现代汉语词汇中的倒装词语
2010级对外汉语（1）班许敏20101111310043 【摘要】现代汉语词汇中的一些动词存在着倒装现象，在此，对这些倒装形式的动词进行讨论，并且找到类似用法的词语进行比
对。
【关键词】自信见谅地区倒装词
【研究内容、意义】现代汉语词汇中还保留着文言文中的特殊形式，
进行仔细讨论，可以深刻地理解这类特殊词汇，
可以在使用词汇中更加准确的表达。
【正文】
中华文化博大精深、源远流长，从古至今，几千年文化的传承与发展，使得现代汉语词汇中还保留着文言文中的特殊形式。为了更加深刻地理解这类特殊词汇，在此，想谈谈笔者对“现代汉语词汇中的倒装形式”的讨论。
文言文中倒装句概述
古代汉语和现代汉语的句法大致相同，由于语言的发展和演变，也存在一些差异，常见的文言特殊句式主要为判断句、被动句、倒装句、省略句。在此，笔者主要呀那就倒装句式。现代汉语词汇的句子成分的顺序一般为主—谓—宾—定—状—补，但在文言文中，在一定条件下，句子成分的顺序会发生变化，这就是古代汉语中所谓的倒装句，即文言文中一些句子成分出现了前后颠倒的情况。
倒装句式主要分为主谓倒装、宾语前置、定语后置、介词结构作
状语后置。现代汉语词汇中的倒装形式主要为主谓倒装，所以，笔者重点讨论主谓倒装。
主谓倒装（谓语前置或主语后说）古代汉语中，谓语的位置也和汉语中的一样，一般放在主语之后，但有的时候为了强调和突出谓语的意义，在一些疑问句或感叹句中，就把谓语提到主语前面，便产生了主谓倒装句，如“甚矣，汝之不惠”（《愚公移山》）实际上应是“汝之不惠甚矣”。
现在汉语词汇中倒装是形式总述
随着语言的发展和演变，现代汉语词汇拥有了较为完整的体系，在众多词汇中，有一些词仍保留着文言文句式中的特殊形式，并且，对当代汉语表达仍起到很大作用，因此，需要仔细研究。其中，倒装形式是各种特殊形式的一类，笔者所研究的是倒装句式中的主谓倒装。
现代汉语词汇中承袭古汉语句式的倒装词语自信字典义为相信自己。根据古文翻译规则来看，“自”为自己，做主语，“信”为相信，做谓语，翻译时应用正常语序，所以译为“相信自己”很明显是主谓倒装。在高中课本中，《邹忌讽齐王纳谏》中有“忌不自信，而复问其妾”译为“邹忌不相信自己，就又去问她的小妾”，在此，自信也是倒装句式，是宾语前置句。类似用法的词语有很多，例如：自爱，爱惜自己；自卑，轻视自己；自残，残害自己；自持，控制自己的欲望或情绪；自焚，烧死自己；自封，限制自己；自荐，推荐自己；自咎，责备自己；自救，解救自己；自决，
决定自己的事；自控，控制自己；自励，勉励或激励自己；自量，估计自己的实际能力；自律，约束自己；自勉，勉励自己；自杀，杀死自己；自问，问自己；自省，反省自己；自责，责怪自己；自制，克制自己；自慰，安慰自己；自尊，尊重自己。以上词语都是动词，所表现出来的倒装形式都是主谓倒装。这类词语在现代汉语词汇中流行广泛，因此，即使具有倒装形式，也被看做为固定形式，所以人们一般不去追究其结构形式，只考虑它的意思。在此，笔者研究其结构形式，可以更深刻了解这类词语的来源意义。
见谅亦作“ 见亮”，谦辞。译为“请原谅我”。南朝宋谢灵运《诣阙上表》：“虽曰见亮，而装防如此。” 宋王安石《与孟逸秘校手书》之四：“人求还急，修答不谨，幸见亮！”《封神演义》第三二回：“将军雅爱，念吾俱是武臣，被屈脱难，贤明自是见亮。” 清李渔《慎鸾交·久要》：“这种苦情，是蒙你见谅的了。”《二十年目睹之怪现状》第十四回：“本来在这热丧里面，不应该到人家家里来乱闯；但是出於无奈，求吴老爷见谅！” 古汉语中“见”表示被动或对我如何，常用的还有：见笑、见罪、见怪等。见笑，译为“笑话（我）”。例句：这是我刚学会的一点儿粗活儿，您可别见笑。意识是，您可别笑话我啊。见罪，书面语，译为“怪罪（我）”。例句：招待不周，请勿见罪。见怪，译为“责备（我）”。例句：事情没给您办好，请不要见怪。以上词语的结构形式也是倒装形式，这些动词保留着文言文中的结构形式，且现在交际中常见用语，并有谦敬的含义，
有很强的交际能力。
地区方言产生的倒装词语
倒装词语一部分是保留文言文中的形式而存在，另一部分是根据地域文化的不同，地区语言差异产生了一些新的倒装词语，当然，这些词语仅限于在本区域内部使用，并没有广泛性。例如温州语言中有种奇怪的词语组合，我们暂时把它叫“倒装词语”。比如:我们日常用的“拖鞋”，温州人叫“鞋拖”，还有脚踏车——踏脚车、尼姑——师姑尼、热闹——闹热、走远——远走、后退——退后、先走——走先、兄弟——弟兄、宵夜——夜宵、比对——对比、好味道——味道好、人行道——行人道、围墙——墙围、前面——面前、拖地——地拖、菜芥——芥菜、菜荭——荭菜、锣帽——帽锣。这种倒装词语还有很多，这是很明显的，与普通词汇相对应的倒装词汇，而这种词汇只适用于温州语言，当然，其他地区也有自己地区方言形式，与之前所讲的倒装词语有所不同。
两类倒装词语的对比
前者倒装词语使用范围更广，虽然具有倒装形式，但已经形成约定俗成的东西，所以应用广泛。后者倒装词语适用范围狭小，仅限于本地区内部使用，不具有共同性。
前者倒装词语更具科学性，而后者则是具有较浓的随意性。
前者倒装词语主要是书面语，而后者倒装词语的产生本来就是从方言中来，因此，主要用于口语中。
结语
倒装词语仅仅是结构上的分析，在表意上并没有太大影响，在此，笔者对倒装词语的分析，可以更好的了解此类词语，并且在不同地域中能够快速理解不同的词语，同时，也能提高自身对词汇的了解。【参考文献】《现代汉语词典》《古代汉语常用字字典》《现代汉语词汇》“百度网—百科”
