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如何使用STM32F2xx来实现系统最低功耗

如何使用STM32F2xx来实现系统最低功耗
如何使用STM32F2xx来实现系统最低功耗

AN3430

Application note

How to achieve the lowest current consumption

with STM32F2xx

Introduction

In embedded microcontroller applications, designers and developers have specific tasks to

solve and their solutions are influenced by the resources that are available and the

constraints of cost, time, physical size and technology choice. At the heart of many good

products, microcontrollers have a crucial influence on system power design and particularly

in a brave new world that’s concerned with energy efficiency

The STM32F2xx is one of the best high-performance microcontrollers that can be used to

achieve a complete embedded application with the lowest current consumption.

This application note is intended for system designers who require a software and hardware

implementation overview of the low-power modes of the STM32F2xx products. It describes

how to use the STM32F2xx product family in low-power mode and details the clock systems,

register settings and firmware development methods in order to optimize the use of energy

in applications where low power is the key.

This application note should be read in conjunction with the datasheet of the relevant

STM32F2xx product and the STM32F2xx reference manual. For information on

programming, erasing and protection of the internal Flash memory please refer to the

STM32F2xx Flash programming manual.

The STM32F2xx datasheets, the reference and Flash programming manuals are all

available from the STMicroelectronics website https://www.doczj.com/doc/1111527389.html,.

August 2011Doc ID 019009 Rev 11/38

https://www.doczj.com/doc/1111527389.html,

Contents AN3430

Contents

1Power consumption factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2STM32F2 low power design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2.1STM32F2 hardware design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2.1.1Internal supply structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2.1.2Hardware environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2.1.3Clock management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2.2STM32F2 low power configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

2.2.1Low power mode overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

2.2.2Power consumption and wakeup time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2.2.3Voltage regulator configuration and impact on power consumption . . . 14

3STM32F2 low power firmware development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

3.1Firmware tips and tricks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

3.1.1Common firmware configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

3.1.2Special firmware configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

3.1.3Code optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

3.2STM32F2 example of current consumption optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

3.2.1Test environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

3.2.2SPI_MASTER_NonOptimized firmware architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

3.2.3Practical example of current optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 4Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Appendix A Schematics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Revision history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

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1 Power consumption factors

Information in this section is based on Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol.89, No.11, November 2001.

Power dissipated in CMOS circuits consists of several components as indicated in the following equation:

Ptotal = Pswitching + Pshortcircuit + Pstatic + Pleakage The total current consumption is a sum of:

●The power required to charge or switch a capacitive load (Pswitching ),

●Short circuit power consumed during output transitions of a CMOS gate as the input switches (Pshortcircuit ),

●Static power consumed by the device (Pstatic ),●

Leakage power consumed by the device (Pleakage ).

Pswitching and Pshortcircuit components represent the dynamic power which is consumed when a device is actively changing state:

●Pswitching depends on the capacitive load, the voltage level and the system frequency: Pswitching = C * V2 * f

Pshortcircuit occurs due to the overlapped conductance of both the PMOS and NMOS transistors forming a CMOS logic gate as the input signal transitions, this

current draw depends on the average current drawn during the input transition and the voltage level: Pshortcircuit = Imean * V

Pstatic and Pleakage components represent the static power consumption which is negligible compared to dynamic consumption when the clock is running.

Pstatic is not usually a factor in pure CMOS designs, since static current is not drawn by a CMOS gate, but certain circuit structures such as sense amplifiers, voltage references, and constant current sources do exist in CMOS systems and contribute to overall power.

Pleakage is due to leakage currents from reversed biased PN junctions associated with the source and drain of MOS transistors, as well as subthreshold conduction currents. The leakage component is proportional to device technology and temperature.

Power consumption thus depends on:

●Microcontroller unit (MCU) chip size: Technology used, number of transistors, analog features/peripherals embedded and used.

MCU supply voltage : The amount of current used in CMOS logic is directly

proportional to the voltage of the power supply squared. Thus, power consumption may be reduced by lowering the MCU supply voltage.

