期权期货与其他衍生工具Ch01HullOFOD6thEd

赫尔《期权、期货及其他衍生产品》（第9版）笔记和课后习题详解答案赫尔《期权、期货及其他衍生产品》（第9版）笔记和课后习题详解完整版>精研学习?>无偿试用20％资料全国547所院校视频及题库全收集考研全套>视频资料>课后答案>往年真题>职称考试第1章引言1.1复习笔记1.2课后习题详解第2章期货市场的运作机制2.1复习笔记2.2课后习题详解第3章利用期货的对冲策略3.1复习笔记3.2课后习题详解第4章利率4.1复习笔记4.2课后习题详解第5章如何确定远期和期货价格5.1复习笔记5.2课后习题详解第6章利率期货6.1复习笔记6.2课后习题详解第7章互换7.1复习笔记7.2课后习题详解第8章证券化与2007年信用危机8.1复习笔记第9章OIS贴现、信用以及资金费用9.1复习笔记9.2课后习题详解第10章期权市场机制10.1复习笔记10.2课后习题详解第11章股票期权的性质11.1复习笔记11.2课后习题详解第12章期权交易策略12.1复习笔记12.2课后习题详解第13章二叉树13.1复习笔记13.2课后习题详解第14章维纳过程和伊藤引理14.1复习笔记14.2课后习题详解第15章布莱克-斯科尔斯-默顿模型15.1复习笔记15.2课后习题详解第16章雇员股票期权16.1复习笔记16.2课后习题详解第17章股指期权与货币期权17.1复习笔记17.2课后习题详解第18章期货期权18.1复习笔记18.2课后习题详解第19章希腊值19.1复习笔记第20章波动率微笑20.1复习笔记20.2课后习题详解第21章基本数值方法21.1复习笔记21.2课后习题详解第22章风险价值度22.1复习笔记22.2课后习题详解第23章估计波动率和相关系数23.1复习笔记23.2课后习题详解第24章信用风险24.1复习笔记24.2课后习题详解第25章信用衍生产品25.1复习笔记25.2课后习题详解第26章特种期权26.1复习笔记26.2课后习题详解第27章再谈模型和数值算法27.1复习笔记27.2课后习题详解第28章鞅与测度28.1复习笔记28.2课后习题详解第29章利率衍生产品：标准市场模型29.1复习笔记29.2课后习题详解第30章曲率、时间与Quanto调整30.1复习笔记30.2课后习题详解第31章利率衍生产品：短期利率模型31.1复习笔记31.2课后习题详解第32章HJM，LMM模型以及多种零息曲线32.1复习笔记32.2课后习题详解第33章再谈互换33.1复习笔记33.2课后习题详解第34章能源与商品衍生产品34.1复习笔记34.2课后习题详解第35章章实物期权35.1复习笔记35.2课后习题详解第36章重大金融损失与借鉴36.1复习笔记36.2课后习题详解。

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赫尔《期权、期货及其他衍⽣产品》（第7版）课后习题详解（曲率、时间与Quanto调整）29.2　课后习题详解⼀、问答题1. 解释你如何去对⼀个在5年后付出100R 的衍⽣产品定价，其中R 是在4年后所观察到的1年期利率(按年复利)。

当⽀付时间在第4年时，会有什么区别?当⽀付时间在第6年时，会有什么区别?Explain how you would value a derivative that pays off 100R in five years where R is the one-year interest rate (annually compounded) observed in four years. What difference would it make if the payoff were in four years? What difference would it make if tile payoff were in six years?答：衍⽣产品的价值是，其中P(0，t)是⼀个t 期零息债券的价格，为期限在和之间的远期利率，以年复利计息。

当⽀付时间在第4年时，价值为，其中c 为由教材中⽅程（29-2）得到的曲率调整。

曲率调整公式为：其中，是远期利率在时间和之间的波动率。

表达式100(R4,5 + c)为在⼀个远期风险中性的世界中，⼀个4年后到期的零息债券的预期收益。

如果在6年后进⾏⽀付，由教材中的⽅程（29-4）得到其价值为：其中，ρ为(4,5)和(4,6)远期利率之间的相关系数。

作为估计，假定，近似计算其指数函数，得到衍⽣产品的价值为：。

2. 解释在下⾯情况下，有没有必要做出任何曲率或时间调整?(a)要对⼀种期权定价，期权每个季度⽀付⼀次，数量等于5年的互换利率超出3个⽉LIBOR利率的部分(假如超出的话)，本⾦为100美元，收益发⽣在利率被观察到后的90天。

(b)要对⼀种差价期权定价，期权每季度⽀付⼀次，数量等于3个⽉的LIBOR利率减去3个⽉的短期国库券利率，收益发⽣在利率被观察后的90天。

17.2　课后习题详解一、问答题1．解释投资者如何对一个卖出的虚值看涨期权实施止损对冲策略。

为什么这种策略的效果并不好?Explain how a stop-loss hedging scheme can be implemented for the writer of an out-of-the money call option. Why does it provide a relatively poor hedge?答：假设期权的执行价格为10.00美元。

