section to apply, there shall be provided
first-aid rooms of such size, with such equipment and in charge of such medical and
nursing staff as may be prescribed.
19-
Powers of inspectors when causes of danger not expressly provided against exist
or when employment of persons is dangerous.—
(1) If, in any respect which is not provided against by any express provision of this Act
or of the regulations, rules or bye-laws or of any orders made thereunder, it
appears to the Chief Inspector or the Inspector that any mine, or any part thereof or
any matter, thing or practice in or connected with the name, or with the control,
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management or direction thereof, is dangerous to human life healthor safety, or defective so as to threaten, or tend to, the bodily injury of any person, he may give notice in writing thereof to the owner, agent or manager of the mine, and shall state in the notice the particulars in which he considers the mine, or part thereof, or the matter, thing or practice to be dangerous or defective and require the same to be remedied which such time as he may specify in the notice.
(1A) Without prejudice to the generality of the provisions contained in sub-section (1), the Chief Inspector or the Inspector may, in any area to which the appropriate Government may by notification in the official Gazette declare that this sub-section applies, by order in writing addressed to the owner, agent or manager of a mine;
prohibit the extraction or reduction of pillars in any part of the mine if, in his opinion, such operation is likely to cause the crushing of pillars or the premature collapse of any part of the workings or otherwise endanger the mine, or if, in his opinion, adequate provision against the outbreak of fire or flooding has not been made by providing for the sealing off and isolation of the part of the mine in which such operation is contemplated and for restricting the area that might be affected by a fire or flooding, and the provisions of sub-section (3), (4), (5) and (6) shall apply to an order made under this sub-section as they apply to an order made under sub-section (2).
(2) If the Chief Inspector or an Inspector authorized on his behalf by general or special
order in writing by the Chief Inspector is of opinion that there is urgent and immediate danger to the life health or safety of any person employed in any mine or part thereof, he may, by an order in writing containing a statement of the grounds of his opinion, prohibit, until the danger is removed, the employment in or about the mine or part thereof any person whose employment is not in his opinion reasonably necessary for the purpose of removing the danger.
(3) Where an order has been made under sub-section (2) by an Inspector, the owner,
agent or manage of the mine may, within ten days after the receipt of the order, appeal against, the same to the Chief Inspector who may confirm, modify or cancel the order.
(4) The Chief Inspector or the Inspector making a requisition under-section (1) or an
order under sub-section (2), and the Chief Inspector making as order (other than an order of cancellation) in appeal under sub-section (3), shall forthwith report the same to the appropriate Government and shall inform the owner, agent or manager of the mine that such report has been so made.
(5) If the owner, agent or manager of the mine objects to a requisition made under
sub-section (1) or to an order made by the Chief Inspector under sub-section (2), or sub-section (3), he may, within twenty days after the receipt of the notice containing the requisition or of the order or after the date of the decision of the appeal, as the case may be send his objection in writing stating the grounds thereof, to the appropriate Government which shall refer the same to a Committee.
(6) Every requisition made under sub-section (1), or order made under sub-section (2),
or sub-section (3) to which objection is made under sub-section (5), shall be complied with pending the receipt at the mine of the decision of the Committee.
Provided that the Committee may, on the application of the owner, agent or manager, suspend the operation of a requisition under sub-section (1) pending its decision on the objection.
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(7) Nothing in this section shall affect the powers of a Magistrate under section 144 of
the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898.
20- Notice to be given of accident.—
(1) Wherever there occurs in or about a mine.—-
(a) an accident causing loss of life or serious bodily injury, or
(b) an accidental explosion, ignition, spontaneous heating, outbreak of fire or
eruption or inrush of water or other liquid matter, or
(c) an influx of inflammable or nonxious gases, or
(d) a breakage of ropes, chains or other gear by which persons or materials are
lowered or raised in a shaft or an incline, or
(e) an overwinding of cages or other means of conveyance in any shaft while
persons or materials are being lowered or raised, or
(f) an electric shock or burn caused by contact with a conductor carrying more
than 25 volts, or
(g) any other accident that may be prescribed.
the owner, agent or manager of the mine shall give notice of the occurrence to
such authorities, in such form and within such time as may be prescribed.
(1A) Where a notice given under sub-section (1) relates to an accident causing loss of life, the Inspector shall make, or, where the authority receiving the notice is one
other than the Inspector, that authority shall cause the Inspector to make, an
inquiry into the occurrence as early as possible on receipt of such notice or on
information received otherwise.
(1B) When an accident causing loss of life occurs, the place of the accident shall not be disturbed or tampered with for three clear days from the date of such accident
unless the Inspector has earlier inspected it or given intimation that it is not
proposed to make an inquiry.—
Provided that the place of accident may be disturbed if it is necessary for securing the safety of the mine or the persons employed therein, subject to the following conditions.—-
(a) the decision that it is necessary to disturb the place must be taken by the manager;
(b) the disturbances must not prejudice subsequent investigation;
(c) the workers’ representative must have reasonable opportunity to inspect the place
if he wishes;
(d) an accurate plan must be made, and copies thereof made available to the
Inspector and the workers, representative, and
(e) everything which is relevant to the accident must be preserved, as far as possible,
in the condition in which it was at the time of the accident.
(2) The appropriate Government may, by notification in the official Gazette, direct that
accidents other than those specified in sub-section (1) which cause bodily injury
resulting in the enforced absence from work of the person injured for a period
exceeding forty-eight hours, shall be entered in a register in the prescribed form or
shall be subject to the provisions of sub-section (1).
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(3) A copy of the entries in the register referred to in sub-section (2) shall be sent by
the owner, agent or manager of the mine, within fourteen days after the 30th day of
June and the 31st day of December in each year, to the Chief Inspector.
20A- Notice of occupational diseases .—
(1) Where any person employed in a mine contracts or it believed to have contracted
any disease notified by the appropriate Government in the official Gazette as an
occupational disease peculiar to any mining operation, the owner, agent or
manager of the mine, as the case may be, shall send notice thereof to the Chief
Inspector and to such other authorities in such form and within such time as may
be prescribed.
(2) The appropriate Government may, by order, appoint such qualified medical
practitioners on such terms and conditions as it thinks fit to be certifying doctors for
the purpose of the section within such local limits as it may specify in the order.
(3) If the Chief Inspector or an Inspector has reason to believe that any person working
in a mine has contracted a disease notified under sub-section (1), he may refer that
person to the certifying doctor for his opinion.
(4) If any qualified medical practitioner attends on a person who is or has been
employed in a mine and who is or is believed by the medical practitioner to be
suffering from any disease notified under sub-section (1), the medical practitioner
shall without delay send a report in writing to the Chief Inspector stating.—-
(a) the name and address of the patient;
(b) the disease from which the patient is or is believed to be suffering; and
(c) the name and address of the mine in which the patient is or was last
employed.
(5) Where the report under sub-section (4) is confirmed to the satisfaction of the Chief
Inspector by the certificate of a certifying doctor that the person is suffering from a
disease notified under sub-section (1), the Chief Inspector shall pay to the medical
practitioner such fee as may be prescribed, and the fee so paid shall be
recoverable as an arrear of land revenue from the owner, agent or manager of the
mine in which the person contracted the disease.
(6) The Chief Inspector or an Inspector, if so advised by the certifying doctor, may
direct the owner, agent or manager of the mine to shift for any specified period a
person who has contracted an occupational disease to such working place where
there is less or no danger of aggravation of the disease;.
21- Power of Government to appoint Court of inquiry in cases of accidents.—
(1) When any accidental explosion, ignition, outbreak of fire or irruption of water or
other accident has occurred in or about any mine, the appropriate Government, if it
is of opinion that a formal inquiry into the causes of, and circumstances attending
the accident ought to be held, may appoint a competent person to hold such
inquiry, and may also appoint any person or persons possessing legal or special
knowledge to act as assessor or assessors in holding the inquiry.
(2) The person appointed to hold any such inquiry shall have all the powers of a Civil
Court under the Code of Civil Procedure 1908, for the purpose of enforcing the
attendance of witnesses and compelling the production of documents and material
objects; and every person required by such person as aforesaid to furnish any
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information shall be deemed to be legally bound to do so within the meaning of
section 176 of the Pakistan Penal Code.
(3) Any person holding an inquiry under this section may exercise such of the powers
of an Inspector under this Act as he may think it necessary or expedient to exercise
for the purposes of the inquiry.
(4) The person holding an inquiry under this section shall make a report to the
appropriate Government stating the causes of the accident and its circumstances,
and adding any observations which he or any of the assessors may think fit to
make.
Reports.— The appropriate Government may cause any report submitted of
22. Publication
by a Committee under section 11 and shall cause every report submitted by a court of inquiry under section 21 to be published at such time and in such manner as it may think fit.
CHAPTER VI
HOURS AND LIMITATION OF EMPLOYMENT
22A. Weekly days of rest.— No person shall be allowed to work in mine on more than six days in any one week.
22B- Hours of work above ground.—
(1) A person employed above ground in a time shall not be allowed to work for more
than forty eight hours in any week or for more than eight hours in any day.
(2) The periods of work of any such person shall be so arranged that, along with his
intervals for rest, they shall not in any day spread over more than ten and a half
hours, and that he shall not work for more than five hours before he has had an
interval for rest of at least half an hour.
