Lesson one The Middle Eastern Bazaar
一．Background information
二．Brief overview and writing style
This text is a piece of description. In this article, the author describes a vivid and live scene of noisy hilarity of the Middle Eastern Bazaar to readers. At first, he describes the general atmosphere of the bazaar. The entrance of the bazaar is aged and noisy. However, as one goes through the bazaar, the noise the entrance fades away. One of the peculiarities of the Eastern bazaar is that shopkeepers dealing in the same kind of goods gather in the same area. Then the author introduces some strategies for bargaining with the seller in the bazaar which are quite useful. After that he describes some impressive specific market of the bazaar particularly includ ing the copper-smiths market, the carpet-market, the spice-market, the food-market, the dye-market, the pottery-market and the carpenter‘s market which honeycomb the bazaar. The typical animal in desert----camels----can also attract attention by their disdainful expressions. To the author the most unforgettable thing in the bazaar is the place where people make linseed oil. Hence he describes this complicated course with great details.
The author‘s vivid and splendid description takes readers back to hundreds of thousands of years age to the aged middle eastern bazaar, which gives the article an obvious diachronic and spatial sense. The appeal to readers‘visual and hearing sense throughout the description is also a marked feature of this piece of writing.
In short, being a Westerner, the author views the oriental culture and civilization as old and backward but interesting and fantastic. Through careful observation and detailed comparison, the author depicts some new and original peculiarities of the Middle Eastern bazaar which are unique and distinguished.
三．Detailed study of the text
Paragraph 1 the general atmosphere of the bazaar
1. The Middle Eastern bazaar takes you back…of years:
1) Middle East: generally referring to the area from Afghanistan to Egypt, including the Arabian
Peninsula, Cyprus, and Asiatic Turkey.
2) A bazaar is an oriental market-place where a variety of goods is sold. The word perhaps comes
from the Persian word bazar.（中东和印度等的）集市，市场
Paraphrase: The bazaar can be traced back to many centuries ago. The architecture was ancient, the bricks and stones were aged and the economy was a handicraft economy which no longer existed in the West.
2. The one I am thinking of particularly is entered…:
1) is entered..: The present tense used here is called ―historical present(历史现在时)‖. It is used
for vividness.
2) Gothic: of a style of building in Western Europe between the 12th and 16th centuries, with
pointed arches , arched roofs, tall thin pillars, and stained glass windows.
3) aged: having existed long; very old
3. Y ou pass from the heat and glare of a big open square into a cool, dark cavern…:
1) Here ―the heat‖is contrasted with ―cool‖, ―glare‖with ―dark‖, and ―open square‖with
―cavern‖.
2) glare: strong, fierce, unpleasant light, not so agreeable and welcome as ―bright sunlight‖.强光，
耀眼的光
3) ―cavern‖here does not really mean a cave or an underground chamber. From the text we can
see it is a long, narrow, dark street of workshops and shops with some sort of a roof over them.
大洞穴（尤指大而黑的）
Paraphrase: In front of the gateway there is a big, open square. It is hot there and the brightness of the sunlight is most disagreeable. But when you enter the gateway, you come to a long, narrow, dark street with some sort of a roof over it and it is cool inside.
4. which extends as far as the eye can see:
The word eye and ear are used in the singular not to mean the concrete organ of sight or hearing but something abstract; they are often used figuratively. Here the eye means man‘s power of seeing or eyesight. E.g.
1)She has an eye for beauty.
2)The boy has a sharp eye.
3)To turn a blind eye / a deaf ear to sth or sb.
4)His words are unpleasant to the ear.
5. losing itself in the shadowy distance…: shadowy suggests shifting illumination and distinct. E.g.
A zig-zag path loses itself in the shadowy distance of the woods.（一条蜿蜒的小路隐没在树荫深处。）
6. Little donkeys …entering and leaving the bazaar:
1) thread their way: the donkeys went in and out among the people and from one side to another.
2) The word ―entering‖ and ―leaving‖go with the word ―throngs‖which differs from ―crowd‖in
that it carries a stringer implication of movement and of pushing and a weaker implication of density.
7. The roadway is about … of every conceivable kind are sold.
1) roadway: the middle part of a road where vehicles drive
2) stall: small, open-fronted shop, table etc. used by a trader in a market, on a street.摊位，售货亭Paraphrase The small shops lining the street try to expand their shop space by encroaching on the street, so the street becomes narrow every few yards.
8. The din …and makes you dizzy:
1) din: loud, confused noise that continues 持续的嘈杂声
2) The noun ―din‖ is followed by three ―of‖ phrases, thus a parallelism.
3) The expression ―crying one‘s ware‖ is now considered old fashioned.
Wares: rather literary, meaning articles for sale, usu. not in a shop.
4）clear a way: to remove from (as a space) all that occupies or encumbers, or that impedes or restricts use, passage or action
5）would-be: likely, possible
Paraphrase the loud, confused noise of … continues without interruption and makes you feel mentally confused.
Paragraph 2 the sepulchral atmosphere of the cloth-market
1.Then as you penetrate … muted cloth-market.
1)penetrate: to pierce or pass into or through. The word is used here to indicate that you have to
pass through a big crowd in order to go deeper into the market.进入或穿过，透过
2)Fade away: go slowly out of hearing, gradually disappear
3)Muted: it is muted because the earthen floor deadens the sound of footsteps and people in the
market speak in low, soft tones.
2.The earthen floor… any sounds to echo:
1)earthen: made of earth
2)beaten hard by countless feet: flattened by treading; which becomes flat and hard because it is
much traveled
3)deaden: to lessen or dull the sound of (footstep)
4)the vaulted mud-brick walls and roof: Moslem style of architecture
3.the shopkeepers speak in slow … follow suit.
1)measured: steady, slow and deliberate; rhythmical
2)sepulchral: [si p?lk?rl] Suggestive of the grave of burial; dismal, gloomy暗示着埋葬的;
阴沉忧郁的
3)follow suit: to do the same as someone else has done
4)The buyers overcome by the grave-like atmosphere, also speak in slow, measured tones. Paragraph 3 shopkeepers dealing in the same kind of goods gather in the same area
1.One of the peculiarities … persecution:
1)peculiarities: characteristics
2)collect: come together; gather
3)knit: unite firmly and closely
4)guild: society of persons for helping one another, forwarding common interests协会，行会paraphrase Shopkeepers dealing in the same kind of goods usually scatter themselves over the bazaar so as to avoid competition. (It would then be more difficult for customers to compare goods and prices.) But in the Middle Eastern Bazaar they come together in the same area in order to form a closely-knit guild against injustice or persecution (coming from, perhaps, the tax collectors and government officials).
2.each open-fronted shop … for storage:
1)open-fronted shop: the goods are displayed at the front of the shop, without any window or
doorway blocking the view.
2) a trestle table for display: One displays anything that one spreads out for others to view or puts
in a position where it can be seen to advantage or with great clearness so as to strike the eye.
（放置木板、桌面、坐板等的）支架
3.Bargaining is the order of the day: bargaining is the normal way of doing things
(the) order of the day: that which is of the greatest general interest at a particular time；
prevailing state of things, e.g.
They failed to act since confusion was the order of the day at the headquarters.
His period was a building age, when competition was the order of the day.
4.veiled women … beating the price down:
1)veiled women: according to Moslem custom women have to wear veils when they go out.
2)to price: (colloquial) to ask the price of, e.g.
3)narrow down their choice: reduce the number of their choice
4)beat down: bargain with (seller), causing seller to lower (price)
Paragraph 4 some strategies for bargaining with the seller
1.It is a point of honor … the last moment.
1) a point of honor: something considered important for one‘s self-respect(指关系到面子和自尊
的重要事情)
2)what it is: ―what it is‖ means ―which (thing) in particular‖. The word ―it is‖ are added to show
emphasis.
2.yield little: refuse to reduce the price by any significant amount
3.The seller … makes a point of protesting that …:
1)protesting: insisting, affirming strongly
2)to make a point of doing sth: regard or treat it as necessary, e.g.
The teachers make a point of being strict with the students.
Paraphrase The seller thinks it is necessary for him to declare that the price he is asking makes it impossible for him to gain any profit.
4.he is sacrificing this …regard for the customer: He is selling the thing at less than its cost
because he respects the customer.
5.with customers coming and going at intervals: the customer bargains for some time, then leaves
(hoping to frighten the seller that he might lose the customer) and comes back again after a period of time and carries on the bargaining.
Paragraph 5 detailed description of the copper-smith’s market
1.One of the most … copper-smiths‘ market:
1）picturesque: striking, vivid
2）impressive: deeply impressing mind or senses, esp. so as to cause approval or admiration
2.As you approach it … on your ear.:
1)tinkling: a succession of light, ringing sounds (e.g. of a small bell)
2)banging: hit violently, to make a loud noise （e.g. to bang a door）
3)clashing: make a loud, broken, confused noise (as when metal objects strike together) (e.g.
swords clash, the clashing of cymbals
4)impinge (on): have an effect (on); strike
3.It grows louder and more distinct:
1)it: the tinkling and banging and clashing
2)distinct: not only clear, but easily heard, clearly marked, distinguished apart from other sounds 4.until you round a corner … lamps and braziers:
1)round: make a turn about
2)dancing flashes: quick bright lights moving up and down
3)catch the light of: intercept and reflect the light of
paraphrase The dancing flashes are reflections of the (unsteady) lights from the lamps and braziers throw on the polished copper.
5.hammering away at copper vessels of all shapes and sizes: away means continuously, constantly
e.g.
working, laughing, muttering away
6.take a hand (in sth): help, play a part (in sth) e.g.
Don’t fool around, come and take a hand in the cleaning.
7.the red of the live coals … to the strokes of the bellows:
1)live: adj. burning or glowing
a live bom
b (unexploded)
It was a live broadcast, not a recording.
2)red: here it refers to the red light ( of the burning coals)
3) to: along with; accompanied by；as an accompaniment for
Paraphrase The light of the burning coal becomes alternately bright and dim as the coals burn and die down, burn again, along with the repeated movements of the bellows.