当期权处于实值状态时，期权的出售方将对其头寸实施完全的保护；当期权处于虚值状态时，出售方对期权头寸不采取任何对冲措施。

他试图通过以下方法实现上述策略：当期权标的资产的价格刚刚上涨至10.00美元时，买入该资产；当标的资产价格刚刚下跌至10.00美元时，卖出该资产。

该策略的问题是，它假设当资产价格从9.99美元上涨至l0.00美元时，接下来价格将会上涨至10.00美元以上。

(实际上接下来价格可能会回到9.99美元。

)类似地，它假设当资产价格从10.01美元下跌至10.00美元时，接下来价格将会下跌至10.00美元以下。

(实际上接下来价格可能会回到10.01美元。

)基于上述假设，期权出售方会在10.01美元买入而在9.99美元卖出。

然而这并不是一个好的对冲。

如果资产价格从未达到10.00美元，该交易策略的成本为零；如果资产价格多次达到10.00美元，交易策略的成本将十分高。

一个好的对冲的成本总是十分接近期权的价值。

2．一个看涨期权的Delta为0.7的含义是什么?当每个期权的Delta均为0.7时，如何使得1000份期权的短头寸组合变为Delta中性?What does it mean to assert that the Delta of a call option is 0.7? How can a short position in 1,000 options be made Delta neutral when the Delta of each答：（1）期权的Delta值（△），是指期权价格的变化与标的资产价格变化之比，衡量的是期权价格对标的资产价格变化的反应程度。

赫尔《期权、期货及其他衍⽣产品》复习笔记及课后习题详解（利率期货）【圣才出品】第6章利率期货6.1 复习笔记1．天数计算和报价惯例天数计算常表⽰为X/Y，计算两个⽇期间获得的利息时，X定义了两个⽇期间天数计算的⽅式，Y定义了参照期内总天数计算的⽅式。

两个⽇期间获得的利息为：（两个⽇期之间的天数/参考期限的总天数）×参考期限内所得利息在美国常⽤的三种天数计算惯例为：①实际天数/实际天数；②30/360；③实际天数/360。

（1）美国短期债券的报价货币市场的产品报价采⽤贴现率⽅式，该贴现率对应于所得利息作为最终⾯值的百分⽐⽽不是最初所付出价格的百分⽐。

⼀般来讲，美国短期国债的现⾦价格与报价的关系式为：P＝360（100－Y）/n其中，P为报价，Y为现⾦价格，n为短期债券期限内以⽇历天数所计算的剩余天数。

（2）美国长期国债美国长期国债是以美元和美元的1/32为单位报出的。

所报价格是相对于⾯值100美元的债券。

报价被交易员称为纯净价，它与现⾦价有所不同，交易员将现⾦价称为带息价格。

⼀般来讲，有以下关系式：现⾦价格＝报价（即纯净价）＋从上⼀个付息⽇以来的累计利息2．美国国债期货（1）报价超级国债和超级国债期货合约的报价与长期国债本⾝在即期市场的报价⽅式相同。

（2）转换因⼦当交割某⼀特定债券时，⼀个名为转换因⼦的参数定义了空头⽅的债券交割价格。

债券的报价等于转换因⼦与最新成交期货价格的乘积。

将累计利息考虑在内，对应于交割100美元⾯值的债券收⼊的现⾦价格为：最新的期货成交价格×转换因⼦＋累计利息（3）最便宜可交割债券在交割⽉份的任意时刻，许多债券可以⽤于长期国债期货合约的交割，这些可交割债券有各式各样的券息率及期限。

空头⽅可以从这些债券中选出最便宜的可交割债券⽤于交割。

因为空头⽅收到的现⾦量为：最新成交价格×转换因⼦＋累计利息买⼊债券费⽤为：债券报价＋累计利息因此最便宜交割债券是使得：债券报价－期货的最新报价×转换因⼦达到最⼩的债券。