(3) Persons belonging to two or more relays shall not be allowed to do work of the
same kind above ground at the same moment;
Provided that for the purposes of this sub-section persons shall not be deemed to
belong to separate relays by reason only of the fact that they receive their intervals
for rest at different times.
22C- Hours of work below ground.—
(1) A person employed below ground in a mine shall not be allowed to work for more
than eight hours in any day.
(2) Work of the same kind shall not be carried on below ground in any mine for a
period spreading over more than 1eight hours in any day except by a system of
relays so arranged that the periods of work for each relay are not spread over more
than eight hours.
(3) No person employed in a mine shall be allowed to be in any part of the mine below
ground except during the periods of work shown in respect of him in the register
kept under sub-section (1) of section 28.
22D. Special provision for night relays.— Where a worker works in a relay whose period of work extends over midnight, the ensuing day for him shall be deemed to be the period of twenty-four hours beginning at the end of the period of work fixed for the relay, and the hours he has worked after midnight shall be counted towards the previous day.
14 Environmental Law in Pakistan I Federal
04 I Processes and Institutions 23. Prohibition of employment of certain persons.— No person shall be allowed to work
in a mine who has already been working in any other mine within the preceding twelve hours.
Limitation of working hours Rep. by the Indian Mines (Amendment) Act. 23A Repealed.—
1935 (V of 1935), s.8.
23B- Notices regarding hours of works.—
(1) The manager of every mine shall cause to be posted outside the office of the mine
a notice in the prescribed form stating the time of the commencement and of the
end of work at the mine and, if it is proposed to work by a system of relays, the
time of the commencement and of the end of work for each relay. The notice shall
also state the time of the commencement and of the end of the intervals for rest
fixed for persons employed above ground.A copy of each such notice shall be sent
to the Chief Inspector, if he so requires.
(2) In the case of a mine at which mining operations commence after the 14th day of
April, 1930, the notice referred to in sub-section (1) shall be posted not less than
seven days before the commencement of work.
(3) Where it is proposed to make any alteration in the time fixed for the
commencement or for the end of work in the mine generally or for any 82relay or in
the rest intervals fixed for persons employed above ground an amended notice in
the prescribed form shall be posted outside the office of the mine not less than
seven days before the change is made, and a copy of such notice shall be sent to
the Chief Inspector not less than seven days before such change
(4) No person shall be allowed to work in a mine otherwise than in accordance with the
notice required by sub-section (1).
23C- Employment of women.—
(1) No woman shall be employed in any part of a mine which is below ground.
(2) No woman shall be allowed to work in a mine above ground between the hours of 7
P.M and 6 A.M.
(3) The provisions of this section shall not apply to women who do not perform
manual work and are.—
(a) holding positions of managerial or technical character, or
(b) employed in health and welfare services
Nothing in section 22B, section 22C, section 23, sub-section (4) of 24. Supervising
staff.—
section 23B or in section 23C shall apply to persons who may be rules be defined to be persons holding responsible positions of a managerial or technical character or employed in health and welfare services or employed in any confidential capacity.
25. Exemption from provisions regarding employment.—
(1) In case of an emergency involving serious risk to the safety of the mine or of
persons employed therein, the manager may, subject to the provisions of section
19, permit persons to be employed in contravention of section 22A, section 22B,
section 22C, section 23 or sub-section (4) of section 23B on such work as may be
necessary to protect the safety of the mine or of the persons employed therein;
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16
Environmental Law in Pakistan I Federal
Provided that, where such occasion arises a record of the fact shall immediately be
made by the manager and shall be placed before the Chief Inspector or the
Inspector at his next inspection of the mine.
(2) When as a result of grant of an exemption to any mine from the provisions of
section 23A, any person employed therein is deprived of any of the weekly days of
rest, he shall be allowed within two months from the date on which the weekly day
of rest was due, compensatory days of rest equal in number to the days of rest of
which he has been deprived.
(3) In case of prescribed processes which are required by their nature to be carried on
continuously by a succession of shifts, the limit of hours of work provided in section
22B or section 22C may, with the prior approval of the Chief Inspector be raised to
not more than fifty-six hours in any week or ten hours in any day.
(4)
In exceptional cases of pressure of work, the Chief Inspector may grant temporary
exemption to a mine from the provisions of section 22A, section 22B or section 22C
for a period not exceeding ninety days in any calendar year, within the maximum
limits of .—-
(a) ten hours of work in any one day, and
(b) twelve hours of spread over, inclusive of intervals for rest or meal, in any one
day.
(5) Subject to the maximum limits specified in sub-section (4), the appropriate
Government may, by order, grant permanent exemption, to such extent and subject
to such conditions as may be specified in the order to a class of workers engaged
either on preparatory or complementary work which must necessarily by carried on
outside the mines or on work which is essentially intermittent.
25A- Extra wages for overtime.—
(1) Where in mine a person works for more than eight hours in any day or works for
more than forty-eight hours in any week, whether above ground or below ground,
be shall in respect of such overtime work be entitled to wages at the rate of twice
his ordinary rate of wages, the period of overtime work being calculated on a daily
basis or weekly basis, whichever is more favourable to him. Explanation.— In this sub-section, ‘ordinary rate of wages’ means all remuneration
capable of being expressed in terms of money which would, if the terms of contract
of employment, express or implied, were fulfilled, by payable to a worker in respect
of his employment or of work done in such employment, but does not included.—-
(i) the value of any house-accommodation, supply of light, water, medical
attendance or other amenity;
(ii) any contribution paid by the owner to any pension fund or provident fund;
(iii) any travelling allowance or the value of travelling concession;
(iv) any sum paid to the person employed to defray special expenses entailed on
him by the nature of his employment; or
(v) any gratuity, bonus, overtime allowance or share in profits of the mine.
(2) Where any person employed in a mine is paid on a piece rate basis, the
appropriate Government, in consultation with the employer concerned and the
representatives of the persons employed in the mine, may, for the purposes of this
04 I Processes and Institutions
section, fix time rates as nearly as possible equivalent to the average rate of
earnings of the persons so employed, and the rates so fixed shall be deemed to be
the ordinary rates of wages of such persons.
(3) The appropriate Government may prescribe the registers that shall be maintained
in a mine for the purpose of securing compliance with the provisions of this section.
No child shall be employed in a mine, or be allowed to be present in any part 26. Children.—
of a mine which is below ground.
26A. Young persons not to be allowed underground without certificate of fitness.— No person who has not completed his seventeenth year shall be employed in any part of a mine unless.—-
(a) a certificate of fitness in the prescribed form and granted to him by a qualified
medical practitioner is in the custody of the manager of the mine, and
(b) he carries while at work a token giving a reference to such certificate.
26B. Limitation of working hours for young persons.— No person who has not completed his seventeenth year shall be permitted to work in any part of a mine, either below ground or above ground, unless the hours of work of such person for any day are so fixed as to allow an interval of rest of at least twelve consecutive hours which shall include at least such seven consecutive hours between the hours of 7 P.M. and 7 A.M. as may be prescribed.—
Provided that nothing in this section shall apply to any such person while employed or permitted to work in any mine as an apprentice or for the purposes of receiving vocational training in such circumstances and in accordance with such conditions as may be prescribed;
Provided further that such person while so employed or permitted to work, shall be granted a rest period of at least thirteen consecutive hours between two working periods. 27- Disputes as to age.—
(1) If any question arises between the Chief Inspector or the Inspector and the
manager of any mine as to whether any person is a child or has not completed his
seventeenth year, the question shall, in the absence of a certificate as to the age of
such person granted in the prescribed manner be referred by the Chief Inspector or
the Inspector for decision to a qualified medical practitioner.
(2) Every certificate as to the age of a person which has been granted in the
prescribed manner and any certificate granted by a qualified medical practitioner
on a reference under sub-section (1) shall, for the purposes of this Act, be
conclusive evidence as to the age of the person to whom it relates.
28- Register of employees .—
(1) For every mine there shall be kept in the prescribed form and place a register of all
persons employed in the mine showing in respect of each such person.—-
(a) name, date of birth and the nature of his employment
(b) the periods of work fixed for him
(c) the intervals for rest, if any, to which he is entitled
(d) the days of rest to which he is entitled, and
(e) where work is carried on by a system of relays, the relay to which he belongs.
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(2) The entries in the register prescribed by sub-section (1) shall be such that workers
working in accordance therewith would not be working in contravention of any of
the provisions of this Chapter.
(3) No person shall be employed in a mine until the particulars required by sub-section
(1) have been recorded in the register in respect of such person and no person
shall be employed except during the period of work shown in respect of him in the
register.
(4) For every mine to which the appropriate Government may, by general or special
order, declare this sub-section to be applicable, there shall be kept in the
prescribed form and place a register which shall show at any moment the name of
every person then working below ground in the mine.
CHAPTER VI
LEAVE AND HOLIDAYS WITH WAGES
28A- Application of the Chapter.— Nothing in this chapter shall affect any right or privilege to which a person employed in a mine has been entitled on the date of coming into force of the Mines (Amendment) Ordinance, 1973, under any existing law or under any award, agreement, settlement, contract, custom or usage if such right or privilege is more favourable to him, nor shall such right or privilege be combined with or be in addition to, the benefits under the provisions of this Chapter.