Paragraph 6 different styles of the household utensils
1. Here you can find … and strictly functional:
1) intricate: a specific word, meaning the design are of interwinding or interlacing parts
2) functional: designed to serve practical purpose; its opposite is ― ornamental‖
Paraphrase Here you can find beautiful pots and bowls with fine, complicated and traditional designs; you can also get simple household utensils for daily use, which are pleasant to look at but not have any decoration on them and are strictly designed to serve useful purposes.
Paragraph 7 about the carpet-market, the spice-market, the food-market, the dye-market, the pottery-market
1. Elsewhere … and yet harmonious:
1) profusion: plenty; great or too great amount
2) rich: (color) deep, strong and beautiful
3) varied: it implies more than ―different‖; it stresses the idea of full of changes of variety, having numerous forms or types
4) texture: arrangement of threads etc. in textile fabric, characteristic feel due to this
5) bold: strongly marked; clearly formed
Paraphrase Y ou have a whole of carpets with vivid color, woven in different ways, having designs typical of different regions. Some of the designs are clear-cut, well-marked and simple; while others are very complicated, showing all the details yet having all the different parts combined in a pleasing and satisfactory arrangement.
2. exotic smells: Exotic means not only foreign, but also out of the ordinary, strikingly or excitingly different or unusual. It is used to describe something which is very pleasing either to the mind or sense.
3. ―sumptuous dinner‖ is contrasted with ―humble meal‖. Sumptuous: rich and costly, suggesting lavish expenditure e.g. a ~ banquet, furnishing
Humble: (of things) poor, mean
4.in the maze … honeycomb this bazaar:
1)maze: a set of intricate windings
2)honeycomb: v. to fill with holes, cells, or cavities
paraphrase The street that pierce the bazaar from all directions and lead towards all directions cut the bazaar into small sections like the honeycomb.
5.every here and there: every now and again; at one place or another
6. a doorway gives a glimpse of a sunlit courtyard:
1)glimpse: a quick, imperfect view of sth
2) Now and again through a doorway you‘ll be able to catch a brief view of a sunlit courtyard.
7. where camels lie … beside them:
1) disdain: consider unworthy of one‘s notice; treat with scorn
Paraphrase The camels are considered very arrogant, hence disdainfully chewing their hay, showing no interest in the activities going on around them.
Paragraph 8 the making of linseed oil
1. It is a vast somber cavern of a room: a room that is like a vast somber cavern
1) The use of implied comparison and the noun ―cavern‖ instead of the adj.―cavernous‖ makes the description more vivid. E.g.
He was a tyrant of a landlord.
They lived in a palace ( match-box) of a house.
Before him stood a little shrimp of a fellow.
2)somber: partially deprived of light or brightness; dark; gloomy
2. dim: lack of clarity of outline or physical things or mental ones
3. a huge pole compare with a vast cavern
Huge commonly suggests immensity of bulk. E.g. a huge mass of earth
a huge leather bellow
Vast suggests immensity of extent. E.g. a vast expanse of the sky
China is a populous country with a vast territory.
When used figuratively, huge stresses the greatness of a person‘s (or thing‘s) capacity. V ast stresses a thing‘s range, scope or variety, as well as extent. E.g.
a huge eater a vast knowledge, interests
4. a blind-folded camel… walks constantly in a circle:
1) blind-folded: with eyes bandaged
2) constantly means continuously, stressing firmness, steadiness and devotion
Endlessly stresses weariness and tediousness and monotony.
5. which is then pressed to extract the oil: extract means obtain from a substance by any chemical or mechanical operation, as by pressure, distillation,etc.
6.in superb condition … muscular, massive and stately.
1)superb: (colloq.) of very high quality, excellent
2)muscular: having well-developed muscles; strong, suggestive of great physical strength肌肉发
达的，强健的
3)massive: large and imposing or impressive大而重的
4)stately: the camel walks in a slow, deliberate and dignified pace, hence stately庄严的paragraph 9 how to extract oil
1. The pressing … and their stone wheels:
1) ramshackle: shaky, unsteady; likely to go to pieces, as from age or neglect
2) apparatus: an integrated assembly of tools, instrument etc, used for a specific purpose
3) Note the use of tower and dwarf and the mental picture the author wants to create.
tower: reach high (above or over surroundings)
dwarf: make look small by contrast or distance
2. The machine is operated by one man:
The stress is on one, meaning not two or three men. If it is a man, then the stress is on man, meaning not a woman or a boy.
3. who shovels … in motion:
1)nimble: moving or acting quickly and lightly; light and quick in motion敏捷的
2) a dizzy height: so high that it causes giddiness; that it makes people have a kind of whirling
sensation
3)throw one‘s weight on to : use all one‘s strength to press down
4)set … in motion: get … going; get … operating
4. Ancient girders（大梁，主梁）creak and groan … a used petrol can:
1)ancient: not only old, but also old-fashioned and antiquated
2)creak: (make a ) sound like that of an unoiled door-hinge, or badly-fitting floorboards when
trodden on
3)groan: (make a) sound like that caused by the movement of wood or metal parts heavily loaded
4)trickle: a slow, small flow ( of liquid)
5)ooze: give forth steadily (moisture)
6)runnel: a small channel
7)used: no longer new; second-hand
5. quickly the trickle …. And sighs of the camels:
1)glisten: (esp. of wet or polished surface, tear-filled eyes) shine brightly, sparkle
2)Compare: dancing flashes vs. live coal glowing bright
Flash : sudden and transient outburst of flame or light
Glow: send out brightness or warmth without flame
e.g. a flash of lightning (fig.) a flash of wit; hope; inspiration
3) taut and protesting: The ropes are drawn tight and the ancient girders creak and groan.
4) its creaks: ―its‖ stands for the overhead apparatus or the beam
5) squeaking: making short, deep, rough sound like that of a hog
6) rumble: (make a ) deep, heavy continuous sound
7) grunt: a high-pitched, nasal-sounding cry
Lesson Two Hiroshima — the ―Liveliest‖ City in Japan
Writing style
This text is a piece of narration, the telling of a story. A good narration has a beginning, a middle and an end. In a narrative writing, the actions or the incidents, events are generally presented in order of their occurrence, following the natural time sequence of the happenings, that is, in chronological order. But it can also start in the middle or at some other point in the action and move backward to the earlier happenings. This is called flashback.
There are three basic components of a narration:
Plot: the frame of the writing, which consists of a series of events. There are usu. one or several climaxes, the highest point of the story, with suspensions, conflicts, to arouse the interest of the audience. After the climax is reached, the story quickly moves to a conclusion.
Characters: the leading character is called the hero or protagonist.
Background: the time and place of the story
The plot usually dominates narration, however, some narratives focus on character or theme or atmosphere.
This text takes the changes of the author‘s thoughts and feelings as the order of the whole excerpt. The author tells us his experience of his journey in Hiroshima and what he has seen and felt and understood there. The most-used pattern of narration is narrating and describing. Apart from the main clue of the author‘s thoughts and feelings, he also spices this piece with some typical description of the characteristics of the Japanese nation, and at the same time he emphasizes the co-existence and struggle of the Eastern and Western culture. As the comment in the narration is always its golden-stone which directly gives opinion and judgment of the narrated content, this text is no exception. At the end of this excerpt, the author makes some comments which echo with the title, thus makes the whole passage a smooth and natural entirety.
Structural Analysis
Part I: (para 1.) The Arrival
Part II: (para 2-7) Way to City Hall
Part III: (para 8-28) Meeting the Mayor
Part IV: (para 29-end) At the Hospital
Detailed study of the text
Paragraph 1
1.Hiroshima—the ―Liveliest‖City in Japan: The word ―liveliest‖is put in quotation marks to
show that this is what the city is said to be and the writer perhaps considers it ironic to use the word ―liveliest‖ to describe a city that had been atomized.
2.―Hiroshima! Everybody off!‖Everybody should now get off the train. These words were
chanted by the stationmaster to inform the passengers that the train had arrived at its terminal destination and all passengers were to detrain.
3.That must be … slipped to a stop in Hiroshima Station:
1)Must here expresses strong probability as the author did not understand Japanese and could
not have been sure.
2)slipped to a stop: came to a stop smoothly and effortlessly, in a gliding manner
Cf. slide, slip, glide, coast
Slide implies accelerated motion without loosing contact with the slippery surface. 滑动，暗含加速地在光滑的表面上滑行
the drops sliding from a lifted oar(Theodore Roethke).
“水滴从抬起的桨上滑下来”（西奥多·勒特克）
Slip often suggests involuntary rather than voluntary, sometimes even definitely implying a loss of footing and a fall. 无意中，不知不觉地滑动而不是自发地移动，有时表示因为失足而跌倒
He slipped on a patch of ice and sprained his ankle.
他在一块冰上滑了一跤，扭伤了脚踝。
Don’t let slip the chance. a slip of the tongue/pen 口误／笔误
Glide, rather close to slide, means to move smoothly, quietly and continuously as is characteristic of dances. 顺畅平稳地滑动，无声而持久，看似毫不费力
four snakes gliding up and down a hollow(Ralph Waldo Emerson).
四条蛇在一个山谷里上下滑行（拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生）。
Coast applies especially to downward movement resulting from the effects of gravity or momentum 尤指由于重力或惯性造成的向下运动
The driver turned off the engine and let the truck coast down the incline.
司机关掉了马达让卡车滑下斜坡。
4.And secondly, because I had a lump in my throat and a lot of sad thoughts on my mind … :
1) a lump in one’s throat: a feeling of pressure in one‘s throat, caused by repressed emotion; a
feeling of tightness or dryness in the throat caused by strong emotion. In this context, the author was choked with emotion, or he was so overcome with emotion that he could not speak or think clearly. 如哽在喉
Most of the Chinese people have ～on hearing the death of Premier Zhou.
2) a lot of sad thoughts on my mind: I was troubled about some sad events; I was preoccupied
with some sad thoughts.
3)to have to do with: to be a concern of; to be about; to be connected with. My sad thoughts
had no connection with what the stationmaster might say.
5.The very act of stepping on this soil … any reportorial assignment I‘d previously taken:
1)very: itself and nothing else, e.g. That is the very last thing I expected.