(NEW)赫尔《期权、期货及其他衍生产品》教材精讲讲义简介赫尔的《期权、期货及其他衍生产品》是一本经典的金融学教材，被广泛用于大学金融学课程的教学。

本文档将对该教材进行精讲，涵盖主要内容和关键概念，旨在帮助读者深入理解和掌握期权、期货及其他衍生产品领域的知识。

本文档采用Markdown格式，方便阅读和使用。

第一章：期权市场简介1.1 期权的定义和特点期权是一种金融衍生工具，它赋予持有者在未来某个时间以特定价格买入或卖出某一标的资产的权利。

期权的特点包括灵活性、杠杆作用、风险限定和多样性等。

1.2 期权市场的组织和参与者期权市场包括交易所市场和场外市场。

交易所市场由交易所组织和管理，参与者包括期权合约买方、卖方、证券公司和交易所监管机构等。

1.3 期权定价模型期权定价模型是评估期权价格的数学模型，常用的模型包括布莱克-斯科尔斯模型和基于风险中性定价的模型。

第二章：期权定价理论2.1 基本期权定价理论基本期权定价理论包括不含股息的欧式期权定价、含股息的欧式期权定价以及美式期权定价等。

2.2 期权市场交易策略期权市场交易策略包括买入期权、卖出期权、期权组合以及期权套利等。

2.3 隐含波动率与期权定价隐含波动率是指根据期权市场价格反推出的波动率水平，它对期权价格的波动具有重要影响。

第三章：期权交易策略3.1 期权买入策略期权买入策略包括买入认购期权、买入认沽期权和买入期权组合等，旨在获得价差和方向性收益。

3.2 期权卖出策略期权卖出策略包括卖出认购期权、卖出认沽期权和卖出期权组合等，旨在获取权利金收入和时间价值消耗。

3.3 期权组合策略期权组合策略包括多头组合和空头组合，以及各种组合的调整和套利策略。

第四章：期货市场简介4.1 期货合约的基本特点期货合约是一种标准化的合约，约定了在未来某个时间以特定价格交割特定数量的标的资产。

4.2 期货交易所和市场参与者期货交易所是组织和管理期货市场的机构，市场参与者包括期货合约买方、卖方、交易所监管机构和期货经纪人等。

资料范本本资料为word版本，可以直接编辑和打印，感谢您的下载期权期货和其它衍生产品约翰赫尔答案地点：__________________时间：__________________说明：本资料适用于约定双方经过谈判，协商而共同承认，共同遵守的责任与义务，仅供参考，文档可直接下载或修改，不需要的部分可直接删除，使用时请详细阅读内容第一章1.1请解释远期多头与远期空头的区别。

答：远期多头指交易者协定将来以某一确定价格购入某种资产；远期空头指交易者协定将来以某一确定价格售出某种资产。

1.2请详细解释套期保值、投机与套利的区别。

答：套期保值指交易者采取一定的措施补偿资产的风险暴露；投机不对风险暴露进行补偿，是一种“赌博行为”；套利是采取两种或更多方式锁定利润。

1.3请解释签订购买远期价格为$50的远期合同与持有执行价格为$50的看涨期权的区别。

答：第一种情况下交易者有义务以50$购买某项资产（交易者没有选择），第二种情况下有权利以50$购买某项资产（交易者可以不执行该权利）。

1.4一位投资者出售了一个棉花期货合约，期货价格为每磅50美分，每个合约交易量为50，000磅。

请问期货合约结束时，当合约到期时棉花价格分别为（a）每磅48.20美分；（b）每磅51.30美分时，这位投资者的收益或损失为多少？答：(a)合约到期时棉花价格为每磅$0.4820时，交易者收入：（$0.5000-$0.4820）×50，000＝$900;(b)合约到期时棉花价格为每磅$0.5130时，交易者损失:($0.5130-$0.5000) ×50，000=$6501.5假设你出售了一个看跌期权，以$120执行价格出售100股IBM的股票，有效期为3个月。