●Clock frequency : Power consumption may be reduced by decreasing the clock frequency when fast processing is not required by the application.

Operating mode : Power consumption varies depending on the mode a particular application is running in (CPU on/off, oscillator on/off,...).

For an application powered by a battery, consumption is very important. Usually, average consumption should be below a certain target to ensure an optimum battery lifetime.

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2 STM32F2 low power design

2.1 STM32F2 hardware design

To introduce STM32F2xx series as a high performance and low power microcontroller in the

market requires that this new generation of STM32 family come with a challenge in terms of hardware design.

This hardware design contributes to the static and dynamic current consumption of the SMT32F2 microcontroller. This is why the CMOS technology used, as well as the system design changes from one microcontroller to another depending on the final target which will be covered by this microcontroller.

2.1.1 Internal supply structure

The device requires a 1.8 V to 3.6 V operating voltage supply (V DD ), except for the WLCSP package which requires 1.65 V to 3.6 V .

The real-time clock (RTC) and backup registers can be powered from the V BAT voltage when the main VDD supply is powered off.

To retain the content of the Backup registers when V DD is turned off, the V BAT pin can be connected to an optional standby voltage supplied by a battery or another source.

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The V BAT pin also powers the RTC unit, allowing the RTC to operate even when the main digital supply (V DD ) is turned off. The switch to the V BAT supply is controlled by the power down reset (PDR) circuitry embedded in the Reset block.

An embedded regulator is used to supply the internal 1.2 V digital power, which was

designed to consume the lowest current consumption needed in conjunction with low power mode used. There are three different operating modes:

●In Run mode the regulator supplies full power to the 1.2 V domain (core, memories and digital peripherals).

●In Stop mode the regulator supplies low power to the 1.2 V domain, preserving the content of registers and internal SRAM.

In Standby mode the regulator is powered down. The content of the registers and SRAM are lost except for the standby circuitry and the backup domain.

This regulator can also be bypassed by an external one which should supply directly the MCU with 1.2V injected on Vcap1 and Vcap2 pins (refer to Section 2.2.3).

2.1.2 Hardware environment

In the real application, there are other hardware components, such as transceivers, external

memories, Bluetooth chips or other microcontrollers which are connected to the STM32F2 in order to achieve the application target.

These components cause a current increase which affects both the static current

consumption, depending on the PCB connection and hardware layout, and the dynamic consumption during MCU communications.

A well configured hardware design ensures the best current consumption for the final application.

For this reason we recommend following rules described in the Getting started with STM32F20xx/21xx MCU hardware development (AN3320).Figure 2 summarizes some of these rules:

STM32F2 low power design AN3430

Particular note should be paid to certain common hardware misconfigurations to avoid

penalizing the total current consumption of the application; the top five are:

●REGOFF and IRROFF pin connection

Depending on the selected STM32F2xx package, these pins should be connected

either to VDD or to VSS following the voltage regulator mode that user wants to

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configure. For more details, refer to section “Voltage regulator” in STM32F20xx/21xx datasheet for details.

Vcap_1 and Vcap_2 pin connection: –If the user wants the voltage regulator to be active during the application, these pins must be connected to GND through 2.2uF ceramic capacitors.

If the user wants to bypass the voltage regulator, these pins are used to inject the 1.2V supply from an external power supply. In this case, the 2.2uF capacitors should be disconnected and replaced by 100nF ceramic decoupling capacitors.

Unused pins not connected

All unused pins must be connected to ground through a 10K pull-down resistor to avoid external disturbance on the I/Os and increase the EMC performance.

Because clocks can be a major factor of a high current consumption, specific attention must be paid to all clock input and outputs related to the MCU or to other components on the board.

Designers should be aware that clocking other components on the board by MCU clock through one output pin (such as the MCO) will increase the current consumption due to the I/O switching frequency.

For this reason, it is up to the hardware designer to choose either routing a PCB wire from the MCO pin to other clock input components or use an external oscillator

depending on the full set of clock requirements on the board (number of clock inputs and clock frequencies).

Note:

Refer to Section 3.2.3: Practical example of current optimization on page 26 for information on the current consumption value versus clock output frequency.

