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2005—2011考研英语一真题翻译解析及复习思路

2005—2011考研英语一真题翻译解析及复习思路
2005—2011考研英语一真题翻译解析及复习思路

第四部分阅读理解C部分历年试题解析

1.(2011年)意识创造了我们内在性格和外部环境

一.文章结构分析

本文节选自Tom Butler-Bowdon所著励志读物《自助经典50篇》(Fifty Self-help Classics)中的第一章:詹姆斯·爱伦(James Allen)。作者对爱伦的《思考的人》一书予以评论,对书中的观点进行解释和提炼。本文哲理丰富,具有一定的警示和启迪作用,但语言较为抽象。主要考查的知识点包括:各类从句,并列结构、被动语态、以及根据上下文选择词义。

第一段:提出爱伦《思考的人》一书的主旨观点:意识创造了我们内在性格和外部环境。

第二、三段介绍爱伦关于“意识和行为”的观点。从人们普遍认同的观点“意识独立于物质存在,我们可以隐思想,使之失去力量,因此我们能够思行不一”引出爱伦相反的观点“意识和物质统一,人无法隐藏思想,也无法思此行彼,行为是全部思想的体现;成就是思想提升的外部表现”。

第四、五段介绍爱伦关于“意识与环境”的观点:不是环境造就人,而是意识决定人所处的环境,环境是意识的体现。

第六段段总结指出《思考的人》的积极意义:使人们意识到,现状只能归因于自己,对未来的掌控同样只能靠自己。

二.试题具体分析

(1)Allen's contribution was to take an assumption/ /we all share/ /——that because we are

(1)0. 5分(2)0.5分

not robots we therefore control our thoughts——/ /and reveal its erroneous nature.

(3)0.5分(4)0.5分

本题考核的知识点是:定语从句、同位语从句、状语从句、并列结构、根据上下文确定词义。[解题步骤]

1.句法分析

主句: Allen's contribution was to take an assumption…and reveal its erroneous nature (主语) (系动词) (表语:不定式短语交列结构)

定语从句:(an assumption that)we all share

同位语从句: (an assumption)——that because we are not robots we therefore control our

(原因状语从句) (主句)

thoughts——

2.句子注释

①汉语表达中习惯动作前面为行为主体,所以应通过增译将本句译为“爱伦的贡献在于,(他)拿出……”。

②assumpuon被定语从句和同位语从句两个从句修饰。可以将较短的定语从句译为“的”字结构的定语;较长的同位语从句可以采用拆译法,单独成句,也可以放在中心词前面,用复指代词“这个,这一”来连接。

3.词义确定

(1)take一词词义繁多,且都易于和名词搭配为动宾结构,如:“拿出(接受,形成)一个……假设”的表达都成立。因此应根据后文对此假设性质的说明“大家普遍接受;爱伦证实为伪”排除“形成,接受”,确定译为“拿出”。

(2)erroneous一词考生可能感觉有些生疏,但只要能知道它和error同源,就不难推断出其含义为“错误的”。

(3)nature的意思不是“自然”,而是“本质、基本性质”。

4.全句调整,得出译文

爱伦的贡献在于,他拿出“我们并不是机器人,所以能控制自己思想”这一公认的假设,并揭示了其谬误所在。

[考生实例]

例1 我们都认同这样的假说:因为我们不是机器人,所以能控制自己的思想。爱伦的贡献在于他提出这一假设并揭示其错误本质。(2分)

例2 爱伦的贡献在于他拿出“我们不是机器人,所以能够控制自己思想”这一我们都分享的假说,而且揭示了这一假设的谬误所在。(1.5分)

例3 爱伦的贡献被拿来当一种公认的假说——因为我们不是机器人,所以我们能够控制自己的思想——这就是自然。(1分)

例4 爱伦对“我们不是机器人,所以能够控制自己的思想”的看法作出贡献是很自然的(0.5分)

例5 爱伦,我们同分享,因为我们不是罗伯特,我们控制自己的想法,爱伦的本质就在于此。(0分)

(2)while we may be able to sustain the illusion of comrol/ /through the conscious mind

(1)0. 5分(2)0. 55分

alone,/ /in reality we are continually faced with a question:/ /"Why cannot I make myself do this

(3)0. 5分(4)0. 5分

or achieve that?"

本题考核的知识点是:状语从句,被动语态、介词翻译。

[解题步骤]

1.句法分析

主句:...in reality we are continually faced with a question: "Why cannot I make myself do (状语) (主语) (谓语) (宾语)

this or achieve that?"

让步状语从句: while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the (从句标志词)(主语) (谓语) (宾语) (方式状语) conscious mind alone,...

2.句子注释

①本句中the illusion of control指代上文“我们可以控制自己的思想”这一幻觉,翻译时有必要对“控制“一词加以引号,以凸显其具体含义,从而使译文明确、具体。

②因为本句存在让步状语从句“虽然,尽管……”,所以,在翻译主句we are continually faced with a question...时需要增译“但是,还是,依然”等,构成呼应,使行文更流畅。

3.词义确定

(1)根据所考句所在段的中心观点“行为是思想的体现,我们无法思此行彼”可知,achieve 强调的是“行动”而非“结果”,所以,将其译为“完成”比“获得、实现”更准确。

(2)本段完全否定了“人可以隐藏思想或使思想失效(控制思想)”的观点,所以应将illusion

4.全句调整,得出译文

尽管我们或许可以仅凭意识来维系“控制”这种错觉,现实中我们还是不断要面对一个问题:“我为什么不能让自己做这个或完成那个?”