2)adventure: an unusual journey or an exciting or remarkable experience
reportorial assignment: reporting work for a newspaper
3)The fact that I was now in Hiroshima was in itself a much more exciting experience for me
than any trip I had taken or any reporting work I had done in the past.
6.Was I not at the scene of the crime?
Rhetorical questions are usually asked only for effect, as to emphasize a point, no answer being expected. E. g. Isn’t it a fact well known to everybody that the sun is bigger than the moon? The author was so touched by his memory of the past that he was still unsure whether he has been in this city, the place where the A-bomb was dropped
Paragraph 2
1.The Japanese crowd …that I had: Judging by appearances, the author could not have been
absolutely sure that the Japanese crowd did not have the same preoccupations.
Appear may convey the same implication as look, but it sometimes suggests a distorted impression produced by an optical illusion, a restricted point of view etc. Look implies that the opinion is based on a visual impression. Seem suggests a personal opinion based on evidence that satisfies the judgment.
2.Little girls … in western dress:
1)rub shoulders with: (infml.) meet and mix with sb.; come into contact. E.g.
The foreign visitors said that they would like to rub shoulders with ordinary Chinese people.
2)This sentence gives the impression that in Japan traditional style and western style exist
side by side.
3.Serious looking men …
1)be oblivious of / to: be unaware of; having no memory of sth. E.g.
She became absorbed in the work, oblivious of the passage of time.
Cf. oblivious, forgetful,unmindful, ignorant
Forgetful usually implies a faulty memory or a tendency not to remember 通常含有记忆力衰退或失去记忆的意思
As I grow older I become increasingly forgetful.随着年龄的增长，我变得越来越健忘了。
Less often the word is used as the equivalent of unmindful, which applies principally to failure to keep in mind what should be remembered, as through deliberate oversight, heedlessness, or inattentiveness. 偶尔这些词可用来代替unmindful，该词主要用于指有意的疏忽、心不在焉或漫不经心等，而将应该记住的事忘了
She ought not to be forgetful of her duties. 她不该玩忽职守。
Each passenger rushed toward the exit, unmindful of the others.
每个乘客都不顾其他人涌向出口。
Oblivious refers to failure rather than inability to remember, as because one is preoccupied or because one has chosen to disregard something. 更侧重于疏忽而不是失去记忆，如因为某人做事一心一意或有选择地疏忽一些事情。
Fortunately for the author, he was soon oblivious of the vitriolic criticism.
幸运的是，就作者而言，他很快就忘了这些辛辣的评论。
Sometimes the term implies lack of awareness. 有时这个词含有缺少意识的含义。
For a person who has known them so long you are strangely oblivious to their faults.
对于一个认识他们很久的人来说，你异乎寻常地没有意识到他们的缺点。
2)Paraphrase: They were so absorbed in their conversation that they seemed not to pay any
attention to the crowds about them.
3)bob up and down repeatedly in little bows: (humorous) bow repeatedly
4)ritual: all the rites or forms connected with a ceremony; particular form of a ny procedure
regularly followed; here used as an adj. meaning ―done as a rite‖. 仪式; 仪式的; 礼节的ritual phrases of greeting例行的客套话
formula: habitual expression or behavior;fixed arrangement of words, esp. as used on social, legal or ceremonial occasions 套语, 惯用语（尤指社交, 法律场合或仪式上使用的）e.g.
Before the football match the players of two teams followed the ritual formula of shaking hands and exchanging gifts.
4.Others were using little red telephones … tobacco shops:
fa?ade: front or face of building towards a street or open place
grocery store: a store where tea, butter, sugar, tinned food and such household requirements as soap and soap powder are sold.
Paragraph 3
1.whose door popped open at the very sight of a traveler: As soon as the taxi driver saw a traveler,
he immediately opened the door.
2.grin: smile broadly as to show teeth, originally expressing amusement, foolish satisfaction or
contempt etc., but in current English, tending to imply na?ve cheerfulness.
3.The tall building of the martyred city … in response to the driver‘s sharp twists of the wheel:
1)martyred city: the city that has been made to suffer
A martyr is someone who is killed or made to suffer greatly esp. because of their religious or
political beliefs, and is admired and respected by people who share those beliefs.
a glorious martyr to the cause of liberty a Christian martyr a revolutionary martyr
a martyr to duty 殉职者 a martyr to love殉情者
If you refer to someone as a martyr, you disapprove of the fact that they pretend to suffer, or exaggerate their suffering, in order to get sympathy or praise from other people.为博得赞赏或同情而受苦﹑自我牺牲的人
When are you going to quit acting like a martyr whenever you are asked to do some housework?
If you say that someone is a martyr to something, you mean that they suffer as a result of it.
Ellsworth was a martyr to his sense of honor and responsibility.
a martyr to continuous headaches 不断受头痛折磨的人
If someone is martyred, they are killed or made to suffer greatly because of their religious or political beliefs.
2) lurch: roll or sway suddenly forward or to one side
in response to: in answer to; in reaction to
In response to your inquiries, we regret to inform you that we cannot help you in this matter.
3)The high buildings passed swiftly and when the driver made abrupt changes of direction,
we sometimes swung to one side, sometimes to the other side in response to the swaying motion of the car.
Paragraph 4
1. Just as I was beginning to find the ride long … to ask the way: When I was beginning to find the
trip too long (I was about to become a little bit impatient), the taxi stopped with a harsh piercing sound.
2. but to avoid loss of face … how long it may take them to find it:
1)loss of face: inability to keep up dignity, selfrespect, prestige; loss of reputation; humiliation
2)will accept any destination without concern for…: will agree to go anywhere they are asked
to without caring for how long it may take them to reach the destination.
Paragraph 5-6
1.As last this intermezzo came to an end and I found myself in front of the gigantic City Hall:
1)intermezzo: a short, light dramatic, musical or ballet entertainment between the acts of a
play or opera; here the word is used figuratively to refer to anything that fills time between two events – the cab ride that took place between his arrival at Hiroshima and his planned meeting with the mayor. This word is used very light-heartedly here.
2)I found myself…: This pattern gives the idea of ―suddenness‖, ―unexpectedness‖; discover
oneself to be in a surprising situation; I suddenly discovered that I was in front of the City Hall. For example:
I awoke one morning to find myself famous.
2.The usher … heaved a long, almost musical sigh …: The official doorkeeper uttered a sigh
perhaps because many people had gone there wrongly before the author and he had to explain once again.
heave: to give out (a sad sound), esp. in the phrase ― to heave a sigh / groan‖
We all heaved a sigh of relief when the work was done.
3. sketch a map: draw roughly and quickly with outlines but little detail
Paragraph 7
1.thanks to: on account of; because of; owing to
embankment: a raised bank built to confine a river or canal 防水堤
barge: a large flat-bottomed boat for carrying goods or people on rivers or canals驳船（河流
运河等中载运客货的大型平底船）
moor: secure a boat with cables; to fasten a ship or boat to the land or to the bottom of the sea using ropes or an anchor
2.The rather arresting spectacle … between the kimono and the miniskirt:
1)the rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan: the rather striking picture of traditional
Japan
arresting: striking, attracting and holding the attention
spectacle: sight, view or scene
beige: brownish grey or grayish yellow 淡棕色的
adrift: afloat without control, driven about by the sea or wind
a-has the meaning of ―away, from, of, in, on, etc.‖
aboard: on the board, on the boat afield: a way from one‘s home; on a field
afire: to set sth. on fire The house was afire.
afloat: on water afoot: on foot
2)struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt: ―Kimono‖ and ―miniskirt‖ here are used
symbolically to represent the ―old‖ and the ―new‖ or the East or the West.
Paraphrase: The traditional floating houses among high modern buildings represent the constant struggle between old tradition (traditional culture) and new development (Western style).
Paragraph 8
1.stunning: very attractive; delightfully beautiful
porcelain-faced: a face with a fair delicate complexion; using the traditional white make-up smooth-faced: 没胡须的, 表面光滑的, 奉承的
ashen-faced: looks very pale, esp. because one is ill, shocked, or frightened 面如死灰的
bare-faced / barefaced: shameless 不要脸的
po-faced: with a too solemn or disapproving expression 一本正经的; 不以为然的
poker-faced: expressionless 无表情的, 不动声色的, 一本正经的
red-faced: with a face that looks red, often because one is embarrassed or angry 由于狼狈或困窘而红着脸的
shamefaced: look and feel ashamed because one has done something wrong or has behaved badly 脸带愧色的; 谦逊的; 害羞的
straight-faced: appears not to be amused in a funny situation 不苟言笑的
two-faced / double-faced: informal changing what you say according to who you are talking to, in a way that is insincere and unpleasant 两面派的, 伪君子的
2.treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting … in my socks:
1)I was not accustomed to walking in my socks so I walked carefully, fearing that something
unpleasant or dangerous might happen.
2) a twinge of embarrassment: a sudden sharp feeling of shame
a twinge of toothache / conscience
prospect: reasonable hope; sth. which is expected or considered probable
I see no prospect of his recovery.
cf: expectation: thing that is expected
We came here with the expectation of meeting the mayor, but I see no prospects of seeing
him now since he is oblivious of us humbles.
Paraphrase: I suffered from a strong feeling of shame when I thought of the prospect of meeting the mayor of Hiroshima in my socks.