六级翻译词汇经济篇： 宏观经济macro economy 社会主义市场经济socialist market economy 知识经济knowledge economy 网络经济Internet-based economy 经济规律law of economy 大规模生产mass production 生产力productive forces 生产关系relations of production 公有制public ownership 私有制private ownership 国有企业state-owned enterprises (SOEs) 私营企业private business 民营企业privately-run business 中小企业small and medium enterprises (SMEs) 连锁企业franchise / chain business 国民生产总值Gross National Product (GNP) 国内生产总值Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
实际增长率growth rate in real terms 年均增长率average growth rate per annum 可持续增长sustainable growth 经济效益economic returns 投资回报率rate of return on investment 衰退recession 宏观调控macro control 提高经济效益enhance economic performance 扭亏为盈turn a loss-making business into a profitable one 优化经济结构optimize economic structure 扩大内需expand domestic demand 国计民生national interest and people’s livelihood 经济特区special economic zones “十二五规划“ the 12th Five-Year Plan for National and Economic and Social Development 风险投资venture investment 经济繁荣economic boom
2020年高考英语写作新题型备考技巧 专题（八）强调倒装虚拟句型+丰富文章细节的手段 特殊句型是英语书面表达中的高级句式，其中强调句和倒装句是较为常见的特殊句型。而虚拟语气也是高中较难掌握的句型之一。它们的准确使用能够彰显考生的英语水平，提高写作档次。 一．重点突出的强调句型 （一）强调句的基本句式结构为：It is/was + 被强调部分+ that/who + 句子其他成分。它可以强调除谓语动词外的其它任何成分，如主语、宾语、状语等。在续写和概写中灵活运用强调句不仅能突出重点、增强表达，更能彰显考生的英语运用能力。 It is just the so-called inconvenience that displays the richness, delicacy and great fascination of Chinese culture with a history of thousands of years. (2019年浙江高考书面表达) 在写作中运用强调句型可以采取以下步骤： 1.在一个写好的句子中找出需要强调的成分，如主语、宾语、状语等； 2.根据句子的时态确定is或was； 3.然后把要强调的成分套进句式里，It is/was + 被强调部分+ that/who + 句子其他成分。 例：We created a harmonious atmosphere with sincerity and faithfulness. 如果我们要强调状语，即with sincerity and faithfulness，在确定好时态was后，把需要强调的部分放在it was后，that后放除强调外的剩余成分便得到： It was with sincerity and faithfulness that we created a harmonious atmosphere. （二）强调句常用句式 1. It is/was + 被强调的部分+ that/who + 句子其它成分 It is on the playground this Friday afternoon that a volleyball game will be held. (2019全国一卷书面 表达) It was because of their help that a disaster was avoided. (2017年浙江高考书面表达) 2. Is/was it + 被强调的部分+ that/who + 句子其它成分 Was it in the park that the children saw the strange green objects? 3.特殊疑问词+ is/was it + 被强调的部分+ 句子其它成分 When was it that you made up your mind to work as a volunteer teacher? 4.It is/was not until that + 句子其它成分
一、组装、冲压、喷漆等专业词汇 Assembly line组装线 Layout布置图 Conveyer流水线物料板 Rivet table拉钉机 Rivet gun拉钉枪 Screw driver起子 Electric screw driver电动起子Pneumatic screw driver气动起子worktable 工作桌 OOBA开箱检查 fit together组装在一起 fasten锁紧(螺丝) fixture 夹具(治具) pallet栈板 barcode条码 barcode scanner条码扫描器 fuse together熔合 fuse machine热熔机 repair修理 operator作业员 QC品管 supervisor 课长 ME制造工程师 MT制造生技 cosmetic inspect外观检查 inner parts inspect内部检查 thumb screw大头螺丝 lbs. inch镑、英寸 EMI gasket导电条 front plate前板 rear plate后板 chassis 基座 bezel panel面板 power button电源按键 reset button重置键 