[考生实例]

例1 虽然也许我们只通过意识来保留“控制”的幻觉,但事实上我们却在不断面临同——问题:“为什么我不能令自己做这个事情或完成那个目标?”(2分)

例2 尽管单凭意识就可以支持控制的幻想,但实际上我们却总是面对一个问题“为什么我不能令自己做这个或完成那个?”(1.5分)

例3 尽管我们可以有意识地维持这种控制的幻觉,但现实中我们却总面临这样一个问题;“为什么我不能让自己无所不能?”(1分)

例4 当我们可能通过单独控制清醒的大脑去支持幻想时,但实际上我们却面临这样的问题:“为什么我无法控制一切?”(0.5)

例5 当我们可能控制外在的想法,现实中我们却有问题,为什么我自己不能解决?(0分)

(3)This seems a justification 'for neglect of those in need,/ /and a rationalization of exploit-

(1)0. 5分(2)0. 55分

ation,/ /of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.

(3)1分

本题考核知识点:并列结构、固定用法、介词翻译

[解题步骤]

1.句法分析

This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and

(主语) (系动词) (表语1) (介词短语做a justification的后置定语) (并列连词)

a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of

(表语2) (rationalization的定语) (rationalization的定语2)

those at the bottom.

2.句子注释

(1)此句的结构并不复杂,其难点在于需要根据语境对某些词的意思进行合理引申。基于need,top,bottom的本义,结合本句明显的话题“社会阶层”,可将those in need,those at the top,those at the bottom分别译为“贫困者”“社会上层人群”“社会底层人群”。

(2)根据汉语的表达习惯,应通过增译将a justification for neglect...译为“为忽视……(的行为)做辩护”。

(3)为了使句子更流畅,翻译中有时需要对词性进行转换。如:名词justification和rationalizatlon需要转译成动词,译为“为……辩护”“为……找理由”。

4.全句调整,得出译文

这似乎是在为忽视贫困者的行为作辩护,为剥削、为社会上层人群的优越及社会底层人群的卑微找理由。

[考生实例]

例丑这二观点似乎是为忽视贫困者的行为进行辩护,为剥削、为上层人群的优越和底层人群的卑微寻找理由。(2分)

例2 这似乎是对忽略他人需求的解释,对剥削、对上层人群的优越和底层人群卑微的合理化。(1.5)

例3 这一观点似乎造成忽略他人需求,同时造成上层人群的优越和底层人群的卑微。(1分)

例4 这似乎是对忽略需要帮助者行为的辩护,造成上下层的分离。(0.5)

例5 这部分恰好适用于那些需要且被忽视的人,不管在高处还是在低处。(0分)

(4)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us/ /and if we feel that we have

(1)0. 5分(2)0. 5分

been "wronged"/ /then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort/ /to escape from our situation.

(3)0. 5分(4)0. 5分

本题考核知识点:被动语态、固定短语、并列结构、状语从句、不定式结构

[解题步骤]

1.分法分析

分句1: circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us;...

(主语) (谓语:被动态) (不定式短语作目的的状语)

分句2: ...if we feel that we have been "wronged" then we are unlikely to begin a conscious

(条件状语从句) (主句)

effort to escape from our situation.

2.句子注释

整个句子由and连接的两个分句构成,前后意思有转折。整个句子按顺序翻译即可,不需作很大调整。

3.词义确定

(1)brlng out the best in...意为“使……发挥出最好的——面”。如:Your expertise and dedieation will brmg out the best of everyone on your staff.有你这样一位精通业务、工作投入的上司,下属一定能各尽其能。

(2)动同wrong意为to treat or judge someone unfairly"对待(某人)不公正;使(某人)受到委屈”。如:Both sides felt that they had been wronged.双方都感到不公。

环境仿佛是为了激发我们的最大潜能而设,如果我们觉得自己遭受了“不公”,就不太可能有意识地去努力摆脱自己的处境。

[考生实例]

例1 环境似乎旨在激发我们的最大潜能,如果我们总感觉“上天待自己不公”,就不太可能会有意识地努力脱离现状。(2分)

例2 环境似乎是为了激发我们的最大潜能而设,如果我们感觉它是错的,就不太可能有意识地努力摆脱自己的处境。(1.5分)

例3 环境似乎要选出我们中最优秀的人,如果我们感觉到我们不是这些人,就不叮能开始做出努力摆脱自己的处境。(1分)

例4 人生境况好像安排的那样,把好的带给我们,可当我们觉得自己被欺骗后,就可能开始努力逃离我们所处的状况。(0.5分)

例5 环境似乎垂青优秀的人,如果我们感觉自己不是合适的人,就逃跑。(0分)

(5) The upside is the possibilities/ /contained in knowing that everything is up to us;/ /where

(1)0. 5分(2)0. 5分

before we were experts in the array of limitations,//now we become authorities of what is possible.