Paragraph 9
1.sad-eyed: looking sad
green-eyed: with green eyes; envious 绿眼的, 嫉妒的
blue-eyed: with blue eyes; beloved 蓝眼睛的, 心爱的
cross-eyed: with one or both eyes turned inwards towards the nose 内斜视的; 斗鸡眼的
2.the strange emotion which had overwhelmed me at the station returned: I was again overcome
by a guilty conscience as I had been when I first arrived at the station.
overwhelm: (Origin) ―whelm‖ means ―to turn over, cover up‖
﹡Harriet was overwhelmed by a feeling of homesickness. if someone is overwhel med by an emotion,
﹡The children were overwhelmed with excitement. they feel it so strongly that they cannot
﹡Grief overwhelmed me. think clearl y
﹡We were overwhelmed by the number of applications. if work or a probl em overwhelms someone,
﹡They would be overwhelmed with paperwork. i t is too much or too difficult to deal with
﹡I was completely overwhelmed by his generosity. to surprise someone very much,so that
﹡We were overwhelmed by the sheer size of the place. they do not know how to react
﹡In 1532 the Spaniards finally overwhelmed the armies of Peru. to defeat an army compl etel y
﹡A great mass of water overwhelmed the village. water covers the land compl etel y and suddenly
3.I was again crushed by the thought that …: the thought that … once again overwhelmed me
4.linger on to die in slow agony: died slowly and in great pain
stay for a long time; be unwilling to leave 逗留; 徘徊:
She lingered after the concert, hoping to meet the star. 音乐会後她徘徊不去, 希望能一见明星. linger about / around / on在附近[在周围/不断]徘徊.
be slow; dawdle 动作迟缓; 磨蹭; 拖沓:
There's no time to linger it'll soon be dark. 没时间拖延了——天快黑了.
linger (long) over one's meal慢腾腾吃饭.
remain in existence although becoming weaker 苟延残喘; 奄奄一息:
Though desperately ill he could linger on for months. 他虽病入膏肓, 却尚能苟延数月. The old tradition seems to linger on in some villages. 老传统在有些村里至今犹存.
The scent of her perfume lingered on in the room. 屋里仍然飘溢着她的香水味.
He surprised all the doctors by lingering on for several weeks.
Paragraph 10-19
1.inhibited: feeling restrained, having to suppress one‘s emotion; finding it difficult to behave
naturally and show one‘s feeling; uneasy, unnatural
Men are more inhibited about touching each other than women.
2.After three days in Japan …extraordinarily flexible: After three days in Japan one gets quite
used to bowing to people as a ritual to show gratitude.
spinal column: the backbone
flexible: easily bent; pliant
Notice the humorous effect achieved through the use of the formal, learned, scientific terms. 3.the faces grew more and more serious each time the name Hiroshima was repeated: The mayor
mentioned Hiroshima repeatedly and to the author (who was suffering from a guilty conscience) the repeated mention of the name created a suspense which he found hard to bear. That was also, perhaps, why the faces of other foreigners grew more and more serious.
4.agitated: disturbed, upset
5.… a town known throughout the world for its – oysters:
This is called anti-climax, a common literary device to achieve humor, surprise, satire etc.
Anti-climax: a sudden drop from an important, serious, exciting thought or expression to the commonplace, unimportant or absurd things, usu. for suspense, attention, expectation, or dramatic and humorous effects. E.g.
The duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes.
The mayor said this because he did not want to embarrass the foreigners by talking about the disaster and he wanted people to forget the tragic past and because Hiroshima was famous for its oysters. (The mayor apparently doesn‘t want to mention the painful, horrid past, to avoid making the guests uncomfortable, or to prevent himself and his compatriots from feeling the agony again. It either shows the considerateness of the mayor for the guests, or it shows how the event is still haunting, gnawing at and devouring the modern Japanese.)
6.I was just about to make my little bow of assent … jolting me out of my sad reverie:
1)assent: an acceptance (of a statement) as true; agreement
Notice the sense of humor in this sentence.
2)sink in: be fully absorbed or understood; penetrate esp. gradually
Peter read the letter twice before its meaning sank in.
3)jolt: (v.) shake up as with a bumpy ride or sharp blow, move with sudden jerky movements
颠簸, 猛击;
We jolted along rough wet roads through an endless banana plantation.
jolt sb into/out of sth: make sb act by giving him a sudden shock
A stinging slap across the face jolted her.
It jolted me into making the decision to quit.
Her sharp words seemed to jolt him out of his depression.
Her angry words jolted him out of the belief that she loved him.
她愤怒的话令他震惊,使他明白她不再爱自己了。
(n.) sudden bump or shake; jerk
People felt the first jolt of the earthquake at about 8 a.m.
(fig.) surprise; shock
The oil crisis has given the government quite a jolt.
4)reverie: dreamy thinking, esp. of agreeable things; the state of being absorbed in dreamlike
contemplation; daydreaming; be deep in thought / be lost in thought / be absorbed in thought / be sunk in deep thought
fall into a reverie沉溺于不实际的空想之中
5)Paraphrase: I was on the point of showing my agreement by nodding when I suddenly
realized what he meant. His words shocked me out of my sad dreamy thinking.
7.humanity‘s most heinous crime: the most wicked crime mankind has ever committed. heinous: (literary) wicked in a high degree; atrocious/monstrous/hateful/villainous/outrageous
/detestable/doggone/hideous/obnoxious/odious
The Nanjing massacre was a heinous crime committed by the Japanese.
Paragraph 20-27
1. backed away: moved backwards away from the mayor
headed toward the far side of the room: moved toward the other end of the room
2. I must confess that I did not expect a speech about oysters here: I must admit that it never
occurred to me that I would hear the mayor of Hiroshima talk about oysters.
If you confess sth. or confess to sth., you admit that you have done sth. that you feel ashamed of, or embarrassed about.
3. cataclysm: a violent and sudden upheaval esp. a serious flood, an earthquake or war; disaster
cf. disaster，calamity，catastrophe，cataclysm
These nouns refer to an event having fatal or ruinous results.
Disaster generally implies great destruction, hardship, or loss of life
A nuclear disaster, spread by winds and waters and fear, could well engulf the great and the
small, the rich and the poor, the committed and the uncommitted alike. (John F. Kennedy)
核灾难，由风、水和恐惧而传播出去，可完全吞噬大国、小国、富国、穷国，以及结盟的和不结盟的国家。（约翰·F·肯尼迪）
Calamity emphasizes distress, grief, or the sense of loss 强调痛苦、悲伤或失落感
“the heaviest calami ty in English history, the breach with America” (James George Frazer).
“英国历史上最沉重的灾难，是和美国关系的破裂“（詹姆斯·乔治·弗雷泽）。
Catastrophe especially stresses the sense of a tragic final outcome 强调最后的悲剧结果
The unleashed power of the atom has changed everything save our modes of thinking, and we thus drift toward unparalleled catastrophes. (Albert Einstein)
无需再思考，原子发出的能量已改变了一切，因此我们还走向史无前例的灾难。（爱伯特·爱因斯坦）
Cataclysm is a violent upheaval that brings about a fundamental change 指巨大的劫乱，从而带来根本性的改变
Old aristocratic institutions have been destroyed by the revolutionary cataclysm.
旧的贵族统治已被革命剧变打破.
4. live through: experience and survive
5.I tell you this because I am almost an old man: The implication is that is why I do not care if
people should know I was here when the bomb was dropped. Other people might try to hide the fact.
preserve traces of …: maintain and protect the signs of destruction caused by the bomb
trace: a visible mark or sign of the former presence of a thing or event; vestige
preserve: (fml. or lit.) to keep from destruction, to protect
Policemen preserve order in the streets.
Fish are preserved in ice and salt until they are sold.
at the point of impact: at the exact point over where the bomb exploded
impact: collision, a striking of one body against another, the force of impression of one thing on another
demolish: pull down or tear down. When used in reference to buildings or other complex structures (as of wood, stone or steel), it implies complete wreckage and a heap of ruins.
6. time marches on: things are changing; history is advancing
hidden wounds, and burns: visible and invisible (psychological) scars
Paragraph 28-39
1.smell of: give out a smell of
That old man smells of tobacco.
formaldehyde 甲醛ether 乙醚
2.Stretchers and wheelchairs are put against the walls in the many corridors
send shivers down the spine of any healthy visitor: even healthy visitors would shiver when they see those surgical instruments
spine-chilling 令人毛骨悚然的
The way he looked at her sent shivers down her spine.
3.by trade: by occupation; by way of making a living
4.I thought somehow I had been spared: I thought for some reason or other I had not been affected;
I thought for some reason or other no harm had been done to me.
my belly turned to water: water began to accumulate in my belly
5.testing and treating are used here to achieve musical effect; this is called alliteration.
Alliteration: the repetition of an initial sound that is usu. a consonant in two or more neighbouring words.
6.It is humiliating to survive in this city: It is a disgrace for an atomic victim to remain alive in
this city / to continue to live in this city.
humiliate: hurt the pride or dignity of; to cause to feel humble or to lose the respect of others 7.your children will encounter prejudice on the part of those who do not: Y our children will be
looked down upon by those who are not atomic victims.
People are afraid of genetic damage from the radiation: People fear that the effect of the atomic radiation may be hereditary. People suffering from genetic damage may not be able to produce offsprings or may give birth to deformed or otherwise unhealthy children.
8.each day of suffering that helps to free me from earthly cares: One more day of suffering would
mean a day nearer my death / would bring me closer to my death.
earthly: material, worldly as opposed to spiritual; of this world as opposed to heaven; it is applied to that which belongs to the earth or to the present life
earthly care: daily life and worries, cares on the earth which is in contrast with that in heaven, in death
9.the opportunity to improve my character: the chance to raise my moral standard, to purify my
soul
我每多活一天，多受一天罪，也就是距脱离苦海的日子近一天。每过这样一天，我就做一只新的纸鸟，放到那一堆纸鸟中去。我看着这些小鸟，并庆幸疾病给我带来的好运气，因为疾病磨炼了我的性格。
RHETORIC
Metaphor is considered the most important and basic poetic figure and also the commonest, the most beautiful.
I had a lump in my throat
At last this intermezzo came to an end...
I was again crushed by the thought...
...when the meaning ... sank in, jolting me...
Metonymy(借代): In Latin, meta means change while onyma means name, so metonymy means the change of name. Metonymy is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another. This substituted name may be an attribute of that other thing or be closely associated with it. In other words, it involves a change of name.
...little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers
...struggle between kimono and the miniskirt
I thought that Hiroshima still felt the impact
Metonymy can be derived from various sources:
a. Names of persons Uncle Sam: the USA
b. Animals
a fight between the bear and the dragon (the bear: the Soviet Union; the dragon: the Chinese) c. Parts of the body
heart: feelings and emotions
head, brain: wisdom, intelligence, reason
gray hair: old age
d. Profession:
the press: newspapers, reporters etc.