IBM股票的当前价格为$121。

你是怎么考虑的？你的收益或损失如何？答：当股票价格低于$120时，该期权将不被执行。

当股票价格高于$120美元时，该期权买主执行该期权，我将损失100(st-x)。

CHAPTER 3Hedging Strategies Using FuturesPractice QuestionsProblem 3.1.Under what circumstances are (a) a short hedge and (b) a long hedge appropriate?A short hedge is appropriate when a company owns an asset and expects to sell that asset in the future. It can also be used when the company does not currently own the asset but expects to do so at some time in the future. A long hedge is appropriate when a company knows it will have to purchase an asset in the future. It can also be used to offset the risk from an existing short position.Problem 3.2.Explain what is meant by basis risk when futures contracts are used for hedging.Basis risk arises from the hedger’s uncertainty as to the difference between the spot price and futures price at the expiration of the hedge.Problem 3.3.Explain what is meant by a perfect hedge. Does a perfect hedge always lead to a better outcome than an imperfect hedge? Explain your answer.A perfect hedge is one that completely eliminates the hedger’s risk. A p erfect hedge does not always lead to a better outcome than an imperfect hedge. It just leads to a more certain outcome. Consider a company that hedges its exposure to the price of an asset. Suppose the asset’s price movements prove to be favorable to the company. A perfect hedge totally neutralizes the company’s gain from these favorable price movements. An imperfect hedge, which only partially neutralizes the gains, might well give a better outcome.Problem 3.4.Under what circumstances does a minimum-variance hedge portfolio lead to no hedging at all?A minimum variance hedge leads to no hedging when the coefficient of correlation between the futures price changes and changes in the price of the asset being hedged is zero.Problem 3.5.Give three reasons why the treasurer of a company might not hedge the company’s exposure to a particular risk.(a) If the company’s competitors are not hedging, the treasurer might feel that the company will experience less risk if it does not hedge. (See Table 3.1.) (b) The shareholders might not want the company to hedge because the risks are hedged within their portfolios. (c) If there is a loss on the hedge and a gain from the company’s exposure to the underlying asset, the treasurer might feel that he or she will have difficulty justifying the hedging to other executives within the organization.Problem 3.6.Suppose that the standard deviation of quarterly changes in the prices of a commodity is $0.65, the standard deviation of quarterly changes in a futures price on the commodity is $0.81, and the coefficient of correlation between the two changes is 0.8. What is the optimal hedge ratio for a three-month contract? What does it mean?The optimal hedge ratio is 065080642081..⨯=.. This means that the s ize of the futures position should be 64.2% of the size of the company’s exposure in a three-month hedge.Problem 3.7.A company has a $20 million portfolio with a beta of 1.2. It would like to use futures contracts on a stock index to hedge its risk. The index futures is currently standing at 1080, and each contract is for delivery of $250 times the index. What is the hedge that minimizes risk? What should the company do if it wants to reduce the beta of the portfolio to 0.6?The formula for the number of contracts that should be shorted gives 20000000128891080250,,.⨯=.⨯ Rounding to the nearest whole number, 89 contracts should be shorted. To reduce the beta to 0.6, half of this position, or a short position in 44 contracts, is required.Problem 3.8.In the corn futures contract, the following delivery months are available: March, May, July, September, and December. State the contract that should be used for hedging when the expiration of the hedge is in a) June, b) July, and c) JanuaryA good rule of thumb is to choose a futures contract that has a delivery month as close aspossible to, but later than, the month containing the expiration of the hedge. The contracts that should be used are therefore(a) July(b)September(c)MarchProblem 3.9.Does a perfect hedge always succeed in locking in the current spot price of an asset for a future transaction? Explain your answer.No. Consider, for example, the use of a forward contract to hedge a known cash inflow in a foreign currency. The forward contract locks in the forward exchange rate — which is in general different from the spot exchange rate.Problem 3.10.Explain why a short hedger’s position improves when the basis strengthens unexpectedly and worsens when the basis weakens unexpectedly.The basis is the amount by which the spot price exceeds the futures price. A short hedger is long the asset and short futures contracts. The value of his or her position therefore improves as the basis increases. Similarly, it worsens as the basis decreases.Problem 3.11.Imagine you are the treasurer of a Japanese company exporting electronic equipment to the United States. Discuss how you would design a foreign exchange hedging strategy and the arguments you would use to sell the strategy to your fellow executives.The simple answer to this question is that the treasurer should1.Estimate the company’s future cash flows in Japanese yen and U.S. dollars2.Enter into forward and futures contracts to lock in the exchange rate for the U.S. dollarcash flows.However, this is not the whole story. As the gold jewelry example in Table 3.1 shows, the company should examine whether the magnitudes of the foreign cash flows depend on the exchange rate. For example, will the company be able to raise the price of its product in U.S. dollars if the yen appreciates? If the company can do so, its foreign exchange exposure may be quite low. The key estimates required are those showing the overall effect on the company’s profitability of changes in the exchange rate at various times in the future. Once these estimates have been produced the company can choose between using futures and options to hedge its risk. The results of the analysis should be presented carefully to other executives. It should be explained that a hedge does not ensure that profits will be higher. It means that profit will be more certain. When futures/forwards are used both the downside and upside are eliminated. With options a premium is paid to eliminate only the downside.Problem 3.12.Suppose that in Example 3.2 of Section 3.3 the company decides to use a hedge ratio of 0.8. How does the decision affect the way in which the hedge is implemented and the result?If the hedge ratio is 0.8, the company takes a long position in 16 December oil futures contracts on June 8 when the futures price is $88.00. It closes out its position on November 10. The spot price and futures price at this time are $90.00 and $89.10. The gain on the futures position is(89.10 − 88.00) × 16,000 = 17,600The effective cost of the oil is therefore20,000 × 90 – 17,600 = 1,782, 400or $89.12 per barrel. (This compares with $88.90 per barrel when the company is fully hedged.)Problem 3.13.