Hi-pot test of SPS高源高压测试 V oltage switch of SPS 电源电压接拉键 sheet metal parts 冲件 plastic parts塑胶件 SOP制造作业程序 material check list物料检查表 work cell工作间 trolley台车 carton纸箱 sub-line支线 left fork叉车QC Section品管科 stamping factory冲压厂 painting factory烤漆厂 molding factory成型厂 common equipment常用设备 uncoiler and straightener整平机 punching machine 冲床 robot机械手 hydraulic machine油压机 lathe车床 planer |'plein |刨床 miller铣床 grinder磨床 driller??床 linear cutting线切割 electrical sparkle电火花 welder电焊机 staker=reviting machine铆合机 position职务 president董事长 general manager总经理 special assistant manager特助 factory director厂长 department director部长 deputy manager | =vice manager副理 section supervisor课长 deputy section supervisor =vice section superisor副课长 group leader/supervisor组长 line supervisor线长 assistant manager助理 to move, to carry, to handle搬运 be put in storage入库 pack packing包装 to apply oil擦油 to file burr 锉毛刺 final inspection终检 to connect material接料 to reverse material 翻料 wet station沾湿台 Tiana天那水 cleaning cloth抹布 to load material上料 to unload material卸料 to return material/stock to退料 scraped |'skr?pid|报废 scrape ..v.刮;削 deficient purchase来料不良 manufacture procedure制程 deficient manufacturing procedure制程 不良 oxidation |' ksi'dei n|氧化 scratch刮伤 dents压痕 defective upsiding down抽芽不良 defective to staking铆合不良 embedded lump镶块 feeding is not in place送料不到位 stamping-missing漏冲 production capacity生产力 education and training教育与训练 proposal improvement提案改善 spare parts=buffer备件 forklift叉车 trailer=long vehicle拖板车 compound die合模 die locker锁模器 pressure plate=plate pinch压板 bolt螺栓 name of a department部门名称 administration/general affairs dept总务 部 automatic screwdriver电动启子 thickness gauge厚薄规 gauge(or jig)治具 power wire电源线 buzzle蜂鸣器 defective product label不良标签 identifying sheet list标示单 screwdriver holder起子插座 pedal踩踏板 stopper阻挡器 flow board流水板 hydraulic handjack油压板车 forklift叉车 pallet栈板 glove(s)手套 glove(s) with exposed fingers割手套 thumb大拇指 forefinger食指 midfinger中指 ring finger无名指 little finger小指 band-aid创可贴 iudustrial alcohol工业酒精 alcohol container沾湿台 head of screwdriver起子头 sweeper扫把 mop拖把 vaccum cleaner吸尘器 rag 抹布 garbage container灰箕
1. 团购 group-buying/team-buying （参考）groupon=group coupon 2. 秒杀 seckill （参考）instant kill/ instant buy/flash buy/snatch buy/panic buy 3. 酒后代驾 designated driver=DD（与“酒后”有关系) （参考）substitute driver（意义更广泛，不一定是“酒后”） 引申：劝酒：（参考）courtesy drinking/Chinese-style toast 罚酒：（参考）forfeit drinking 敬酒toast of respect/propose a toast 4. 桌游 board role-playing games; （参考）RPG ( role-playing games)/table-top games（包括board games, RPG, etc.）5. 被就业/被代表 be said to have found jobs/be said to be represented （参考）be declared/be alleged/allegedly 6. 