If no external battery is used in the application, it is highly recommended to connect V BAT externally to V DD with a 100 nF decoupling capacitor.

2.1.3 Clock management

Three different clock sources can be used to drive the system clock (SYSCLK):

●HSI oscillator clock ●HSE oscillator clock ●

Main PLL (PLL) clock

The device has the two following secondary clock sources:

●32 kHz low-speed internal RC (LSI RC), which drives the independent watchdog and,

optionally, the RTC used for auto-wakeup from the stop/standby mode.

32.768 kHz low-speed external crystal (LSE crystal) which optionally drives the RTC clock (RTCCLK)

Each clock source can be switched on or off independently when it is not used to optimize power consumption.

Another source of energy saving is to bypass the HSE oscillator and clock the STM32F2 with an external clock source, if another clock already available on the board for other devices.

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AN3430STM32F2 low power design The clock controller provides a high degree of flexibility to the application with regards to the

choice of the external crystal or the oscillator, which are used to run the core and

peripherals at the highest frequency and guarantee the appropriate frequency for

peripherals that need a specific clock like Ethernet, USB high speed and full speed, I2S and

SDIO.

Several prescalers are used to configure the AHB frequency, the high-speed APB (APB2)

and the low-speed APB (APB1) domains. The maximum frequency of the AHB domain is

120 MHz. The maximum allowed frequency of the high-speed APB2 domain is 60 MHz. The

maximum allowed frequency of the low-speed APB1 domain is 30 MHz.

There are special cases to which software and hardware developers should pay attention

when computing the current consumption budget versus the system frequency:

●Minimum system clock values required by some peripherals:

–When Ethernet is used, the AHB clock frequency must be at least 25 MHz.

–When USB full speed is used, the AHB clock frequency must be at least 14.2

MHz.

–When USB high speed is used, the AHB clock frequency must be at least 30 MHz.

–When I2C is used to achieve standard mode I2C frequencies, the APB1 clock must be at least 2 MHz.

To achieve fast mode I2C frequencies, the APB1 clock must be at least 4 MHz.

To achieve 400 kHz maximum I2C fast mode, the APB1 clock must be at least

10MHz.

●The timer clock frequencies:

–If the APB prescaler is 1, the timer clock frequencies are set to the same

frequency as that of the APB domain to which the timers are connected.

–Otherwise, timer clock frequencies are set to twice (×2) the frequency of the APB domain to which the timers are connected.

This flexible system clock is one of the most important low power factors for STM32F2xx.

Used efficiently, this improves the current consumption of the application by gating the

unused PLL, APB domain or peripheral clocks.

2.2 STM32F2 low power configuration

STM32F2 embedded combined features of the supply controller and the power

management controller provide a wide range of low power modes allowing system

designers to choose the best trade-off between power consumption, wake-up time, clock

frequency, wake-up sources and context backup.

2.2.1 Low power mode overview

By default, the microcontroller is in Run mode after a system or a power-on reset. Several

low-power modes are available to save power when the CPU does not need to be kept

running, for example when waiting for an external event. It is up to the user to select the

mode that provides the best compromise between low-power consumption, short startup

time and available wakeup sources.

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The devices feature three low-power modes:

●Sleep mode (Cortex-Mx core stopped, peripherals kept running)●Stop mode (all clocks are stopped except the backup domain)●

Standby mode (1.2 V domain powered off)

Table 1.Low-power mode summary

For more information about low power modes, refer to RM0033 section “Low-power modes”.

2.2.2 Power consumption and wakeup time

This section provides observations and conclusions about the power consumption values

already described in the STM32F20xx/21xx datasheet (refer to section Supply current characteristics” in the STM32F20xx/21xx datasheet for more detail about MCU conditions during measurement).

Warning:

All current consumption results described in the

STM32F20xx/21xx datasheet are measured using a board which only contains the MCU, boot pins (VDD,VSS) and decoupling capacitors (refer to Appendix A: Schematics ).Reproducing the low power measurement tests on the Eval board results in high current consumption values due to high integration hardware components on the board.