“If the minimum -variance hedge ratio is calculated as 1.0, the hedge must be perfect." Is this statement true? Explain your answer.The statement is not true. The minimum variance hedge ratio is S Fσρσ It is 1.0 when 05=.ρ and 2S F =σσ. Since 10<.ρ the hedge is clearly not perfect.Problem 3.14.“If there is no basis risk, the minimum variance hedge ratio is always 1.0." Is this statement true? Explain your answer.The statement is true. Using the notation in the text, if the hedge ratio is 1.0, the hedger locks in a price of 12F b +. Since both 1F and 2b are known this has a variance of zero and must be the best hedge.Problem 3.15“For an asset where futures prices for contracts on the asset are usually less than spot prices, long hedges are likely to be particularly attractive." Explain this statement.A company that knows it will purchase a commodity in the future is able to lock in a price close to the futures price. This is likely to be particularly attractive when the futures price is less than the spot price.Problem 3.16.The standard deviation of monthly changes in the spot price of live cattle is (in cents per pound)1.2. The standard deviation of monthly changes in the futures price of live cattle for the closestcontract is 1.4. The correlation between the futures price changes and the spot price changes is 0.7. It is now October 15. A beef producer is committed to purchasing 200,000 pounds of live cattle on November 15. The producer wants to use the December live-cattle futures contracts to hedge its risk. Each contract is for the delivery of 40,000 pounds of cattle. What strategy should the beef producer follow?The optimal hedge ratio is 12070614..⨯=.. The beef producer requires a long position in 20000006120000⨯.=, lbs of cattle. The beef producer should therefore take a long position in 3 December contracts closing out the position on November 15.Problem 3.17.A corn farmer argues “I do not use futures co ntracts for hedging. My real risk is not the price of corn. It is that my whole crop gets wiped out by the weather.”Discuss this viewpoint. Should the farmer estimate his or her expected production of corn and hedge to try to lock in a price for expected production?If weather creates a significant uncertainty about the volume of corn that will be harvested, the farmer should not enter into short forward contracts to hedge the price risk on his or her expected production. The reason is as follows. Suppose that the weather is bad and the farmer’sproduction is lower than expected. Other farmers are likely to have been affected similarly. Corn production overall will be low and as a consequence the price of corn will be relatively high. The farmer’s problems arising from the bad harvest will be made worse by losses on the short futures position. This problem emphasizes the importance of looking at the big picture when hedging. The farmer is correct to question whether hedging price risk while ignoring other risks is a good strategy.Problem 3.18.On July 1, an investor holds 50,000 shares of a certain stock. The market price is $30 per share. The investor is interested in hedging against movements in the market over the next month and decides to use the September Mini S&P 500 futures contract. The index is currently 1,500 and one contract is for delivery of $50 times the index. The beta of the stock is 1.3. What strategy should the investor follow? Under what circumstances will it be profitable?A short position in 50000301326501500,⨯.⨯=⨯,contracts is required. It will be profitable if the stock outperforms the market in the sense that its return is greater than that predicted by the capital asset pricing model.Problem 3.19.Suppose that in Table 3.5 the company decides to use a hedge ratio of 1.5. How does the decision affect the way the hedge is implemented and the result?If the company uses a hedge ratio of 1.5 in Table 3.5 it would at each stage short 150 contracts. The gain from the futures contracts would be.1=⨯50.2$5570.1per barrel and the company would be $0.85 per barrel better off than with a hedge ratio of 1.Problem 3.20.A futures contract is used for hedging. Explain why the daily settlement of the contract can give rise to cash flow problems.Suppose that you enter into a short futures contract to hedge the sale of an asset in six months. If the price of the asset rises sharply during the six months, the futures price will also rise and you may get margin calls. The margin calls will lead to cash outflows. Eventually the cash outflows will be offset by the extra amount you get when you sell the asset, but there is a mismatch in the timing of the cash outflows and inflows. Your cash outflows occur earlier than your cash inflows.A similar situation could arise if you used a long position in a futures contract to hedge the purchase of an asset at a future time and the asset’s price fe ll sharply. An extreme example of what we are talking about here is provided by Metallgesellschaft (see Business Snapshot 3.2).Problem 3.21.An airline executive has argued: “There is no point in our using oil futures. There is just as much chance that the price of oil in the future will be less than the futures price as there is that it will be greater than this price.” Discuss the executive’s viewpoint.It may well be true that there is just as much chance that the price of oil in the future will be above the futures price as that it will be below the