28B- Annual leave with wages.—
(1) Every person who has completed one year of continous service in a mine shall be
allowed during the subsequent period of twelve months leave with wages for a
number of days calculated at the rate of ——
(a) one day for every seventeen days of work performed below ground during the
previous period of twelve months;
(b) one day for every twenty days of work performed above ground during the
previous period of twelve months.
Provided that a period of leave shall be inclusive of any holiday which may occur
during such period.
(2) If a person employed in a mine does not, in any such period of twelve months, take
the leave to which he is entitled under sub-section (1), either in whole or in part,
such leave not taken by him shall be added to the leave to be allowed to him under
that sub-section in the succeeding period of twelve months.—
Provided that such person shall cease to earn leave under this section when the
leave due to him amounts to twenty days.—
Provided further that any leave applied for by a person but refused by the owner,
agent or manager of the mine for any reason shall be added to the credit of such
person beyond the aforesaid limit.
(3) If a person entitled to leave under sub-section (1) is discharged before he has been
allowed the leave or, if having applied for and having been refused the leave, he
quits his employment before he has been allowed the leave, the owner, agent or
manager shall pay him the amount payable under section 28E in respect of the
leave.
18 Environmental Law in Pakistan I Federal
04 I Processes and Institutions
(4) For the purpose of this section, a person shall be deemed to have completed a
period of continuous service in a mine notwithstanding any interruption service
during that period due to.—-
(a) any holiday;
(b) any leave with wages;
(c) any leave, with or without wages, due to sickness or accident;
(d) any maternity leave not exceeding twelve weeks;
(e) any period of lay-off arising due to failure, refusal or inability of an owner on
account or shortage of coal, power or raw material or the accumulation of
stock or the breakdown of machinery or for any other reason, to give
employment to a person whose name is borne in the muster rolls of his mine;
or
(f) a strike which is not illegal or a lockout which is not legal.
holidays.—
Every person employed in a mine shall be allowed, with wages, 28C. Festival
such festival holidays as are declared by the appropriate Government to be public holidays.
28D. Casual leave and sick leave.— Every person employed in a mine shall be entitled in a year to ten days’ casual leave on full wages and sixteen days sick leave on half average wages.
Provided that casual leave or sick leave admissible under this section shall not be accumulated and carried forward to the succeeding year.
28E. Wages during leave or holiday periods.— For the leave or holidays allowed to a person under the provisions of this chapter, he shall be paid.—-
(a) in case of leave with full wages, at the rate equal to the daily average of his wages
for the days on which he actually worked during the preceding three months; and
(b) in case of leave with half average wages, at the rate equal to half daily average of
his wages as aforesaid.
28F. Payment in advance in certain cases.— Any person who has been allowed leave for not less than four days under section 28B shall, before his leave begins, be paid the wages due for the period of the leave allowed.
28G. Power of Inspector to act for workers.— Any Inspector may institute proceedings on behalf of any person who has been or is employed in a mine to recover any sum-required to be, but not, paid by an owner, agent or manager in accordance with this Chapter.
CHAPTER VII
REGULATIONS, RULES AND BYE-LAWS
29. Power of appropriate Government to make regulations.— The appropriate
Government may, be notification in the official Gazette, make regulations consistent with this Act for all or any of the following purposes, namely.—-
(a) for prescribing the qualifications to be required by a person for appointment as
Chief Inspector or Inspector;
(b) for prescribing and regulating the duties and powers of the Chief Inspector and
Inspectors in regard to the inspection of mines under this Act;