Run mode consumption

Following are the measurement results in run mode:

Mode name

Entry

Wakeup

Effect on 1.2V domain clocks

Effect on

V DD

domain clocks Voltage regulator

Sleep

(Sleep now or Sleep-on-exit)

WFI Any interrupt CPU CLK OFF no effect on other clocks or analog clock sources

None ON

WFE

Wakeup event

Stop

PDDS and LPDS

bits +

SLEEPDEEP bit

+ WFI or WFE

Any EXTI line (configured

in the EXTI registers,

internal and external lines)

All 1.2V domain clocks OFF HSI and

HSE oscillators

OFF

ON or in low- power mode (depends on PWR power control

register (PWR_CR))Standby

PDDS bit + SLEEPDEEP bit + WFI or WFE WKUP pin rising edge, RTC alarm (Alarm A or

Alarm B), RTC Wakeup event, RTC tamper event, RTC time stamp event,

external reset in NRST pin, IWDG reset

OFF

AN3430STM32F2 low power design Figure 4.Typical current consumption vs. temperature, Run mode, code with data processing running from Flash, ART accelerator OFF, peripherals OFF

Figure 5.Typical current consumption vs. temperature, Run mode, code with data processing running from Flash memory (ART accelerator enabled) or

Figure4 and Figure5 present the run mode current consumption values. The only

difference between these two groups of results is the ART configuration—disabled in

Figure4 and enabled in Figure5.

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Observation:

●Power consumption increases with clock frequency,●Power consumption increases with temperature,

Power consumption increases when disabling the ART accelerator.

Conclusion:

●Use the appropriate clock frequency; do not over clock the system if this is not needed ●

Enable ART accelerator to reduce power consumption and increase the overall system speed and efficiency.

Sleep mode consumption and wakeup time

To reduce current consumption, the MCU can be put into sleep mode so the CPU core is stopped and peripherals are kept running.

Current consumption values in sleep mode are described in the STM32F20xx/21xx datasheet. Y ou can also use the example included in the standard peripherals library (STM32F2xx_StdPeriph_Lib\Project\STM32F2xx_StdPeriph_Examples\PWR\

CurrentConsumption) to have an idea of measuring sleep mode current consumption.The following are the sleep mode measurement results:Figure 6.

Typical current consumption vs. temperature in sleep mode, peripherals OFF

In sleep mode the wakeup time is about 1 μs (refer to section “Wakeup time from low-power mode” in the STM32F20xx/21xx datasheet).Observation:

●Power consumption increases with clock frequency ●

Power consumption increases with temperature

Conclusion:

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Sleep mode can be used to reduce the current consumption of the application by stopping the CPU core while DMA handles the communication with the peripherals.

Stop mode consumption and wakeup time

The Stop mode is based on the Cortex-Mx deep sleep mode combined with peripheral clock gating. The voltage regulator can be configured either in run or low-power mode. In Stop mode, all clocks are stopped; the PLL, the HSI and the HSE RC oscillators are disabled. SRAM and register contents are preserved and all I/O pins keep the same state as in the Run mode.

For more information about current consumption values in stop mode, refer to section “Supply current characteristics” in the STM32F20xx/21xx datasheet.

Y ou can also measure this current consumption using the example included in the standard peripherals library (STM32F2xx_StdPeriph_Lib\Project\ STM32F2xx_StdPeriph_Examples\ PWR\CurrentConsumption).

The following measurement results are in stop mode:

In stop mode, wakeup time depends on the voltage regulator and the Flash memory wakeup time. For example, if the voltage regulator is in run mode and the MCU is configured in stop mode, the wakeup time is about 13 μs. However when the voltage regulator and the Flash memory are configured in low power mode, the wakeup time increases to reach 110 μs (for more details about the wakeup time, please refer to the STM32F2xx datasheet).Observation:

Current consumption and wakeup time in stop mode depends on the voltage regulator configuration (run mode or low power mode) and Flash memory configuration (stop mode or deep power mode)

A lower current consumption means a longer the wakeup time

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Standby mode consumption and wakeup time

Standby mode is based on the Cortex-Mx deep sleep mode, with the voltage regulator disabled. The 1.2 V domain is consequently powered off. The PLL, the HSI oscillator and the HSE oscillator are also switched off. SRAM and register contents are lost except for registers in the Backup domain and Standby circuitry.