futures price. This means that the use of a futures contract for speculation would be like betting on whether a coin comes up heads or tails. But it might make sense for the airline to use futures for hedging rather than speculation. The futures contract then has the effect of reducing risks. It can be argued that an airline should not expose its shareholders to risks associated with the future price of oil when there are contracts available to hedge the risks.Problem 3.22.Suppose the one-year gold lease rate is 1.5% and the one-year risk-free rate is 5.0%. Both rates are compounded annually. Use the discussion in Business Snapshot 3.1 to calculate the maximum one-year forward price Goldman Sachs should quote for gold when the spot price is $1,200.Goldman Sachs can borrow 1 ounce of gold and sell it for $1200. It invests the $1,200 at 5% so that it becomes $1,260 at the end of the year. It must pay the lease rate of 1.5% on $1,200. This is $18 and leaves it with $1,242. It follows that if it agrees to buy the gold for less than $1,242 in one year it will make a profit.Problem 3.23.The expected return on the S&P 500 is 12% and the risk-free rate is 5%. What is the expected return on the investment with a beta of (a) 0.2, (b) 0.5, and (c) 1.4?a)00502(012005)0064.+.⨯.-.=. or 6.4%b)00505(012005)0085.+.⨯.-.=. or 8.5%c)00514(012005)0148.+.⨯.-.=. or 14.8%Further QuestionsProblem 3.24.It is now June. A company knows that it will sell 5,000 barrels of crude oil in September.It uses the October CME Group futures contract to hedge the price it will receive. Each contract is on 1,000 barrels of ‘‘light sweet crude.’’ What position should it take? What price risks is it still exposed to after taking the position?It should short five contracts. It has basis risk. It is exposed to the difference between the October futures price and the spot price of light sweet crude at the time it closes out its position in September. It is also possibly exposed to the difference between the spot price of light sweet crude and the spot price of the type of oil it is selling.Problem 3.25.Sixty futures contracts are used to hedge an exposure to the price of silver. Each futures contract is on 5,000 ounces of silver. At the time the hedge is closed out, the basis is $0.20per ounce. What is the effect of the bas is on the hedger’s financial position if (a) the traderis hedging the purchase of silver and (b) the trader is hedging the sale of silver?The excess of the spot over the futures at the time the hedge is closed out is $0.20 per ounce. If the trader is hedging the purchase of silver, the price paid is the futures price plus the basis. Thetrader therefore loses 60×5,000×$0.20=$60,000. If the trader is hedging the sales of silver, the price received is the futures price plus the basis. The trader therefore gains $60,000.Problem 3.26.A trader owns 55,000 units of a particular asset and decides to hedge the value of her position with futures contracts on another related asset. Each futures contract is on 5,000 units. The spot price of the asset that is owned is $28 and the standard deviation of the change in this price over the life of the hedge is estimated to be $0.43. The futures price of the related asset is $27 and the standard deviation of the change in this over the life of the hedge is $0.40. The coefficient of correlation between the spot price change and futures price change is 0.95.(a) What is the minimum variance hedge ratio?(b) Should the hedger take a long or short futures position?(c) What is the optimal number of futures contracts with no tailing of the hedge?(d) What is the optimal number of futures contracts with tailing of the hedge?(a) The minimum variance hedge ratio is 0.95×0.43/0.40=1.02125.(b) The hedger should take a short position.(c) The optimal number of contracts with no tailing is 1.02125×55,000/5,000=11.23 (or 11 when rounded to the nearest whole number)(d) The optimal number of contracts with tailing is 1.012125×(55,000×28)/(5,000×27)=11.65 (or 12 when rounded to the nearest whole number).Problem 3.27.A company wishes to hedge its exposure to a new fuel whose price changes have a 0.6correlation with gasoline futures price changes. The company will lose $1 million for each 1 cent increase in the price per gallon of the new fuel over the next three months. The new fuel's price change has a standard deviation that is 50% greater than price changes in gasoline futures prices. If gasoline futures are used to hedge the exposure what should the hedge ratio be? What is the company's exposure measured in gallons of the new fuel? What position measured in gallons should the company take in gasoline futures? How many gasoline futures contracts should be traded? Each contract is on 42,000 gallons.Equation (3.1) shows that the hedge ratio should be 0.6 × 1.5 = 0.9. The company has anexposure to the price of 100 million gallons of the new fuel. It should therefore take a position of 90 million gallons in gasoline futures. Each futures contract is on 42,000 gallons. The number of contracts required is therefore9.2142000,42000,000,90 or, rounding to the nearest whole number, 2143.Problem 3.28.A portfolio manager has maintained an actively managed portfolio with a beta of 0.2. During the last year the risk-free rate was 5% and equities performed very badly providing a return of−30%. The portfolio manage produced a return of −10% and claims that in the circumstances it was good. Discuss this claim.When the expected return on the market is −30% the expected return on a portfolio with a beta of 0.2 is0.05 + 0.2 × (−0.30 − 0.05) = −0.02or –2%. The actual return of –10% is worse than the expected return. The portfolio manager done 8% worse than a simple strategy of forming a portfolio that is 20% invested in an equity index and 80% invested in risk-free investments. (The manager has achieved an alpha of –8%!)Problem 3.29. (Excel file)The following table gives data on monthly changes in the spot price and the futures price for a certain commodity. Use the data to calculate a minimum variance hedge ratio.Denote i x and i y by the i -th observation on the change in the futures price and the change in the spot price respectively.096130i i x y =.=.∑∑222447423594i i x y =.