Improvements in phrase-based statistical machine translation

Useful phrases of Unit 1-6 (Book Three)Unit 1 Mr. Doherty Builds His Dream LifeGet by过得去, find contentment寻觅心灵的满足, a self-reliant life自力更生的生活, a tough life 艰苦的生活, household routine日常的家务, as the old saying goes正如老话说的那样, love/ enjoy every minute of Sth温馨快乐每一分钟., get through the winter过冬, Ivy League schools常春藤联合学校, with Sb.’s blessings带着。

的祝福, on balance总的来说, be employed full time 担任全职工作, mortgage payments贷款按揭, when it comes to Sth.至于。

, aside from出。

以外, dine out外出就餐, standard of living生活水平, make up the difference in income弥补收入差额, attend the opera and ballet听歌剧看芭蕾演出, a tolerance for solitude耐得住寂寞, a self-sufficient life / self-sufficiency自给自足的生活, resist the temptation to do Sth抵制诱惑, leave with a feeling of sorrow苍然离去, a sense of pride自豪感, once economic conditions improve一旦经济条件好转, earn money赚钱.At that point就在那个时候, pick up提取, cut back减少, tight budget预算紧张, on a small scale 小规模.P. 14-16. vocabulary.1. insurance2. on balance3. aside from4. cut back5. resist6. haul7. supplemented8. sprayed9. wicked 10. illustrated 11. budget 12. digest 13. boundary 14. get by 15. at that point1. cut back / down2. pick up3. get by4. get through5. face up to6. turn in7. turning out8. think up.P. 21. Cloze AGets by, temptation, get through, picked up, improvements, aside from, suspect, supplement, profit, primarily, spraying, stacking.Cloze BWhile, escape, begin, because, quit, start, on, but, be, close, have, cutting, cook, cities, however, family.Unit 2 Thee Freedom GiversA gentle breeze微风stand up for支持, a man of principle有原则的人, a historic site一处历史古迹, liberate slaves解放奴隶, be intent on doing下定决心去做, soft knock, iron molding铸铁铸件, spread the news传播新闻, religious convictions宗教信仰, find refuge寻找避难, the next leg ofthe journey在旅途的下一站, principal routes主要路线，face risks面对风险, impose a fine处以罚款, keep a log of保留日志, road signs路牌, a funeral procession送葬, virgin land未开发的荒地地, in the eyes of在某人看来.Slender woman, give up放弃, ironically具有讽刺意味, forge the Underground Railroad伪造地下铁道, on the side侧面, close in around包围, as for至于, make the best of, at huge risk冒着巨大的风险, pass for传递.come a long way进展；进步P. 50-52. vocabulary.1. decades2. historic3. imposed自己担负的4. racial5. slender6. closing in on7. settlement8. site9. mission 10. authorized 11. terminal 12. make the best of 13. exploits 14. religious 15. on the side1. pass for2. stood up for3. laid down4. take on5. let down6. draw on7. come up8. given up.P. 58. Cloze AUnderground, forged, stand up, transport, compelled, convictions, liberating, mission, abolish, intent on, risk.Cloze BWho, the, along, in, that, through, not, as, referred, escape, where, if, in, even, until, instead, as.Unit 3 The Land of the LockOn the latch门关着但没上锁, carry keys带着钥匙, close up关闭；停歇, well-patrolled urban streets巡逻良好的城市街道, the allegedly tranquil areas据称是安静的地方, the era of …is over。

explanatory factors for the observed input. A good representation is also one that is useful as input to a supervised predictor. Among the various ways of learning representations, this paper focuses on deep learning methods: those that are formed by the composition of multiple non-linear transformations, with the goal of yielding more abstract – and ultimately more useful – representations. Here we survey this rapidly developing area with special emphasis on recent progress. We consider some of the fundamental questions that have been driving research in this area. Specifically, what makes one representation better than another? Given an example, how should we compute its representation, i.e. perform feature extraction? Also, what are appropriate objectives for learning good representations?

2020年12月四级考试超全答案四级写作01◆【D i r e c t i o n s】For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a n essayon the change of communication. You should write at least 120 words but no more than180 words.◆【参考范文】With the development of science and technology, we have witnessed the various huge changes of our daily life, among which, the change of communication is striking. However, people’s view on it never come to consensus. Concerning it, both communication online and offline have their merits.For one thing, no one denies that communication online brings great convenience to us, especially to those who have friends or relatives in remote areas. Because the change makes it possible for them to have frequent chat. And, the way we contact with others is diverse. Video calls and voice message can both meet modern people’s satisfaction. For another, the change is also making us disconnected. Due to the availability, people are gradually reluctant to have face-to-face communication with surrounding people, which is isolating us from the people we love.Given the factors above, the change of communication, we have to admit, is more like a double-edged sword. Neither do we discard it nor completely rely on it. Instead, we should make reasonable use of it so as to maximize its benefits.◆【参考译文】随着科学技术的发展，我们见证了我们日常生活中的各种巨大变化，其中沟通方式的变化是引人注目的。

TPO51阅读-3Population Growth in Nineteenth-Century Europe原文 (1)译文 (2)题目 (4)答案 (8)背景知识 (9)原文Population Growth in Nineteenth-Century Europe①Because of industrialization,but also because of a vast increase in agricultural output without which industrialization would have been impossible,Western Europeans by the latter half of the nineteenth century enjoyed higher standards of living and longer,healthier lives than most of the world’s peoples.In Europe as a whole,the population rose from188million in1800to400million in1900.By 1900,virtually every area of Europe had contributed to the tremendous surge of population,but each major region was at a different stage of demographic change.②Improvements in the food supply continued trends that had started in the late seventeenth century.New lands were put under cultivation,while the use of crops of American origin,particularly the potato,continued to expand.Setbacks did occur.Regional agricultural failures were the most common cause of economic recessions until1850,and they could lead to localized famine as well.A major potato blight(disease)in1846-1847led to the deaths of at least one million persons in Ireland and the emigration of another million,and Ireland never recovered the population levels the potato had sustained to that point.Bad grain harvests at the same time led to increased hardship throughout much of Europe.③After1850,however,the expansion of foods more regularly kept pace with population growth,though the poorer classes remained malnourished.Two developments were crucial.First,the application of science and new technology to agriculture increased.Led by German universities,increasing research was devoted to improving seeds,developing chemical fertilizers,and advancing livestock.After 1861,with the development of land-grant universities in the United States that had huge agricultural programs,American crop-production research added to this mix. Mechanization included the use of horse-drawn harvesters and seed drills,many developed initially in the United States.It also included mechanical cream separators and other food-processing devices that improved supply.④The second development involved industrially based transportation.With trains and steam shipping,it became possible to move foods to needy regions withinWestern Europe quickly.Famine(as opposed to malnutrition)became a thing of the past.Many Western European countries,headed by Britain,began also to import increasing amounts of food,not only from Eastern Europe,a traditional source,but also from the Americas,Australia,and New Zealand.Steam shipping, which improved speed and capacity,as well as new procedures for canning and refrigerating foods(particularly after1870),was fundamental to these developments.⑤Europe's population growth included one additional innovation by the nineteenth century:it combined with rapid urbanization.More and more Western Europeans moved from countryside to city,and big cities grew most rapidly of all. By1850,over half of all the people in England lived in cities,a first in human history.In one sense,this pattern seems inevitable growing numbers of people pressed available resources on the land,even when farmwork was combined with a bit of manufacturing,so people crowded into cities seeking work or other resources.Traditionally,however,death rates in cities surpassed those in the countryside by a large margin;cities had maintained population only through steady in-migration.Thus rapid urbanization should have reduced overall population growth,but by the middle of the nineteenth century this was no longer the case.Urban death rates remained high,particularly in the lower-class slums, but they began to decline rapidly.⑥The greater reliability of food supplies was a factor in the decline of urban death rates.Even more important were the gains in urban sanitation,as well as measures such as inspection of housing.Reformers,including enlightened doctors,began to study the causes of high death rates and to urge remediation.Even before the discovery of germs,beliefs that disease spread by"miasmas"(noxious forms of bad air)prompted attention to sewers and open garbage;Edwin Chadwick led an exemplary urban crusade for underground sewers in England in the1830s. Gradually,public health provisions began to cut into customary urban mortality rates.By1900,in some parts of Western Europe life expectancy in the cities began to surpass that of the rural areas.Industrial societies had figured out ways to combine large and growing cities with population growth,a development that would soon spread to other parts of the world.译文十九世纪欧洲的人口增长①由于工业化，也由于农业产量的大幅度增加（如果没有这些就不可能实现工业化），西欧人到了十九世纪后半叶比世界上大多数民族享有更高的生活水平和更长寿，更健康的生活。

Noun-based phrases
Many futile attempts have been made to teach animals to speak how humans speak. Many futile attempts have been made to teach animals to speak in human fashion.
Spoken and written
The people in the colony rejoiced when it was promised that things would change in this way. Opinion in the colony greeted the promised change with enthusiasm.
It is essential to discuss how much cultural and biological evolution can be explained by similar principles. It is essential to discuss the extent to which cultural and biological evolution can be explained by similar principles.
Spoken and written
Because the jobs are even more complex, programmes to train people will take longer." The increased complexity of tasks will lead to the extension of the duration of training programmes.

关于赞美祖国成就的英语演讲稿Ladies and gentlemen, Today, I am honored to speak about the remarkable achievements of our great nation. As we stand on the cusp of a new era, it is essential to reflect on the milestones we have reached and the progress we continue to make. Our country’s journey is a testament to the unwavering spirit and resilience of its people, and it is with immense pride that I highlight some of our most significant accomplishments.First and foremost, our nation has made unprecedented strides in economic development. From humble beginnings, we have transformed into a global economic powerhouse. Our GDP growth rate consistently ranks among the highest in the world, a clear indicator of our robust and dynamic economy. This economic expansion is not merely a statistic; it translates into tangible improvements in the quality of life for ourcitizens. Poverty rates have plummeted, and the standard of living has risen significantly. Our cities are bustling with activity, and our rural areas are benefiting from development projects that bring infrastructure and opportunities to every corner of the nation.One of the cornerstones of our economic success is our commitment to innovation and technology. We have become a leader in various technological fields, from artificial intelligence to renewable energy. Our research institutions and universities are at the forefront of scientific discovery, driving advancements that not only benefit our country butalso contribute to global progress. The government’s suppor t for start-ups and tech companies has fostered an environment where innovation thrives. As a result, we see homegrown companies competing on the world stage, bringing pride and recognition to our nation.In addition to economic growth, our nation has made significant advancements in education. Recognizing that the future of our country lies in the hands of our youth, we have invested heavily in our education system. From primaryschools to universities, our educational institutions are equipped with the resources and facilities necessary toprovide a world-class education. We have also placed a strong emphasis on vocational training, ensuring that our workforceis skilled and prepared for the demands of the modern economy. As a result, our literacy rates are at an all-time high, and our graduates are making their mark in various fields, both domestically and internationally.Healthcare is another area where our nation has seen remarkable progress. We have implemented comprehensive healthcare reforms that ensure access to quality medical services for all our citizens. Our healthcare system is now ranked among the best in the world, with cutting-edgefacilities and highly trained medical professionals.Preventive care and public health initiatives have significantly improved life expectancy and reduced the prevalence of diseases. Moreover, our pharmaceutical industry is thriving, producing life-saving medications and vaccines that contribute to global health.Our nation’s infrastructure development is nothing sh ort of extraordinary. We have built an extensive network of highways, railways, and airports that facilitate the movement of people and goods across the country. This infrastructure not only supports economic growth but also enhances connectivity and fosters social integration. Our urban centers are models of modern city planning, with efficient public transportation systems, green spaces, and sustainable development practices. In rural areas, infrastructureprojects have brought electricity, clean water, and improved sanitation, drastically improving the quality of life for millions.Environmental sustainability is a key priority for our nation. Recognizing the importance of protecting our natural resources, we have implemented policies and initiatives aimed at reducing our carbon footprint and promoting renewable energy. Our investments in solar, wind, and hydropower have made us a global leader in clean energy production. Additionally, our efforts in reforestation and conservation have preserved our biodiversity and natural beauty for future generations. These initiatives are a testament to our commitment to balancing economic growth with environmental stewardship.Culturally, our nation is a vibrant tapestry of traditions, languages, and customs. We take immense pride in our cultural heritage, which is a source of strength and unity. Our government has actively promoted cultural preservation and the arts, ensuring that our rich history is celebrated and passed down through generations. Festivals, music, dance, and literature thrive, reflecting the diversityand creativity of our people. Our cultural exports, including films and literature, have gained international acclaim, showcasing the unique aspects of our identity to the world.On the global stage, our nation plays a crucial role in promoting peace and cooperation. We are active members of international organizations and participate in diplomatic efforts to address global challenges. Our contributions to peacekeeping missions, humanitarian aid, and disaster relief are recognized and appreciated worldwide. We believe in the power of dialogue and cooperation to resolve conflicts and build a better future for all. Our foreign policy is guidedby principles of mutual respect, non-interference, and a commitment to fostering positive relations with all nations.Social progress is another area where our nation shines. We have made significant strides in promoting gender equality, protecting human rights, and fostering social inclusion. Our legal framework supports the rights of all citizens,regardless of gender, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status. We have implemented policies that empower women, protect children, and support the elderly and disabled. Our societyis becoming more inclusive and equitable, with opportunities for all to thrive and contribute to the nation’s development.In the realm of sports, our nation has achieved remarkable success. Our athletes have excelled in various international competitions, bringing home medals and setting records. Sports are a unifying force, bringing peopletogether and fostering a sense of national pride. Our investment in sports infrastructure and talent development programs has created a generation of athletes who are notonly champions but also role models for the youth. The spirit of sportsmanship and the pursuit of excellence are valuesthat resonate deeply within our society.As we look to the future, our nation remains committed to continuous improvement and innovation. We are embracing thechallenges and opportunities of the 21st century with optimism and determination. Our strategic plans focus on sustainable development, technological advancement, andsocial progress. We are building a society where everyone has the opportunity to reach their full potential and contribute to the nation’s prosperity.In conclusion, the achievements of our great nation are a testament to the dedication, hard work, and resilience of our people. From economic growth to technological innovation, from education to healthcare, from infrastructure to environmental sustainability, we have made remarkable progress. Our cultural heritage and social values continue to inspire and unite us. As we move forward, we do so with confidence and pride, knowing that our best days are yet to come. Together, we will continue to build a nation that is prosperous, inclusive, and respected on the global stage.Thank you.。