裸捐、裸官 donate his entire fortune to charity after his death (all-out donation) （参考）naked officials（第一次出现时，后面一定要加解释） 7. 裸婚 naked marriage（第一次出现时，后面一定要加解释） （参考）simplistic marriage/bare-handed marriage 8. 胶囊公寓 capsule apartment 9. 游街示众 shame parade/public shaming 9. 名著翻拍 remake/re-produce 10. 拜金女 material girl 引申：傍大款的人gold digger 被傍的大款sugar daddy 11. 富士康“几连跳” （参考）copycat suicide 12. 地沟油 swill-cooked dirty oil （参考）hogwash oil/waste oil/recycled cooking oil(后面可跟解释） 13. 诈捐 unfulfilled payment （参考）骗捐：charity fraud 14. 蜗居 dwelling narrowness(电视剧剧名的译文)/dwelling in a narrow
倒装句练习 1. So fast_______ that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed. A. light travel B. does light travel C. travels light D. has light travelled 2.That scientist isn’t too happy with the project, and______________. A. so are her supervisors B. either are her supervisors C. neither are her supervisors D. so her supervisors are 3.______ the door than somebody started knocking on it. A. I had closed no sooner B. I had no sooner closed C. No sooner have I closed D. No sooner I closed 4.Is this beautiful? Yes, it is. ________. A. Rarely before have I seen this B. Rarely I have seen this before
C. Rarely have I seen before this D. Rarely have I seen this before 5._____but he also proved himself a good athlete. A. He showed himself not only a good student B. Not only did he show himself a good student C. He showed not only himself a good student D. Not only he showed himself a good student 6.Nowhere else along the coast____ such shallow water so far from land. A. is there B. there is C. it is D. is 7._____did we try to persuade her to give up her plan. A. In failure B. With no result C. In vain D. With no end 8.______I couldn’t lift the box. A. As I might try
Name & No.: Exercises for Business English Translation 练习之词义选择（1） １. Thank you for your letter reference DT/Zi No. 102, of 29th, March. ２. We have had only one order from ABC Co., Ltd., so we regret we cannot give you a reference from long experience. ３. Reference is made to your Sales Confirmation No. 1529. ４. The Buyer asks for credit and has given the Bank of China, Beijing as a reference. ５. The Sales Company is given the same power with reference to apportioning the commission. ６. A reference to your records will show that we have more than once asked you to establish L/C against S/C No. 2523. 7. The time limit for inspection and claim is 60 days after discharge of the cargo at the port of destination. 8. Party B agrees that the expiration of this license shall not discharge party B from its obligation. 