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(c) for prescribing the duties of owners, agents and managers of mines and of persons
acting under them;
(d) for prescribing the qualifications of managers of mines and of persons acting under
them;
(e) for regulating the manner of ascertaining, by examination or otherwise, the
qualifications of managers of mines and persons acting under them, and the
granting and renewal of certificates of competency;
(f) for fixing the fees, if any, to be paid in respect of such examinations and of the
grant and renewal of such certificates;
(g) for determining the circumstances in which and the conditions subject to which it
shall be lawful for more mines than one to be under a single manager, or for any
mine or mines to be under a manager not having the prescribed qualifications;
(h) for providing for the making of inquiries into charges of misconduct or in
competency on the part of managers of mines and persons acting under them and
for the suspension and cancellation of certification of competency;
(hh) for providing for the appointment in mines wherein two hundred and fifty or more persons are ordinarily employed of such number of welfare and safety officers as
may be specified and for prescribing the qualifications and the duties to be
performed by such officers;
(i) for regulating, subject to the provisions of the Explosives Act. 1884, and of any
rules made thereunder, the storage and use of explosives;
(ii) for regulating, subject to the provisions of the Electricity Act, 1910, and the rules made thereunder the generation, storage, transformation, transmission and use of
electricity in mines and for providing for the care and the regulation of the use of all
electrical apparatus and electrical cables in mines;
(j) for prohibiting, restricting or regulating the employment in mines or in any class of mines of women either below ground or on particular kinds of labour which are
attended by danger to the life, safety or health of such women;
(jj) for providing for and regulating the training of persons before they are employed in mines and also during the period of employment at such intervals as may be
prescribed;
(jjj) for providing for and regulating the medical examination of the persons before they are employed in mines and also during the period of employment at such intervals
as may be prescribed;
(k) for providing for the safety of the persons employed in a mine, their means of entrance there into and therefore, the number of shafts or outlets to be furnished,
and the fencing of shafts, pits, outlets pathways and subsidence;
(kk) for prohibiting the employment in a mine either a manager or in any other specified capacity of any persons except persons paid by the owner of the mine and directly
answerable to the owner or manager of the mine;
(l) for providing for the safety of the road and working places in mines, including the siting and maintenance of sufficient barriers between mine and mine;
20 Environmental Law in Pakistan I Federal
劳动合同法学习心得体会 篇一：劳动法学习心得体会 劳动法学习心得体会 新的《劳动合同法》出台了，我感到几天的学习受益匪浅，增加了对《劳动合同法》的认识和理解，感觉一部好的法律，不仅是一种规则，也是一场革命，它是国家进步的支撑点，也是社会前行的铺路石。《劳动合同法》恰恰是在总结了我国的立法经验，借鉴国外的成熟做法，根据劳动关系中的突出问题，开门立法，所以，它是一部切合实际的好法。《劳动合同法》的主要亮点： 一是强化了对劳动者权益的保护。《劳动合同法》第一条的规定完善劳动合同制度，明确双方当事人的权利义务、保护劳动者的合法权益，构建和谐稳定的劳动关系。强资本，弱劳工是最最典型的劳动关系，《劳动合同法》保护的正是劳动者、弱者的权益，但也绝对不是但方面的保护和过度保护，而是通过恰当、适度调整用人单位和劳动者的关系，在劳动关系双方面都保护的同时，倾斜保护劳动者。 二是扩大了劳动合同的适用范围。将民办非企业纳入，对事业单位做了灵活处理，规范了劳动合同的形式，强化了用人单位在劳动合同定立中的责任，对事实劳动关系作了明确的处理。在劳动合同期限上遏制了劳动合同的短期化，进而解决了因劳动合同不稳定，造成劳动者心态不稳、素质低、
质量低、用人单位不愿培训等弊端，从根本上解决了劳资双方的矛盾关系，对于推动企业以及社会朝着健康有序的方向发展都有着极其重要的现实意义的深远的历史意义。 在研究过程中，本人有一些心得体会，即这部法律的重心在强调劳动者利益的保护，立法的天平是向劳动者利益这一边倾斜的。如下是我研究整理的劳动合同法的几个亮点：保护劳动者利益规定之一：扩大劳动合同法适用范围随着社会的发展，一些新的用工主体、用工形式不断出现：民办非企业单位、基金会、合作或合伙律师事务所等新单位类型出现；一些国家机关、事业单位、社会团体在编制外招用劳动者；国家在事业单位试行人员聘用制度。 如何保护这部分非企业劳动者的利益，在以往的劳动法中并没有明确的规定，但新通过的劳动合同法有了创新性的规定，在适用范围中增加了民办非企业单位等组织及其劳动者： （1）规定我国境内的企业、个体经济组织、民办非企业单位等组织与劳动者建立劳动关系，订立、履行、变更、解除或者终止劳动合同，适用本法； （2）规定事业单位与实行聘用制的工作人员订立、履行、变更、解除或者终止劳动合同，法律、行政法规或国务院另有规定的，依照其规定；未作规定的，依照本法有关规定执行；
矿山开采的相关法律 采矿权可以转让，但不能出租，承包开矿是可以的，承包方只负责开采，没有矿产资源 的所有权，发包方付劳务费。 转让方缴纳税费： 1、营业税，根据相关法律规定，只转让采矿权，不转让矿井等财产，不应征收营业税；根 据现行营业税和增值税的规定，对多种经营公司转让的不动产、无形资产和动产应分别缴纳 营业税和增值税，考虑到部分机电设备（如变压器、防爆开关等）与矿井连在一起不可分，为了避免划分，对多种经营公司随同转让矿井时所转让的土地使用权以及转让矿井时所转让 的机电设备等一并按“销售不动产”税目征收营业税。 2、企业所得税，按照企业所得税的规定缴纳相关税费，25%。 3、印花税，按照相关规定缴纳印花税。 购买方缴纳税费： 1、印花税。 购买方在实际生产中缴纳的税费： 1、增值税：17%/3%。 2、印花税：0.03% 3、附加税：城建税和教育费附加（10%左右） 4、资源税：每吨/每方0.5-20元 5、矿产资源补偿费：矿产资源补偿费金额= 矿产品销售收入×补偿费费率×开采回采率系数 开采回采率系数=核定开采回采率/实际开采回采率