中文摘要口外弓肌激动器对安氏ＩＩ类１分类的疗效分析专业：口腔临床医学申请人：肖文辉指导教师：王大为安氏ＩＩ豢１分类是正畸临床较为常见的错合畸形，通常分为牙性和骨性，一般认为，安氏ｌｌ类１分类错合若不及时矫治有可能妨碍儿童颜面部正常生长发育。

对于安氏ＩＩ类１分类错合只有作出正确的诊断及治疗计划的制定并积极进行早期治疗，才有可能取得矫治成功。

对于骨性安氏ＩＩ类错合的生长改良治疗一直是口腔正畸学所密切关注的课题。

自从Ａｎｄｒｅｓｅｎ发明肌激动器以来，其已成为一种常用的功能矫治器用来治疗ＩＩ类错合畸形，结果能明显改善面形及建立１类合关系。

关于其对上下颌骨及牙列的作用已有不少研究报道。

一些研究证实肌激动器的治疗会使得上下颌骨向。

卜＾，向后旋转。

下颌骨的这种旋转被认为有利于１ｌ类１分类低角病例的面形的改着，但不利于ＩＩ类合关系的矫治。

为了减少单独应用肌激动器在治疗ＩＩ类ｔ分类错合时的这一副作用，Ｕ１ｌｒｉｃｈＴｅｕｓｃｈｅｒ于１９７８年提出在使用肌激动器的同时加用高位头帽口外牵引以抵消这些副作用并成功地应用了这种矫治器（口外弓一肌激动器，Ｔｅｕｓｃｈｅｒ矫治器）。

目的：关于口外弓一肌激动器治疗前后Ｘ线头影测量的比较研究已有报道，但其所引起的形态学变化一直是一个争论的问题，日前尚无定论。

本研究拟采用常规ｘ线头影测量法，结合有限元分析法通过对比口外弓一肌激动器治疗前后的颌面形态学变化研究Ｕ外弓一肌激动器矫治安氏ＩＩ类１分类错合对颌面生长发育的影响，同时评价口外弓～肌激动器在治疗ＩＩ类１分类错合时的作用机制及疗效。

方法：本研究选择２１例采用口外弓一肌激动器治疗的ＩＩ类１分类错合畸形的青少年患考。

治疗前后均拍摄头颅定位侧位片，所有头颅侧位片的拍摄及测量均由同一医生进行，选择１４个常用的头影测量项目测量并计算各项目均值及标准差，并进行小样本ｔ检验及两样本均数比较检验。

研究同时采用有限元分析选择有代表性的ｘ线头颅侧位片解剖标志点１７个作为节点，由此划分１４个三角形单元，对同一患者矫治前后的２张ｘ线头侧位片，以ｓ点为原点，ｓＮ平面为Ｘ轴确定座标系，通过图形数字化仪和微机测量各节点治疗前后的ｘ，Ｙ座标值。