9. Routine duties of the Joint Venture Company are to be discharged by the general manager appointed by the Board of Directors. 10. Party B shall check the quality of each discharge in accordance with the Contract. 11. Just as in that year, when those catastrophes were followed by substantial increases in insurance premiums, insurers are already lobbying for rate relief. 12. During the 1980’s the large premiums paid in acquisition often resulted in prices that greatly exceeded the value of tangible assets. 练习之词类引申（2） 1．Vietnam was his entrée to the new Administration, his third incarnation as a foreign policy consultant. 2．There was no provocation for such an angry letter.
六级翻译高频词汇 表示主要的：primary, major, main, chief, important, essential, significant 表示充足的enough, sufficient, plenty, abundant 表示适当的appropriate 表示提升，改善，加强enhance, improve, strengthen 表示合法valid, legal, lawful, rightful 表示卓越不凡extraordinary, excellent, uncommon, remarkable, outstanding. 表示很有名气well-known, noticeable, famous 表示义务，有责任去做compulsory, required, obligatory 表示积极，主动positive, proactive 表示合理sound, rational, correct, sensible, logical, reasonable 表示英勇brave, bold, valiant, heroic, courageous, fearless 表示巨大huge, large, giant, vast, enormous 表示牢固稳定sturdy, strong, firm, tough, stable, hardy 表示声誉reputation, fame, prestige 表示巅峰、顶点tip, top, peak, apex, climax 表示发现、探索discover, seek, search 表示增加increase, enlarge, multiply, expand, raise, accelerate, broaden, magnify 表示减少reduce, decrease, decelerate, lessen, diminish, decline, discount, subtract, deduct 表示转变convert, change, transform, switch 表示提供、提交offer, supply, provide, contribute, submit 表示构成、组成constitute, consist, organize, form, establish, compose, comprise,
语法 一、虚拟语气 Ⅰ.suggest；require； order； recommand； insist sb.suggest that …（should）do His suggestion is that… What do you think of his suggestion that 注：suggest,insist表明、暗示 He insisted that he hadn’t made a mistake. Ⅱ.wish 1)对现在的虚拟，用一般现在时 How I wish I were you ! 2)对过去虚拟，用过去完成时 How I wish I had followed your advice. 3)对将来虚拟 could+v.原形 How I wish /If only I could fly in the sky Ⅲ.It is (high)time that…should (should 不可省) It is necessary that… I would rather that… Ⅳ.隐含虚拟 But ;but for ;without ;otherwise without后一般+n. Eg:I could have come to school on time,(but I got up late).=I got up late otherwise. Ⅴ.虚拟条件句 If it didn’t rain tomorrow If it shouldn’t(只能用should) rain tomorrow. If it weren’t to rain tomorrow Were it not to rain tomorrow…/Should it not to… Were I you,… 从句都往过去推一个时态 Ⅵ.时间错纵 If she hadn’t stayed up all night studying,She would feel energetic now .