(3)0.5分(4)0.5分

本题考核知识点:并列句、过去分词短语做定语、短语翻译、宾语从句

[解题步骤]

1. 句法分析

分句1: The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing...

(主语) (系动词) (表语) (过去分词短语做定语,修饰the possibilities) 宾语从句: ...(knowing)that everything is up to us;...

分句2: ...where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we

(地点状语) (时间状语) (主语) become authorities of...

(半系动词) (表语)

介词的宾语从句:... (of)what is possible.

2.句子注释

本句结构非常复杂,理解上容易出现错误。整个句子由分号连接的两个分句构成,后一分句在前一个分句基础上得出的结论。

(1)第一个分句中,“了解一切取决于自己”是“有诸多可能”的前提,所以,翻译时应对语序做较大调整,译为“其正面意义在于,了解……,即有了诸多可能。”

(2)第二个分句的翻译过程中要注意两个句子虽为主从关系,实际表达对比含义。before... now...给我们提供了暗示。另外,还要注意到主句、从句之间时态的不同。

3.词义确定

(1)联系前一句可知,The upside具体指The upside of Allen's book,因此,应将引申译为“其正面意义……,其积极意义”。

(2)be up to意为“取决于……”,如:An Indian or a Chinese meal? It's up to you.吃印度饭菜还是吃中国饭菜?由你决定吧.

(3)be experts in意为“是……方面的专家”,但若将experts in...limitations意为“各种局限的专家”则意思晦涩不明,需要适当增译为“诸熟各种局限的专家”。同理,authorities of what is possible应译为“驾驭(把握)各种可能的权威”

(4)where可做连词,引导地点状语从句。如:She was standing exactly where you are standing now.她当时就站在你现在站的地方。但所考句中并非重在强调方位地点,而是重

其正面意义在于,了解了一切都取决于我们自己,即有了诸多可能;此前我们是谙熟各种局限的专家,现在我们成了驾驭各种可能性的权威。

[考生实例]

例1 其积极意义是,认识到万事都取决于我们自己,即有了无限可能。以前,我们是熟练应对种种局限的专家;现在,我们是把握未来的权威。(2分)

例2 积极的一面在于包含了解一切都取决于自己的可能;以前,我们是在熟练应对各种局限,而现在,我们真正能够把握可能发生的事情。(1.5分)

例3 积极的一面在于它给我们提供了各种可能性,其中包含了解到一切都取决于自己。以前我们是应对各种局限的专家,现在我们能够处理可能发生的事情。(1分) 例4 外在条件是一种被包括在所有的事都取决于我们自己的这种认知中的一种可能性,不管之前我们处于怎样的一种限制环境中,现在我们都应当成为可能。(0.5) 例5 向上是可能的,因为万物都在自己之上;哪里有局限,哪里就有可能。(0分) 三.全文翻译

围绕“思维意识是编织大师,它创造了我们内在性格与外部环境”这一主题,詹姆斯·爱伦《思考的人》一书深入地探索了自助类读物的真谛。

(1)爱伦的贡献在于,他拿出“我们并不是机器人,所以能控制自己的思想”这一公认的假设,并揭示了其谬误所在。因为我们大都相信意识是独立于物质存在的,所以我们认为能够将思想隐藏、并使之失去效力;这使得我们能够这样想却那样做。但爱伦认为,潜意识和意识产生的作用一样大。而且,(2)尽管我们或许可以仅凭意识来维系“控制”这种错觉,现实中我们还是不断要面对一个问题:“我为什么不能让自己做这个或实现那个?”

由于愿望和意志会因为那些与愿望不一致的思想的出现而遭到破坏,爱伦做出如下总结:“所以我们所吸引的不是我们所想,而是我们本身所是。”成功的降临是因为作为一个人你本身就是这种外部成功的体现;你不是“获得”成功,而是“变得”成功。“意识”和“物质”之间没有间隔。

爱伦著作的名声部分来自于如下论点:“环境不能造就人,而是反映人”。(3)这似乎是在为忽视贫困者的行为作辩护,为剥削、为社会上层人群的优越及社会底层人群的卑微找理由。

但这个观点只不过是对如下精妙观点的本能回应。每一种环境,无论多么恶劣,都会给人的成长提供一次独特的机遇。如果环境总是能够决定人们的生活和前景,那人类就永远不会进步。事实上,(4)环境仿佛是为了激发我们的最大潜能而设,如果我们觉得自己遭受了“不公”,就不太可能有意识地去努力摆脱自己的处境。不过,正如任何一位传记作家所知的那样,一个人的早期生活和生活环境往往是他个人得到的最珍贵的礼物。

爱伦这部著作让人清醒的一面在于它指出:对于自己的现状,我们不能问责旁人,只能归咎于自己。(5)其正面意义在于,了解了一切都取决于我们自己,即有了诸多可能;此前我们是谙熟各种局限的专家,现在我们成了驾驭各种可能性的权威。