Intonational Variation in the British IslesEsther Grabe* & Brechtje Post§*Phonetics Laboratory, University of Oxford§Centre for Speech and Language, University of Cambridge esther.grabe@AbstractModels of intonation are typically based on one dialect and one style and do not account for inter- or intra-speaker variability. Speech data from the IViE corpus, however, demonstrate considerable variation in English intonation that occurs both across and within dialects (IViE = Intonational Variation in English, UK ESRC award R000237145, http://www.phon.ox.ac.k/~esther/ivyweb). In this paper, we introduce the IViE corpus and present a selection of findings. Concentrating on nuclear accents, we provide evidence for (1) variation in the production of nuclear accent types and (2) variation in the phonetic realisation of nuclear accents. We discuss data from seven dialects. The results show that intonational differences between dialects of one language can be greater than intonational differences between dialects of two different languages. They also show that there is considerable intra-dialectal variation.1.IntroductionIn the British Isles, segmental phonetic differences between dialects have been investigated extensively [e.g. 1]. Dialectal variation in intonation has received much less attention. Prior investigations have been mono-dialectal and most provide comparisons only with Southern Standard British English.[e.g. 2-12].There are at least two reasons why we need descriptive data on intonational variation within languages. Firstly, the data are required for work on prosodic typology. This topic is becoming increasingly central in research on prosody [13-17]. Ideally, prosodic typologies are based on quantifiable data on variation across and within languages.Secondly, there is a need for quantifiable data on intonational variation in speech technology. At present, statistical data on variation are scarce. Consequently, the lack of quantitative modelling of intonational variation is widely recognised as a serious gap in speech technology. The provision of appropriate, statistical models of intonation is expected to yield significant improvements in synthesis and recognition.2.Background2.1.Previous studies of intonation in the British IslesA number of English dialects have been investigated previously, including Belfast [2,8,10], Tyneside [3,11], Liverpool [4], Welsh English [5-7], London Jamaican [9], Glasgow [11] and Manchester [12]. The studies on Belfast, in particular, show that the level of variation between intonation systems in the British Isles is considerable. Southern British English speakers produce declaratives with falling intonation and questions without morphosyntactic markers with final rises. Belfast speakers do not appear to make this distinction; both sentence types are produced with rising intonation [8, 19]. Until recently, comparable speech data from other varieties of English have not been available. Consequently, in the IViE project, our aims were (1) to collect comparable speech samples from several English dialects in a range of speaking styles, (2) to make the data available in the public domain, and (3) to provide prosodic annotations and linguistic analyses for a subsection of the data.2.2.The need for directly comparable dataThe methodology employed in the IViE project was taken from previous comparative work on intonation. Grabe [21] showed that apparently conflicting claims about similarities and differences in the intonation systems of the standard varieties of English and German could be resolved if the analysis was based on directly comparable data from near-homogenous speaker groups. These were controlled for dialect, speaking style, age and gender. Grabe showed that her English and German speakers used equivalent sets of intonational building blocks but combined them in different ways. Additionally, cross-linguistic differences emerged in the acoustic-phonetic realisation of intonation. Findings like these can be produced only if comparable data are available: a phonological pattern can be specific to a particular speaking style. In the IViE corpus, high rising terminals [22] occur in free conversation in Cambridge English but not in read speech [18]. Phonetic implementation effects can be dialect-specific also [23] and they can be gender-specific [cf. 24]. Therefore, as a first step, we adopted a controlled approach. We carried out an investigation of intonational variation within one language on the basis of directly comparable data elicited in a range of dialects and speaking styles.3.The IViE corpusThe corpus contains 36 hours of speech data. The dialects in the corpus are ‘modern’ or ‘mainstream’ dialects [25]. Traditional research on dialectology has focussed on speech from older, usually male speakers from rural areas. We recorded adolescent speakers from urban areas. Near-homogeneous groups (six male, six female speakers) were recorded in secondary schools in nine locations: Belfast, Cardiff, Cambridge, Dublin, Leeds, Liverpool, Newcastle, Bradford (British Punjabi English) and London (speakers of West Indian descent). Five speaking styles were recorded:-22 phonetically controlled sentences with a range of grammatical structures,-a read text, the fairy tale Cinderella,-a retold version of the text, assisted by a set of pictures,-a Map task (single sex pairs),-a discussion on a given topic (smoking).A CD-ROM version of the complete corpus was released in June 2001 [18]. An on-line version of the data-base has beenavailable on the internet since August [26]. A range of cross-dialectal analyses using the data have been published in [13,27,28].3.1.Prosodic annotationsA subsection of the data in the corpus are accompanied by a range of machine-readable prosodic annotations. Many machine-readable intonation systems are modelled on ToBI [29] and the IViE system is no exception; H and L symbols are associated with stressed syllables and intonation phrase (IP) boundaries. But unlike ToBI, which is intended for the transcription of standard varieties of English, IViE was developed for inter-dialectal comparisons. Labellers choose transcription symbols for all dialects from a pool of options based on work on British English [21,30]. This approach ensures comparability of transcriptions across dialects. Phonological classifications are based on a range of comparisons of different utterances; intonation patterns produced in identical or comparable contexts are compared within and across dialects [21]. The resulting two-tone phonological transcriptions have the status of hypotheses and they allow for the quantification of particular observations. These hypotheses can be turned into hard evidence through acoustic experimentation and through measurement. Without quantifiable phonological transcriptions, hypotheses are less likely to provide results which are empirically valid.The phonological transcriptions in IViE are underpinned by information on two further transcription tiers: one provides syllable-by-syllable transcriptions of f0 patterns and alignment and the other is intended for the transcription of stressed and accented syllables. A complete IViE transcription includes information on:-the location of the words spoken in the acoustic signal,-the location of stressed and accented syllables,-the pitch movement surrounding accented syllables and IP-boundaries,-and a phonological classification of intonation involving accented syllable and IP-boundaries.A labelling guide for the IViE system is available on the internet [26].4.FindingsLadd [31] proposed a taxonomy of cross-linguistic differences between intonation languages:-Semantic variation: instances where speakers use the same tune for different functions.-Systemic variation: speakers use different tunes for the same function.-Realisational variation: speakers use the same phonological unit, but realise that unit differently.-Phonotactic variation: different restrictions on the way in which phonological units can be combined.We now present evidence for systemic and realisational variation within one language. Evidence for systemic variation is based on the phonological annotations in the corpus. Evidence for realisational variation comes from the acoustic signal [13].The data show that the level of intra-language variation in English is considerable. The variation has two sources. The first is of the type described by Ladd as variation between intonation languages. In different languages, we find different tunes, but in different dialects of English, we find different tunes also. The second source of variation involves the wide range of phonological, phonetic and phonotactic options available to a speaker in a particular context [cf. 20]. Even in productions of relatively tightly controlled texts, speakers from a particular dialect make use of a relatively wide range of prosodic choices.We illustrate these observations with two sets of findings. Following Cruttenden [32], we restrict the presentation to nuclear accents. The first set of data provides evidence for phonological variation. We examine intonation patterns in declaratives and inversion questions in seven dialects and we show that there is intra- as well as inter-dialectal variation. Then we illustrate phonetic (realisational) variation using data from four dialects.4.1.Intonational phonological variationThe following graphs are based on the sentence data in the prosodically annotated section of the IViE corpus. The results are from six speakers from each variety. Each speaker read eight declaratives and three inversion questions. The test sentences were included in a randomised list of sentences with different grammatical structure. Figure 1 shows that in Cambridge declaratives, over 90% of nuclear accents were falls (H*L %). In Belfast, 80% were rise-plateaux (L*H %)1. The remaining Cambridge speakers produced fall-rises (H*L H%), and the remaining Belfast speakers produced rise-plateau-falls (L*H L%) or falls (H*L %).Figure 1. Production of nuclear accents in Cambridge and Belfast. Results for declaratives are shown on the left (N=96) and results for inversion questions on the right (N=36).A comparison of the declaratives in Figure 1 with inversion questions (e.g. May I lean on the railings?) reveals intra-dialectal as well as inter-dialectal differences. The figure shows that speakers’ intonational choices can change if the grammatical function of an utterance changes, but the type of change that takes place is dialect-specific. In Cambridge, a falling nucleus dominates in declaratives, but not in inversion questions. In Belfast, we do not find a comparable difference. Rise-plateaux dominate in declaratives but they also dominate in inversion questions. In Belfast, the only difference between the two types of utterances involves the production of rise-plateau-falls (L*H L%). Belfast speakers produced them in declaratives but not in inversion questions.In sum, the data in Figure 1 show that speakers have a range of intonational options when they produce a particular text. They also reveal cross-linguistic difference in the mapping between grammatical function and intonational phonological choice.Figure 2 shows data from declaratives in seven dialects. In six out of seven dialects, H*L % is dominant. Urban northern rises were produced in the data from Belfast (83%), Newcastle (17%) and Dublin (4%). More information on Urban northern rises in the British Isles is given in [19,28, 31].Figure 3: Nuclear accent production; modal questions.Data from seven dialects of English (N=126).More generally, Figure 3 shows that a falling pattern (H*L %) is dominant in inversion questions only in Dublin.Everywhere else, rising patterns dominate. Urban northern rises are used as far down as Leeds and Bradford. In Cambridge or London, other types of rises dominate.In sum, the data in Figures 2 and 3 reveal broad geographical differences in the distribution of nuclear accent types [cf. 5]. They also show that the picture of cross-dialectal differences changes when the grammatical function of an utterance changes. But note that a change in grammatical function can have a different effect on the production of intonation in different dialects.4.2.Phonetic variation: truncation and compressionGrønnum and Ladd [31,33] have suggested that truncation and compression may be typological parameters in intonation. Grabe [34] showed that in Northern Standard German, on very short IP-final words, speakers truncate falling accents (H*L %). Instead of producing a very rapid fall in f0, they do not complete the pattern. In Southern British English, in an identical context, H*L % is compressed. Grabe’s findings appear to corroborate the view that British English is a compressing language ‘par excellence’ [31]. Dialect differences in the application of truncation and compression, however, have been reported for Swedish [23] and Liverpool English may have truncation [4].As part of the IViE project, we carried out an investigation of truncation and compression in four dialects of English: Cambridge, Leeds, Newcastle, and Belfast. Following [34], the stimuli consisted of the surnames Mr. Sheafer, Mr. Sheaf and Mr. Shift, embedded in identical carrier phrases. The pragmatic intent of the test utterances was cued by identical precursors. Since the surnames exhibit successively less scope for voicing, the speaker is forced either to increase the rate of f0 change from the longest to the shortest word (compression) or to complete less of the pattern (truncation). Details of experimental procedure and measurements are given in [13]. Figure 4 gives the results. Cambridge and Newcastle English compress, but Belfast and Leeds English truncate.Figure 4: Compression and truncation in four varieties of English. C= Compression, T=Truncation.H*L % H*L H%H*L % H*L H% L*H % L*H H% L* H% H* H% H* %T CTCT Liverpool [4]BelfastDublinLeedsNewcastleDublinLeedsNewcastleNewcastleLeedsBelfast5.Summary and ConclusionWe have provided evidence of inter- and intra-dialectal variation in English intonation. Firstly, we showed that there are broad geographical differences in the production of nuclear accents in the British Isles. These do not involve the association of a single type of nuclear accent with a particular utterance type in a particular dialect but a range of possible accent types per dialect. Then we showed that the mapping between grammatical structures and intonational form is dialect specific also. A change in grammatical function can be associated with the production of a different pattern in one dialect but not in another. Finally, we provided evidence of inter-dialect differences in phonetic realisation. In English, truncation and compression are dialect-specific.We conclude that dialect variation is a significant variable in prosodic typology. The intonation systems of dialects of one and the same language can be as different as the intonation systems of different languages. For instance, in read speech, the phonological structure of Cambridge English intonation is closer to that of Northern Standard German than to that of Belfast English. Similarly, Leeds English has truncation, just as Northern Standard German does, but Cambridge English does not. Finally, we conclude that patterns of inter- and intra-speaker variation within and across dialects may be complex but they are not random. Rather, they present a serious challenge to prosodic typologists. We need to consider how models of intonation can accommodate this variation.6.Notes1 The % sign represents an IP boundary without a tone. This approach allows for the transcription of rise-plateaux as L*H %, double-rises as L*H H% and rise-plateau-falls as L*HL%. The three options occur in Belfast English [21].2 Rise-plateau-falls have been described as rise-plateau-‘slumps', e.g. in [19]. In our data, many ‘slumps’ involved drops of around 60 Hz or more in female speakers and drops of around 20 Hz in male speakers.7.References[1]Orton, H., 1962. Survey of English Dialects: AnIntroduction. Arnold.[2]Jarman, E.; Cruttenden, A., 1976. Belfast intonation andthe myth of the fall. JIPA 6: 4-12.[3]Pellowe, J. ; Jones, V., 1978. On intonational variabilityin Tyneside speech. In P. Trudgill (ed.) Sociolinguistic patterns in British Speech. Arnold.[4]Knowles, G.O., 1978. The nature of phonologicalvariables in Scouse. In P. Trudgill (ed.) Sociolinguistic patterns in British English. Arnold.[5]Wells, J.C., 1982. Accents of English: The British Isles(Vol. 2). CUP.[6]Tench, P. 1990. The pronunciation of English inAbercrave. In English in Wales, N. Coupland (ed).Clevedon, Philadelphia: Multilingual Matters.[7]Walters, J.R. 1999. A Study of the segmental andsuprasegmental Phonology of Rhondda Valleys English.PhD: University of Glamorgan.[8]Rahilly, J., 1991. Intonation patterns in normal hearingand postlingually deafened adults in Belfast. PhD: The Queen’s University of Belfast.[9]Sebba, M., 1993. London Jamaican: language systems ininteraction. Longman.[10]Wells, B.; Peppe S., 1996. Ending up in Ulster: prosodyand turn-taking in English dialects. In Prosody and Conversation, Couper-Kuhlen, E.; M. Selting. CUP. [11]Foulkes, P.; Docherty, G., 1999. Urban voices: accentstudies in the British Isles. Arnold.[12]Cruttenden, A., 2001. Mancunian intonation andintonational representation. Phonetica 58: 53-80.[13]Grabe, E.; Post, B.; Nolan; F.; Farrar, F., 2000. Pitchaccent realisation in four varieties of British English.Journal of Phonetics 27, 161-185.[14]Jun, S. (ed), forthcoming. Prosodic Typology andTranscription: A Unified Approach. Oxford: OUP. [15]Fitzpatrick-Cole, J., 1999. The Alpine Intonation of BernSwiss German. Proceedings of the 14th ICPhS, Vol2, 941-944.[16]Auer, P.; Gilles, P.; Peters, J.; Selting, M., 2000.Intonation regionaler Varietäten des Deutschen. In Dialektologie zwischen Tradition und Neuansätzen, D.Stellmacher (ed.). Stuttgart: Steiner, 222-239.[17]Hirst, D.; Di Christo, A., 1998. Intonation Systems. CUP.[18]Grabe, E.; Post, B.; Nolan, F., 2001. IntonationalVariation in English. The IViE Corpus on CD-ROM.Linguistics, Cambridge.[19]Cruttenden, A., 1995. Rises in English. In Studies inGeneral and English Phonetics, J. Windsor-Lewis (ed.).Routledge, 155-173.[20]Peppé, S.; Maxim, J.; Wells, B., 2000. Prosodic Variationin Southern British English, Language and Speech 43(3), 309-334.[21]Grabe, E. 1998a. Comparative intonational phonology:English and German. MPI Series 7, Ponsen en Looien. [22]Warren, P.; Britain, D., 2000. Prosody and intonation ofNew Zealand English. In New Zealand English, A. Bell & K. Kuiper (eds.).Victoria University Press, 146-172. [23]Bannert, R.; Bredvad, A., 1975. Temporal organisation ofSwedish tonal accent: the effect of vowel duration.Working papers 10, Linguistics, Lund, Sweden.[24]Vermillion, P., 2001. The Perception and Production ofIntonational Meaning by British Men and Women.M.Phil, University of London.[25]Trudgill, P., 1998. The dialects of English. Blackwell.[26]/~esther/ivyweb; Labelling guide:/~esther/ivyweb/guide.html[27]Grabe, E.; Post, B.; Nolan, F., forthcoming,downloadable [26]. Modelling intonational variation in English: The IViE system. Proceedings of Prosody 2000, Krakow, Poland.[28]Fletcher, J.; Grabe, E.; Warren, P., forthcoming,downloadable [26]. Intonational variation in four dialects of English: the high rising tune. In [14].[29]Beckman, M.; Ayers, G., 1997. Guidelines for ToBILabelling. /phonetics/E_ToBI [30]Gussenhoven, C., 1984. On the grammar and semanticsof sentence accents, Foris.[31]Ladd, D. R., 1996. Intonational phonology. Cambridge:CUP.[32]Cruttenden, A., 1997. Intonation. Cambridge: CUP.[33]Grønnum, N., 1989. Stress group patterns, sentenceaccents and sentence intonation in Southern Jutland, ARIPUC, 23, 1-85.[34]Grabe, E., 1998b. Pitch accent realisation in English andGerman, Journal of Phonetics, 26, pp.129-144.。

Spoken and written
The cities in Switzerland had once been peaceful, but they changed when people became violent. Violence changed the face of once peaceful Swiss cities.
Noun-based phrases
Formal written English uses nouns more than verbs. Rewrite the underlined parts of the following sentences using a noun-based phrase instead of the "wh" clause.
Formality
In general this means in an essay that you should avoid: a. colloquial words and expressions; ""stuff", "a lot of", "thing", "sort of", b. abbreviated forms: "can't", "doesn't", "shouldn't" c. two word verbs: "put off", "bring up" d. sub-headings, numbering and bullet-points in formal essays - but use them in reports. e. asking questions.