He met the press yesterday evening at the Grand Hotel.
the bar: the legal profession
e. Location of government, business etc.
Downing Street: the British Government
the White House: the US president and his government
the Capital Hill: US Congress
Wall Street: US financial circles
Hollywood: American filmmaking industry
Euphemism: the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive expression for one that may offend or suggest sth unpleasant
eg: He was sentenced to prison. —He is now living at the government's expenses.
The boy is a bit slow for his age.
to go to heaven—dead
to go to the bathroom, do one's business, answer the nature's call.
Each day of suffering that helps to free me from earthly cares.
Irony:
Hiroshima—the Liveliest City in Japan
the good fortune that my illness has brought me
Anti-Climax:
a town known throughout the world for its—oysters
Alliteration:
slip to a stop
testing and treating
Rhetorical Question:
Was I not at the scene of the crime?
Questions
1. What do you know about Japan and Hiroshima (and Nagasaki)?
2. From what you learn can you know the author‘s occupation and nationality? Why?
—He is a journalist on a mission to Hiroshima. He must be an American, from the words he uses like ―sidewalk‖, ―store‖, ―cab‖, ―gayest‖, and also from the fact that he can‘t understand what the stationmaster is shouting.
3. Besides the foreign language, what makes the author unable to understand the stationmaster? Describe his sentiment the moment he arrived in Hiroshima?
4. What is the author‘s attitude to the past of Hiroshima, i.e. what happened in 1945? How do you know?
—He is both sorry and guilty about the cataclysm. He says ―Was I not at the scene of the crime?‖, and also the diction he resorts to in the following like ―martyred city‖.
5. How do the Japanese in Hiroshima look? How does the author describe them?
—As ordinary and normal as the other Japanese in other cities of the nation. By describing the way they are dressed and their behaviors.
6. The author mentions twice the co-existence of traditional Japan and western influence, that is, ―elderly ladies in kimonos rubbed shoulders with teenagers and women in western dress‖, and ―traditional houses…little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers…. What does the author intend to show?
—The co-existence and harmony between traditions and modern, western cultures. This shows the Japanese are opening their country to the outside and accepting foreign things.
7. Do you find anything funny about the author‘s taxi trip to the City Hall? Do you agree with the author on the Japanese people‘s love of face and pride?
8. Who is the author going to meet? How does he feel about the Japanese customs of receiving guests? Why?
—The mayor. A twinge of embarrassment, walking in his socks.
9. How does the mayor look like? How does the author feel seeing the mayor?
10. Why do the Germans at the meeting also feel inhibited?
11. What is the general atmosphere in the meeting room, especially when the name Hiroshima is mentioned?
12. From the author‘s conversation with the old Japanese man, what do we know about the Japanese people‘s sentiment toward the atomic event? Why do the Japanese stop talking about the event?
13. What is the author‘s next stop? How does he describe it? What impression do you have on it?—The hospital. Describe what he sees there. Chilly and frightening.
14. How does the Japanese patient describe the event? How do you feel about it? What is the continuing anguish the atomic victims suffer in the city according to the man?
15. How does the Japanese fisherman treat his illness? Why does he make paper cranes?
16. Does the author find the answer to the question ―Is Hiroshima the liveliest city in Japan‖? What do you think is the answer?
Lesson 3 Ships in the Desert
Para.1Typical example of environmental destruction
1.I was standing … on a good day
1) in the sun: in the sunlight, as opposed to in the shade
2) to process: to prepare by a special method
3) capable of processing a fifty-ton catch on a good day: having the ability of cleaning and
preparing for marketing or canning 50 tons of fish caught on a productive day
2. the prospects of a good catch looked bleak: a good catch did not look promising / hopeful.
*This is obviously an understatement because with sand all around there was no chance of catching fish, to say nothing of catching a lot of fish.
3. Where there should have been … there was …
1) Pay attention to the structure. The implication is that once there were gentle waves lapping against the side of the ship but there were none now. Instead, in the place of the waves there were stretches of sand.
2) lap: to strike gently with a light, splashing sound
3) in all directions: everywhere
4. The other ships … to the horizon
1) How could the other ships be at rest in the sand?
The other ships were also anchored in the original coast but now water had turned into sand therefore they were surrounded by sand and could not move.
2) dune: a rounded hill or ridge of sand heaped by the action of the wind
3) that stretched …to the horizon: that extended as far as the eye could see; that extended to the far off place where the sky meets the earth
5. the Aral sea
1) located in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan ; historically a saline lake ; I n 1960 the world‘s fourth largest lake, the size of the entirety of Southern California; in the center of a large, flat desert basin; a prime example of a dynamic environment
2) Why is the Aral disappearing?
It is becoming smaller and smaller because the water that used to flow into the sea has been turned away to irrigate the land created in the desert to grow cotton. The scheme was an ill-conceived one because it failed to take into consideration the ecological effect.
6. America‘s Great Lakes
the group of five freshwater lakes, central North America, between the United States and Canada; largest body of fresh water in the world; From west to east, they are Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario; HOMES—H stands for Huron, O for Ontario, M for Michigan, E for Erie and S for Superior.
7. comparable:
something that is comparable to something else is
a) as good as/ as big as/ as important as the other thing;
b) similar to the other thing
e.g. This dinner is comparable to the best French cooking.
8. to feed it has been diverted in an ill-considered irrigation scheme to grow cotton in the dessert: to flow into the sea has been turned away to irrigate the land created in the desert to grow cotton. The scheme was an ill-conceived one because it failed to take into consideration the ecological effect. Para. 2Thesis statement: My search for the underlying causes of the environmental crisis has let me to travel around the world to check and study cases in order to find out the basic causes behind the environmental crisis.
1) He traveled around the world because he wanted to see, check and study cases of such destruction in order to find out the basic causes behind the environmental crisis.
This sentence expresses the main idea and indicating the development of a causal essay.
2) image: typical example
1. At the very bottom .. through time
1) at the very bottom of the earth: the southern end of the earth‘s axis; bottom here means farthest
end
2) high in the … Mountains: at a high place in the mountain chain
3) Why did the author say the sun glared through a hole in the sky? Where comes the hole?
It refers to the ozone depletion. The sun shining at midnight through the ozone depletion
a hole: ozone depletion 臭氧层空洞
4) the tunnel he was digging through time:
---he was drilling to samples from the glacier, the deeper he drilled, the farther the sample in time;
in other words, the surface of the glacier is an indication of recent time while the deeper part of the glacier tells of situation of a much remote period.
2. Trans-Antarctic Mountains
Antarctica is icy cold; Trans-Antarctic Mountains divided it into the East Antarctic and West Antarctic subcontinents; China has set up two scientific research stations there: Zhongshan Station in the East and Great Wall in the West.
3.slipping his parka back … we were standing:
1)parka: 派克大衣, a hooded fur jacket worn as an outer garment by Eskimos.
2) A badly burned face: caused by overexposure to direct sunlight
3)Crack ed and peel ing: note the use of past participle and present participle. On the face there
were lines that were split open and pieces of skin were coming down.
4. He moved his finger back in time to the ice of two decades ago:
----Following the layers of ice in the core sample, his finger came to the place where the layer of ice was formed 20 years ago.
5. Clean Air Act:
American Congress passed the Clean Air Act in 1970, which is one of the oldest enviro nmental laws of the U.S. as well as the most far-reaching, the costliest, and the most controversial.
6. At the bottom … on earth:
1) two continents: South America and Antarctica
2) emission here means the amount of pollutions discharged
3) least accessible place on earth: the place which is the most difficult to get to in the world Para. 3The global warming seen in the Antarctic
1. Q: What‘s the cause of the global warming?
---- Began with the industrial revolution,
2. pick up speed: develop in an accelerated speed; become faster
3. Industry meant … warm the earth.
1) industry meant coal: the development of industry meant the use of large amount of coal as fuel to generate power.
2) ---bringing rising…with its ability …warm the earth:
adverbial of result
---heat cannot easily get through carbon dioxide and go into the high altitude so carbon dioxide plays the role of a cover, keeping the heat near the earth.
4．upwind from the ice runaway…scientists monitor the air…to chart the course of that inexora ble change:
----upwind from the ice runway where the ski plane lands and keeps its engines running so that the metal parts will not be frozen solid, scientists watch the air several times every day to mark the course of that unalterable change.
upwind: in the direction from which the wind is blowing or usually blows 顶风
to chart the course: to show the onward movement on an outline map
ice runway: runway is a strip of paved ground for use by airplanes in taking off and landing, and here in the South Pole the runway is a strip of ice ground.
Ski plane: an airplane with skies instead of wheels for landing and taking off in the snow.
graph: usually a mathematical diagram
inexorable: that cannot be altered, checked
Q: Why are the engines of the plane kept running?
--- Because the pilot fears that if he stops the engines, the metal parts would be frozen solid and the engines would not be able to start again.
Para. 4A thinning cap as the result of Arctic air warms
1.Two and half … Arctic Ocean
1)the other end: Antarctic as one end and Arctic as the other end
2)pitch: set up; erect
3)slab: a piece that is flat, broad and fairly thick
4)frigid: extremely cold
2.After a hearty …. In the water below:
1) a hearty breakfast: a satisfying and rich breakfast
2)snowmobile: a kind of motor vehicle for traveling over snow, usually with steer able runners
at the front and tractor treads at the rear
3)rendezvous point: the place where a submarine was to pick them up
A rendezvous is a place where you have arranged to meet somebody often secretly.
4) hover: to wait close by, esp. in an overprotective, insistent or anxious way
3. After it crashed … of global warming:
1) after it crashed through the ice: after the submarine broke through the ice with force and smashing noise and surface.
2) took on its new passengers: picked up the author and his companions.
3) resubmerged: went down under the water again
4. to secure the release of previously top secret data: to ensure the making public of data which was originally classified as top secret .
sonar: [U] (an acronym for sound navigation ranging) an apparatus using sound waves for finding the position of underwater objects, such as mines or submarines声纳（利用声波探测如水雷或潜艇等的水底目标的仪器）
Baiqi dolphins have sonar. Bats have sonar.