2.(2010年)基于经济利己主义的环保制度不可取

一.文章总体分析

本文节选自美国生态学家阿尔多·利奥帕德(Aldo Leopold)的著作《沙郡年纪》(A Sand Country Almanac)中的“土地伦理”(The Land Ethics)部分。作者认为,完全基于经济动机和利己主义的环保体系是极不可取的。本文语言优美,句子形式多样,主要考查的知识点包括:固定结构、各类从句、从句并列、被动语态、根据上下文选择词义。划线句子的结构不算太复杂,但出现了不少固定句型、结构和短语,而且利用上下文灵活翻译词汇也很重要。

第一段:开门见山提出作者的论点,即完全基于经济动机的环境保护制度可能剥夺那些维持生物群落完整性、但没有经济价值的生物的生存权利。

第二至四段:以百灵鸟、肉食哺乳动物和食鱼鸟类为例,说明过去人类总要利用经济方面的证据来保护一些没有经济价值的物种,而现在人类有了正确的观点,即一个物种无论是否能给人类带来经济价值,它们自有生存下去的权利。

第五段:以一些种类的树木为例,说明现在没有经济价值的物种也得到了合理的保护。

第六段:呼应首段,总结观点。只基于经济利己主义的环保制度是错误的,会导致对于生物群落健康运作至关重要的物种的灭绝。

二.试题具体分析

(1)Scientistsjumpedtothe rescue/ /with some distinctly shaky evidence/ /to the effect that/ /

(1)0.5分(2)0.5分(3)0.5分insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them.//

(4)0.5分

本题考核的知识点是:固定短语、同位语从句、状语从句、从句嵌套、根据上下文确定词义。

主句: Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect (主语) (谓语) (介词短语做伴随状语) (后置定语) that...

同位语你句: (the effect) that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them.

引导词主句(虚拟条件状语从句) 2.句子注释

主句中,with引导的介词短语转译成动词“拿出(证据),出示(证据)”,使泽文更流畅。由于文中修饰evidence的词为distinctly shaky(明显不可靠),含有贬义色彩,在翻译时应有所体现,需增译“但,而”等,构成转折。to the effect that...做evidence的后置定语,相当于with the meaning that...,that引导同位语从句。翻译to the effect that时,考虑到与前文的语义衔接关系,译为“其大意是”;that同位语从句较长,单独译成一句。

3.词义确定

(1)jump意为move quickly and suddenly"迅速而突然行动”,根据汉语表达习惯,名词the rescue转译为动词,因此jumped to the rescue译为“迅速赶来援救、帮助”。类似的come /go to the rescue也译为“赶来援救、帮助”。

(2)distinctly意为“清楚地;明显地;确实地”,shaky是动词shake(摇动)的同源形容词,意为“不稳定的”,文中修饰evidence,取其引申义“不可靠的”,副词distinctly修饰形容

4.全句凋整,得出译文

科学家们急忙介入,但提出的证据显然站不住脚,其大意是,如果鸟类不能控制昆虫的数量,昆虫便会吞噬我们人类。

[技巧补充]

词性的转化(一)

一般来说,汉语句子多用动词,而英语句子则多用名词、形容词、副词和介词等。因此,

[考生实例]

例1 科学家们赶紧拿出某些明显站不住脚的证据前来救驾,大致说的是:如果鸟儿不能控制害虫的话,害虫就会把我们吃光。(2分)

例2 科学家拿出了一些令人恐惧震惊的证据,指出:如果鸟儿不能控制昆虫的数量,昆虫就有吃掉我们这样的影响(后果)。(1.5分)

例3 科学家们提出一些鲜明的令人震惊的埏龌来说明:如果鸟儿不能控制—‘些昆虫,那么昆虫会吃了我们,是以这样的方式来援助鸟类。(1分)

例4 科学家站出来做了一个本能的令人振奋的证明,这个有影响的证明就是:如果鸟儿不能成功地控制它们,昆虫将会吃完我们。(0.5分)

例5 科学家从来没有控制鸟类,虫子全被吃掉了这种显然而晦涩的证据影响拯救了那些鸟。(0分)

(2)but we have at least drawn nearer the point of admitting/ /that birds should continue as a

(1)0. 5分(2)1分

matter of intrinsic right,/ /regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us./ /

(3)0. 5分

本题考核的知识点是:介词短语、宾语从句。

[解题步骤]

1.句法分析

主句:but we have at least drawn nearer the point of admitting that...

转折连词主语谓语宾语(介词短语作后置定语)

宾语从句做动词admit的宾语:

(admitting) that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the 引导词主语谓语(介词短语做原因状语)

presence or absence of economic advantage to us.