词向量评估方法Word vector evaluation methods play a crucial role in natural language processing and machine learning tasks. 词向量评估方法在自然语言处理和机器学习任务中扮演着至关重要的角色。

With the emergence of various word embedding techniques such asWord2Vec, GloVe, and FastText, it has become essential to have effective evaluation methods to assess the quality of these word vectors. 随着Word2Vec、GloVe和FastText等各种词嵌入技术的出现，发展出有效的评估方法来评估这些词向量的质量已经变得至关重要。

One commonly used method for word vector evaluation is to measure the similarity between word vectors and human judgments. 一个常用的词向量评估方法是通过衡量词向量与人类判断之间的相似性来评估。

This can be done using benchmark datasets such as WordSim-353 and SimLex-999, where human annotators provide similarity scores for pairs of words. 这可以通过使用基准数据集如WordSim-353和SimLex-999来完成，其中人类评价者为单词对提供相似性分数。

The word vectors are then evaluated based on how well they correlate with these human judgments. 然后根据它们与这些人类判断的相关程度来评估词向量的质量。

预算绩效管理知识竞赛题库英文回答：1. What is the primary purpose of performance budgeting?To determine how effectively resources are used to achieve desired outcomes.2. What are the key components of a performance budget?Strategic goals, performance indicators, targets,and funding levels.3. What is the role of performance measures in performance budgeting?To measure progress towards achieving strategicgoals and to inform decision-making.4. What are the benefits of performance budgeting?Improved transparency, accountability, and efficiency.5. What are the challenges of performance budgeting?Selecting appropriate performance measures, ensuring data accuracy, and addressing unintended consequences.6. What is the difference between input, output, and outcome measures?Input measures focus on resources used, output measures focus on activities completed, and outcome measures focus on the overall impact of programs.7. What is the role of stakeholders in performance budgeting?Stakeholders provide input on performance measures, targets, and funding levels.8. How can performance budgeting be used to improve public policy?By providing evidence-based information to support decision-making and by holding policymakers accountable for results.9. What are some examples of successful performance budgeting initiatives?The Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA) in the United States.The Budget for Results program in the United Kingdom.10. What are the future trends in performance budgeting?Increased use of data analytics, greater emphasis on outcome measures, and more sophisticated performance management systems.中文回答：1. 绩效预算管理的主要目的是什么？确定如何有效地利用资源实现预期成果。