5. I was standing …when sepa rate sheets collide:
---I was standing in the vast scene of snow which was fearfully beautiful, windswept and shining white, with the stretch of ice field characterized by small ridges because of the force of the collision of the separate layers.
eerily: mysteriously, especially in such a way as to frighten or disturb
snowscape: scene of snow.
cf. landscape and seascape.
6. the consequences of a thinning cap could be disastrous: the result of a thinning cap may indicate the possibilities of disasters
Polar cap: the polar region if ice
could: the word indicates ―possibilities‖
Q: Why could the thinning of the polar ice cap be disastrous to the world?
---Because the polar cap plays an important role in the world‘s weather system, the consequences of a thinning cap could bring about dramatic changes in the ecological pattern. For example, it will bring large amount of water which will raise the ocean level and cause some floods.
Para. 5The rising temperature of the earth
1. Considering such scenarios … exercise:
---Thinking about how a series of events might happen as a consequence of the thinning of the polar cap is not just a kind of practice in conjecture (speculation), it has got practical value.
Scenario: an outline for any proposed or planned series of events, real or imagined
2. the pattern of ice distribution… controversial claim: the regular way ice is distributed
a still controversial claim: a statement which some scientists still do not completely accept
3. the Arctic Circle:
an imaginary line drawn round the world at a certain distance from the most northern point (the North Pole), north of which there is no darkness for six months of each year and almost no light for the other six months. cf. the Antarctic Circle
tundra: any of the vast, nearly level, treeless plains of the Arctic regions
Para. 6 the images of destruction at the equator
1. billowing: large swelling mass of
billow v. When smoke or cloud billows, it moves slowly upwards or across the sky
Q: Where do the billowing clouds of smoke come from?
--- They come from the burning of the rain forest.
2. Amazon rain forest
The Brazilian Amazon contains about a third of the Earth's remaining tropical forest and a very high portion of its biological diversity. One hectare (2.47 acres) of Amazonian moist forest contains more plant species than all of Europe. Y et still it is being destroyed just like other rainforests around the world.
Unit 4 An unusual job 课文重点讲解： 1) It’s all in a day’s work when you’re a stuntwoman. all in a/the day’s work: (colloquial) not unusual; as expected 家常便饭,不足为奇 e.g. (1) Coping with the paparazzi at any time is all in a day’s work for the celebrity.对于明星来说，随时应对狗仔队已经成为家常便饭。 (2) When the machine broke down, Mary said it was all in a day’s work. 2)it’s a profession that badly lacks female participation lack 的用法：可以做动词(及物和不及物)，也可以做名词 e.g. a lack (n.)of money; the lack (n.)of time You will not lack (vi)in support from me.你将得到我的帮助。 The plant died because it lacked (vt.) moisture. 这株植物因为缺乏水分而死。 3) A stuntperson is a man or woman who does all the hair-raisingly dangerous bits of acting work in films or on TV. "hair-raisingly": n. + adv.的复合词形式 ,意思是: 令人毛骨悚然的 e.g. heart-breakingly bad news bone-bitingly cold wind ear-deafeningly loud noise bits: small pieces 少许,少量 4) This can be anything from a relatively simple fall into a swimming pool, to tripping off the top of a skyscraper building. 本句中最主要的结构是:from …to…需要用平行结构,from 后面用的是名词a fall, 那么to 后面也要用名词,动名词或者名词词组, 这里tripped off是动名词词组. trip off: jump from 从…跳离 5) It sounds like a crazy profession that only the crazy would attempt, but it’s actually a job that many people think about -few people actually go through with it. the crazy: 定冠词+形容词表示一类人. e.g. the weak the ordinary the young the rich think about: consider doing 考虑 e.g. I would like to think about your suggestion before I give a definite reply. go through with: to complete or pursue (sth. which has been agreed or planned) to the end (often with difficulties)完成, 把...进行到底
Lesson 1 词汇(Vocabulary) Bazaar (n.) : (in Oriental countries)a market or street of shops and stalls(东方国家的)市场，集市 ----------------------------------------------------------------- cavern (n．) : a cave，esp．a large cave洞穴，山洞(尤指大洞穴，大山洞) ----------------------------------------------------------------- shadowy (adj.) : dim；indistinct模糊的；朦胧的 ----------------------------------------------------------------- FONT style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: cornflowerblue" color=white>harmonious (adj．) : having musical tones combined to give a pleasing effect；consonant(音调)和谐的，悦耳的／harmoniously adv． ----------------------------------------------------------------- throng (n.) :a great number of people gathered together；crowd人群；群集 ----------------------------------------------------------------- conceivable (adj.) : that can be conceived，imagined 可想象的，想得到的 ----------------------------------------------------------------- din (n.) : a loud，continuous noise喧闹声，嘈杂声 ----------------------------------------------------------------- would-be ( adj．) : intended to be预期成为……的；将要成为……的 ----------------------------------------------------------------- muted (adj.) : (of a sound)made softer than is usual(声音)减弱的 ----------------------------------------------------------------- vaulted ( adj．) : having the form of a vault；arched 穹窿形的；拱形的 ----------------------------------------------------------------- sepulchral(n．) : a cave，esp．a large cave洞穴，山洞(尤指大洞穴，大山洞) ----------------------------------------------------------------- shadowy (adj.) : suggestive of the grave or burial；dismal；gloomy坟墓般的；阴森森的 ----------------------------------------------------------------- guild ( n．) : any association for mutual aid and the promotion of common interests互助会；协会 ----------------------------------------------------------------- trestle (n.) :a frame consising of a horizontal beam fastened to two pairs of spreading legs，used to support planks to form a table，platform，etc．支架；脚手台架；搁凳----------------------------------------------------------------- impinge (v．) : strike，hit，or dash；have an effect 撞击，冲击，冲撞；对……具有影响 ----------------------------------------------------------------- fairyland (n.) : the imaginary land where the fairies live；a lovely enchanting place仙境；奇境 ----------------------------------------------------------------- burnish ( v．) : make or become shiny by rubbing；polish擦亮；磨光；抛光 ----------------------------------------------------------------- brazier ( n.) : a metal pan，bowl，etc．，to hold burning coals or charcoal，as for warming a room or grilling food火盆；火钵 ----------------------------------------------------------------- dim ( v．) :make or grow unclear(使)变暗淡；(使)变模糊 ----------------------------------------------------------------- rhythmic /rhythmical ( adj．) :having rhythm有韵律的；有节奏的／rhythmically adv ----------------------------------------------------------------- bellows ( n.) :(sing．&p1.)a device that produces a stream of air through a narrow tube when its sides are pressed together(used for blowing fires，etc．)(单复同)风箱 ----------------------------------------------------------------- intricate ( adj．) :complex；hard to follow or understand because full of puzzling parts，details，or relationships；full of elaborate detail错综复杂的；精心制作的 ----------------------------------------------------------------- exotic ( adj．) :strange or different in a way that is striking or fascinating奇异的；异常迷人的 ----------------------------------------------------------------- sumptuous ( adj．) :involving great expense；costly lavish豪华的；奢侈的；昂贵的 ----------------------------------------------------------------- maze ( n.) : ----------------------------------------------------------------- ( n.) :a confusing，intricate network of winding pathways 迷津；迷宫；曲径 ----------------------------------------------------------------- honeycomb ( v．) :fill with holes like a honeycomb使成蜂窝状 ----------------------------------------------------------------- mosque ( n.) :a Moslem temple or place of worship清真寺；伊斯兰教堂
高考核心单词----动词精讲（高考动力站） 1. abandon vt. = give up = throw 1.离开，遗弃 2.放弃，停止做（某事） 3.放纵，放任 派生abandoned a. -ed结尾：动词/形容词 I abandon myself in wasting time. 我让我自己放纵于浪费时间。 2. abolish vt. 废除，废止（+ certain system某些系统/ certain practice某些行动）PK cancel vt. 取消 abuse 滥用 abnormal 不正常的 ab-开头表示否定 3. absorb vt. “吮” 1.吸收（某事物），吸进 2.将（某物）合并，并吞 3.完全吸引住（某人）的注意力或兴趣 派生be absorbed in sth. 沉浸于sth. I am absorbed in the party, so I forget anything. 4. ac commod ate vt. 来自com mod ity n. 日用品 -ity -ment -hood -ness –on名词 mode模式model模型module模块 -mod-样子 = put up sb. 1.供给某人住宿或房间 2.适应，迁就，迎合 派生accommodation n. 旅馆 5. ac company vt. company n. 公司；朋友=friend I accompany him. = I keep company with him 我伴随着他。 1.伴随或跟随（某人），陪伴 2.与某事物同时存在或发生 派生accompany A by/ with B 用B来伴随A I accompany him with swim.（错） I accompany him with swimming. 我让他天天游泳。 3.给某人伴奏 派生accompany sb. at / on sth. 在sth.给sb.伴奏 I accompany him at the party. 6. accuse vt. 指责某人有错；犯罪或犯法；指控；控告；谴责 派生accuse sb. of sth. 因为sth.谴责sb. 7. accustom vt. 使……习惯于 custom n. 习俗 派生accustom A to B 使A习惯B I accustom myself to wearing glasses .