(介词短语做让步状语)

2.句子注释

英文和汉语并不是一一对应的,这就要求在翻译时对个别词的意思进行合理引申。本题中的continue和advantage就是这种情况。continue本意为“继续”,如果这样翻译,译文会显得生硬晦涩;这时就需要结合上下文内容进行引申处理,译为“(鸟类)继续生存下去”。同样的,advantage通常指的是“优点、优势”,但在本文中可对其核心含义进行引申,译为“(经济)价值,(经济)利益”。

3.词义确定

(1)draw的本义是to move in the direction mentioned"(向某个方向)移动,行进”,例如:The figures in the distance seemed to be drawing closer.远处的人影好像越来越近。该含义也可用于比喻义,例如:Her retirement is drawing near.她快退休了。The meeting was drawing to a close.会议快结束了。point在句中意为a particular stage of development阶段,例如:We were on the point of givlng up.我们当时到了要放弃的阶段(几乎要放弃了)。

(2)a matter of意为a situation that involves sth or depends on sth关乎……的事情,例如:Learning to drive is all a matter of coordination.学开车主要是靠协调。Just as a matter of interest,how much did you pay for it?我只是感兴趣,你这是花多少钱买的。

但是我们至少近乎承认,无论鸟类能否带给我们经济价值,它们自有生存下去的权利。[技巧补充]

分译:介词短语译成句子

介词短语作定语或状语时,往往是定语从句或状语从句的简略形式,译成汉语时,可拆句分译。

[考生实例]

例1 们是我们至少已经几乎承认了这样一种观点:那就是鸟儿的生存是它们的固有权

利,不管它对我们是否有经济利益。(2分)

例2 但我们至少应该承认鸟类应该继续它们在昆虫世界的权利,而不是从我们经济得失的角度去考虑。(1.5分)

例3 不管经济优势是否将存在于人类当中,鸟类仍然将继续成为我们的优势,至少我们还是可以承认这—点的。(1分)

例4 但是我们必须在近期描绘出一个方案去允许鸟儿享有权利的同时,也不忽视我们经济的优势。(0.5分)

例5 但是我们至少明确了这一点,尽管对我们的经济发展有一定的影响,但对于乌的生存权不能否定。(0分)

(3)Time was/ /when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence/ /that these creatures

(1)0. 5分(2)0. 5分(3)0. 5分preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak,/ /or that they prey only on "worthless"

(4)0. 5分

species.//

本题考核的知识点是:固定用法、同位语从句。

[解题步骤]

主句:Time was when…

主语谓语表语

同位语从句①

(the evidence)that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak

引导词主语谓语宾语(介词短语做方式状语) 同位语从句②:or that they prey only on “worthless”species

选择连词引导词主语谓语宾语

2.句子注释

本题中含有两个并列的同位语从句,造成从句过长,因此,可以把同位语从句单独译出,并提前。此外,为了使译文更符合中文习惯,可将本位语the evidence的含义进行适当增补,译为“有证据表明”。

3.词义确定

(1)句型Time was when...是There was a time when...的变形,意为“曾几何时,曾经有一个时候”,例:Time was when I could solve seven math problems in one day.Now I can’t even add up numbers.我曾经能够一天内解答七个数字问题,而现在连把数字加起来都做不了,

(2)overwork本意是“过度工作”,但此处和evidence连用,可引申为“滥用证据”。

有证据表明:这些生物杀死体弱者来保持种群的健康,或者说它们仅仅捕食“没有价值”的物种。曾经有段时间,生物学家或多或少滥用了这一证据。

[技巧补充]

同位语从句的翻译

翻译不同长度的同位语从句可用不同的方法。(1)如果从句较短,可放在先行词之前。例如:No one can deny the fact that the earth moves arottnd the sun.没有人能否认地球围绕太阳转这个事实。(2)如果从句较长,通常要分译,采用的方法有:重复先行词;补充对先行词作进一步解释的引导词,如“所谓”、“认为”、“即”、“那就是”等;或者用冒号、破折号将主句和从句分开。例如:①But this does not in any way alter the fact that they are now,from a practical point of view,irrational.但这却丝毫改变不了这样一个事实,即从实用的观点来看,它们今天仍是不合理的。②Several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its sczentific establishment cannot generally be foreaeen in detail.一些国家的政府得出结论:政府要向其科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。

[考生实例]

例l 曾经有段时间,生物学家或多或少滥用了一种证据,即这些生物通过杀死体弱者来保持种群的健康,或者说它们仅仅捕食“没有价值”的物种。(2分)

例2 这时生物学家努力研究得到这个材料,这种生物为了保持群体的健康会杀死那些体质差的和被认为无价值的物种。(1.5分)

例3 时间是当生物学找到证据,证明这些生物通过杀死弱者或他们希望不值得的种类有作为来保证项目的正常。(1分)

例4 科学家克服了那样一种证实,那种被杀害的生物个体是有益的,然mi,他们却被认为是没有价值的。(0.5分)

例5 这时就是当生物学家不知如何得出证据,这些生物学家保护猎物的健康,通过杀死它们,或者是他们祈祷那些没有价值的物种。

(4)In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced,/ /the non-commercial tree

(1)0.5分(2)0.5分

species are recognized/ /as members of the native forest eommunity,/ /to be preserved as such,

(3)0. 5分(4)0. 5分

within reason./ /

本题考核的知识点是:非限定性定语从句、固定短语

主句:In Europe, the non-commercial tree spedes are recognized as members of the native (地点状语) 主语谓语(主语补足语)

forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.