A An abridged translation节译本 Absorb what is good and reject what is bad; absorb the essence and reject the dross; select the refined and discard the crude 取其精华，弃其糟粕 Abstract thinking ( thought ) 抽象思维 Academic community 学术界 An academic thesis 学术论文 Accommodate something to circumstances; accommodation 变通 Be well cultured in literature 有文学修养 Artistically accomplished 有艺术修养 A man of considerable culture 文化修养很高的人 Accurate comprehension 正确的理解 Accurate comprehension and adequate representation 准确的理解与适切的表达 Accurateness, smoothness and promptness 准、顺、快（口译标准） Accurate representation 准确的再现 Achieve spiritual similarity by departing from the original form 离形得神 Acquisition （语言）习得 Adapted translation; corrected version; improved version 改译 Adequate representation适切表达 Advance from the realm of necessity to the realm of freedom 从必然王国走向自由王国 Aesthetic appreciation 审美（统觉）
请大家把下面的课后作业分为三次完成，每完成一次，请空几行用作评分。 请大家用身边以前发的英语作业本来做，本子封面上请一定写清楚系科班级，姓名，学号及课程英汉汉英翻译教程。 请大家抄写题目及说明。 作业完成后，下一次上课带来交给我。 Exercise 1: 翻译下列句子，将划线的名词转译成动词，动词转译成名词。 1.The removal of the furniture would not have taken long. 2.May I introduce you to David, one of your longtime admirers? 3.他不爱多说话，但常常微笑。 4.她们无微不至地照顾着那些残疾儿童。 翻译下列句子，将划线的形容词转译成动词，动词转译成形容词。 1.He said that two of his friends in his hometown were supportive of his research. 2.The book is concerned with practical applications of linguistics in the field of literature. 3.她们盼望着你早点回来。 4.我在晚会上碰到了玛丽，她还在生我的气。
Exercise 2: 翻译下列句子，将划线的介词转译成动词，动词转译成介词 1.He had never seen her, but her written words had been with him all along and sustained him unfailingly. 2.When I came over with the medication, Kate was sitting in her chair, in nightgown and slippers, awaiting my arrival. 3.他们当中有一位穿黑色大衣的姑娘。 4.对于这种现象，在过去很长的时间里，连科学家们都感到惊奇。翻译下列句子，将划线的形容词转译成副词，副词转译成形容词https://www.doczj.com/doc/1f10745420.html,panies should adequately compensate consumers who are willing to contribute to their increasingly valuable market research services. 2.Traditionally, there had always been good relations between them. 3.她生气地瞟了我一眼。 4.他结结巴巴地用英语同那个外国人交谈。 Exercise 3: 翻译下列句子，将句中划线部分的肯定形式转译成否定形式。 1.If your car breaks down, you will be there for days before anyone
大学英语六级翻译高频词汇 小康社会a well-to-do society 人民生活people’s livelihood 生活水平living standards 生活质量quality of life 住房条件housing conditions 文化程度educational level 就业率employment rate 人均收入average income per capita 年平均工资average annual pay 奖金bonus 生活费用cost of living 消费价格指数consumer price index 环境污染指数environment pollution index 衣食住行food, clothing, sheltering and means of traveling 购买力purchasing power 贫困家庭the needy family 贫困地区poverty-stricken region 下岗be laid off 小康relative affluence 安居乐业live a good life 共同富裕shared prosperity 社会保险social insurance 助学金grant-in-aid 赈灾救济金disaster relief funds 人口population 人口分布population distribution 流动人口transient population 城市人口urban population 农业人口agriculture population 出生率birth rate 自然增长率natural growth rate 负增长率negative growth rate 普查census 户口册household register 计划生育family planning/planned parenthood 优生优育ensure good prenatal and postnatal care 自治区autonomous region 民族ethnic groups 少数民族ethnic minorities/ minority peoples 中国共产党Communist Party of China 京剧Peking opera 昆曲Kunqu