=.∑∑2352i i x y =.∑ An estimate of F σ is05116=. An estimate of S σ is04933=.An estimate of ρ is0981=.The minimum variance hedge ratio is049330981094605116SF.=.⨯=..σρσProblem 3.30.It is July 16. A company has a portfolio of stocks worth $100 million. The beta of the portfolio is 1.2. The company would like to use the December futures contract on a stock index to change beta of the portfolio to 0.5 during the period July 16 to November 16. The index is currently1,000, and each contract is on $250 times the index.a)What position should the company take?b)Suppose that the company changes its mind and decides to increase the beta of theportfolio from 1.2 to 1.5. What position in futures contracts should it take?a)The company should short(1205)1000000001000250.-.⨯,,⨯or 280 contracts.b)The company should take a long position in(1512)1000000001000250.-.⨯,,⨯or 120 contracts.Problem 3.31. (Excel file)A fund manager has a portfolio worth $50 million with a beta of 0.87. The manager is concerned about the performance of the market over the next two months and plans to use three-month futures contracts on the S&P 500 to hedge the risk. The current level of the index is 1250, one contract is on 250 times the index, the risk-free rate is 6% per annum, and the dividend yield on the index is 3% per annum. The current 3 month futures price is 1259.a)What position should the fund manager take to eliminate all exposure to the market overthe next two months?b)Calculate the effect of your strategy on the fund manager’s returns if the level of themarket in two months is 1,000, 1,100, 1,200, 1,300, and 1,400. Assume that the one-month futures price is 0.25% higher than the index level at this time.a) The number of contracts the fund manager should short is 50000000087138201259250,,.⨯=.⨯ Rounding to the nearest whole number, 138 contracts should be shorted.b) The following table shows that the impact of the strategy. To illustrate the calculations in the table consider the first column. If the index in two months is 1,000, the futures price is 1000×1.0025. The gain on the short futures position is therefore(1259100250)2501388849250$-.⨯⨯=,,The return on the index is 3212⨯/=0.5% in the form of dividend and250125020%-/=- in the form of capital gains. The total return on the index istherefore 195%-.. The risk-free rate is 1% per two months. The return is therefore205%-. in excess of the risk-free rate. From the capital asset pricing model we expect the return on the portfolio to be 0872*******%%.⨯-.=-. in excess of the risk-free rate. The portfolio return is therefore 16835%-.. The loss on the portfolio is01683550000000.⨯,, or $8,417,500. When this is combined with the gain on the futures the total gain is $431,750.Problem 3.32.It is now October 2014. A company anticipates that it will purchase 1 million pounds of copper in each of February 2015, August 2015, February 2016, and August 2016. The company has decided to use the futures contracts traded in the COMEX division of the CME Group to hedge its risk. One contract is for the delivery of 25,000 pounds of copper. The initial margin is $2,000per contract a nd the maintenance margin is $1,500 per contract. The company’s policy is to hedge 80% of its exposure. Contracts with maturities up to 13 months into the future are considered to have sufficient liquidity to meet the company’s needs. Devise a hedging stra tegy for the company. (Do not make the “tailing” adjustment described in Section 3.4.)Assume the market prices (in cents per pound) today and at future dates are as follows. What is the impact of the strategy you propose on the price the company pays for copper? What is the initial margin requirement in October 2014? Is the company subject to any margin calls?To hedge the February 2015 purchase the company should take a long position in March 2015 contracts for the delivery of 800,000 pounds of copper. The total number of contracts required is 8000002500032,/,=. Similarly a long position in 32 September 2015 contracts is required to hedge the August 2015 purchase. For the February 2016 purchase the company could take a long position in 32 September 2015 contracts and roll them into March 2016 contracts during August 2015. (As an alternative, the company could hedge the February 2016 purchase by taking a long position in 32 March 2015 contracts and rolling them into March 2016 contracts.) For the August 2016 purchase the company could take a long position in 32 September 2015 and roll them into September 2016 contracts during August 2015.The strategy is therefore as followsOct. 2014: Enter into long position in 96 Sept. 2015 contractsEnter into a long position in 32 Mar. 2015 contractsFeb 2015: Close out 32 Mar. 2015 contractsAug 2015: Close out 96 Sept. 2015 contractsEnter into long position in 32 Mar. 2016 contractsEnter into long position in 32 Sept. 2016 contractsFeb 2016: Close out 32 Mar. 2016 contractsAug 2016: Close out 32 Sept. 2016 contractsWith the market prices shown the company pays.+.⨯.-.=.3690008(3723036910)37156for copper in February, 2015. It pays.+.⨯.-.=.3650008(3728036480)37140for copper in August 2015. As far as the February 2016 purchase is concerned, it loses 3728036480800.-.=. on the .-.=. on the September 2015 futures and gains 37670364301240 February 2016 futures. The net price paid is therefore.+.⨯.-.⨯.=.377000880008124037348.-.=. on theAs far as the August 2016 purchase is concerned, it loses 3728036480800.-.=. on the September 2016 futures. The September 2015 futures and gains 38820364202400net price paid is therefore388000880008240037520.+.⨯.-.⨯.=.The hedging strategy succeeds in keeping the price paid in the range 371.40 to 375.20.In October 2014 the initial margin requirement on the 128 contracts is 1282000$⨯, or $256,000. There is a margin call when the futures price drops by more than 2 cents. This happens to the March 2015 contract between October 2014 and February 2015, to the September 2015 contract between October 2014 and February 2015, and to the September 2015 contract between February 2015 and August 2015. (Under the plan above the March 2016 contract is not held between February 2015 and August 2015, but if it were there would be a margin call during this period.)。