For more information about current consumption values in Standby mode, refer to section “Supply current characteristics” in the STM32F20xx/21xx datasheet).

Y ou can also measure this current consumption using the example included on the standard peripherals library (STM32F2xx_StdPeriph_Lib\Project\

STM32F2xx_StdPeriph_Examples\PWR\CurrentConsumption).

The Standby mode current consumption depends on the backup SRAM and RTC

configuration, which is between 5.8 μA when both backup SRAM and RTC are enabled, and 2.5 μA when both backup SRAM and RTC are disabled (for more details about the wakeup time, please refer to the STM32F2xx datasheet). Observation:

●Standby mode returns the lowest power consumption

The wakeup time from Standby mode is the highest wakeup time. It is about 375 μs (refer to the section “Wakeup time from low-power mode” in the STM32F20xx/21xx datasheet)

●All I/O pins are high impedance except reset pad, and TAMPER pin if it is configured for tamper or calibration out, and the WKUP pin if it is enabled

Wake up from standby mode means Inrush current will occur (refer to section Section 2.2.3: Voltage regulator configuration and impact on power consumption ).

Conclusion:

The global wakeup time of the device can be viewed as the sum of the following:

●Wakeup time of the main voltage regulator (if it is switched off during the low-power mode)

●Stabilization time of the oscillator (if it is switched off during the low-power mode)●Wakeup time of the Flash memory (if it is switched off during the low-power mode)●

Interrupt latency for the wake up event trigger

The results above shows the trade-off between consumption and wakeup time in the

STM32F2. Generally, the lower the power consumption is, the longer the wakeup time. Y ou should therefore try to find the best trade-off according to the application constraints.

2.2.3 Voltage regulator configuration and impact on power consumption

As described in Section 2.1.2 on page 5, the voltage regulator can be configured to be ON or OFF , depending on the package used (REGOFF and IRROFF pin availability) and the hardware environment (Vcap1 and Vcap2 pins configuration).

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Voltage regulator ON

When the voltage regulator is ON the hardware environment is set:

Depending on the package, IRROFF and REGOFF pin (if available on the used package) are set to VSS, (see section “Voltage regulator” in the STM32F20xx/21xx datasheet)

Vcap_1 and Vcap_2 pins are connected to GND through a 2.2uF ceramic capacitor

When the voltage regulator is ON, the Inrush current affects the dynamic power

consumption at Power ON, and also and when the CPU wakes up from Standby mode.In fact, the Inrush current is coming from the 2*2.2 μF Vcap capacitors, which are

discharged when the voltage regulator is powered down (power off or Standby mode). These capacitors are charged at Power ON or when waking up from Standby mode. This results in the Inrush current reaching up to 200 mA (maximum) in a short time (about 30 μs).To measure the Inrush current, place a current probe between one Vcap capacitor and the ground, then multiply the result by 2 (there are two Vcap capacitors drawing energy).Figure 8 shows the Inrush current:

Figure 8.

Inrush current div 2 (50mA/1DIV)

This parameter is described in the datasheet as Inrush current on voltage regulator (see the STM32F20xx/21xx datasheet T able 14 for more information).Observation:

●The Inrush current does not affect the average current consumption of the application because the Inrush time is too short in relation to the global application time.●

When the voltage regulator is ON, all the equivalent power relative to ddp = (3.3 V - 1.2 V) is dissipated.

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Note:

Important: The Inrush current of the STM32F2 is maximum 5.3 μC, and it is about 10 times less than USB compliance Inrush current which is specified at 5 V as 50 μC maximum.