相关法律规定 1、根据我国矿产资源法及实施细则的规定，矿产资源不得出租。因为我国的矿产资源的所有权归国家所有，市场主体仅取得对于矿产资源的用益物权，即矿业权。因此，此处的“矿产资源”应指矿业权。出租矿产资源的，出租采矿权的，对卖方、出租方、出让方处以违法所得一倍以下的罚款。 2、国土资源部制定的《矿业权出让转让管理暂行规定》允许对矿业权进行出租，与上位法相冲突。 3、《矿业权出让转让管理暂行规定》规定，矿业权出租是指矿业权人作为出租人将矿业权租赁给承租人，并向承租人收取租金的行为。矿业权出租应当符合国务院规定的矿业权转让的条件。矿业权人申请出租矿业权时应向登记管理机关提交以下材料：（1）出租申请书；（2）许可证复印件；（3）矿业权租赁合同书；（4）承租人的资质条件证明或营业执照；（5）登记管理机关要求提交的其他有关资料。该规定还将矿业权承包纳入矿业权出租管理，规定《探矿权采矿权转让管理办法》颁布前已经签订承包合同的矿山企业应按本规定关于矿业权出租管理的规定，补办有关手续。 4、由于《矿业权出让转让管理暂行规定》的立法层级较低，司法实践中一般将矿业权出租合同认定为无效合同。因此，矿业权出租法律关系存在被法院认定为无效的风险。 【规定】 中华人民共和国矿产资源法（1996.8.29） 第四十二条买卖、出租或者以其他形式转让矿产资源的，没收违法所得，处以罚款。 违反本法第六条的规定将探矿权、采矿权倒卖牟利的，吊销勘查许可证、采矿许可证，没收违法所得，处以罚款。 中华人民共和国矿产资源法实施细则（国务院令[第152号] 1994.03.26） 第四十二条依照《矿产资源法》第三十九条、第四十条、第四十二条、第四十三条、第四十四条规定处以罚款的，分别按照下列规定执行：
记者在巴基斯坦工作了近3年，切身感受到，巴基斯坦人虽然普遍对中国极富好感，但除了那些曾有机会访问中国的人之外，大多数人并不十分了解中国。 大多数巴基斯坦媒体对中国的报道还算客观、友好，但明显少于对美国和欧洲的报道。几乎所有的巴基斯坦人都知道最近20多年，中国经济实力迅速增长，但今天的中国究竟是个什么样子，许多巴基斯坦人并没有多少印象。相当多的人过高地估计了中国的实力，甚至认为中国在未来10年到20年内肯定能超过美国，但也有少数人认为中国仍然比较落后。 有一次，记者请一个电脑工程师到记者站来修理宽带网络。办公室墙上挂着一本中国挂历，图案是上海浦东的电视塔和高楼大厦。这个工程师盯着挂历看了好半天，后来终于忍不住问道：“这是中国的照片吗？”当得到肯定的回答时，他十分惊讶地说：“想不到，真是想不到，原来中国也有纽约！” 其实，就算是一些到过中国的人，也不是都对中国很了解。记得有一次，记者曾遇到过一个十分倔强的老大爷，非要说大多数中国人是穆斯林，而且还是他的“亲眼所见”。仔细一打听才知道，原来当过卡车司机的他曾经去过一次中国的喀什，便把自己在新疆看到的当成了中国的全貌。记者告诉他，坐飞机从伊斯兰堡到喀什只需1个小时，但从喀什到北京还得再飞5个多小时，老大爷惊得目瞪口呆。 以前曾听人说，许多西方人看了李小龙主演的电影后，误以为中国人全都会功夫，当时记者还不相信西方人真会这么天真，但在巴基斯坦确实有一些人把银幕上的中国当成了现实。有人看了中国的古装电影，便以为中国人现在还是宽袍大袖，驾着马车在街上奔
跑。一个加油站工人对记者说：“你们中国人真厉害，能在树叶上飞来飞去！”记者哭笑不得地问道：“你刚看完电影《卧虎藏龙》吧？”他一本正经地说：“是呀!是呀!” 许多巴基斯坦人对中国充满兴趣，并希望从与中国人的接触中，尽量揭去一些蒙在中国身上的“神秘面纱”。在巴基斯坦，记者经常遭遇各种各样好笑的问题：“是不是各个阶层的中国人都使用筷子？”“中国年轻人自由恋爱的多不多？”“中国人吃不吃猫肉？”“听说中国文字有3000多个字母，你是怎么记下来的？”“巴基斯坦从英国殖民统治下获得独立，中国是从哪个国家的统治下获得独立的？” 任职于伊斯兰堡某中国公司的哈布希曾在中国生活、学习了10多年，说着一口流利的北京话。他说：“与任何一个文明古国一样，中国的文化博大精深，但外国人不可能从经史中去了解中国，而现阶段的中国又变化得实在太快，常常让外国人摸不准中国的节拍。看起来，中国应该试着用通俗易懂的方式诠释自己，”哈布希对记者说，“比如，印度的电影和歌舞享誉世界，让许多对印度一无所知的人也能在提到印度时，自然想起那独特的旋律。” 哈布希对中国在世界多个国家开办孔子学院的做法赞不绝口。“…孔子学院?这个名字富有迷人的中国魅力，现在伊斯兰堡已经有了一所孔子学院，希望像这样的…中国魅力?在巴基斯坦越来越多！”他还建议说，在巴做生意的中国人往往只在名片上印英文，可能觉得即使印上了中文巴基斯坦朋友也看不懂，“其实中国文字就像艺术品一样美妙，名片印上中文可以让对方自然而然地心生崇敬之情，从而拉近彼此之间的距离，同时又是对中国文化潜移默化的宣传。”
学劳动法的心得体会3篇 劳动法作为典型的社会法，既具有私法性因素，又具有公法性因素。下面是美文网为大家准备的学劳动法的心得体会，希望大家喜欢！ 学劳动法的心得体会范文1 为全面、准确理解和把握新《劳动法》的内容，按照学习计划，我们后勤中心于2011年4月17日在一楼会议室召开了全体职工大会，会议上大家认真学习了新《劳动法》。下面我谈谈自己的学习体会： 我们每个劳动者每天都在通过自己的劳动来为社会、为自己创造着财富，国家为了给我们这些劳动者提供正当的保护而特别的颁布了新《劳动法》，这是党和社会主义社会对普通劳动者的特别关怀，我们应当倍感珍惜。因此我们应认真的学习新《劳动法》，通过学习来保护自己的合法权利。 首先国家是为了保护劳动者的合法权益，调整劳动关系，才建立和维护适应社会主义市场经济的劳动制度，促进经济发展和社会进步，根据宪法，制定本法。这充分的说明了国家制定本法的良苦用心，是为了全体的劳动者能够得到相应的正当待遇，从而体现出个人的人生价值，并且间接的保障了伟大的社会主义的经济秩序的稳定，社会的稳定又能促进个人的人生价值创造，使其进入一个良性循环。 再次劳动者享有平等就业和选择职业的权利、取得劳动报酬的权利、休息休假的权利、获得劳动安全卫生保护的权利、接受职业技能
培训的权利、享受社会保险和福利的权利、提请劳动争议处理的权利以及法律规定的其他劳动权利。劳动者应当完成劳动任务，提高职业技能，执行劳动安全卫生规程，遵守劳动纪律和职业道德。此条充分的显示出了本法的尊重人权，保障人权的态度，人人是平等的，正当的劳动是受人尊敬的，其中没有高低贵贱之分，当发生劳动争议时，为我们指明了争取自己正当权益的方式，争取正当权益的地点，另外它也规定了我们劳动者应当去做的，劳动者并不仅仅是只享受我们应得的权力，同样拥有我们所应承担的义务，平等是双方面的，只有互相理解、尊重、支持才能得到我们应该得到的一切方面。 再者用人单位应当依法建立和完善规章制度，保障劳动者享有劳动权利和履行劳动义务。时间是检验真理的唯一标准，没有什么能够是永生不朽的，随着社会的发展，时代的进步，当生产关系不能适应生产力的发展时，就会有新的一套关系来取代它，所以此规章制度会随着时代的不断发展而进行着相应的调整，这一切都显示着国家的深思熟虑和为人民负责的原则。 第六条，国家提倡劳动者参加社会义务劳动，开展劳动竞赛和合理化建议活动，鼓励和保护劳动者进行科学研究、技术革新和发明创造，表彰和奖励劳动模范和先进工作者。这一切说明国家提倡和鼓励广大的劳动者投身于不断的革新和发明的思想，众人拾柴火焰高，当充分发挥出广大劳动者的聪明才智时，我们的中华民族才会屹立于不败之林，同样，这也是为广大劳动者提供创造自身价值，展示自己聪明才智的机会。
金属非金属矿山安全生产法律法规 第一章安全生产方针 “安全第一、预防为主、综合治理”（十六届五中全会提出） 一、安全生产方针的含义: 方针是国家或政党在一定历史时期内，为达到一定目标而确定的指导思想和遵循原则。 “安全第一”是指在处理安全与生产及其他各项工作的关系时，要强调安全、突出安全，把安全放在一切工作的首要位置。当生产及其他工作与安全发生矛盾时，生产及其他工作要服从安全。 “预防为主”是在实现安全第一的前提条件。要实现安全第一，必须以预防为主。在事故预防与事故处理的关系上，只有以预防为主，才能防微杜渐，防患于未然，才能把事故消灭在萌芽之中。 预防为主”意味着必须依靠技术进步和科学管理，运用系统工程的原理和方法，采取有效措施，消除危及人身安全和健康的一切不良条件和行为。 “预防为主”要求对矿井自然灾害因素和生产过程中的不安全因素事先辨识、分析和评价，从管理角度研究如何有效地预防、控制事故，制定相应的安全措施并予以实施，达到防止灾变、控制事故发生的目的。 安全第一、预防为主，是目标原则和手段措施的关系。 “综合治理”是指预防事故和危害的最佳方法。它是从系统工程的原理出发，全方位、多因素地研究事故的预防方法和根治措施。“综合治理”意味着党政工团齐抓共管；意味着发动群众，群策群力；意味着一项一项抓落实，改善安全生产环境，创造安全生产条件。 贯彻安全生产方针的基本原则 1．坚持管理、装备和培训并重原则 2．坚持矿山安全生产方针标准 3．坚持各项行之有效的措施 （1）.强化安全法律观念。 （2）.建立健全安全责任制。 （3）.建立安全生产管理机构或配备专职安全生产管理人员。