City and Natural Environment 美国城市与自然环境2.Investigating Children's Language研究儿童语言3.Survivor from the Sky空难幸存者4.Hurry Sickness匆忙症5.Television Addiction is No Mere Metaphor电视瘾不仅仅是隐喻6.Lessons from the Titanic泰坦尼克教训7.The Grapes of Winter冬季的葡萄ughter, Tickling and the Brain笑，挠痒和大脑9.Mapping Indigenous Communities为土著社区10.On the Move迁徙中11.Does an Aging Society Mean an Aging Culture老龄化社会是否意味着老龄化文化？12.Islands that Float漂浮的岛屿13.The Story of Coffee咖啡的故事14.New Directions - Map Making新动向-地图绘制15.Tea Times品茶时光16.Societal Noise: Problems and Solutions社会噪音：问题与解决17.Ocean Plant Life in Decline海洋植物险境18.The Life Cycle of a Star恒星的生命周期19.How to Handle the Sun如何处置阳光20.How Children Learn儿童如何学习21.Preparing for the Threat为灾难做准备22.Why We Are Touched by the Sound of Music我们为什么为音乐所触动23.Early Clocks早期的计时器24.Looking into the Telescope放眼望远镜25.In or Out走还是留26.Running Dry干涸27.How to Reduce Employee Turnover如何减少员工离职28.Work-family conflict and Job Satisfaction工作家庭冲突和工作满意度29.Reflecting on the Mirror镜子成像30.Effort and Science to Win成功的努力和科学31.Fueling the Future燃烧未来32.The Creativity Myth创新之谜33.Locked Doors, Open Access封闭的门，开放的口34.Going East to West西头到东头35.Polluting Sounds: In Search of Silence噪音污染：寻找静谧36.Unearthing Jorvik出土约维克遗址nguage Acquisition in Infants and Young Children婴儿和幼童的语言习得38.Australia's Platypus澳大利亚鸭嘴兽39.Studies in Sleep睡眠研究40.The Search for Fresh Water寻找淡水资源P assage 1 US City and Natural Environment1.metropolitan n. 大都市cities and their~ areas2.interact v. 互动to have ~ed with thenatural environment3.shape☺v.塑造to have ~ed the naturalenvironmentn. 形状4.reshape v. 重塑 to have ~ed naturallandscapes5.historian n. 历史学家 ~s have begun toconsider this relationship6.tension n. 张力 the ~ between naturaland urbanised areas7.urbanised areas 市区8.population n.人口ndscape n. natural ~, in urban andagricultural ~s10.circular adj. 圆形的The relationship hasbeen ~.11.massive adj. 大众的 to have massiveeffects on natural environment12.profound adj. 深远的13.profoundly adv. 深远地 to have ~shaped urban configurations14.configuration n. 构造15.fillv. 填充to be filled withstories16.dweller(s) n. 居民city ~s17.contend v. 抗争☺to ~ with the force of nature☺sb contends that…18.contender n. 抗争者 a serious ~ fortomorrow’s fuel19.threaten v. 威胁to become ~ed20.annoyance n. 烦扰 to cause many of the~s of daily urban life21.give rise to 产生22.disaster n. 灾难 natural ~s23.catastrophe n. 灾祸~s such as floods,fires, and earthquakes24.catastrophic adj. 灾祸性的 ~ to all thehigher life forms25.hazard(s) n. 灾难danger from natural~s26.hazardous adj. 灾难性的 to be made in~ circumstances27.settle v. 定居28.settlement n. 安身之处29.defence n. 防护 to build many defensesincluding food walls and dams30.dam n. 大坝31.shelter v.蔽护☺~ them from wind☺ is ~ed by a different type of tree32.volcano n. 火山33.construct v. 建设 to ~sewerage system34.construction n.建设35.reconstruct v. 重建 ~ a picture of36.production n. 生产37.producev. to ~ endless row of resource-consuming and fertilizer-dependentlawns38.fulfill v. 履行39.boundary n. 边界40.demand n. 要求 to ~ urbanenvironmental cleanups41.increase v. 增加 to be greatly ~ed42.engineer n. 工程师43.ground water 地下水44.divert v. 转移45.obtain v. 获得46.domestic adj.☺家庭的 ~ duties☺国内的 the ~ consumption47.transform v. 改造48.transformation n. the ~ from swamp tolake49.fertile adj. 肥沃的provided(如果) thereare ~ soil conditions 50.dispose (of) v.处理to ~ of wastes theyproduce51.discharge v. 排泄 to ~ the sewage intoneighbouring waterways52.contaminatev. 污染 badly ~d byindustrial activity53.contamination n. 污染groundwater ~,air ~54.replace v. 取代 ~ the crude oil withrenewable fuels55.substantial adj. 巨大的☺~improvements 实质进步☺a ~ amount of data56.*sanitary condition 卫生条件57.exploitv.利用58.exploitation n. 利用 the ~ of urbanhinterlands59.automobile congestion 交通堵塞60.chemical pesticides 杀虫剂61.consumer-oriented economy 以顾客为导向的经济体制62.dense adj. 密集的 ~ area of gas63.density n. 密集度☺due to their ~☺the population ~64.substitutionof natural gas and oil 天然气和石油的替代物65.phenomenon n. 现象☺the new ~☺ the ~ known as…66.accelerate v. 加速发展67.undeveloped adj. 不发达的68.ignore v. 忽视P assage 2 Investigating Children’s Language1.scholar(s) n. 学者2.small-scale studies 小规模研究 carryout ~rger scale production 大规模生产4.data n. 数据 reliable ~5.detailed & *systematic studies 详细、体系化研究6.decade(s) n. 十年 the middle ~e to routine use 普及8.permanent adj. 永恒的 a ~ record9.obscure adj. 模糊的10.accurate adj. 精确地 a ~ description11.accurately adj. 精确地 ~ measuredistances12.enormous adj. 巨大的 attract ~ interest13.acquire v. 获得 ~ a reputation as…the ability to ~ language14.acquisition n. 获得 language ~15.emerge v. 涌现 an emerging fieldseveral key findings ~d16.devise v. 发明 ~ a method 17.encounter v. 面对the linguistic puzzlesthey ~18.enquiry n. 调查 techniques of ~19.cognitive adj. 认知的children’s ~ development20.cognition n. 认知 mental ~learning situations and ~21.sufficient adj. 充分的 ~ evidence22.insufficient adj. 不充分的 ~ information23.sufficiently adv. 充分地☺~ advanced☺ do not ~ slow the blood flow24.judgment n. 判断 make ~s aboutlanguage25.frustrate v. 使沮丧26.~ing adj. 令人沮丧的 be quite ~27.sophisticated adj. 复杂的 several ~techniques28.observe v. 观测 be ~ed and recorded29.observation(s) n. 观测☺satellite ~s,☺~s of infants30.observer(s) n. 观测者31.eliminate v. 消除~ the effects of…32.intellectual adj. 智力上的a child’s ~level33.social adj. 社交上的 ~ experience34.monitor v. 观测☺~ one’s ability☺be heavily ~ed35.*variation 变化☺introduce many ~s☺ develop individual ~s from thepattern36. engage in 参与 ~ the production ofmaps37. spontaneous adj. 即时的 ~ use oflanguage38. record v. 录音39.film v. 摄影40.s ample n. 样本41.f eature n. 特征~s of the earth42.e nable v. 使…能够 enable sb to dosth43.*formulate v. 形成 ~ a hypothesis 设定假设44.support v. 支撑 ~ a hypothesis 45.*falsify v. 反驳 ~ a hypothesis46.approach v. 靠近n. 方法 use this ~47.interact v. 互动48.interactionn. daily ~49.interpret v. 解释50.interpretation n. 解释different ~s51. *variable n. 变量 all ~ have beenconsidered52. genuine adj. 真实的 a ~ finding53.*acoustic adj. 声觉的good ~ quality54.perceive v. 观察 ~ the world观察世界55.perception n. 观察 ~ of oneself56.perceptualadj. 观察性的 ~ learning57.linguistics n. 语言学58.linguistic adj. 语言的59.linguist(s) n. 语言学家 among ~s60.surround v. 包围61.surrounding(s) 环境 familiar andcomfortable ~ 熟悉舒适的环境62.alternative n. 可替代性选择63.limit v. 限制64.unlimited adj. 无限的 an ~ amount ofinformation65.limitation(s) n. 局限have several~有一些局限66.supplement vt. 补充 be ~ed by othermethods67.hypothesis 假设 the original ~68.researcher n. 研究人员69.convince v. 说服 be convincedP assage 3 Survivor from the Sky1.remarkable adj. 显著的☺a ~ documentary☺ a ~ capability to link peoplethousands of miles away2.remarkably adv. 显著地~ well-preserved3.crash n. 碰撞 a plane ~4.graduate v. 毕业 ~ from high school5.horrific adj. 恐怖的 a ~ storm6.strike v. 撞击 be struck by lightening7.baggage n. 行李8.squeeze v. 挤压~ one’s stoma ch9.consciousness n. 意识 lo se one’s ~10.speculate v. 猜测 ~ on a number offactors11.speculation n. 猜测 discussion and ~12.assess v. 评估~ one’s injuries13.provision n. 供给品 with no ~s14.fragments n. 碎片 pass brokenfragments15.initial adj. 起初的~ representations16.initially adv. 起初 ~ limited by a lack of 17.deteriorate v. 恶化 ~d health18.canoe n. 木舟 met some natives in a ~19.monument n. 纪念碑 erect a ~20.embodiment n. 化身 the sole ~ of hopeP assage 4 Hurry Sickness1.statistic(s) n. 数据 according to ~2.rare adj. 稀少的appear to be so ~3.ingredient n. 配料☺add new ~s☺ ~s such as sugar and vanilla4.*proliferate v. 激增5.proliferation n. 激增a great ~ in theiruse6.symptom n. 症状can lead to ~s whichmay affect the kettle’s performance 7.coin n. 硬币 v. 杜撰 ~ a term8.prominent adj. 杰出的 a ~ biologist9.chronic adj. 慢性的 a ~ rush10.escalate v. 递增 ~ in degree andintensity11.escalating adj. 递增的 ~ crime12.rude adj. 不礼貌的13.rudeness n. 鲁莽lead to ~14.*culprit n. 起因15.prevalence n. 流行 the increasing ~ oftechnologyptop n. 笔记本电脑17.resist v. 抵抗18.resistance n. 抗体 natural ~ to theeffects of sleep deprivation19.resistant adj. 抵抗的20.irresistible adj. 不可抵抗的 an ~ urge todo sth21.alienation n. 疏离22.exacerbate v. 加重 ~ the breakdown23.entitlement n. 资格 a sense of ~24.repress v. 抑制25.depression n. 抑郁26.prolong v. 延长 ~ exposure27.prolonged adj. 延长的~ exposure toindustrial noise28.pattern(s) n. 模式 studies of sleep ~s29.digestive adj. 消化性的~ problems30.unprecedented adj. 史无前例的 ~homework requirements31.challenge v. 挑战to ~ one’s behaviours32.counterproductive adj. 反生产力的 ~technology33.efficient adj. 高效的 less ~ than theycould have beenP assage 5 Television Addiction Is No Mere Metaphor1.addiction n. 成瘾TV ~2.addictive adj. 成瘾的3.addict(s) n. 成瘾者 TV addicts4.capture v. 捕获~ the essence ofbe accidentally ~ed5.psychologists n. 心理学家 ~ areunited in one belief 6.criteria n. 标准 all these ~7.problematic adj. 有问题的haveproven ~ for many localgovernments8.artistic adj. 有艺术价值的 be highly~9.distract v. 分心 distraction n. 分心provided much needed distractionand escape10.arise v. 产生 the difficulty ariseswork-family conflict ~s 11. astonishing adj. 令人震惊的 ~amount of time12.devote v. 投入时间 ~ three hours aday to the activity, ~ oneself to13.devotion n. 投入14.leisure time 娱乐时间15.conscious adj. 有意识的 make a ~decision to do sth16.consistently adv. 持续地 have ~shown that17.react v. 反应 reaction n 反应people’s reactions to TV18.artificial adj. 人工的 the ~conditions19.participant(s) n. 参与者20.passive adj. 被动的 feeling relaxedand ~ 21.stimulation n. 刺激 mental ~, a formof ~22.alert v. 警觉 n. alertness 警觉23.absorb v. 吸收 ~ energy/sound24.concentrate v. 集中注意力 havedifficulty ~ing25.reinforced v. 增强 be positively ~ed26.guilt n. 愧疚 a feeling of ~27.productive adj. 有效率的 do sthmore ~28.accompany v. 伴随 ~ learningdifficulties29.affluent adj. 富裕的 less ~ viewers30.instinct n. 本能31.instinctive adj. 本能的 an ~ reaction32.interrupt v. 打断 ~ brain waves33.interruption n. 打断 the affect ofsleep ~sP assage 6 Lessons from the Titanic1.facility n. 设施☺with limited facilities☺ public education ~2.voyage n. 航程last ~ to America3.*maiden adj. 首次的 the ~ voyage4.proclaim v. 声称 be ~ed to beunsinkablepartment(s) n. 隔间 water-tight ~6.claim v. 声称；索取 claim a great dealloss of life7.prior to 在…之前8.collide v. 碰撞~ at random 9.collision n. 碰撞 a fatal ~ with aniceberg10.ignorance n. 无知 ~ of what lay ahead11.coincide v. 碰巧 ~ with forty years ofsafe travel12.install v. 安装 be ~ed on the boat13.acquaint v. 使熟知 ~ his senior officerswith the full situation14.address v. 解决 ~ the fundamentalissues15.enormous adj. 巨大的 the ~ loss of life16.blame v. 责难 be ~ed for the sinkingPassage 7 The Grapes of Winter1.frozen adj. 冷冻的 ~ grapes2.freeze v. 结冰 begin to ~3.temperature n. 温度 at this ~bine v. 结合 ~ A with B~d researchbination n. 结合 a novel ~ of Aand B, ~ of the positions 6.discover v. 发明 Coffee was first ~edin Eastern Africa.7.discovery n. 发明 the ~ of icewine8.accidental adj. 偶然性的 ~ discovery9.abnormal adj. 异常的10.abnormally adv. ~ly highconcentration11.evaporate v. 蒸发allow the juice to~12.evaporation n. 蒸发 through aprocess of ~13.benign adj. 良性的~ disease14.melt v. 融化~ed in the fires15.*ferment v. 发酵 ~ into one bottleof wine16.*fermentation n. 发酵☺to activate ~☺ go through a process of ~ anddrying17.yield v. 产出 ~ nothingn. 产出to give a regular ~18.extract v. 抽取~ from the berries19.liquid n. 液体the colourless ~20.bottle n. 瓶子 v. 瓶装 be finally ~ed21.capacity n. 能力 have the capacityto age for a decade22.recognise v. 识别be ~ed as thehome of icewine23.honey n. 蜂蜜 come out as ~Passage 8 Laughter, Tickling and the Britain1.facial expressions n. 面部表情2.track v. 追踪~ the brain mechanismsn. 追踪 keep ~ of3.process v. 加工~ humor andlaughter4.prompt v. 促进~laughter5.encompass v. 包含 ~ threecomponents 包含三部分6.volunteerv. 自愿 ~ to undergo this experience n. 实验对象 healthy ~s7.subject(s)n. 学科；实验对象8.preliminary adj. 初级的 ~ results9.supplementary adj. 补充性的 the ~area10.activate v. 激活 ~ an area11.solution n. 解决办法 answers and ~about depression12.victim(s) n. 受害人 stroke ~s13.personality n. 性格 suffer ~ changes 14.associate v. 与…相关 ~ed with（含因果关系）15.inhibit v. 抑制☺ to ~ laughter☺ to ~ a growing human population16.trigger v. 激发 ~ laughter17.cope with 应对~ daily stress18.immune system(s) 免疫系统have a positive effect on the ~Passage 9 Mapping Indigenous Communities1.territory n. 领土 a cultureinterpretationof ~2.terrestrial adj.陆地的 some ~ insects3.attemptn. 试图 ~ to secure landv. 试图☺~ed to describe☺ to be ~ed in cases of extremeemergency4.indigenous adj. 土著的 ~ people5.conclude v. 下结论☺~ from field experience☺~ that…6.defend v. 防卫 ~ed by gunsprise v. 包含 ~ everything8.affordable adj. 买得起的 ~ equipment9.access v. 获得 have ~ to a network10.wealthy adj. 富有的 ~ corporations 富有的公司11.misrepresent v. 错误表示 ~ indigenousland12.inhabit v. 居住the castle was fully ~ed13.inhabitant n. 居民~ priorities (居民的偏好)14.habitat n. 