金融衍生品探索期权期货和其他金融衍生品的功能和应用金融衍生品是指派生于各种金融资产的交易工具，其价值来源于基础资产的价格变动或金融指标的波动。

其中，期权和期货是金融衍生品中最常见的两种类型。

本文将探讨期权、期货以及其他金融衍生品的功能和应用。

一、期权的功能和应用期权是购买或出售基础资产的权利，而非义务。

购买期权的投资者可以选择在一定时间内行使这一权利，或是在到期日放弃这一权利。

期权的功能主要体现在以下几个方面：1. 保护风险：期权可以作为一种保护风险的工具。

例如，购买认购期权可以在股市下跌时保护投资者的权益。

2. 实现杠杆效应：期权的投资成本较低，但具有较高的潜在收益。

投资者可以通过购买期权来实现杠杆效应，获得更多的投资回报。

3. 认购期权的应用：认购期权常用于股票市场。

它能够使投资者在股票价格上升时获益，并且风险有限。

当投资者预测某支股票将上涨时，购买认购期权可以使其在股票价格上涨时赚取差价。

4. 认沽期权的应用：认沽期权则与认购期权相反，它使得投资者能够在股票价格下跌时获益。

投资者可以通过购买认沽期权在股票下跌时获得保护，减少损失。

二、期货的功能和应用期货是购买或出售标准化合约来约定未来特定时间和价格的金融工具。

期货合约在交易所进行交易，具有以下功能和应用：1. 投机交易：投资者可以通过期货合约进行投机交易，以赚取价格波动的差价。

投机交易的目的是通过买进或卖出期货合约，在未来市场价格变动时获取利润。

2. 套期保值：期货合约是一种用于套期保值的工具。

套期保值是指企业或个人为了规避价格波动风险而使用期货市场来锁定未来交易的价格。

它可以帮助企业稳定经营成本，保护利润。

3. 期货市场的流动性：期货市场通常具有较高的流动性，因为合约标准化，买方和卖方在市场上可以快速找到对手方。

这使得投资者能够更容易地买入或卖出期货合约。

三、其他金融衍生品的功能和应用除了期权和期货，还有其他多种类型的金融衍生品，如远期合约、交换合约等。

期权期货和其他衍生品约翰赫尔第九版答案简介《期权期货和其他衍生品》是由约翰·赫尔（John C. Hull）编写的一本经典教材，是金融衍生品领域的权威参考书籍之一。

该书第九版是在第八版的基础上进行了更新和修订，以适应当前金融市场的动态变化。

本文档旨在提供《期权期货和其他衍生品第九版》的答案，帮助读者更好地理解和应用书中的知识点。

以下将按照书籍的章节顺序，逐一给出答案。

第一章期权市场的基本特征1.什么是期权？答：期权是一种金融衍生品，它赋予买方在特定时间以特定价格买入或卖出标的资产的权力，而不是义务。

可以将期权分为看涨期权和看跌期权。

2.期权的四个基本特征是什么？答：期权的四个基本特征是价格、到期日、标的资产和行权方式。

价格即期权的成交价，到期日是期权到期的日期，标的资产是期权合约要买入或卖出的资产，而行权方式则决定了期权何时可以行使。

3.什么是期权合约？答：期权合约是买卖双方约定的具体规定和条件，包括标的资产、行权价格、到期日等。

它规定了买方在合约到期前是否可以行使期权。

第二章期权定价：基础观念1.定价模型的基本原理是什么？答：期权定价模型的基本原理是假设市场是有效的，即不存在无风险套利机会。

通过建立基于风险中性概率的模型，可以计算期权的理论价值。

2.什么是风险中性概率？答：风险中性概率是指在假设市场是有效的情况下，使得在无套利条件下资产价格在期望值与当前价格之间折现的概率。

风险中性概率的使用可以将市场中的现金流折算为无风险利率下的现值。

3.什么是期权的内在价值和时间价值？答：期权的内在价值是指期权当前即时的价值，即行权价格与标的资产价格之间的差额。

时间价值是期权除去内在价值后剩余的价值，它受到时间、波动率和利率等因素的影响。

第三章期权定价模型：基础知识1.什么是布莱克斯科尔斯期权定价模型？答：布莱克斯科尔斯期权定价模型是一种用于计算欧式期权价格的数学模型。

它基于连续性投资组合原理，使用了假设市场是完全有效的和无交易成本的条件，可以通过著名的布拉克斯科尔斯公式来计算期权的价格。