Voltage regulator OFF

When the voltage regulator is OFF the hardware environment is set:

Depending on the package IRROFF and/or REGOFF pin (if available on the used package) are set to VDD, (see section “Voltage regulator” in the STM32F20xx/21xx datasheet)

Vcap_1 and Vcap_2 pins are connected to the external 1.2 V power supply and these pins must be decoupled with 2 * 100 nF ceramic capacitors

Observation:

●Standby mode is not allowed because 1.2V domain is controlled by the external power supply injected on Vcap pins.

●There is no Inrush current when the voltage regulator is bypassed.●In this mode, there is no power dissipated by the voltage regulator.

When bypassing the voltage regulator, for example we can save about 1/2 of the power which is wasted if the voltage regulator is active.

3 STM32F2 low power firmware development

Software plays an important role in achieving the lowest current consumption. Code needs

to be optimized, not just in terms of functionality but also with respect to energy efficiency.

Software has perhaps never really been formally identified as an ‘energy drain’ and it needs

to be. Every clock cycle and line of code consumes energy and this needs to be minimized

to achieve the best energy efficiency.

3.1 Firmware tips and tricks

3.1.1 Common firmware configuration

ART configuration

The ART Accelerator? is a memory accelerator which is optimized for STM32 ARM?

Cortex?-Mx processors. It balances the inherent performance advantage of the ARM

Cortex-Mx over Flash memory technologies, which normally requires the processor to wait

for the Flash memory at higher operating frequencies. Thanks to the ART Accelerator?, the

CPU can operate up to 120 MHz without wait states, thereby increasing the overall system

speed and efficiency.

To release the full processor 150 DMIPS performance at this frequency, the accelerator

implements an instruction prefetch queue and instruction/data, which enables program

execution from Flash memory at up to 120 MHz without wait states.

To avoid extra power consumption it is recommended to configure the ART as follows:

/* Disable prefetch buffer */

FLASH->ACR & = ~FLASH_ACR_PRFTEN;

/* Enable flash instruction cache */

FLASH->ACR |= FLASH_ACR_ICEN;

/* Enable flash data cache */

FLASH->ACR |= FLASH_ACR_DCEN;

The system performance can be adjusted to the current needs. This can be done either

from start, according to performance estimations, or on-the-fly on a running system to adjust

the performance to the current condition. In th is way the prefetch can be enabled or disabled

on-the-fly depending on user needs.

Disabling the prefetch buffer avoids extra Flash access that consumes 20 mA for 128-bit line

fetching.

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System clock configuration

The power consumption in Run mode can be reduced by the following means:

●Slowing down the system clocks

●Gating the clocks to the APBx and AHBx peripherals when they are unused

●In Run mode, stopping the HCLKx and PCLKx for individual peripherals and memories

at any time to reduce power consumption

●Estimating the clock speed of the peripheral buses during prototyping by calculating the

needed bandwidth and testing the settings on the hardware. The adjustment of the

clocks on-the-fly is not recommended as all clock settings for modules on the bus need

to be recalculated.

●Not over clocking the CPU if this is not needed on the application

●Using the STM32F2xx_Clock_Configuration.xls tool in expert mode. When it is used in

wizard mode, is not optimized for current consumption.

●When the STM32F2xx_Clock_Configuration.xls tool is used in expert mode to generate

system and peripherals clocks, take care to choose the correct clock configuration and

to set the prescalers to the max. value on the associated PLLs of the peripherals that

are not used (see Figure9).

For example: Using the STM32F2xx_Clock_Configuration.xls tool to configure the

system clock of the application. In the user application, the following peripherals are not

used: USB OTG FS, RNG, SDIO, I2S and all those clocked by PCLK1. The application

only requires PCLK2 clocked at 60 MHz.

Figure 9.Example of optimized clock configuration

To summarize the example of optimizing the system clock:

●Set the system clock to the value needed in your application (60MHz in this

application). This clock value can be achieved with different combinations of prescalers,

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but the best way is to set SYSCLK to 60 MHz and the AHB prescaler to 1 as shown in Figure9.