opera 中国画traditional Chinese painting 人物portrait 山水landscape 花鸟flower and bird 草虫grass and insect 泼墨paint-splashing style 写意impressionistic style 工笔elaborate style 毛笔writing brush 书法calligraphic art 书法家calligraphic artist 楷体formal script/regular script 行书running script 宋体Song-dynasty script 工艺品handwork/handicrafts 手工艺品articles of handcraft art 文物cultural relics/antiques 国宝national treasure 人民大会堂Great Hall of the People 故宫博物馆Imperial Palace Museum 长城Great Wall 外滩the Bund 华山Huashan Mountain 黄山Yellow Mountain 滇池Dianchi Lake 洱海Erhai lake 孔庙Temple of Confucius 故居Former Residence 庐山Lushan Mountain 少林寺Shaolin Temple 长江三峡Three Gorges along the Changjiang 黄果树瀑布Huangguoshu Waterfalls 敦煌莫高窟Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes 大兴安岭Greater Xing’an Mountains 小兴安岭Lesser Xing’an Mountains 天池Heaven’s Pool 布达拉宫Potala Palace
语法系列复习专题十-----虚拟语气、倒装句型 虚拟语气 虚拟语气是通过特殊的谓语动词形式来表达的愿望、假设、怀疑、猜测或建议等语气，它不表示客观存在。 一、虚拟语气在单句中的用法 常用来表示祝愿、采用固定的倒装句式。例如： Long live the People s Republic of China!中华人民共和国万岁！ be happy! 快乐！ have a good time! 玩得愉快！ May you 祝你 succeed! 成功！ make progress! 进步！ 二、虚拟语气在复合句中的用法： 1．在非真实性条件句和主句中的用法 条件从句主句 一般过去时（be多用于were）would/should/could/might＋动词原形 如果我是你，我会接受邀请的。 If I had time,I would go there. 如果我有空，我就去那儿。 条件从句主句 过去完成时would/should/could/might＋have done 如果你早点来，你就不会错过那辆公共汽车了。 If he had seen you yesterday,he would have returned your book. 如果他昨天见到了你，他就会还你的书的。 条件从句主句 一般过去时（be多用were） would/should/could/might＋动词原形 should do,were to do put off.万一明天下雨，运动会就推迟。（事实上明天下雨的可能性不大。） If you dropped/should drop/were to drop the glass,it would break. 万一杯子掉下来会打碎的。 4）i f的省略 如果条件句中有were,had,should 等助动词，可将if省略，而把were,had或should 置于句首,来表达以if引导的条件句的相同意思。 例如：Should it rain/were it to rain tomorrow,the sports meet would be put off./Had he seen you yesterday,he would have returned your book. 5)条件句或主句的省略 当有上下文或上下句中的语言环境暗示的时候，表示虚拟语气的从句或主句往往可以省略，以避免重复。 例如：——Why didn t you attend the party yesterday? ——I would/should have,but I was too busy then. I was surprised that you didn t like this job.You could have done it better.（后面省略了if you had liked it.） 6)混合时间条件句和主句 条件句和主句的动作发生的时间有先后之差，应按各自动作时间搭配好相应的结构形式。 例如：If the teacher hadn t been ill yesterday,who could give us a lecture now?/If you had
翻译常用词汇 高枕无忧resting without worries 史无前例unprecedented in the history 不可一世a conquering hero 毫不示弱equally firmly 量体裁衣to act according to actual circumstances 一刀两断to cut it clean 与虎谋皮to ask a tiger for its skin 六亲不认to disown all one’s relatives and fri ends 英雄本色the true quality of a hero 英雄所见略同Great minds think alike. 每逢佳节倍思亲On festive occasions more than ever we think of our dear ones faraway. 上有好，下必有其焉。What the superior loves, his inferiors will be found to love exceedingly.大江东去，浪淘尽，千古风流人物。The Great River flows to the east: Its waves have washed away all the men of untrammeled spirit of a thousand ages. 上兵伐谋，其次伐交。What is supremely important in war is to attack the enemy’s strategy. Next best is to disrupt his alliances. 问君能有几多愁，恰似一江春水向东流。I wonder how many sorrows you have. They are exactly like the Yangtze River unceasingly flowing eastward in spring. 千呼万唤始出来，犹抱琵琶半遮面。Only after a thousand entreaties does she appear. Her face half hidden behind the guitar (pipa) in her arms. 