(不定式做定语) (方式状语)

非限定性定语从句: (Europe), where forestry is ecologically more advanced

关系副词主语谓语+表语

2.句子注释

本题小非限定性定语从句的内容较为简单,可将其译为前置定语,即“林业生态更为发达的”。不定式短语to be preserved as such在句中做members的后置定语。与英文相比,中文运用被动语态的情况较少。翻译过程中,可通过添加“被”、“得到”、“遭受”等含有被动意义的词来加以体现,把are recognized as译为“被看作”,be preserved译为“得到保护”。as such指代上文中as members of the native forest community,为避免重复,可译为“如此,像这样的”。

4.全句调整,得出译文

在林业生态更为发达的欧洲,没有商业价值的树种被合理地看成是当地森林群落的成员,并得到相应的保护。

[技巧补充]

固定结构辨析(一)

例1 在欧洲,那些在生态环境上很先进的森林地带,那些没有商业价值的树种被认为是本地森林区的组成成分之一,也被合理地保护着。(2分)

例2 在生态林业较为先进的欧洲,没有成为商业化对象的树种被视为原始森林群落的成员适当地加以保护。(1.5分)

例3 在欧洲,在森林的生态得到提高的地方,无经济效益的树种被认为是国家森林财产的一部分,该被合理地培育。(1分)

例4 在欧洲,森林覆盖率很大,树木被认为是当地森林协会的成员,它们就是以这种形式被保护起来的。(0.5分)

例5 在欧洲,在环境系统更先进的地方,三种经济植物是天然森林的联系,要考虑多种因素。

(5) It tends to ignore,/ /and thus eventually to eliminate,/ /many elements in the land

(1)0. 5分(2)0. 5分(3)0. 5分

community that lack commercial value,/ /but that are essential to its healthy functioning./ /

(4)0. 5分

本题考核的知识点是:定语从句、不定式。

[解题步骤]

主句:

It lends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community

主语谓语宾语(介词短语做后置宾语) 定语从句①: (elements) that lack commercial value,

关系代词谓语宾语

定语从句②: but that are essential to its healthy functioning.

转折连词关系代词谓语表语

2.句子注释

本题中的elements有三个后置修饰成分,包括一个介词短语(in the land community)和两个that引导的定语从句。翻译时应灵活处理,在弄清各个修饰成分内在逻辑关系的同时,尽量将长句变短,从而避免译文冗长累赘。

3.词义确定

(1)it为指示代词,其具体所指可从上文找出,即“基于利己主义的环保制度”。tend to 意为“倾向于”,可以意译为“往往”。

(2)eliminate意为“消除,灭绝”。

(3)element和theland community的翻译均需结合文章内容,此处应分别译为“物种”和“陆地(生物)群落”。

4.全句调整,得出译文

这种保护体系往往忽视陆地群落中诸多缺乏商业价值但对其健康运作至关重要的物种,而最终导致它们的灭绝。

[考生实例]

例1 它容易忽视并最终消灭很多缺乏商业价值的物种,然而这些物种对于整个生物群落的健康运行是至关重要的。(2分)

例2 许多陆地上的没有商业价值的物种,但是它们是实现生态平衡健全功能所不町少的,这一点往往被忽略,甚至最终被消除。(1.5分)

例3 人们逐渐忽视并由此最终消除掉,在缺乏商业价值的土地资源中的元素,除了那些对健康起重要作用的。(1分)

例4 在几乎被遗忘、又偶然被提起,缺乏经济性的无毒的土地,通常很健康的功能。(0.5分)

例5 经济利益应该被忽视,甚至被完全忽略,因为它不是人类生存的根本,而对我们最重要的应是生物环境的健康发展。(0分)

三.全文翻译

一个完全基于经济动机的环境保护制度的基本缺陷是,土地群落的大多数成员都没有经济价值。然而这些生物都是生物群落中的成员,如果这个群落的稳定依赖于它自身的完整的话,那么这些动物就有权继续生存下去。

当某一类没有经济价值的物种受到威胁时,如果我们恰巧喜爱它,就会编一些借口来赋予它经济重要性。本世纪初,人们普通认为百灵乌正在逐渐消失。(1)科学家们急忙介入,但提出的证据显然站不住脚,其大意是,如果鸟类不能控制昆虫的数量,昆虫便会吞噬我们人类。证据必须是经济方面的理由,才能站得住脚。

现在要理解这些拐弯抹角的陈述是令人痛苦的。虽然我们还没有土地伦理,(2)但是我们至少近乎承认,无论鸟类能否带给我们经济价值,它们自有生存下去的权利。

关于肉食哺乳动物和食鱼鸟类,也存在类似的情形。(3)有证据表明:这些生物杀死体弱者来保持种群的健康,或者说它们仅仅捕食“没有价值”的物种。曾经有段时间,生物学家或多或少滥用了这一证据。这再次证明,证据必须是经济方面的理由,才能站得住脚。直到最近几年我们才听到这种比较诚实的论点:肉食动物是土地群落的成员,没有任何特殊利益群体有权为了对自己有利的事实——无论是真实的还是假想的——来消灭它们。

一些种类的树已被看重经济利益的林务官“驱逐出境”,因为它们生长得太慢,或是作为木材收成价值太低。(4)在林业生态更为发达的欧洲,没有商业价值的树种被合理地看成是当地森林群落的成员,并得到相应的保护。此外,有些树种被发现在增强土壤肥沃性方面具有重要作用。森林和树种、地面植物、动物这些组成森林的因素之间的相互依存,被视作理所当然。