栖息地 this watery ~15.resident n. 居民16.ambiguousadj. 模棱两可的 ~ borders17.perception n. 观察~ of oneself18.perceive v.观察19.sponsor v. 赞助~ed effort20.convert v. 转换 ~ A into B21.negotiation n. 谈判 land-rightsnegotiations 22.beneficial adj. 有利的 ~ outcome23.survey v. 研究 ~ing the earthn. 研究 new ~sndmark n. 地理标志 physicallandmarks25.feedback n. 反馈 feedback andcorrectionpass n. 指南针27.acknowledge v. 认可 ~ maps as accurate28.conserve v. 保存~ the land29.ownership n. 所有权 spiritual ~30.region n. 地域 sense of ~31.collective action 集体行动32.gather v. 聚集 men of the family andmale visitors ~33.generation n. 呆 gather across ~s34.identity n. 身份 recollect their ~35.share v. 分享to ~ stories and songsPassage 10On the Move1.analyse v. 分析2.analysis n. 分析 economic ~3.shed light on 阐明 ~ the history of4.migrate v. 迁徙5.migration n. 迁徙 ~ of labour6.migrant(s) n. 流动人口7.globalisationn. 全球化waves of ~8.era n. 时代a new ~9.significance n. 重要性 of great ~10.significant adj. 重要的on a ~ scale11.significantly adv. rise ~12.harsh adj. 艰苦~ conditions13.prosperity n. 繁荣 growing ~14.push v. 推动~ in the same direction15.reduce v. 减少 ~ migration16.reduction n. 减少 ~ in numbers remainunknown17. decline v. 减少 considered to have ~dor disappeared18.destination n. 目的地grow as a ~19.expand v.扩张☺~ rapidly☺ continued to ~ over the next fewyears20.expansion n. 扩张 the ~ of existingindustry21.cool v. 冷却 expand and ~22.income n. 收入23.wage(s) n. 薪水24.feasible adj. 可行的make…~25.legal adj. 合法的 legally adv. entered ~26.illegal adj. 非法的 ~ to keep them incaptivity圈禁27.surge v. 飙升 numbers surged28.unskilled workers 非技术工人29.*dwindle v. 逐渐减少opportunities are~ing30.deter v. 震慑 ~ new immigrants31.narrow v. 缩减 ~ the shortage of32.drawback n. 缺陷 the ideas has ~s33.justify v. 使正当化to ~ in humanitarianterms34.sending countries 发出过35.receiving countries 接收国36.offset v. 冲抵 ~ some of the loss37.dilemma(s) n. 困境pensate v. 补偿pensation n. 补偿 ~ theory , seek ~through the local courtPassage 11 Does an Aging Society Mean an Aging Culture1.obsess v. 沉迷2.obsession n. 沉迷 ~ with newness3.obsessive adj. 迷恋的 ~ behaviour togive order to the world4.derive v. 来源于 ~ pleasure frompatterns and rhythm5.the foreseeable future 在可以预测的未来6.majority n. 多数in the majority7.minority n. 少数 remain in a ~minority8.outnumber v. 多于 ~ all youngeradults9.mass media 大众传媒10.evident adj. 显而易见的 it becomes~ that …11.shrink v. 收缩 the ~ing componentof the total population 12.pension n. 养老金813.*eclipse v. 使…黯然失色 pensionissues ~ college issues14.fertility n. 生育率 a world of falling ~15.sibling n. 同胞 later-born ~s16.exempt v. 豁免 ~ only sons from wartime service17.scarce adj. 稀少的 ~ youth18.scarcity n. 稀少性 this ~ is becominga very real worryPassage 12 Islands that Float1.mobility n. 可移动性horizontal ~2.longevity n. 寿命 ~ studies3.float v. 漂浮 a ~ing island4.*equilibrium n. 平衡 maintain its ~5.destructive adj. 破坏性的~ forces~ power of natural disasters 6.obstacle n. 阻碍 a major ~ to theeconomic development7.deplete v. 耗尽 to ~ soil air8.vegetation n. 植被 to kill ~9.erode v. 侵蚀10.erosion n. 侵蚀 cause ~11.diminish v. 减少 ~ mobility12.determine v. 决定The forces ~ thespeed.13.examine v. 检测☺~ the forces☺ ~ thirty five volunteers14.mobilise v. 使移动~ free-floatingislands15.schedule v. 规划时间 n. 时间表16.unscheduled adj. 突发的17.navigatev. 导航 to ~ by landmarkssuch as fences18.navigation n. 导航a shipping ~hazard19.navigational adj. 导航的 to have no~ aids20.visible adj. 可看见的 No roots were~.21.submerge v. 下沉 partially ~d22.trace n. 踪迹~of islandv. 追踪 ~ its way through rock andwoodland23.intensive adj. 集中的 ~ six hoursearch24.account n. 描述 an ~ of25.dispute v. 争论 be ~d in thescientific literature26.*drainage n. 排水 a ~ channel27.enlarge v. 扩大28.enlargement n.扩大29.ignite v. 点燃 ~ by a fire30.edge n. 边缘 the dry ~s31.damp adj. 潮湿的a central ~ section32.pave v. 铺路 ~ the way for33.pavement n. 铺路 ~ work34.restrict v. 限制~ flow between…35.collapse v. 倒塌~ inwardsn. 倒塌36.conductive adj. 有利的 ~ to atransition37.transition n. 过渡 ~ into formalschool settings38.occur v. 发生~ over the winter39.rainfall n. 降雨量 ~ of around250mm40.average n. 平均值 well above ~, the~ population41.isolate v. 孤立☺be ~d by the fire☺~ individuals more and more 42.isolated adj. 孤立的☺stroll along ~ beaches☺camp on an ~ beach43.isolation n.孤立44.water level 水平面~ rises in winter45.drift v. 漂移 ~ slowly46.range v. 覆盖~ in size from 2 to 30metres47.range n. 范围48.immediate adj. 立即的 be put to ~use49.immediately adv. 立即地 the years ~following50.maintain v. 维持 ~ the water level51.block v. 阻止 ~ the southern outlet(出口)52.enhance v. 增强☺~ one’s ability☺~ oxygen recovery53.surface n. 表面 the road ~54.indicate v. 表明evidence ~ that…55.indicator n. 指标the true ~ offitness56.formation n. 形成 following their ~57.prevail v. 盛行 the ~ winds 58.issue v. 颁发 ~ a licence59.remove v. 除去☺remove water from the lake☺ ~ the hard outer hulls (壳)60.firefight v. 灭火 for the purpose of~ing61.severe adj. 严重的 ~ fires62.cease v. 停止 ~ to float63.approximately adv. 大约 ~ 60mm64.vast adj. 巨大的65.vastness n. 巨大the ~ of this waterresource66.*lagoon n. 咸水湖atop vast ~s67.attach v. 附着 ~ vegetation to thebed68.attract v. 吸引to ~ attention69.detract v. 减损to ~ from the beautyof the kettle70.attractiveness n. 魅力 choice ofmusic influences attractiveness mon adj. 普通的 ~ butvulnerable72.uncommon adj. 非同寻常的 ~events73.myth n. 谜 ~ and legend74.legend n. 传说a popular ~Passage 13 The Story of Coffee1.refer to 提到~ to a goat herder(牧羊人)2.berry n. 果子 coffee berries3.curious adj. 好奇的~ about…4.phenomenon n. 现象的5.renew v. 更新~ed energy6.renewal n. 续借 ~s are permitted7.renewable adj. 可更新的 ~ fresh water8.transport n. 交通v. 运输be ~ed from Ato B9.cultivate v. 栽培 first ~ed in the countryof Yemen10.cultivation n. 栽培☺economical ~☺particularly suitable for ~11.remain v. 保持 ~ a secret12.spread v. 传播 ~ to Turkey, ~ fast13.continent n. 大陆 European ~14.merchant(s) n. 商人 trade ~s15.ban v. 禁止 be ~ned from alcoholplete adj. 完全的 by ~ accident17.roast v. 烘烤~the beans, the ~ed beans18.crush v. 粉碎 be first ~ed19.boil v. 煮沸 then be ~ed in water20.crude adj. 原材料的 ~ form of glassmirrors21.beverage n. 饮料an everyday ~22.establish v. 建立~the habit of23.refine v. 提炼 ~ by filtering out24.refinement n. 提炼 the next ~ in mapmaking25.sweeten v. 甜化26.explore v. 探索 ~ the planet for coffee27.species n. 物种 60 ~ of coffee plants28.ecology n. 生态29.ecologicaladj. 生态的~ differences 30.undergo v. 经历 ~ many mutations(变异)31.harvestv. 收获 ~ing time, young crocodiles ~edfrom the wildn. 收获32.*jasmine 茉莉花33.*cherry 樱桃34.coat n. 外套 v. 覆盖 be ~ed with35.seed(s) n. 种子36.flat n. 公寓 adj. 扁平的the ~ surface37.peel v. 去皮 when ~ed38.satisfy v. 使…满足39.satisfactory adj. 令人满足的 give a ~crop(庄稼)40.vary v. 变化 ~ from 15 to 25 Degrees C~ from person to person41.variety n. 变种some ~ies42.irrigate v. 灌溉 well ~d43.hilly adj. 不平的 ~ lands44.altitude n. 海拔 the perfect ~45.thrive v. 茁壮成长☺~ at 2000 metres☺ ~ only in hot, rainy climates46.thriving adj. 欣欣向荣的 a ~ leather-craft trade47.aim at 意在 aiming at protecting theplants48.*seedling(s) 幼苗☺move the ~s to plantations☺a newly planted cacao ~49.exceed v. 超过☺does not ~ 20-30 litres per day☺females rarely ~ 10 feet50.excess n. 超过 in ~ of several billionyears51.excessive adj. 过度的 ~ explosion tosunlight52.geographic adj. 地理上的 ~ situation53.pick v. 采摘 be ~ed from the branches54.select v. 选择 ~ a mate55.selective adj. 选择性的56.selectively adv. 有选择地☺~ pick57.distribute v. 分配☺tobe hand-~ed☺to be ~d around the stations58.distribution n. 分配the spatial ~ ofenvironmental phenomena59.dry adj. 干的 v. 烘干 the ~ing process60.bag n. 包 v. 打包 be bagged61.suitable adj. 适合的 be ~ for roasting62.specification n. 定制 according to thecustomer’s ~s63.package v. 包装 be ~ed and mailed tocustomersPassage 14 New Directions – Map Making 1.define v. 界定 2.definition n. 定义3.creativity n. 创新 ~ and precision4.creative adj. 创新的 ~ people5.creativity n. 创新 the path to ~6.precise adj. 精确的7.precisely adv. ~ measure the evaluationof features8.precision n. 精确 ~ instruments9.influence n. 影响 one of the biggest ~supon…v. 影响 ~ its type and longevity10.*cartography n. 绘图学11.*cartographicadj. 绘图的skill12.target n. 目标 v. 以…为目标 ~ at thecompany'sindividual13.terrain n. 地域maps of targets and ~14.constant adj. 持续的 fly at a ~ altitude15.constantly adv. be ~ refilled by the host~ changing over a person’s life16.dimension n. 维度17.dimensional adj. 维度的 three ~pictures18.*stereoscope n. 立体照相镜19.evaluate v. 评估 ~ the main causes20.evaluation n. 评估 the ~ of featuresdetailed scientific ~21.transfer v. 转移 ~ them to paper22.invent v. 发明 newly ~ed devices23.profile n. 档案 keep a low ~ 24.orbit n. 轨道 be put into ~v. 运行 ~ the earth every 12 hours25.operate v. 运行 ~ for 21 days26.operation n. 操作conduct certain ~s27.rocket( s) n. 火箭 Russian ~s28.progress n. 进步v. 前进 as time ~ed29. launch v. 发动☺ ~ed by the United States☺ ~ public appeals for donations30.specifically adv. 特别地~ designed for…31.utilise v. 利用 ~ing satellites32.natural resources 自然资源33.advancev. 进步 ~s within a careern. 进步 the ~s in aerial satellitetechnology航空卫星技术的发展~s of modern science34.advanced adj. 先进的 ~ computerhardware35.design v. 设计 ~ed to aide sb36.programme v. 编入程序 ~ withtopographic information37.gigantic adj. 巨大的 a ~ improvement in38.municipal adj. 市政的~ plans39.scan v. 扫描 can be ~ned40.revise v. 修正be ~d in a number ofways41.terminal n. 终端 a computer ~42.distinct adj. 不同的43.distinction n. 不同 the ~ between mapproducer and map user44.urban adj. 都市的 an ~ neighborhood45.screen n. 屏幕 on the ~46.display v. 展示 can be ~edn. 展示 a ~ of objects47.database n. 数据库 an associated ~48.property n. 财产 ~ valuesn. 性能 health giving properties49.type n. 种类 map ~s50.reflect v. 反映to ~ the needs of time~ the image of the one who looked into it 51.reflection n. 映像 outward ~52.depict v. 描述 ~ concrete features53.coastline(n. 海岸线)54.societal adj. 社会的 ~ issues55.shift v. 转换~ from A to B56.concept n. 概念 some biological ~s57.conceptual adj. 概念性的~model概念性模型~development58.implication n. 影响~s between differentlevels59.visualise v.视觉化60.visualisation n. 视觉化 scientific ~61.helicopter n. 直升机Passage 15 Tea Times1.sip v. 品（茶）~ cup of tea2.ritual n. 仪式 the ~ of hospitality（热情）3.origin n. 起源 to have historical ~s4.originate v. 起源于~d in China5.original adj. 原始的6.originally adv. 原始地 ~ thought theywere stars7.ceremony n. 庆祝 drinking ceremonies8.*maritime adj. 海洋的 ~ traders9.independence n. 独立~ from British rule10.quality n. 质量 the ~ of leaves11.promote v. 促进~ health12.advise v. 建议13.minimum n. 最小值 a ~ of eight cups oftea14.consume v. 消耗 be ~d with safety15.consumption n. 消耗 coffee ~, ~ ofwater16.respect v. 尊重17.respectable adj. 令人尊敬的 ~ middle-class women18.enthusiastic adj. 热情的a variety of ~and dedicated people19.enthusiasm n. 热情 take up the drinkwith ~20.religious adj. 宗教的 ~ groups21.object n. 物体 v. 反对 ~ to tea drinking 22.forbid v. 禁止☺drinking of alcohol is ~den☺be ~den to use particular solutions23.hospitality n. 热情 traditions of ~24.adapt v. 调整 ceremony has been ~ed25.adaptation n. 调整not being an ~26.fashionable adj. 流行的the ~ drink atthe French court27.entire adj. 全部的28.entirely adv. 全部地☺tea made ~ with milk☺to be ~ hand-made29.instant adj. 立即的~ coffee30.formal adj. 正式的rmal adj. 非正式的formal and ~teaching32.atmosphere n. 气氛in the informal ~ ofcoffee shops33.currently adv. 目前34.contemporary adj. 当代的 ~ China35.delegate(s) n. 代表 ~s at conferences36.seminar(s) n. 研讨会37.proceed v. 前进 ~ through certainstages38.proceeding(s) throughout the ~Passage 16 Societal Noise: Problems and Solutions1.three-fold adj. 三倍的 a ~ increase2.epidemic n. 流行病 deafness willbecome an ~pliant n. 诉求 ~s about noise4.civilised adj. 文明的 a ~ and enjoyableexperience5.delight n. 愉快 the ~ has disappeared6.occupy v. 占据7.occupation n. 占据~ of the individual8.occupant n. 乘客9.conversation n. 谈话 the ~ of theirfellow travellers10.switch off 关闭 switch mobile phonesoff11.remind v. 提醒~ tourists and visitors oflife long ago12.irritate v. 激怒 to ~ you and cats13.detached property n. 独立的住处14.tolerate v. 容忍 ~ the noise15.tranquility n. 宁静 destroy the ~ ofcountry weekends16.register v. 注册17.*stiff adj. 严厉的 ~ penalties18.offence(s) n. 冒犯 serious ~ 19.impose v. 设置be ~d in residentialareas20.enforce v. 实施~ restrictions on noiselevels21.enforcement n. 实施 ~ of noise laws22.legislation n. 立法tighter ~23.bureaucratic adj. 官方的 the legal and ~process24.bear v. 忍受25.unbearable adj.难以忍受的26.angle n.角度 from a variety of different~s27.sound-proofing material 隔音材料28.carpet(s) n. 地毯29.curtain(s) n. 窗帘30.awareness n. 意识 public ~~ of objects and self31.politeness n. 礼貌32.manner(s) n. 教养good ~33.citizen n. 公民to protect ~s against it34.citizenship n. 公民资格Passage 17 Ocean Plant Life in Decline 1.scientists n. 科学家 ~ have discovered。