吃得苦中苦，方为人上人。Only if you can stand the hardest of hardships can you hope to rise in society. 是非经过不知难You never know how hard a task is almost until you have done it yourself. 满招损Pride goes before a fall. / Pride spells failure. 适可而止Bind the sack before it be full. 好汉做事好汉当A true man has the courage to accept the consequences of his own actions.知己知彼，百战不殆。To know one’s and the enemy’s situation ensures victory. 牵扯之覆，后车之鉴。The overturned car ahead is a warning to the ones behind. 山雨欲来风满楼The wind sweeping through the tower heralds a rising storm in the mountains. 是故学然后知不足，教然后之困。Therefore, to learn makes us realize our deficiency, and to teach makes us know the difficulties. 人尽其才、地尽其利、物尽其利、货畅其流。Our human, land and material resources should be used to the best advantage, and our goods should be in good circulation. 父母有抚养教育未成年子女的义务，成年子女有赡养扶助父母的义务。Parents have the duty to rear and education their children who are minors, and children who have come of age have the duty to support and assist their parents. 中华人民共和国公民有劳动的权利和义务。Citizens of the P eople’s Republic of China have the right as well as the duty of work. 各民族公民都有用本民族语言文字进行诉讼的权利。Citizens of all nationalities have the right to use the spoken and written languages of their own nationalities in court proceedings.
一、主句和从句 主句是句子的主干，是句子表达的主要意思，从句的意义从属于主句。 如：麻雀虽小，五脏俱全。这句话要说明的主要意思是麻雀五脏俱全，后一句是句子的主句，前面是从句。 二：关于虚拟语气 第一节：宾语从句(Subordinate Clasue)中的虚拟语气 一、在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气 在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气，常省去宾语从句的引导词that。 一）、对现在情况的虚拟（与现在的事实相反）： 从句用过去式或过去进行式(时间上是同时的)。其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语be和were(was)，实义动词用过去式。例： 1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I knew the answer to the question.(wish, 动词过去式knew)我希望知道这个答案。(事实上是不知道) 2. I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.(wish, were)但愿我的家乡四季如春。(事实上不可能) 3. I wish I were a bird.(wish, were)但愿我是只小鸟。(事实上不可能) 4. When she was at the party,she wished she were at home.(wished,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不在家) 5. Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese.(wishes,过去虚拟动词understood) 现在他在中国，他希望能懂得中文。(事实上并不懂) 6. When we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us.(will wish,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不和我们在一起) 二）、对过去情况的虚拟（和过去的事实相反）： 用wish表示对过去事情的遗憾。其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语用过去完成时，或would, could, might+现在完成时。例： 1. I wish (that可省略，下同)I hadn't wasted so much time. 我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(事实上已浪费了) 2. He wishes he hadn't lost the chance. 他真希望没有失去机会。(其实已失去) 3. We wished he had spoken to us. (wished，had + spoken)(事实上他并没同我们讲) 4. I wish you had called earlier. (wish, had + called)(事实上已迟了) 5. They will wish they had listened to us sooner. (will wish,had + listened)(事实上并不如此) 例题分析：I wish I ______ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class. A. could have slept B. slept C. might have slept D. have slept 动词wish后面接从句，表达不可能实现或与事实相反的情况时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气，即用过去式（表示现在发生的动作）或过去完成式（表示过去发生的动作）。本题后半句谓语动词have用的是过去时had