总而言之:一个只基于经济利己主义的环保制度存在无可救药的偏差。(5)这种保护体系往往忽视陆地群落中诸多缺乏商业价值但对其健康运作至关重要的物种,而最终导致它们的灭绝。我认为,它错误地假定,即使没有非经济的部份,生物钟的经济部分也一样可以正常运行。

3.(2009年)广义的教育

一.文章总体分析

本文节选自1916年出版的教育专著Democracy and Education(《民主与教育》)第一章Education as a Necessity of Life(“教育是生活必需品”)第三节The Place of Formal Education(“正规教育的地位”)。本文所选的这几段主要介绍了广义的教育,即生活中的教育,从而为下文正规教育的介绍作了铺垫。作者认为,广义的教育指个人在社会生活中与人接触、相互影响、逐步扩大和改进经验,养成道德品质和习得知识技能。正规教育则是从广义教育中分出来的一种更为正式、直接的教育形式。本文学术性强,句子结构复杂,主要考查的知识点包括:各类从句、后置定语、分隔结构、被动语态、根据上下文选择词义。

第一段:指出机构在经验教育方面发挥的作用——直没有受到足够的关注。

第二段:机构存在的最终价值在于对年轻人的性情产生影响。

第三段:将正式教育从广义的教育中区分出来。

二.试题具体分析

(1) It may be said that/ /themeasure ofthe.worth of anysocialinstitution/ /isits effectin

(1)0. 5分(2)0.5分

enlarging and improving experience/ /, but this effect is not a part of its original motive.

(3)0.5分(4)0.5分

本题考核的知识点是:主语从句、后置定语、被动语态。

[解题步骤]

1.句法分析

分句1为主从复合句

①主句: It may be said that...

形式主语谓语主语从句

②主语从句: the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect

主语(介词结构做主语的后置定语) 谓语表语

in enlarging and improving experience.

(介词结构做effect的后置定语)

分句2为简单句:this effect is not a part of its original motive.

主语谓语表语

2.句子注释

本句由but连接的两个并列分句组成。分句1中的主语从句置于句末作真正的主语,译为主动语态的句子时,可以增补泛指的主语“我们”,即“我们可以说……”。介词结构组成的后置定语,依照汉语习惯译为前置定语。分句2中的this effect指代分句1中的effect in enlarging and improving experience,即文章首句提到的education。

3.词义确定

(2)institution:机构。

4.全句调整,得出译文

虽然我们可以说衡量任何一个社会机构价值的标准是其在丰富和完善人生经验方面所起的作用,但这种作用并不是我们最初动机的组成部分。

[技巧补充]

[考生实例]

例1 虽然可以这么说,衡量任何一个社会机构价值的标准在于它增加和完善人生经验方面的影响,但这种影响却不是它最初目的的一部分。(2分)

例2 可以说任何社会机构存在的价值在于其对拓展和增进经验的影响,但是这种影响并不是它的最初目的的一部分。(1.5分)

例3 我们可以这样说,任何社会机构都可以使人们增加经验,但这种影响并不是它的一部分初衷。(1分)

例4 或许可以说一个社会团体的价值在于它能不断积累和丰富自己的经验,但它的这种作用并非其最新的目的。(0.5)

例5 它可能被说过,任何社会的价值尺度是它要扩大和改善经验,但是这种效果不是它的原始的动力。(0分)

(2)Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted,//and only more gradually still//

(1)0. 5分(2)0. 5分

was this effect considered as a directive factor/ /in the conduct of the institution.

(3)0.5分(4)0.5分

本题考核的知识点是:倒装句、被动语态

[解题步骤]

分句1为简单句:the by-product of the institution was noted, only gradually

主语谓语(only+状语)

①主语:this effect was considered as a directive factor only more gradually still

主语谓语(only+状语)

②介词结构做后置定语

(a directive factor)in the conduct of this institution

2.句子注释

本句是and连接的两个并列的倒装句,两个分句的主语the by-product和this effect都呼应上文的effect in enlarging and improving experience。句中“only+状语”位于句首表示强调,be动词被提前构成了部分倒装。翻译倒装句应按照汉语的习惯重新调整词序,以保持译文句子结构流畅。由于汉语中被动语态使用的范围比英语小得多,英语的被动句译成汉语的主动句。主语译为宾语,同时增补“人们、大家”等泛指性词语作主语,从而使译文更通顺地表达原意。

3.词义确定

(1)by-product:副产品。

人们只是逐渐地才注意到机构的这一副产品,而人们把这种作用视为机构运作的指导性因素的过程则更为缓慢。

[技巧补充]

1.倒装句翻译(一)

表示强调时,有时会使用倒装句结构。翻译倒装句需先将句子调整为正常语序,再进行顺译。

当被动句中的谓语动词是感官动词时,可以考虑本句采用的被动语态翻译技巧。例如:It is asserted that... 有人主张……

It is believed that... 有人认为……

It is generally considered that. .. 大家(一般人)认为……

It is well known that... 大家知道(众所周知)……

It will be said... 有人会说……

It was told that... 有人曾经说……

[考生实例]

例1 机构的这一副产品只是逐渐才被注意到,而将这种作用视为机构运行的指导性因素则更加缓慢。(2分)