Bazaar (n.) (东方国家的)市场，集市cavern (n．) 洞穴，山洞(尤指大洞穴，大山洞) shadowy (adj.)模糊的；朦胧的consonant(音调)和谐的，悦耳的throng (n.)人群；群集conceivable (adj.)可想象的，想得到的din (n.)喧闹声，嘈杂声muted (adj.)(声音)减弱的 vaulted ( adj．)arched穹窿形的；拱形的sepulchral(n．)洞穴，山洞guild ( n．) 互助会；协会trestle (n.)支架；脚手台架；搁凳impinge (v．) 撞击，冲击，冲撞；对具有影响fairyland (n.) 仙境；奇境burnish ( v．)h擦亮；磨光；抛光brazier ( n.)火盆；火钵 dim ( v．)(使)变暗淡；(使)变模糊rhythmic /rhythmical ( adj．)有韵律的；有节奏的bellows (单复同)风箱intricate错综复杂的；精心制作的exotic 奇异的；异常迷人的sumptuous 豪华的；奢侈的；昂贵的maze ( n.) 迷津；迷宫；曲径honeycomb ( v．)使成蜂窝状mosque 清真寺；伊斯兰教堂 caravanserai 东方商队(或旅行队)的客店disdainful ( n.) 轻视的，轻蔑的；傲慢的bale ( n.) 大包，大捆linseed ( n.) 亚麻籽somber ( adj．)阴沉的；昏暗的pulp ( n.) 浆 ramshackle 要倒塌似的，摇摇欲坠的．dwarf 使矮小；使无足轻重；使(相形之下)显得渺小；使相形见绌 vat ( n.)大缸；大桶nimble ( adj．) 灵活的；敏捷的girder ( n.)大梁trickle ( n.细流；涓流 ooze ( v．)渗出；慢慢地流runnel小溪；小沟；小槽glisten (v．)(湿的表面或光滑面)反光；闪耀，闪光taut ( adj．)(绳子等)拉紧的，绷紧的thre ad one’s way小心，缓慢地挤过(不断地改变方向) follow suit赶潮流，学样narrow down缩小(范围，数字等) beat down(与卖主)往下砍价 make a point of认为是必要的take a hand帮助，帮忙 throw one’s weight on to (sth．)使劲压在(某物)上set…in motion使…一运动，移动 (选自埃德?凯编播的美国广播节目) 词汇(V ocabulary) reportorial ( adj.)报道的，报告的kimono和服preoccupation ( n.)令人全神贯注的事物 oblivious ( adj.) 忘却的；健忘的(常与of或to连用) bob ( v．) 上下跳动，晃动；行屈膝礼 ritual ( adj.) 仪式的，典礼的facade ( n.)(房屋)正面，门面lurch ( v．)突然向前(或向侧面)倾斜intermezzo ( n.)插曲；间奏曲gigantic ( adj.)巨大的，庞大的，其大无比的usher ( n.)门房；传达员 heave (v．) (费劲或痛苦地)发出(叹息、呻吟声等) barge ( n.) 大驳船；(尤指用于庆典的)大型游艇moor ( v．) 系泊；锚泊arresting (adj.)引人注目的；有趣的beige ( adj.) 米黄色；浅灰黄色的tatami ( n.) 日本人家里铺在地板上的稻草垫，榻榻米 stunning ( adj.) [口]极其漂亮的；极其出色的twinge ( n.) 刺痛，剧痛；痛心，懊悔，悔恨，内疚 slay ( v.) 杀害；毁掉linger ( v．) 苟延；历久犹存agony ( n.) (精神上或肉体上的)极度痛苦 inhibit ( v．) 抑制(感情等)；约束(行动等) spinal ( adj. ) d脊背的；脊柱的；脊髓的 agitated颤抖的；不安的，焦虑的；激动的reverie 梦想；幻想；白日梦heinous极可恨的极可恶的极坏的cataclysm ( n.)灾变(尤指洪水、地震等) demolish ( v拆毁，拆除；破坏，毁坏formaldehyde ( n.)[化]甲醛ether ( n.) [化]醚；乙醚humiliate ( v．)使受辱，使丢脸genetic (adj.)遗传的 have a lump in one’s throat如哽在喉，哽咽(因压制激动的情绪所致，如爱、悲伤等) on one’s mind占领某人的思绪，一直在想的(尤指忧虑的来源) rub shoulders with与(人们)联系，交往 set off:开始(旅行，赛跑等) flash by／alorig／past／through:急速向某方向运动 by trade:以…为谋生之道(尤指以制造某物为业) sink in: (指话语等)完全理解 horde ( n.) 群，人群croquet 槌球游戏luncheon ( n.)午餐；午宴；午餐(聚)会 Nazi (adj. & n.)德国国社党的，纳粹党的；纳粹党党员，纳粹分子cow ( v恫吓，吓唬，威胁indistinguishable ( adj. ) 不能区别的，不能辨别的，难区分的devoid ( adj.) 完全没有的，缺乏的(后接of) excel ( v优于；胜过ferocious ( adj.)凶猛的，残忍的；凶恶的unsay ( v)取消(前言)；收回(前言)
第二课 广岛——日本“最有活力”的城市 (节选) 雅各?丹瓦“广岛到了!大家请下车!”当世界上最快的高速列车减速驶进广岛车站并渐渐停稳时，那位身着日本火车站站长制服的男人口中喊出的一定是这样的话。我其实并没有听懂他在说些什么，一是因为他是用日语喊的，其次，则是因为我当时心情沉重，喉咙哽噎，忧思万缕，几乎顾不上去管那日本铁路官员说些什么。踏上这块土地，呼吸着广岛的空气，对我来说这行动本身已是一个令人激动的经历，其意义远远超过我以往所进行的任何一次旅行或采访活动。难道我不就是在犯罪现场吗? 这儿的日本人看来倒没有我这样的忧伤情绪。从车站外的人行道上看去，这儿的一切似乎都与日本其他城市没什么两样。身着和服的小姑娘和上了年纪的太太与西装打扮的少年和妇女摩肩接踵；神情严肃的男人们对周围的人群似乎视而不见，只顾着相互交淡，并不停地点头弯腰，互致问候：“多么阿里伽多戈扎伊马嘶。”还有人在使用杂货铺和烟草店门前挂着的小巧的红色电话通话。 “嗨!嗨!”出租汽车司机一看见旅客，就砰地打开车门，这样打着招呼。“嗨”，或者某个发音近似“嗨”的什么词，意思是“对”或“是”。“能送我到市政厅吗?”司机对着后视镜冲我一笑，又连声“嗨!”“嗨!”出租车穿过广岛市区狭窄的街巷全速奔驰，我们的身子随着司机手中方向盘的一次次急转而前俯后仰，东倒西歪。与此同时，这
座曾惨遭劫难的城市的高楼大厦则一座座地从我们身边飞掠而过。 正当我开始觉得路程太长时，汽车嘎地一声停了下来，司机下车去向警察问路。就像东京的情形一样，广岛的出租车司机对他们所在的城市往往不太熟悉，但因为怕在外国人面前丢脸，却又从不肯承认这一点。无论乘客指定的目的地在哪里，他们都毫不犹豫地应承下来，根本不考虑自己要花多长时间才能找到目的地。 这段小插曲后来终于结束了，我也就不知不觉地突然来到了宏伟的市政厅大楼前。当我出示了市长应我的采访要求而发送的请柬后，市政厅接待人员向我深深地鞠了一躬，然后声调悠扬地长叹了一口气。 “不是这儿，先生，”他用英语说道。“市长邀请您今天晚上同其他外宾一起在水上餐厅赴宴。您看，就是这儿。”他边说边为我在请柬背面勾划出了一张简略的示意图。 幸亏有了他画的图，我才找到一辆出租车把我直接送到了运河堤岸，那儿停泊着一艘顶篷颇像一般日本房屋屋顶的大游艇。由于地价过于昂贵，日本人便把传统日本式房屋建到了船上。漂浮在水面上的旧式日本小屋夹在一座座灰黄色摩天大楼之间，这一引人注目的景观正象征着和服与超短裙之间持续不断的斗争。 在水上餐厅的门口，一位身着和服、面色如玉、风姿绰约的迎宾女郎告诉我要脱鞋进屋。于是我便脱下鞋子，走进这座水上小屋里的一个低矮的房间，蹑手蹑脚地踏在柔软的榻榻米地席上，因想到要这样穿着袜子去见广岛市长而感到十分困窘不安。
中学英语重点词汇和句型用法讲解(上) 中学英语重点词汇和句型用法 1. 提建议的句子： ①What/ how about +doing sth.? 如：What/ How about going shopping? ②Why don’t you + do sth.? 如：Why don’t you go shopping? ③Why not + do sth. ?如：Why not go shopping? ④Let’s + do sth. 如：Let’s go shopping ⑤Shall we/ I + do sth.?如：Shall we/ I go shopping? 2. first of all首先 to begin with一开始 later on后来、随 3. also也而且（用于肯定句）常在句子的中间 either也（用于否定句）常在句末 too也 (用于肯定句) 常在句末 4. see sb. / sth. doing看见某人正在做某事强调正在发生 see sb. / sth. do看见某人做了或经常做某事如： 如： She saw him drawing a picture in the classroom.她看见他正在教室里画画。 5. too many 许多修饰可数名词如：too many girls too much 许多修饰不可数名词如：too much milk much too 太修饰形容词如：much too beautiful 6. used to do sth.过去常常做某事
否定形式：
didn’t use to do sth. used not to do sth. 如：He used to play football after school. 放学后他过去常常踢足球。 Did he use to play football? Yes, I did. No, I didn’t. He didn’t use to smoke. 他过去不吸烟。 7. 反意疑问句 ①肯定陈述句＋否定提问如：Lily is a student, isn’t she? Li ly will go to China, won’t she? ②否定陈述句＋肯定提问如：She doesn’t come from China, does she? Yo u haven’t finished homework, have you? ③提问部分用代词而不用名词如： Lily is a student, isn’t she? ④陈述句中含有否定意义的词如：little, few, never, nothing, hardly 等。 其反意疑问句用肯定式如： He knows little English, does he? 他一点也不懂英语，不是吗？ They hardly understood it, did they?他们几乎不明白，不是吗？ 8.be interested in sth.对…感兴趣 take an interest in be interested in doing sth.对做…感兴趣 如：He is interested in math, but he isn’t interested in speaking English. 他对数学感兴趣，但是他对说英语不感兴趣。
Text B Little Sister of the Poor 1.Mother Teresa (1910~1997) Mother Teresa, a Roman Catholic nun, was born to Albanian parents in Yugoslavia. She is known as “the Saint of the Gutters” for bringing comfort and dignity to the destitute贫穷的. She founded an order (Missionaries of Charity) which is noted for its work among the poor and the dying in Calcutta, India, and throughout the world. Mother Teresa was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979. 2. Roman Catholic Church The Roman Catholic Church, also called the Catholic Church or the Church of Rome, is the Christian Church with administrative headquarters in the Vatican, of which the pope, or the Bishop of Rome is the supreme head. 3.John Paul II (1920~) John Paul II is the first non-Italian Polish Pope in the history of the Roman Catholic church. He was elected pope on Oct. 16, 1978. John Paul II is a conservative pope who firmly holds traditional Catholic views. 4. Chernobyl The world’s worst nuclear-reactor accident occurred at the Chernobyl (Ukraine) nuclear power plant on Apr. 26, 1986. The accident caused the immediate death of 31 people, while many others suffered radioactive contamination污染. 6. the Nobel Prize Any of the prizes (five in number until 1969, when a sixth was added) that are awarded annually by four institutions (three Swedish and one Norwegian) from a fund established under the will of Alfred Bernhard Nobel. Distribution was begun on Dec. 10, 1901, the fifth anniversary of the death of the founder, whose will specified that the awards should annually be made “to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind.” The five prizes established by his will are: the Nobel Prize for Physics; the Nobel Prize for Chemistry; the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine; the Nobel Prize for Literature; and the Nobel Prize for Peace. An additional award, the Prize for Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, was set up in 1968 by the Bank of Sweden, and the first award was given in 1969. Text Analysis: Part I (Para 1-3) death of the Mother Teresa and the public response 1.