2022年中国发展成就英语作文素材摘抄及感悟全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Excerpts and Reflections on China's Developmental Achievements in 2022As a student deeply interested in my nation's progress, I have closely followed the remarkable developmental strides taken by China over the past year. The achievements in 2022 were truly awe-inspiring, further solidifying China's position as a global powerhouse driving positive change. In this essay, I will present excerpts from authoritative sources detailing some of the key successes, while also offering my personal reflections on their significance.Economic Resilience and Innovation:"China's economy expanded 3 percent year-on-year to a record high of 121 trillion yuan in 2022, as the country achieved its annual growth target despite COVID-19 disruptions and external uncertainties." (Xinhua News Agency)Despite facing multifaceted challenges such as sporadic COVID-19 outbreaks and global economic headwinds, Chinaexhibited remarkable resilience in maintaining steady economic growth. The ability to navigate turbulent waters while continuing to expand truly highlights the nation's robust policies and adaptability. As a Chinese student, I take immense pride in our economic prowess."China's research and development spending intensity reached a new high of 2.55 percent in 2022, ranking second globally after Israel." (Ministry of Science and Technology)This statistic encapsulates China's unwavering commitment to fostering a culture of innovation. By consistently investing in research and development, we are paving the way for groundbreaking discoveries and technological advancements that will shape the future. The world looks to China as an innovation powerhouse, a sentiment that fills me with hope for the boundless potential of our nation's youth.Poverty Alleviation and Rural Revitalization:"By the end of 2022, all of China's rural areas had access to optical fiber and 4G networks, underscoring the nation's success in eliminating digital divides." (Ministry of Industry and Information Technology)Bridging the digital gap between urban and rural areas is a remarkable achievement that resonates deeply with me as a student from a small village. The widespread availability of high-speed internet and modern communication technologies empowers rural communities, providing equal access to information, education, and economic opportunities. This digital inclusion initiative is a testament to China's commitment to leaving no one behind on the path to prosperity."The per capita disposable income of rural residents reached 19,548 yuan in 2022, up 6.8 percent year-on-year in real terms." (National Bureau of Statistics)These figures offer tangible evidence of the tangible improvements in rural livelihoods and the narrowing urban-rural income gap. As someone who witnessed firsthand the hardships faced by rural families, I am elated to see the fruits of targeted poverty alleviation efforts. This rise in rural incomes not only enhances living standards but also instills a sense of dignity and hope for a better future.Environmental Sustainability and Green Development:"China's installed capacity of renewable energy reached 1.29 billion kilowatts in 2022, accounting for 46.9 percent of thecountry's total installed power generation capacity." (National Energy Administration)As a young person deeply concerned about the well-being of our planet, I am immensely heartened by China's steadfast pursuit of renewable energy sources. The staggering installed capacity of clean energy showcases our nation's unwavering commitment to environmental sustainability and combating climate change. This achievement serves as a shining example for other nations to follow, inspiring collective action towards a greener, healthier world."China's carbon emissions per unit of GDP in 2022 dropped by 0.8 percent compared to the previous year, marking the eighth consecutive year of decline." (Ministry of Ecology and Environment)The consistent reduction in carbon intensity is a remarkable accomplishment that deserves widespread recognition. China's ability to decouple economic growth from excessive carbon emissions demonstrates the feasibility of pursuing development while prioritizing environmental protection. As a young Chinese citizen, I am heartened by our nation's responsible approach to balancing progress with ecological well-being.Looking Ahead with Optimism and Determination:These excerpts merely scratch the surface of China's extraordinary developmental achievements in 2022. From economic resilience and innovation to poverty alleviation, rural revitalization, and environmental sustainability, our nation has made remarkable strides across multiple fronts. As a Chinese student, I am filled with an immense sense of pride and optimism for the future.However, our journey towards comprehensive development is far from over. We must remain vigilant and determined, continuously striving to overcome challenges and seize new opportunities. It is our collective responsibility to build upon these successes, fostering a more prosperous, equitable, and sustainable China for generations to come.I am confident that through unwavering dedication, boundless creativity, and a shared vision for progress, we will continue to scale new heights and inspire the world with our remarkable achievements. As students, we must embrace our role as torchbearers, armed with knowledge and passion, to carry forward the legacy of our great nation into an even brighter future.篇22022: A Year of Milestone Achievements for China's DevelopmentAs a student keen on understanding the rapidly evolving world around me, 2022 was a year that caught my attention like few others. China, the world's most populous nation and an increasingly influential global power, made remarkable strides across various sectors. From technological breakthroughs to economic resilience, environmental initiatives to social welfare programs, China's developmental achievements in 2022 were both impressive and inspiring.One of the most significant highlights was China's continued leadership in cutting-edge technologies. The country solidified its position as a frontrunner in fields like artificial intelligence, quantum computing, and renewable energy. The unveiling of the exascale supercomputer 'Frontier' was a testament to China's prowess in high-performance computing, capable of performing a quintillion calculations per second. Additionally, China's burgeoning private space industry achieved new milestones, with companies like Galactic Energy sending reusable rockets into orbit, igniting hopes for more cost-effective space exploration.China's economic resilience in the face of global uncertainties was another remarkable feat. Despite the lingering impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and geopolitical tensions, the country's GDP grew by an impressive 3.2% in 2022. This growth was fueled by robust domestic consumption, strategic investments in infrastructure, and the government's adept policy maneuvering. The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), China's ambitious global development strategy, continued to gain traction, fostering closer economic ties with partner nations and laying the groundwork for future trade opportunities.Environmental sustainability emerged as a top priority for China in 2022. The country doubled down on its efforts to combat climate change and reduce its carbon footprint. The commissioning of the world's largest offshore wind farm in the East China Sea and the rapid expansion of solar power installations were significant milestones in China's transition towards clean energy. Furthermore, the nation's reforestation efforts and investment in eco-friendly technologies, such as electric vehicles and green buildings, demonstrated its commitment to a greener future.China's social welfare initiatives in 2022 were equally praiseworthy. The country made remarkable strides in povertyalleviation, lifting millions of citizens out of destitution through targeted policies and investment in rural infrastructure. Access to quality healthcare and education also improved, with the government allocating substantial funds towards building new hospitals, training medical professionals, and modernizing educational facilities in underdeveloped regions.As a student, I was particularly inspired by China's emphasis on fostering innovation and nurturing young talent. The nation's investments in research and development, coupled with initiatives like the "Thousand Talents Program," aimed to attract and retain the brightest minds in cutting-edge fields. Moreover, the government's support for entrepreneurship and startups created an ecosystem that encouraged risk-taking and innovative thinking among the youth.While China's achievements in 2022 were undoubtedly remarkable, the country also faced its share of challenges. The lingering effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, coupled with global supply chain disruptions and trade tensions, posed obstacles to economic growth. Additionally, concerns over human rights issues, censorship, and environmental degradation in certain regions remained areas of contention for international observers.Nevertheless, from my perspective as a student, China's developmental trajectory in 2022 was nothing short ofawe-inspiring. The country's ability to navigate complex challenges while simultaneously pushing the boundaries of innovation and progress was a testament to its resilience and determination.As I look towards the future, I am filled with a sense of optimism and curiosity. China's ambitious goals, such as achieving carbon neutrality by 2060 and becoming a global leader in frontier technologies, offer promising opportunities for personal and professional growth. As a student of this rapidly evolving world, I am eager to witness and potentially contribute to China's continued development in the years to come.In conclusion, 2022 was a year that showcased China's unwavering commitment to progress and its ability to overcome obstacles. From technological breakthroughs to environmental initiatives, economic resilience to social welfare programs, the nation's achievements were both diverse and impactful. As a student, I am inspired by China's dedication to innovation, sustainability, and the betterment of its people's lives. The experiences and lessons learned from 2022 will undoubtedlyshape my perspectives and aspirations as I navigate theever-changing global landscape.篇3China's Remarkable Development Achievements in 2022As a student deeply interested in my country's progress, I have been following China's development milestones in 2022 with great admiration. This past year has witnessed remarkable accomplishments across various domains, further solidifying China's position as a global powerhouse. Through this essay, I aim to encapsulate the essence of these achievements by citing relevant excerpts and sharing my heartfelt reflections.Economic Growth and Innovation:China's economic resilience has been a subject of global attention, as evidenced by the following excerpt from the National Bureau of Statistics: "In 2022, China's GDP grew by 3.0%, outperforming major economies and maintaining its status as a key engine for global economic recovery." This steady growth amidst global uncertainties is a testament to China's robust economic foundations and pragmatic policymaking.Furthermore, China's prowess in innovation has been propelling its technological advancement. As stated in the"China Science and Technology Innovation Development Report 2022," "China's R&D expenditure intensity reached 2.55% in 2022, surpassing major economies and demonstrating its commitment to becoming a global innovation leader." This commitment has yielded breakthroughs in cutting-edge fields like artificial intelligence, quantum computing, and renewable energy, positioning China at the forefront of scientific progress.Poverty Alleviation and Rural Revitalization:One of China's most remarkable achievements has been its unwavering commitment to eradicating poverty and revitalizing rural areas. The "No.1 Central Document" for 2022 highlighted, "China has achieved the ambitious goal of eliminating absolute poverty, benefiting nearly 100 million rural residents." This monumental feat has not only improved the lives of countless individuals but has also showcased China's determination to create a more equitable society.Moreover, the report emphasized, "Rural revitalization efforts have gained momentum, with increased investment in infrastructure, education, and healthcare, empowering rural communities to thrive." These initiatives have bridged the urban-rural divide and fostered sustainable development in remote regions, ensuring that no one is left behind.Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development:China's commitment to environmental protection and sustainable development has been unwavering, as demonstrated by the following excerpt from the "China's Efforts to Peak Carbon Dioxide Emissions" report: "In 2022, China's carbon intensity (carbon emissions per unit of GDP) decreased by 3.8%, reflecting its steadfast pursuit of green and low-carbon development." This progress showcases China's resolute efforts to combat climate change and transition towards a more sustainable future.Moreover, the report highlights, "Renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, accounted for 29.5% of China's total energy consumption in 2022, solidifying its position as a global leader in clean energy." This transition not only benefits the environment but also fosters technological innovation and creates new economic opportunities.Social Development and Public Welfare:China's development achievements extend beyond economic and environmental realms, encompassing social progress and public welfare. The "National Human Development Report 2022" states, "China's Human Development Index (HDI) reached 0.822 in 2022, ranking among the highest in developing countries, reflecting improvements in education, healthcare, andliving standards." This holistic approach to development ensures that the benefits of progress are shared equitably among all segments of society.Furthermore, the report highlights, "Social security coverage has expanded, with over 1.3 billion people covered by basic medical insurance and nearly 500 million benefiting from the subsistence allowance system." These initiatives have strengthened the social safety net, providing a crucial lifeline for vulnerable populations and promoting social harmony.Cultural Renaissance and International Exchanges:China's development achievements have also encompassed a cultural renaissance and increased international exchanges. The "China Cultural Development Report 2022" notes, "China's cultural industries have flourished, contributing significantly to the national economy and promoting cultural diversity." This resurgence of traditional arts, literature, and media has enriched China's vibrant cultural tapestry while fostering a deeper appreciation for its rich heritage globally.Additionally, the report highlights, "International cultural exchanges have deepened, with China hosting numeroushigh-profile events, such as the Beijing Winter Olympics, and participating in global cultural initiatives." These efforts havefacilitated cross-cultural understanding, fostered global dialogue, and showcased China's commitment to promoting peace and cooperation.Personal Reflections:As a student witnessing these remarkable achievements, I am filled with immense pride and optimism for my country's future. China's development in 2022 has been a testament to its unwavering determination, pragmatic policies, and innovative spirit. The excerpts cited above underscore China's multifaceted progress, encompassing economic growth, poverty alleviation, environmental sustainability, social development, and cultural renaissance.What strikes me most profoundly is China's holistic approach to development, balancing economic prosperity with environmental protection, social equity, and cultural preservation. This comprehensive vision ensures that progress is not merely measured by GDP figures but by the overallwell-being of its people and the harmony of its natural and cultural ecosystems.Furthermore, China's willingness to share its development experiences and engage in international cooperation iscommendable. By fostering global dialogue and cultural exchanges, China has。