●Disable I2S clock, because it is not needed in the application

●Set PLL_Q prescaler to its maximum value, because USB OTG FS, RNG, SDIO are

not used on this application

●Set APB1 prescaler to its maximum value because all PCLK1 peripherals are not used

in this application

I/O configuration

After a reset, all STM32F2 pins are configured as inputs except some JTAG pins such as PA15 JTDI with pull-up, PA14 JTCK with pull-down and PA13 JTMS with pull-up. This has an impact on the power consumption of the device in the different power save modes because in input mode I/O pins are very sensible to external noise.

To set the device in the lowest possible power mode, all pins should be configured as analog input (AIN), because in analog configuration the Schmitt trigger input is deactivated, providing zero consumption for each I/O pin.

We recommend configuring the I/Os as follows:

●At the startup of the application:

–Enable all GPIO clocks

–Configure all I/Os in analog input mode

–Disable all GPIO clocks

●In the main application:

–Enable the required GPIO clock

–Configure the required I/Os on the application

●I/O configuration trick:

–If the user application just needs the I/Os to configure it as a peripheral alternate function in order to output or input signals (no read or write from/to GPIO

registers), we recommend disabling the associated GPIO clock of the used I/Os

after configuration. In this case I/O signals are still available and we optimize the

GPIO current consumption by disabling its clock.

●I/O toggling frequency:

–When configuring the I/O, pay specific attention to the I/O speed value configured in OSPEEDR (2 MHz, 10 MHz, 25 MHz, 50 MHz and 100 MHz). Current

consumption is as high as the I/O toggling frequency, so, to optimize current

consumption, OSPEEDR should be configured with the lowest possible value.

Table 2.Example of I/O toggling frequency current consumption versus I/O load (V DD=3.3 V, I/O speed= 50 MHz)

I/O toggling

30 MHz 15 MHz 3.75 MHz 1.85 MHz

fequency/load

Pin disconnected

2.17 mA 1.55 mA0.98 mA0.7 mA

(pad cut)(1)

C S(2) 2.93 mA 2.1 mA 1.1 mA0.77 mA

10 pF + C S 3.97 mA 2.73 mA 1.23 mA0.83 mA

Doc ID 019009 Rev 119/38

20/38Doc ID 019009 Rev 1

Table 2 shows the current consumption of a pin (such as the MCO or SPI SCK pin) that continuously switches at a specific frequency.

3.1.2 Special firmware configuration

ADC application

The ADC can be also a source of current draw during the Stop mode, unless it is

disabled before entering it. To disable it, write the ADON bit in the ADC_CR2 register to 0.

●In run mode, ADC can be configured in power-down mode by clearing the ADON bit. In this mode the ADC consumes almost no power (only a few μA).

In the application controlling the battery threshold through ADC_IN18 input channel, when setting VBATE bit in ADC_CCR register in run mode, there is an extra current consumption seen in Vbat pin. As a consequence, this may impact the battery life time. In fact, as the VBAT voltage could be higher than VDDA, to ensure the correct

operation of the ADC, the VBAT pin is internally connected to a bridge divider by 2. This bridge is automatically enabled when VBATE is set, to connect VBAT/2 to the

ADC1_IN18 input channel. T o prevent any unwanted consumption on the battery, we recommend enabling the bridge divider only when needed, for ADC conversion.

DAC application

●The DAC can be also a source of current draw during the Stop mode, unless it is disabled before entering it. T o disable it, write the ENx bit in the DAC_CR register to 0●

Once the DAC channelx is enabled, the corresponding GPIO pin (PA4 or PA5) is

automatically connected to the analog converter output (DAC_OUTx). In order to avoid parasitic consumption, the PA4 or PA5 pin should first be configured to analog (AIN).

RTC application

To clock the RTC registers, a programmable prescaler is split into 2 prescalers a 7-bit asynchronous prescaler and a 13-bit synchronous prescaler.

When both prescalers are used, we recommend configuring the asynchronous prescaler to a high value to minimize consumption.

Peripherals low power mode

There are independent low power modes for certain peripherals like the USB, Ethernet, bxCAN. When the CPU is in run mode, these peripherals can enter low power mode

33 pF + C S 4.89 mA 3.7 mA 1.52 mA 0.96 mA 47 pF + C S

5.85 mA

4.14 mA

1.67 mA

1.03 mA

1.The pin is externally removed from the LQFP176 package to avoid the pad capacitance.