中国与巴基斯坦关系的浅谈 [ 摘要]本文分析了中国和巴基斯坦关系的曲折发展，并探讨在新世纪拓展与调整这种特殊关系的必要和可能, 目的在于改 善安全观念, 取得符合新时期特点的更大范围的双赢以及多赢。[ 关键词]中国;巴基斯坦;合作; 中国和巴基斯坦之间存在着“全天候”和“全方位”的战略合作伙伴关系。随着全球化的快速发展以及中国所处国际地位的不断提升, 我们有必要及时更新与改善安全观念, 取得符合时代特点的更大范围的双赢以及多赢。作为一个大国并且期待成为一个强国, 中国需要在处理与巴基斯坦和其他南亚国家的关系时, 展现地区与全球视野, 体现出塑造和提供地区安全的意识和能力。 一、理解中巴战略合作关系 中国和巴基斯坦存在着“全天候”的战略合作伙伴关系。既然是战略合作关系, 那就是有别于同其他国家之间关系 的特殊关系。在战略问题上讲合作, 必须合作双方的战略利益有相当的契合。中国和巴基斯坦在重大战略问题上需要利益一致或接近, 不然就需协调, 以缩小双方战略意图和利 益的差距, 并对无法协调的部分各自做出妥协, 否则无法 开展战略合作。对战略合作伙伴关系的这种要求, 对所有其他国家的类似关系也适用, 尤其是对同盟国家之间的关系。
中国与巴基斯坦之间的特殊关系, 还由于存在第三方因素而更加特殊。尽管中国和巴基斯坦在其官方声明或文件中未必承认它们的特殊关系有针对第三方的因素, 但这种性质在事实上是存在的。巴基斯坦在当时与中国合作, 协助开辟了中国与美国就战略缓和或者展开对话的重要通道, 并进而大大增进了我国的国际地位和国家安全。巴基斯坦对此做出了历史性贡献, 它也因促进中巴关系而改善了自己的外部安全环境。 二、中巴传统合作的战略内涵 在冷战期间, 中国和巴基斯坦能在双边关系和广泛的国际事务中形成坚强的合作关系, 并非拜一致的文化或价值所赐, 而是基于共同或接近的威胁认知与安全利益。随着中苏关系的恶化, 中苏间甚至发生了在我国黑龙江和新疆与苏交界处的武装冲突, 出现了多起流血事件。中巴能够开展战略合作, 二是由于两国都在领土完整问题上同印度存在根本矛盾。同时, 苏联又在武装支持印度, 是印度从外部获得先进武器装备的主要提供者, 而印度则又是巴基斯坦国家安全的首号对手。无论是在印巴关于克什米尔的争议问题上, 还是在上世纪70 年代初的东巴基斯坦独立问题上, 印度都是巴基斯坦安全感知中最为严重的威胁来源。而苏联在涉及印巴、中印的边界与主权问题上, 一概采取了支持印度的立场。在当时的形势下, 必然产生了中巴加强安全合作
中国与巴基斯坦的关系为什么这么好呢？ 三件国际大事奠定基础！ 第一件事：1960年代初，国际形势和中印关系的急剧变化，对中巴关系产生了深刻影响。当时，巴基斯坦对美国在军事上援助印度的政策感到不满，对美国扶植的东南亚条约组织和巴格达条约组织在克什米尔问题上没能给予巴任何援助也大为失望。巴基斯坦在1962年中印边界冲突中，明确支持中国的立场。巴基斯坦认为：边界冲突的责任在印度，中国完全是出于自卫；中印的冲突是有限的，西方国家没有必要向印度提供军事援助；印度从西方获得大量武器，不仅为了对付中国，而且是为了对付巴基斯坦。 当时的国际背景对中国是非常不利的。以美国为首的西方国家公开指责中国是入侵印度，并给予印度巨大的军火支持。毫无疑问，中国主动撤军跟后勤跟不上并不是唯一的因素。 在中印边界冲突后，巴基斯坦对中国采取了更加友好和合作的态度。 中国则投之于桃，报之于李。在随后的两次印巴战争中，中国坚定的站在巴基斯坦的一边。中国的介入也彻底影响了战争的结局。 第二件事：促使中巴关系向更深层次发展的最大因素还是1989年发生在夏天的事件。事件过后，美国单方面宣布将采取军事制裁中国。更让人恼火的是，美国还鼓动巴基斯坦跟随美国的政策。美国的一份“美巴两国协议备忘录”称：美国与巴基斯坦国，都是同时属于民主化的国家，而与巴国有着关系的邻国中国，是一个极端缺乏民主的国家。此次采取得“暴行”是应该受到国际社会谴责与制裁的。巴国应该遵循我国政府所提倡导--制裁中国。 在这之后的联合国总部召开的“联合国成员国人权扩大委员会”上，美国率先针对中国开始提议联合国制裁中国议案，随后绝大多数成员国是赞同的，而一部分与中国有着“一定友好关系”的国家如朝鲜、非洲等国家，均投票表示了弃权。 出乎美国意料的是巴基斯坦国代表在大会上正式宣布政府决定：“巴基斯坦国将一如既往坚决支持中华人民共和国政府的主张，巴基斯坦国坚决反对联合国公开干预成员国内政的错误。特别是干涉一个联合国及其重要的五大常任理事国之一的中国事务”。 巴基斯坦的做法对当时的中国来说，无疑是非常重要的。在众多敌对国家的虎视眈眈下，在中国对朝鲜等国家的失望下，巴基斯坦站了出来，坚定支持处在困境中的中国。 提醒一点，美国为报复巴基斯坦的做法中断所有合作协议或合同！据保守估计，巴基斯坦损失巨大。 哪个国家不感恩？！ 从此，中巴关系飞速发展。 第三件事：1998年的印巴核试验。 印度为提高多巴基斯坦的核威慑力，分别于5月11日和13日在其西部临近巴基斯坦边境地区的拉贾斯坦邦连续进行五次地下核试验。 印度接连进行了5次核试验的消息彻底激怒了巴基斯坦人民，巴举国上下一致谴责印度的核试验，并要求巴政府采取有力应变措施，坚决维护国家的安全利益。5月28日下午3时30分巴基斯坦在其西南部的俾路支省查盖地区成功地进行了5次核试验。5月30日下午1时10分巴在同一地区又进行了一次核试验。
煤矿及非煤矿山主要法律法规依据清单 A．煤矿井工开采 一、主要法律、法规 1、《中华人民共和国安全生产法》（2002年11月1日施行） 2、《中华人民共和国矿山安全法》（1993年5月1日施行） 3、《中华人民共和国矿山安全法实施条例》（国家劳动部令第4号，1996年10月30日施行） 4、《中华人民共和国劳动法》（1995年1月1日施行） 5、《中华人民共和国劳动合同法》（2008年1月1日施行） 6、《中华人民共和国职业病防治法》（2002年5月1日施行） 7、《中华人民共和国环境保护法》（1989年12月26日施行） 8、《中华人民共和国消防法》（2009年5月1日施行） 9、《中华人民共和国矿产资源法》（1986年10月1日施行，1996年8月29日修正） 10、《中华人民共和国矿产资源法实施细则》（国务院令第152号，1994年3月26日施行） 11、《中华人民共和国煤炭法》（1996年12月1日施行） 12、《煤矿安全监察条例》（国务院令第296号，2000年12月1日施行） 13、《安全生产许可证条例》（国务院第397号令，2004年1月13日施行） 14、《工伤保险条例》（国务院令第586号，2011年1月1日施行） 15、《地质灾害防治条例》（国务院令第394号，2004年3月1日施行） 16、《民用爆炸物品安全管理条例》（国务院第466号令，2006年9月1日施行） 17、《建设工程安全生产管理条例》（国务院第393号令，2004年2月1日施行） 18、《特种设备安全监察条例》（国务院第549号令，2009年5月1日施行） 19、《关于预防煤矿生产安全事故的特别规定》（国务院第446号令，2005年9月3日施行） 20、《关于进一步加强企业安全生产工作的通知》（国发〔2010〕23号）
浅谈我对《劳动法》的认识与理解 作为一名即将毕业的大学生，满怀着对前途的信心，对事业的渴求，对理想的抱负，即将迎来就业的季节。当我们静下心来时，都不可不面对一个严肃的问题：不论是用人单位录用新员工，还是大学毕业生等其他求职者成功进入了新单位，都不可避免的会涉及到劳动合同的签订问题。因此我们必须先学会如何签订以及如何签好劳动合同，为以后劳动争议的发生减少隐患，保护自己的权益。 如何了解，通过什么方式了解，怎么样才能迅速的提高认识，我想最好的办法就是学习《劳动法》，学习劳动法，可以增长我们的知识理论和社会见识，为以后走上社会打下坚实的基础。以下就是我学习后的对《劳动法》的认识与理解。 社会主义社会是全面发展、全面进步的社会。当前我国正在进行的社会变革充满活力，但也带来不少矛盾和问题。如：在劳动关系中，不签劳务合同，劳动合同短期化，劳动者随意离岗，劳资双方冲突不断加剧，农民工的权益受剥夺、受侵犯等。而《劳动合同法》颁布与实施，恰恰总结了我国的立法经验，借鉴国外的成熟做法，开门立法，解决了劳动关系中的这些突出问题。所以，它是一部切合实际的好法。对于更好地保护劳动者合法权益，构建和发展和谐稳定的劳动关系，促进社会主义和谐社会建设，具有十分重要的意义。 首先，劳动合同法明确了保护劳动者的价值取向，有利于维护劳动者的合法权益。劳动关系双方主体经济地位的不平等决定了立法必须给予劳动者倾斜保护。劳动合同法旗帜鲜明地规定保护劳动者的合法权益，并在具体内容中强化了对劳动者保护的力度，如针对实践中事实劳动关系大量存在的现状，劳动合同法强调订立书面劳动合同是建立劳动关系的基本要求，并加大了用人单位不订立书面劳动合同的法律责任；针对合同短期化现象严重的情况，劳动合同法扩大了无固定期劳动合同的适用情形，力图通过法律的规范和引导促使更多无固定期劳动合同的适用，从而实现劳动关系的长期稳定；针对用人单位随意解除劳动合同的情形，劳动合同法细化劳动合同解除的情形和程序，加强了对劳动者解雇的保护；针对违约金条款滥用的现象，劳动合同法限定了劳动者承担违约金的范围，仅在服务期条款和竞业限制条款中可以适用违约金。劳动合同法充分体现了劳动法的社会法特性，符合倾斜保护劳动者的理念，它的实施对于保护劳动者这一弱势群