2024年高中高考英语复习测试卷（上海专用）（三）（考试时间：120 分钟试卷满分：140 分）注意事项：1 ．答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、考生号等填写在答题卡和试卷指定位置上。

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I.Listening Comprehension （第1-10 题, 每题1 分；第11-20 题，每题 1.5 分；共25 分）Section ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1 ．A ．$20. B ．$40. C ．$60. D ．$80.2 ．A ．In a language lab. B ．In a health center. C ．In a museum.D ．In a bookstore.3 ．A ．On the bed. B ．In the wardrobe. C ．Under the lamp.D ．Near the map.4 ．A ．Shop assistant and customer. B ．Husband and wife.C ．Colleagues.D ．Neighbors.5 ．A ．He agrees with the woman on school life.B ．He has much change after going to college.C ．He dislikes his life on campus.D ．He has remained the same since last year.6 ．A ．He is lining up.B ．He is jumping the queue unknowingly.C ．He is complaining of the long queue.D ．He is standing behind the woman.7 ．A ．Using core vocabulary.B ．Having a general knowledge of grammar.C ．Remembering more words.D ．Concentrating on the key words.8 ．A ．She has failed in the final exams.B ．She should focus on her study.C ．She should not have been anxious.D ．She sh ouldn’t take too many courses. 9 ．A ．Ask his mum to pay for his study.B ．Do some part-time jobs.C ．Transfer to another school next semester.D ．Talk about it with his mum.10 ．A ．It is full of nonsense.B ．It can hardly arouse the woman’s interest.C ．It should be lent to more people.D ．It is appealing to him.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages and one longer conversation, and you will be asked several questions on each of the short passages and the longer conversation. The short passages and the longer conversation will be read twice, but the questions will bespoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11 ．A ．A naturalist. B ．A zoo specialist.C ．A TV reporter.D ．A nurse.12 ．A ．They are gentle and shy. B ．They are long-armed man-eatersC ．They are good at smile from ear to ear.D ．They are fierce animals.13 ．A ．Many species in the world may die out.B ．A good example can be followed to preserve wildlife.C ．Women are encouraged to work for zoos.D ．Our world is not safe today.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.14 ．A ．Industrial management. B ．Educational subjects.C ．Vocational subjects.D ．Computer-aided design.15 ．A ．Admissions Tutors. B ．Persons in the information office.C ．Careers’ tutors.D ．Persons in the library.16 ．A ．Foreign language. B ．Work experience.C ．Educational background.D ．Students’ talent.Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.17 ．A ．Because they usually set fires at a wedding ceremony.B ．Because people who receive them will give the couple a red envelop with money.C ．Because they look like small bombs in a red envelop.D ．Because Chinese people love red color especially at their wedding ceremonies.18 ．A ．They often refer to a gift registry from the bride and groom.B ．They directly ask the bride and groom for some advice.C ．They usually buy whatever they like themselves.D ．They prefer to buy some special and expensive gifts.19 ．A ．They have to promise to be responsible for their family.B ．They often promise to take care of each other’s parents.C ．They usually promise to love and care for each other.D ．They need promise to bring a happy life to the other.20 ．A ．Chinese love alcohol while Americans prefer wine instead.B ．Chinese toast with dishes but Americans toast with a cake.C ．In China people toast after dancing but in U.S. people tend to toast before dancing.D ．In China the bride and groom toast the guests while in U.S. guests toast the couple.II.Grammar and Vocabulary （每题1 分；共20 分）Section ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Love from the Apple TreeOnce upon a time, there used to be a tall and big apple tree. A little boy, every day to the tree down, climbed up 21(pick) apples to eat, and slept in the shade of the tree. He loved the apple tree, and it loved to play with him. The little boy gradually grew up and stopped 22 (come) to play every day. One day hecame to the tree, picked all the apples and left happily. Another day, the boy came again, and cut off all the branches, happily away to build a house himself. One summer, the boy came back, cut down her tree trunk, built a boat, 23 (sail) away, and did not come back for a long time. After years, the boy returned at last. He was old and wanted 24 more than a place to rest. “Old root is 25 (suitable) to sit down and rest, come on, sit down and rest with me!” The boy sat down, and the apple tree was so happy that it shed tears.This is a story of everyone. The tree is like our parent. 26 we are young, we love to play with Mom and Dad. Having grown up, we leave them, and only come to them when we need something or when we are in trouble. No matter what, parents will always be there and give everything they 27 to make you happy.28 your parents can give you is not necessarily the best in the world, but they will try their best to give you all, and they are afraid that it is not enough; maybe they never said “I love you”, but love you in their own way for a lifetime, 29 is how most parents around the world show their love. For example, a tired father was watching his two daughters eat fried chicken, but he didn’t order anythi ng, telling his daughters that he was not hungry, 30 more money in his pocket. We grow up to know that the world’s most affectionate lie is what the father and mother said: I do not love to cat it and I amnot hungry.Section BDirections: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there isone word more than you need.A ．advantageB ．anticipatingC ．digitallyD ．facilitating E. geometry F. giant G. initiated H. painstakingly I. potentially J. reopened K. soughtHow Digital Modeling Plays a Key Role in Restoring the Notre Dame Cathedral (巴黎圣母院)It’s been more than four years since a fire damaged Notre Dame, the Catholic cathedral in Paris that’s historically drawn millions of visitors every year.Since then, people from around the world have united to support an effort, 31 by French President, that’s intended to have the building back open to the public by the end of next year. Teams working to restore the Gothic cathedral have 32 to rebuild much of the damaged sections using materials like oakwood (橡木) and stone that have stood the test of centuries.But the builders, architects and engineers do have the 33 of some 21st century technologies, including modern building information modeling (BIM) software that enables them to work with a(n) 34 detailed 3D digital model ofthe cathedral and surrounding site, backed by powerful cloud computing technology.“It allows you to really understand a lot of how a building fits together, how it’s constructed,” says Andrew Anagnost, CEO of design software 35 Autodesk. It has contributed technical consulting, software and financial assistance to the project since shortly after the fire. A digital model, which took more than a year to create, includes more than 12,000 objects.It was a complex process. Onsite workers captured the point-by-point 3D 36 of the cathedral with laser (激光) and photo equipment. Then, others turned the data points from that process into detailed shapes and objects, down to individual building stones. That let experts see how the building shifted in the fire —important for 37 any stability issues — and plan out the process of reconstruction.“It’s like Mission: Impossible when they plan,” says Nicolas Mangon, VP of architecture, engineering and construction industry strategy at Autodesk. “Every little piece is done 38 , and with the 3D model you can simulate ( 模拟) everything.”Even when the cathedral is 39 , the model may still serve important roles. Mangon says the company is currently in discussions about using it to manage aspects of the complex going forward, 40 usingsensors that could show the exact location of any future fires.III.Reading Comprehension (共45 分。

问需于民问计于民问效于民的英语In English, the phrase "问需于民问计于民问效于民" can be translated as "Seeking the needs of the people, seeking the opinions of the people, and seeking the benefits for the people." This phrase encapsulates the essence of a people-oriented approach, highlighting the importance of putting the people at the center of decision-making and governance.To seek the needs of the people means to actively understand and address the concerns and requirements of the people. It involves listening to their voices, identifying their problems, and working towards finding effective solutions. This process requires government officials and policymakers to engage with the public, conduct surveys, and gather feedback to ensure that policies and initiatives meet the actual needs of the people.Equally important is seeking the opinions of the people. This means creating platforms for open dialogue and encouraging participation from various stakeholders. By involving the public in decision-making processes, government officials can gain valuable insights and perspectives that can contribute to the formulation of well-informed policies. It also enhances transparency and accountability, as decisions made are based on collective input rather than the narrow interests of a select few.Lastly, seeking the benefits for the people emphasizes the importance of ensuring that policies and initiatives result in tangible improvements in people's lives. This means assessing the impact of actions taken and making necessary adjustments to maximize the positive outcomes. It alsoentails monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness ofpolicies to ensure they are delivering the desired results.In conclusion, "问需于民问计于民问效于民" emphasizes the need to prioritize the well-being and interests of the people in governance. By seeking their needs, opinions, and benefits, we can foster a more inclusive and responsive society. This approach not only strengthens public trust and confidence but also leads to more effective and sustainable outcomes. Let us strive to embrace this people-oriented philosophy in our decision-making processes, for the betterment of our communities.。

反复抄写单词的利与弊英语作文The Pros and Cons of Repeatedly Copying Vocabulary.In the realm of language learning, repeatedly copying vocabulary is a common practice, often employed by students seeking to internalize new words and their meanings. This technique, though seemingly straightforward, has both its advantages and disadvantages.Advantages of Repeatedly Copying Vocabulary.1. Enhanced Memory Retention: By repeatedly writing out new vocabulary, students are more likely to retain the words in their long-term memory. This is because the act of writing involves a deeper level of processing than simply reading or hearing the word. Copying requires students to pay close attention to the spelling, structure, and meaning of each word, thus加固ing its imprint on their minds.2. Improved Handwriting Skills: In addition tovocabulary retention, repeatedly copying words also helps improve handwriting skills. This is especially beneficialfor young learners whose handwriting is still developing. The consistent practice of writing neatly and legibly can lead to significant improvements in handwriting quality.3. Deeper Understanding of Word Usage: When students copy vocabulary, they often do so in the context of a sentence or phrase. This context provides valuable insights into how the word is used in real-life situations, enabling students to gain a deeper understanding of its meaning and usage.4. Boosts Confidence: For students who are apprehensive about their writing abilities, repeatedly copyingvocabulary can be a confidence-boosting exercise. As they become more proficient at writing out words correctly,their confidence in their writing skills generally improves.Disadvantages of Repeatedly Copying Vocabulary.1. Lack of Contextual Understanding: While copyingvocabulary can improve retention, it often fails to provide students with a contextual understanding of the words. Without understanding how the words are used in real-world situations, students may find it difficult to apply their knowledge effectively when communicating.2. Tedious and Time-Consuming: Repeatedly copying vocabulary can become a tedious and time-consuming task, especially for students who are already bogged down by other academic pressures. This lack of engagement can lead to a decrease in motivation and, ultimately, a decrease in learning outcomes.3. Ineffective for All Learners: Not all learners respond well to the same teaching methods. Some students may find that repeatedly copying vocabulary is not an effective way for them to learn new words. For these students, alternative methods such as games, stories, or interactive activities may be more effective.4. Limited Vocabulary Acquisition: Relying solely on copying vocabulary can limit the rate and breadth ofvocabulary acquisition. Language learning is a multifaceted process that involves listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Copying vocabulary ignores the other three components, potentially stunting overall language proficiency.In conclusion, repeatedly copying vocabulary has both its advantages and disadvantages. While it can enhance memory retention and improve handwriting skills, it can also be tedious, time-consuming, and limited in its ability to promote contextual understanding and vocabulary acquisition. Therefore, it is important for teachers and learners to strike a balance between this traditional method and more modern, context-based approaches to vocabulary learning.。

in fact 用法-回复"In fact" is a commonly used phrase in the English language to introduce a contradicting or surprising statement that opposes a popular belief or assumption. This phrase is often used to provide evidence or support for a different perspective or viewpoint on a particular topic. In this article, we will explore the usage of "in fact" in more detail and provide examples of its application in different contexts.The phrase "in fact" is typically used to emphasize the importance and validity of a statement or argument. It is often utilized to counter a prevailing misconception or challenge a widely accepted notion. By using "in fact," writers or speakers assert that their statement is based on factual information or evidence.One common way to use "in fact" is by presenting contrasting information. For example, when discussing the benefits of exercise, one might state, "Contrary to popular belief, exercise does not need to be intense to be effective. In fact, studies have shown that even moderate physical activity can have significant health benefits." Here, the phrase "in fact" is used to introduce a surprising fact that challenges the popular belief that only intenseexercise yields positive results.Another effective use of "in fact" is to provide evidence or support for a previously stated claim. For instance, in a debate about climate change, a participant might argue, "Many skeptics claim that global warming is a natural occurrence. However, scientific research indicates that human activities, such as burning fossil fuels, are the primary cause of rising temperatures. In fact, a consensus of over 97 of climate scientists agree on this conclusion." In this example, "in fact" is employed to introduce statistical data that supports the argument being made.It is important to note that "in fact" should not be overused in writing or speech, as it may become redundant or lose its impact. It is best to reserve its usage for situations where it adds significant value or provides a counterintuitive perspective. Additionally, when using "in fact," it is crucial to ensure that the statement following it is indeed backed by reliable evidence or well-established facts."In fact" can also be utilized in academic writing to bolster arguments and provide a more authoritative tone. For instance, a research paper on the benefits of mindfulness meditation couldstate, "Numerous studies have demonstrated the positive effects of mindfulness meditation on mental well-being and stress reduction. In fact, a meta-analysis of 39 research studies concluded that regular mindfulness practice leads to significant improvements in anxiety and depression symptoms." In this example, the phrase "in fact" is utilized to highlight the credibility and reliability of the research findings.In conclusion, the phrase "in fact" is a powerful tool used to dispel misconceptions, challenge popular beliefs, and assert the validity of a statement or argument. By using "in fact" effectively, writers and speakers can provide evidence, present contrasting information, or lend credibility to their claims. However, it is important to exercise caution and ensure that the facts presented after "in fact" are well-supported and based on reliable sources.。