2.C S : pad, board and PCB layout equivalent capacitance.

Table 2.

Example of I/O toggling frequency current consumption versus I/O load (V DD =3.3 V, I/O speed= 50 MHz) (continued)

I/O toggling fequency/load 30 MHz 15 MHz 3.75 MHz 1.85 MHz

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b.自动功能:自动量程,自动调零,量程保持,平均处理,相对测量处理, 波长校准; 三.原理 光功率计由五部分组成, 即光探測器、程控放大器和程控滤波器、A/D转换器、微处理器以及控制面板与数码显示器。 A/D变换器 P I N I/V 程控放大器和滤波器 C P U 控制面板和显示器 被測光由PIN光探测器检测转换为光电流,由后续斩波稳定程控放大器将电流信号转换成电压信号,即实现I/V转换并放大,经程控滤波器滤除斩波附加分量及干扰信号后,送至A/D转换器,变成相应于输入光功率电平的数字信号,由微处理器(CPU)进行数据处理,再由数码显示器显示其数据。CPU可根据注入光功率的大小自动设置量程状态和滤波器状态,同时,可由面板输入指令(通过CPU)控制各部分完成指定工作。不注入光的情况下,可指令仪器自动调零。四.使用 4.1 面板说明

基于Zigbee的低功耗数据采集系统设计

密级一般 分类号TP393硕士学位论文 作者:杨朋伟 指导教师:侯宏录教授 申请学位学科: 2009年4月20日 XI’ANTECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 基于Zigbee的低功耗数据采集系统设计 测试计量技术及仪器 题目:

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光功率计使用说明

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无人机激光雷达扫描系统

Li-Air无人机激光雷达扫描系统 Li-Air无人机激光雷达扫描系统可以实时、动态、大量采集空间点云信息。根据用户不同应用需求可以选择多旋翼无人机、无人直升机和固定翼无人机平台,可快速获取高密度、高精度的激光雷达点云数据。 硬件设备 Li-Air无人机激光雷达系统可搭载多种类型扫描仪,包括Riegl, Optech, MDL, Velodyne等,同时集成GPS、IMU和自主研发的控制平台。 图1扫描仪、GPS、IMU、控制平台 无人机激光雷达扫描系统设备参数见表格1: 表格 1 Li-Air无人机激光雷达扫描系统 图2 八旋翼无人机激光雷达系统图3 固定翼无人机激光雷达系统 设备检校

公司提供完善的设备检较系统,在设备使用过程中,定期对系统的各个组件进行重新标定,以保证所采集数据的精度。 图1扫描仪检校前(左)扫描仪检校后(中)检校前后叠加图(右) 图4(左)为检校前扫描线:不连续且有异常抖动;图4(中)为检校后扫描线:数据连续且平滑变化;图4(右)为检校前后叠加图,红线标记的部分检校效果对比明显。 图5从左至右依次为校正前(侧视图)、校正后(侧视图)、叠加效果图图5(左)为检校前扫描线:不在同一平面;图4(中)为检校后扫描线:在同一平面;图4(右)为检校前后叠加图。 成熟的飞控团队 公司拥有成熟的软硬件团队以及经验丰富的飞控手,保证数据质量以及设备的安全性,大大节约了外业成本和时间。

图6无人机激光雷达系统以及影像系统 完善的数据预处理软件 公司自主研发的无人机系统配备有成套的激光雷达数据预处理软件Li-Air,该软件可对无人机实时传回的激光雷达数据进行航迹解算、数据生成、可视化等。 图7 Li-Air数据预处理功能 成功案例 2014年7月,本公司利用Li-Air无人机激光雷达扫描系统进行中关村软件园园区扫描项目,采集园区高清点云以及影像数据。飞行高度200m,点云密度约50点/平方米,影像地面分辨率为5cm。通过POS数据解算,完成对点云和影像数据的整合,得到地形信息和DOM等。

光功率计使用说明

光功率计使用说明

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数据采集系统

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