矿山安全法律责任 2008-10-30 10:37:09 中国选矿技术网浏览 394 次收藏我来说两句 矿山安全法律责任，是矿山安全法律规范要求矿山安全法律关系主体在具体法律关系中履行和承担的义务。这种义务分为两部分：第一部分（《矿山安全法》第一章至第六章）指矿山安全法主体必须按《矿山安全法》规定进行一定的作为或不作为的义务；第二部分（《矿山安全法》第七章）指由于矿山安全法主体不履行前一种义务而引起的法律后果，通常称为法律责任。这里的法律责任是指矿山安全法主体不履行《矿山安全法》规定的义务而应当承担的新的义务，它是行为人违反《矿山安全法》所引起的法律后果。 《矿山生产法》、《矿山安全法》、《矿山安全法实施条例》对矿山安全关系中的主体的违法行为设定的法律责任，主要包括行政责任和刑事责任。 一、行政责任 由于过失或者没有履行工作职责事故，尚未构成犯罪的，对国家机关工作人员、国有企事业单位负责人可根据情节追究有关责任人员的行政责任。 二、刑事责任 刑事责任是指违反《安全生产法》、《矿山安全法》的犯罪行为应当承担的法律责任。 《安全生产法》、《矿山安全法》、《矿山安全法》和《矿山安全法实施条例》的贯彻实施有十分重要的作用。矿山企业职工违反《安全生产法》、《矿山安全法》构成犯罪的，追究刑事责任主要有以下两种： （一）重大责任事故罪及其法律制裁 1、重大责任事故罪的概念重大责任事故犯罪包括两种犯罪行为：一是职工由于不服管理，违反规章制度，从而发生重大伤亡事故，造成严重后果；二是上级领导强令工人违章冒险作业，从而发生重大伤亡事故，造成严重后果。 2、重大责任事故罪的犯罪主体根据《刑法》第一百三十四条规定，构成重大责任事故罪的犯罪主体是矿山企业的职工，即是直接从事生产作业的人员，为生产服务的技术人员、生产管理人员，也包括企业领导者。 3、重大责任事故罪的刑罚适用我国《刑法》第一百三十四条规定：“工厂、矿山、林场、建筑企业或者其他企事业单位的职工，由于不服管理，违反规章制度，或者强令工人违章冒险作业，因而发生重大伤亡事故，造成严重后果的，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；情节特别恶劣的处3年以上7年以下有期徒刑”。 从《刑法》这一条规定来看，并非对所有的责任事故都要追究行为人的刑事责任。只有造成了致人重伤、死亡或者其他严重后果的，才构成重大责任事故罪，应追究相应行为人的刑事责任。这里的“严重后果”，根据1989年11月30日最高检察院发布的《人民检察院直接受理的侵犯公民民主权利、人身权利和读职案件标准的规定》，重大责任事故罪指以下几种情况之一：致人死亡1人及以上；致人重伤3人及以上；造成直接经济损失5万元及以上，虽然直接经济损失不足5万元，但是情节严重，使生产、工作受到重大损害的。对于符合以上四种情况之一的犯有重大责任事故罪的行为人，一般在“3年以下有期徒刑或者拘役”这一基本量刑档次内裁量刑罚。 《刑法》中关于“情节特别恶劣”是指有以下几种情节之一的：造成了特别严重的后果，如致多人死亡，或致重伤人数特别多，或直接经济损失特别巨大；违章行为特别恶劣，例如：在违反规章制度受到批评教育或行政处罚后再次违反规章制度，或者屡次违反违章制度，或者明知没有安全防护甚至已发现事故苗头，仍然违章作业或用恶劣手段强令工人违章冒险作业等，从而造成重大事故；事故发生后，行为人表现特别恶劣，例如：只顾个人逃命或只抢救个人财物，而不积极采取措施抢救伤残人员或防止危害后果扩大，造成了更大的危害后果，或者事故发生后，为了逃避罪责，破坏、伪造现场，隐瞒事故真相，嫁祸于人等。对于符合上述三种情况之一的犯有重大责任事故罪的行为人，在法定的第二个量刑档次即“3年以上7年以下有期徒刑”的幅度内裁量刑罚。 （二）重大劳动安全事故罪及其法律制裁
劳动合同法第九十七条第三款的理解与适用 时间：2013年09月18日|作者：于全律师|关键词：劳动合同法|浏览：1518 《劳动合同法》第九十七条第三款的理解与适用 于全﹡[1] 引言 《劳动合同法》第九十七条第三款规定：“本法施行之日存续的劳动合同在本法施行后解除或者终止，依照本法第四十六条规定应当支付经济补偿的，经济补偿年限自本法施行之日起计算;本法施行前按照当时有关规定，用人单位应当向劳动者支付经济补偿的，按照当时有关规定执行。”本条款是关于《劳动合同法》实施时过渡性规定，用以解决《劳动合同法》的溯及力问题。 但是，由于该条款涉及《劳动合同法》实施前后，不同的经济补偿情形和标准，从时间跨度看，同一情形，有的应当支付经济补偿，有的不需要支付经济补偿;从适用标准看，同一情形，根据《劳动合同法》的规定有的应当支付经济补偿，而根据“当时有关规定”则不需要支付经济补偿。且需要援用不同的法律法规规定，但未明确规定相应的法律法规名称仅以“当时有关规定”一语带过，导致操作性不强，对《劳动合同法》第九十七条存在各种各样不同的理解，至今仍百家争鸣、众说纷纭。故有人在2011年12月20日向最高人民法院反映，希望《针对“关于双倍工资时效问题”和“劳动合同法第九十七条的适用问题”，希望最高人民法院出台相关司法解释的答复》，最高人民法院仅回复：“‘关于双倍工资时效问题’和‘劳动合同法第九十七条的适用问题’希望最高人民法院出台相关司法解释，以利于法律的有关规定能够得到正确适用，避免出现司法审判的不一致。我们研究认为，网友的提议很有意义，我们将在以后的司法解释制定过程中予以调研，时机成熟后再作规定。感谢网友对人民法院工作的关心和支持!”最高人民法院迄今尚未出台司法解释，以统一对第九十七条的理解。 根据《劳动合同法》第九十七条第三款“本法施行之日存续的劳动合同在本法施行后解除或者终止，依照本法第四十六条规定应当支付经济补偿的，经济补偿年限自本法施行之日起计算;本法施行前按照当时有关规定，用人单位应当向劳动者支付经济补偿的，按照当时有关规定执行”之规定，我们认为，该条款对经济补偿是以2008年1月1日作为分界点，确定了“分界点前后分别判断、分段计算”原则：即分别判断劳动合同解除或者终止的性质、分别确定是否给予经济补偿及以何种经济补偿标准计算经济补偿金，以对应不同的经济补偿情形和标准。下面就此谈谈浅见，求教于各位。 经济补偿适用法规及标准 就适用法规及标准来说，《劳动合同法》实施后，关于解除或者终止劳动合同的经济补偿的规定适用《劳动合同法》、《劳动合同法实施条例》，经济补偿标准见《劳动合同法》第四十七条“经济补偿按劳动者在本单位工作的年限，每满一年支付一个月工资的标准向劳动者支付。六个月以上不满一年的，按一年计算;不满六个月的，向劳动者支付半个月工资的经济补偿。劳动者月工资高于用人单位所在直辖市、设区的市级人民政府公布的本地区上年度职工
巴基斯坦与中国关系 中巴的亲密关系世所共知。在外交场合，巴基斯坦向来对中国鼎力支持;面对印度的挑衅，中巴更是长期共同进退。巴基斯坦甚至超越了朝鲜、越南这些传统邻国加社会主义兄弟，成为中国眼中最值得信赖的伙伴。 但是，在以前可并不是这样;近代以前，因为太过遥远，两国几乎没什么联系;新中国成立之初，巴基斯坦甚至还跟中国敌对过一段时间，直到六七十年代才冰释前嫌，然后感情迅速升温。 中国与巴基斯坦会成兄弟关系是怎样形成的?这个问题，或许可以从地缘政治层面找到答案。 首先，我们来了解一下巴基斯坦的国情：这个伊斯兰大国地处南亚次大陆西北端;国土面积大约88万平方千米;人口近2亿。地缘格局层面，印度河自喀喇昆仑山脉发源，由北向南贯穿国土，是维系巴国命脉的生命之河。河水流经形成的冲积平原，为发展工农业提供了天然的基本条件，并在此基础上，形成了巴基斯坦的核心主体板块; 东北方向号称世界屋脊的西藏高原，阻断了印度河流域乃至南亚次大陆与东亚的交流;西北部的兴都库什山脉和西面的俾路支高原，则是巴国跟伊朗、阿富汗的地缘分割线;东面，一个总面积高达60万平方千米的塔尔沙漠，横亘在印度河流域跟南亚最大板块——恒河流域之间。至于南部，则是浩瀚的印度洋。 就这么看，巴基斯坦的地缘结构不错，称得上是一个四塞之地。但是也有硬伤：它赖以立国的印度河流域，被恒河流域压制。 其实在次大陆，印度河与恒河流域一向齐名，是次大陆的二元核心板块，但二者作比较的话，恒河流域比印度河流域有两大地缘优势：
第一，是板块体量庞大，地缘实力更强。恒河长度两千五百千米，印度河只有一千三百千米;在流域面积方面，两河倒是差不多;只不过印度河流域降雨量匮乏;恒河中下游却是降水丰富。鉴于淡水是发展发展工农业的基本条件，所以恒河流域的潜力更大。 第二，在南亚次大陆范围内，而恒河处在板块中央，印度河流域却处在西北角落。这也就是说，恒河平原更适合做南亚次大陆的地缘核心。相对于印度河，恒河平原不但更强大，还能凭借“中原”的区位优势，就近掌控德干高原、孟加拉等其它板块，而印度河流域由于过于偏僻，所以无法做到这一点。 正因为如此，虽然印度文明是在印度河流域发源，但随着时光流逝，这个古老文明的核心区域转移到了恒河大平原上，印度和流域反而成为边缘板块。 按常理说，不管印度文明的中心是恒河还是印度河，它们整体上都归属次大陆，所以一般情况下，这种地缘博弈和核心迁徙，不至于发展到引发文明分裂的程度——比如，古代中国的核心区就从黄河流域转移到了长江流域，但他们照样都是中华文明的组成部分。 可是南亚次大陆却不一样。因为在文明核心迁移的同时，印度河与恒河这两大板块，在文明体系方面分道扬镳——政治上，形成了印巴两国，文明体系上，印度河板块，这个印度文明的发祥地，最后竟被伊斯兰吸纳。 之所以如此，全因中亚板块对印度河流域的冲击。 相对于喀喇昆仑山脉和西藏，俾路只高原和兴都库什山脉的地缘阻断功能较弱。所以中亚与南亚的交流相对频繁。公元7世纪起，伊斯兰文明开始东进，将中亚游牧民族陆续吸纳。在完成对中亚的整合后，伊斯兰教依附于中亚突厥系游牧武装，逐渐穿越兴都库什山脉，侵入南亚次大陆。 当时的伊斯兰文明，综合实力远在印度文明之上;而印度文明在政治上缺乏凝聚力，面对伊斯兰体系的中亚突厥势力时处于下风，不少传统势力范围都被伊
学习劳动法心得体会 篇一:学习劳动法心得体会 现如今劳动法在劳动者的心中逐渐占据了重要的位置,今天我想谈谈关于劳动法的一些问题.我们每天都在通过自己的辛苦和汗水,通过自己的劳动来为社会、为自己创造着财富,国家为了给我们这些劳动者提供正当的保护而特别颁布了《劳动法》,但是在现实的社会中,我们真正知道它有多少内容呢,我的答案是:很少。正因如此,才会在社会上有很多人会因此蒙受本该能够避免的损失,因此我们应认真的学习,通过学习来保护自己的合法权利。 首先国家是为了保护劳动者的合法权益,调整劳动关系,才建立和维护适应社会主义市场经济的劳动制度,促进经济发展和社会进步,根据宪法,制定本法。这充分的说明了国家制定本法的良苦用心,是为了全体的劳动者能够得到相应的正当待遇,从而体现出个人的人生价值,并且间接的保障了伟大的社会主义的经济秩序的稳定,社会的稳定又能促进个人的人生价值创造,使其进入一个良性循环。再次劳动者享有平等就业和选择职业的权利、取得劳动报酬的权利、休息休假的权利、获得劳动安全卫生保护的权利、接受职业技能培训的权利、享受社会保险和福利的权利、提请劳动争议处理的权利以及法律规定的其他劳动权利。劳动者应当完成劳动任务,提高职业技能,执行劳动安全卫生规程,遵守劳动纪律和职业道德。此条充分的显示出了本法的尊重人权,保障人权的态度,人人是平等的,正当的劳动是受人尊敬的,其中没有高低贵贱之分,当发生劳动争议时,为我们指明了争取自己正当权益的方式,争取正当权益的地点,另外它也规定了我们劳动者应当去做的,劳动者并不仅仅是只享受我们应得的权力,同样拥有我们所应承担的义务,平等是双方面的,只有互相理解、尊重、支持才能得到我们应该得到的一切方面。 