(para.1) Mother Teresa served the dying and desperate all over the world. 2.(para.2) Mother Teresa died of illness and many people felt personal grief over her death. 3.(para.3) Mother Teresa was regarded as a living saint and what she did transcended the boundaries of religion and nationality. Part II(para.4~8) The development of Mother Teresa’s cause and countless acts of mercy Part III(para.9~11) Mother Teresa gained fame and honor as well as criticism. Her act will be remembered by people. Words & Expressions: 1. Hospitalize vt. (usu. pass.) put (a person) into hospital [常被动] 送…进医院治疗 He hospitalizes patients for minor ailments. 他把只有小病的患者也送进医院。 Mrs Smith seriously ill already hospitalize. 史密斯夫人病重已住院。 You must hospitalize right now. 你必须立即住院。
中东的集市 1．中东的集市仿佛把你带回到了几百年、甚至几千年前的时代。此时此刻显现在我脑海中的这个中东集市，入口处是一座哥特式拱门，门上的砖石年代久远。穿过耀眼、灼热的大型露天广场进入集市，仿佛走入了一个凉爽、幽暗的洞穴。集市蜿蜒伸展，一眼望不到尽头，最后消失在远处的阴影里。赶集的人们络绎不绝地进出市场，挂着铃铛的小毛驴穿行于熙熙攘攘的人群中，边走边发出和谐悦耳的叮当声。集市的路面约有十二英尺宽，但每隔几码远就会因为设在路边的小货摊的挤占而变窄；那儿出售的货物各种各样，应有尽有。你一走进市场，就可以听到摊贩们的叫卖声，赶毛驴的小伙计和脚夫们大着嗓门叫人让道的吆喝声，还有那些想买东西的人们与摊主讨价还价的争吵声。各种各样的噪声此伏彼起，不绝于耳，简直叫人头晕。 2.随后，当你走人集市的深处，人口处的喧闹声渐渐消失，眼前便是清静的布市了。这里的泥土地面，被无数双脚板踩踏得硬邦邦的，人走在上面几乎听不到脚步声了，而拱形的泥砖屋顶和墙壁也难得产生什么回音效果。布店的店主们一个个都是轻声细语、慢条斯理的样子；买布的顾客们在这种沉闷压抑的气氛感染下，自然而然地也学着店主们的样子，低声细语地说话。 3.中东集市的特点之一是经销同类商品的店家，不是分散在集市各处以避免相互间的竞争，而是都集中在一块儿，这样既便于让买主知道上哪儿找他们，同时他们自己也可以紧密地联合起来，结成同盟，以便共同反对迫害和不公正待遇。例如，在布市上，所有卖衣料、窗帘布、椅套布等的商贩都把货摊一个接一个地排设在马路两边，每一个店铺门面前都摆有一张陈列商品的搁板桌和一些存放货物的货架。讨价还价是人们习以为常的事。头戴面纱的妇女们迈着悠闲的步子从一个店铺逛到另一个店铺，一边挑选一边问价；在她们缩小选择范围并开始正儿八经杀价之前，往往总要先同店主谈论几句，探探价底。 4. 对于顾客来说，不到最后一刻绝不能让店主猜到她心里究竟中意哪样东西、想买哪样东西，因为这是个关乎面子的事情。假如店主猜中了她所要买的商品的话，他便会漫天要价，而且在还价过程中不肯做出让步。而在卖主那一方来说，他必须竭尽全力地声称，他开出的价钱根本无利可图，而他之所以愿意这样做完全是出于他本人对顾客的敬重。顾客有时来了又去，去了又来，因此，像这样讨价还价的情形有可能持续一整天，甚至好几天。 5.集市上最引人注目、给人印象最深刻的地方之一是铜器市场。你一走近这里，耳朵里便只听得见金属器皿互相碰击时所发出的一阵阵砰砰啪啪、丁丁当当的响声；走得越近，响声便越来越大，越
Unit1 1.谚语：a friend in need is a friend indeed 患难见真情 A friend is like a second self. 朋友是另一个自我。 2.词汇练兵--从积极和消积的方面讨论朋友 Positive: honest, friendly, open-minded, generous大方的，helpful, patient耐心的, good-tempered好脾气的, trustworthy可信任的, careful, full of love, caring, responsible有责任感的，brave, easygoing随和的, outgoing好交际的, warm-hearted, kind, selfless无私的, tolerant宽大的, intelligent聪明的Negative: selfish自私的，tricky狡猾的, dishonest, bad-tempered, mean 小气的, impatient, narrow-minded心胸狭窄的, lazy, gossipy 3.故事性文章阅读技巧：when\where\who\what\why\how 1 Anne kept a diary because she could tell everything to it. 2 She felt very lonely because she couldn't meet her friends. 3 They had to hide because Jews were caught by Nazis and put away. 4 Anne named her diary Kitty because she thought it was her best friend. 5 They were finally caught because they were discovered. What and how: 1 Anne Frank and her family hid away for___ A over a year B over two years C three years C one year and a half 2 According to Anne ,a true friend is a person___ A that would laugh at you B who makes you happy C whom you can trust D who could save your life 3 Anne said that she had grown crazy about nature because___ A her interest in nature had grown B she had always been so C she had been outdoors too long D she had been indoors too long 4 She didn’t dare open the window when the moon was bright .That’s because___ A they might be discovered B her family might bedisturbed C it was very cold D a thief might get into the room 5 Anne and her family were caught by German Nazis___ A about June 1945 B about February 1945 C about December 1944
Unit4 牛津 There are certain things in the world that are so praiseworthy that it seems a needless, indeed an almost laughable thing to praise them; such things are love and friendship, food and sleep, spring and summer; such things, too, are the wisest books, the greatest pictures, the noblest cities. But for all that I mean to try and make a little hymn in prose in honour of Oxford, a city I have seen but seldom, and which yet appears to me one of the most beautiful things in the world. 此世间确有诸多凡物，它们本身便是值得人们去品味和赞誉的，譬如说爱情和友谊、美食和睡梦、春色和夏日，还有如那些注满了智慧的书卷、注满了心血的画作和注满了圣意的城邦。也许对于这些凡物而言，再多的赞誉已无非是陈词滥调，荒唐可笑的，但我之所以还是想要对上述这些事物品味、赞誉一番，都是为了向牛津城表示我的敬意。牛津城对我来说，就是这世间极其罕见，又最为美丽的地方之一。 I do not wish to single out particular buildings, but to praise the whole effect of the place, such as it seemed to me on a day of bright sun and cool air, when I wandered hour after hour among the streets, bewildered and almost intoxicated with beauty, feeling as a poor man might who has pinched all his life, and made the most of single coins, and who is brought into the presence of a heap of piled-up gold, and told that it is all his own. 我并不想单独从牛津城里遴选出一些建筑来赞誉；我想要赞誉的是这块土地上所映射出的一种整体效果。这种效果在我看来，就好比是在一个阳光明媚、天气清爽的日子里，一连花上几个小时，徜徉在牛津城的街道上，痴迷、甚至是沉醉于这番美景之中。这感觉就犹如是把一位穷得一辈子衣衫褴褛、靠一角一分过日子的人带到一堆金矿旁，然后告诉他，这些财富都已归他所有。 I have seen it said in foolish books that it is a misfortune to Oxford that so many of the buildings have been built out of so perishable a vein of stone. It is indeed a misfortune in one respect, that it tempts men of dull and precise minds to restore and replace buildings of incomparable grace, because their outline is so exquisitely blurred by time and decay. I remember myself, as a child, visiting Oxford, and thinking that some of the buildings were almost shamefully ruinous of aspect; now that I am wiser I know that we have in these battered and fretted palace-fronts a kind of beauty that fills the mind with almost despairing sense of loveliness, till the heart aches with gratitude, and thrills with the desire to proclaim the glory of the sight aloud. 我曾在一些荒谬、无理的书里读到说，牛津城里如此之多的建筑都用易被腐蚀、布满裂纹的砖石砌成，这简直就是一场灾难。从某种角度来说，这倒确实是一场灾难，因为随着时间的流逝，用这种砖石砌成的建筑会渐渐破败，建筑的轮廓会很明显地变得七零八落，这便会惹得那些脑袋不灵活的笨家伙们想着整修或重建这些与牛津城魅力格格不入的“破玩意儿”。记得在我儿时游访牛津城时，我也曾这么想——这些建筑如此破旧不堪，几乎都是见不得人了；可现在，随着我年数和阅历的增益，我才知道在那些破旧不堪、磨坏受损的殿堂式房子里，蕴藏着一种别样的魅力。这种魅力乍看上去真是令人几近绝望，直到人们对这壮观之景开始心生感激时，才会猛地萌发出一种要高声赞誉这股魅力的念头。 These black-fronted blistered facades, so threatening, so sombre, yet screening so bright and clear a current of life; with the tender green of budding spring trees, chestnuts full of silvery spires, glossy-leaved creepers clinging, with tiny hands, to cornice and parapet, give surely the sharpest and most delicate sense that it is possible to conceive of the contrast on which the essence of so much beauty depends. To pass through one of these dark and smoke-stained courts,