例2 只有经过一个逐渐的过程,机构的副产品才会被注意到,而只有经过一个更加缓慢的过程它的效果才会被认为是机构运行中的一个因素。(1.5分)

例3 只是渐渐地,社会机构的附属产品受到了重视,而且渐渐地这种效果也被视为社会机构行为的指向因素。(1分)

例4 机构的这种副产品要慢慢才能被发现,而把它仍然当作影响机构的直接作用这一观点也要慢慢被实现。(0.5分)

例5 只有团体提及的副产品是逐渐产生的,而它作为指引团体前行的影响力也是日渐彰显的。(0分)

(3)While it is easy to ignore//in our contact with them//the effect of our acts upon their disposition,

(1)0. 5分(2)0. 5分(3)0.5分

/ /it is not so easy as in dealing With adults.

(4)0.5分

本题考核的知识点是:形式主语、分割结构、省略句。

[解题步骤]

1。句法分析

①让步状语从句:While it is easy to ignore the effect of our acts

引导词形式主语谓语表语不定式做真正的主语

upon their disposition in our contact with them

(后置定语修饰acts) (介词短语做状语)

②主句:

it is not so easy (to ignore the effect of our acts upon their disposition) as in

形式主语谓语表语不定式作真正主语(被省略) (比较dealing with adults

状语)

2.句子注释

状语从句中的动词ignore和宾语the effect...被状语分割,翻译时应按照汉语表达习惯,将状语置于谓语之前;其中,their和them均指代上文中的the young"年轻人”。主句为省略句,翻译时为了避免与从句内容的重复,可以用“这种情况”、“这种影响”来指代被省略

的内容。

4.全句调整,得出译文

虽然在与年轻人的接触中我们容易忽视自己的行为对他们的性情所产生的影响,然而在与成年人打交道时这种情况就不那么容易发生。

[技巧补充]

1.形式主语的翻译

形式主语it的作用只是满足语法上的需要,避免句子头重脚轻,并无实际语义,因此

语法关系密切的两个句子成分被其他句子成分分隔的现象称为分割结构。英语中,分割结构的类型是多种多样的。例如,主语和谓语被分隔、定语(或定语从句)与其中心词被分隔、动词与其宾语被分隔、介词与其宾语被分隔等等。翻译分割结构时,应在抓住原句主干、充分理解原句句意的基础上,按照汉语表达习惯重新安排语序。

例如:Abraham Lincoln is the most famous instance of the claim that Americans often made that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position.

该句中的the claim与其同位语从句that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position被the claim的定语从句that Americans often made分隔。进行翻译时,先不考虑分割结构,将主干抽离出来合并在一起,即:Abraham Lincoln is the most famous instance of the claim that...。译完主于部分后,再将分割结构中的插入成分译出,并安排在合适的位置。从而本句可译为:美国人常认为,在他们国家,一个人的地位可以从社会最底层上升到社会最上层,亚伯拉罕·林肯就是极好的例子。

3.省略句的翻译

并列结构中的同等句子成分往往会被省略。翻译这样的省略句时,既可以将省略的成分补

[考生实例]

例1 虽然和年轻人的交往中我们的行为对他们性情的影响容易被忽视,但和成年人交往则不那么容易忽视这种影响。(2分)

例2 尽管我们在和年轻人接触的时候容易忽视我们的言行对他们性格禀性的影响,但是处理他们的问题,和他们打交道并不简单。(1.5分)

例3 虽然在交流中我们容易忽略其实我们的行动会影响他们的性格,但是这些问题并不比成年人的问题简单。(1分)

例4 因为我们在与青少年相处时容易忽视我们的行为会影响他们的立场,所以去解决青少年的思想是没有了解成人思想那么简单。(0.5分)

例5 因为我们容易忽视自己的行为在与其联系过程中给他们的不当行为造成影响,和青少年打交道并非和成年人打交道那么容易。(0分)

(4)Since our chief business with them//is to enable them to share in a common life//we cannot

(1)0. 5分(2)0.5分

help considering whether or not we are forming the powers//which will secure this ability.

(3)0.5分(4)0.5分

本题考核的知识点是:原因状语从句、宾语从句、定语从句。

[解题步骤]

1.句法分析

①原因状语从句:

Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life

引导词主语谓语表语

②主句:we cannot help considering whether or not...

主语谓语宾语

③宾语从句:we are forming the powers

主语谓语宾语

④定语从句:(powers)which will secure this ability

关系代词谓语宾语

2.句子注释

状语从句里share in a common life中in a common life做状语,而非share的宾语,因此译为“在日常生活叶,共享”。该句前三个分句的逻辑顺序与汉语相近,因此采用顺译法,按照原文行文的叙述顺序译出。做后置定语的定语从句较短,按照汉语习惯译成带“的”的前置定语。

2.词义确定

(1)business:根据搭配business with them(them指代上文提到的“年轻人”)确定business 的词义为:(对年轻人)所负的职责,(对年轻人所做的)22作。

(3)cannot help doing sth:意为“忍不住做某事,不可能避免某事”。

(4)secure:可意为“(尤指通过努力)获得,保护,保卫,(比喻义)确保”。由于从句中secure

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