再者用人单位应当依法建立和完善规章制度,保障劳动者享有劳动权利和履行劳动义务。时间是检验真理的唯一标准,没有什么能够是永生不朽的,随着社会的发展,时代的进步,当生产关系不能适应生产力的发展时,就会有新的一套关系来取代它,所以此规章制度会随着时代的不断发展而进行着相应的调整,这一切都显示着国家的深思熟虑和为人民负责的原则。 国家提倡劳动者参加社会义务劳动,开展劳动竞赛和合理化建议活动,鼓励和保护劳动者进行科学研究、技术革新和发明创造,表彰和奖励劳动模范和先进工作者。这一切说明国家提倡和鼓励广大的劳动者投身于不断的革新和发明的思想,众人拾柴火焰高,当充分发挥出广大劳动者的聪明才智时,我们的中华民族才会屹立于不败之林,同样,这也是为广大劳动者提供创造自身价值,展示自己聪明才智的机会。 社会保险基金经办机构依照法律规定收支管理和运营社会保险基金,并负有使社会保险基金保值增值的责任。社会保险基金监督机构依照法律规定,对社会保险基金的收支、管理和运营实施监督。社会保险基金经办机构和社会保险基金监督机构的设立和职能由法律规定。任何组织和个人不得挪用社会保险基金。这里充分显示出国家对每个劳动者的社会保障的重视,没有人能长生不老,有了保障的工作才能更加激发广大劳动者工作的热情,工作的积极性,当他们的积极性被调动起来后,我们的创造力,我们的凝聚力就更能显示出来,我们民族的腾飞便指日可待。 以上是部分劳动法的内容,在这些字眼中都可以看出,国家的政策方针均是本着以人为本的原则制定的,其中不乏一个领导者的良苦用心,和英明决策,从分调动人民群众的积极性,充分发挥人民群众的聪明才智,使劳动者有保障,制定的细致、人性,中华的腾飞指日可待。 篇二:学习新劳动法的感想体会 开展劳动竞赛和合理化建议活动,鼓励和保护劳动者进行科学研究、技术革新和发明创造,表彰和奖励劳动模范和先进工作者。这一切说明国家提倡和鼓励广大的劳动者投身于不断的革新和发明的思想,众人拾柴火焰高,当充分发挥出广大劳动者的聪明才智时,我们的中华民族
56国际人才交流2019·8 中国与巴基斯坦的文化交流历久弥新 BELT AND ROAD 一带一路文/王丽 泽米尔·阿万 (Zamir Awan) 2019年4月26日，巴基斯坦总理伊姆兰·汗出席第二届“一带一路”国际合作高峰论坛，并在开幕式上致辞，他指出，共建“一带一路”倡议为各国同中国深化伙伴合作、区域和全球经济一体化提供了助力，“一带一路”倡议已成为全球公共产品，它极具前瞻性，将造福我们子孙后代，也将塑造21世纪。作为中国唯一的全天候战略合作伙伴，巴基斯坦与中国保持了根深蒂固、牢不可破的友谊，被认为是国家与国家之间关系的典范。中国一直以来高度重视深化中国与巴基斯坦传统友谊与务实合作，正如国家主席习近平所说：“中方愿同巴方保持高层交往，积极推进中巴经济走廊建设，造福两国和两国人民，带动丝绸之路经济带和21世纪海上丝绸之路建设。”“一带一路”倡议及中巴经济走廊的建设为促进中国与巴基斯坦的深入合作提供了崭新机遇，为推进中国与巴基斯坦之间文化交流和文化合作奠定了坚实基础。因此，客观分析中国与巴基斯坦的文化传播和交流状况，并有针对性地探索两国文化传播与合作路径，对推动中国与巴基斯坦加强全方位文化交流和深入合作具有重要的现实意义。 中国与巴基斯坦文化传播与交流现状 两国文化交流源远流长，但对文化传播与合作重视不足。自从1951年5月21日中国与巴基斯坦正式建立外交关系以来，两国在和平共处五项原则基础上积极发展互利合作和睦邻友好关系，目前已经成为全天候、全方位的战略合作伙伴。这也为两国之间的文化交流和文化合作奠定了深厚的历史基础，并自从建交以来就保持着两国之间长期稳定的文化交流与合作，如2001年中国与巴基斯坦建交50周年，两国举行了各种各样的主题庆祝活动，中国云南杂技团在伊斯兰堡图书馆大礼堂举行丰富多彩的表演活动。相比中国与一些国家例如非洲国家，中国与巴基斯坦文化交流的时间跨度是比较长的，体现了两国文化交流具有源远流长的历史基础。 民心和民意在推动两国文化交流中具有重要作用，随着中巴经济走廊的建设，民间交流虽然起步较晚，但取得逐步进展。2011年12月，北京同仁医院在巴基斯坦伊斯兰堡 和木尔坦进行为期10天的眼睛免费复明手术。此项活动是“中国与巴基斯坦友好年”的重要活动之一，也是中国与巴基斯坦文化民间交流的进一步提升，表明中国与巴基斯坦之间深厚的民意基础。2016年5月24日下午，在巴基斯坦首都伊斯兰堡成功举办了北京论坛首届海外分论坛“北京论坛（2016）·伊斯兰堡”的活动。巴基斯坦方面有许多高级官员参加这次活动。包括巴基斯坦方的总统、高等教育委员会主席、巴基斯坦驻中国大使、巴基斯坦国立科技大学校长以及对中国与巴基斯坦的关系比较熟悉和颇有研究的多位外方代表也参加了该仪式。中国方面也有多位相关人物出席了该论坛开幕式。比如中国驻巴基斯坦大使、中国丝路文化发展联合会会长、北京大学党委书记以及多位北京大学荣誉教授等也参加了论坛开幕式。2016年12月22日，中国国际广播考察巴基斯坦国家广播电台、国家电视台、巴国家通讯社等主流媒体，并举行对巴基斯坦合作传播研讨会，在人员交流、节目制作、合办频率、新媒体合作、影视剧落地等合作传播方面取得重要成果。 但从总体上来看，两国对文化传播和合作方面重视不够，文化合作关系远远滞后于经济、政治、军事等关系。中国与巴基斯坦的政治关系自从建交以后发展快速，20世纪80年代以后，中国与巴基斯坦高层领导人互访逐渐增多，两国的政治友好关系得以快速平稳发展。进入21世纪以来，中国与巴基斯坦进一步成为全面合作伙伴关系，2005年时任总理温家宝访问巴基斯坦期间，与巴基斯坦签署《中国与巴基斯坦睦邻友好合作条约》。2015年4月，中国与巴基斯坦关系进一步提升为全天候战略合作伙伴关系。在经济方面，中国与巴基斯坦经贸关系发展紧密，据统计，中国已经成为巴基斯坦国家的第二大贸易伙伴和进口来源国。巴基斯坦驻华大使馆原科技参赞、巴基斯坦国立科技大学教授泽米尔·阿万（Zamir Awan）指出，习近平主席2015年访问巴基斯坦时，签订了51个项目合同，总额460亿美元。民间投资大约是官方资本的10倍，中国大约8万家企业到巴基斯坦进行投资。2017年5月在北京召开的“一带一路”国际合作高峰论坛期间，中国与巴基斯坦签署具有里程碑意义的水利合作备忘录，涉及印度河流域的5个水库项目，项目总金额达500亿
对《劳动合同法》终止合同应给予补偿的理解 万人瞩目的劳动合同法终于在2007年6月29日经过第十届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第28次会议通过，在2008年1月1日起施行。新劳动合同法的颁布，新闻媒体称之为在劳动立法中具有里程碑的历史意义，同时开启了劳动法法理化的新时代。在本法规定的98个条款其中有关终止劳动合同后给予员工经济补偿的规定无疑是一个引起用人单位和劳动者特别关注的一个条款。本人对该有关条文作出如下的分析，以便正确理解和适用法律。 一、在劳动合同法中哪些条款涉及到该部分的内容：本法第46条的规定，明确了在终止合同后，用人单位应向劳动者支付经济补偿金，但同时有限制性的规定；本法第47条的规定，对在解除和终止劳动合同后应如何计算经济补偿，并对用人单位的高层管理人员的经济补偿金进行了限制规定；在第44条规定的劳动合同终止的具体情形中，只有在“劳动合同期限届满、企业破产、被吊销营业执照等情况，才按照第46条规定给予经济补偿金。以及第97条对新旧法衔接后终止劳动合同是否给予经济补偿以及如何适用法律作出规定。 二、对第46条的理解。第46条规定，“有下列情形之一的，用人单位应当向劳动者支付经济补偿”，其中“第（5）项，第（6）项”为终止劳动合同的情形。 第46条第（5）规定，“除用人单位维持或是提高劳动合同约定的条件续订劳动合同，劳动者不同意续订的情形外，依照本法第44条第1项规定终止固定期限劳动合同的；”而第44条第1项规定是“劳动合同期满的”，劳动合同终止。所以从这些条款来分析，有下面几个问题： （一）劳动合同终止后不需要给予经济补偿金的特殊情况。在劳动合同终止后，用人单位主动提出续订合同，并且续订合同的条件是维持或是提高劳动合同约定的，但是劳动者不同意续订的，这种情况是不需要给劳动者经济补偿金，因为是劳动者本人不愿意续订合同。同时要理解到：1、什么是“维持或是提高”劳动合同约定的条件。劳动合同约定的具体条件有如工资待遇、工作时间、工作地点、劳动安全和劳动保护等一系列条件，关键是理解“维持和提高”，应认为是维持原来的条件或是比原有的条件对劳动者更有利，而不是低于原来的条件或是更没有利于劳动者的条件，此条文的目的是用人单位希望促成合同的续订，主观上希望续订合同，如是不如原来的条件一定就达不到续订的目的。而最终没有订立合同是因为劳动者的不愿意，所以责任在劳动者，用人单位因此不需要支付经济补偿金。 （二）、除上述的特殊情形做排他性的理解，不需要给予经济补偿外，其他的哪些应该给予经济补偿，具体包括哪些呢：1、用人单位同意续订合同，但是续订的合同条件比原来的条件差，或是更不利劳动者，劳动者不同意续订合同的；2、用人单位不同意订立合同，劳动者同意订立的；3、双方都不同意订立合同的；这三种情况用人单位主观并没有续订合同之意，最终造成劳动者不能续订合同的，应给予经济补偿金。 第46条第（6）项规定，“依照本法第44条第4项、第5项规定终止劳动合同的；”而第44条第4项是“用人单位被宣告破产的”；同一条第5项规定为“用人单位被吊销营业执照、责令关闭、撤消或者用人单位决定提前解散的；”这两种情况终止合同的，是因用人单位的客观情况发生变化而终止的，是发生在劳动合同期限未有届满而提前终止合同，对劳动者而言，就是丧失了继续履行的机会，可能面临失业而遭受损失，所以理应给予经济补偿。同时，本法对第44条的第（2）、（3）却没有纳入应支付经济补偿金的情形中，因为第44条第（2）项规定，“劳动者开始依法享受基本养老保险待遇的”，从这条可知劳动者已经达到了领取养老保险金的条件，到了退休年龄，而国家按照规定给予其养老保险金，其不存在失业或是损失的问题，同时用人单位也没有任何的过错，所以不需要用人单位给予经济补偿金。而对于第