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口腔微生物名称中英对照(二)小编为大家整理了口腔微生物名称中英对照，希望对你有帮助哦! 口腔微生物名称中英对照(二)：Mycobacterium leprae 麻风分枝杆菌Mycobacterium tuberculosis 结核分枝杆菌Neisseria 奈瑟菌属Neisseria flava 黄奈瑟菌Neisseria gonorrhoeae 淋病奈瑟菌Neisseria meningitidis 脑膜炎奈瑟菌Neisseria mucosa 粘液奈瑟菌Neisseria sicca 干燥奈瑟菌Neisseria subflava 微黄奈瑟菌Peptostreptococcus 消化链球菌属Peptostreptococcus anaerobius 厌氧消化链球菌Peptostreptococcus asaccharolyticus 不解糖消化链球菌Peptostreptococcus lanceolatus 矛形消化链球菌Peptostreptococcus magnus 大消化链球菌Peptostreptococcus micros 微小消化链球菌Peptostreptococcus parvalus 小消化链球菌Peptostreptococcus prevotii 普氏消化链球菌Peptostreptococcus productus 产生消化链球菌Peptostreptococcus taetradius 四联消化链球菌Porphyromonas 卟啉单胞菌属Porphyromonas asaccharolytica 不解糖卟啉单胞菌Porphyromonas circumdentaria 齿周卟啉单胞菌Porphyromonas endodontalis 牙髓卟啉单胞菌Porphyromonas gingivalis 牙龈卟啉单胞菌Porphyromonas levii 利氏卟啉单胞菌Porphyromonas salivosa 唾液卟啉单胞菌Prevotella 普氏菌属Prevotella bivia 二路普氏菌Prevotella buccae 颊普氏菌Prevotella buccalis 口颊普氏菌Prevotella corporis 人体普氏菌Prevotella denticola 栖牙普氏菌Prevotella heparinolytica 解肝素普氏菌Prevotella intermedia 中间普氏菌Prevotella loescheii 洛氏普氏菌Prevotella melaninogenica 产黑普氏菌Prevotella nigrescens 变黑普氏菌Prevotella oralis 口腔普氏菌Prevotella oris口普氏菌Prevotella oulorum 龈炎普氏菌Prevotella veroralis 真口普氏菌Prevotella zoogleoformans 动胶普氏菌Propionibacterium 丙酸杆菌属Propionibacterium acnes 疮疱丙酸杆菌Propionibacterium avidum 贪婪丙酸杆菌Propionibacterium freudenreichii 费氏丙酸杆菌Propionibacterium granulosum 颗粒丙酸状菌Propionibacterium jensenii 詹氏丙酸杆菌Propionibacterium propionicum 丙酸丙酸杆菌Proteus 变形杆菌属Proteus mirabilis 奇异变形杆菌Proteus vulgaris 普通变形杆菌Rothia 罗氏菌属Rothia dentocariosa 龋齿罗氏菌Selenomonas 新月形单胞菌属Selenomonas artemidis 蛛形新月形单胞菌Selenomonas dianae 月神新月形单胞菌Selenomonas flueggei 福氏新月形单胞菌Selenomonas infelix 损伤新月形单胞菌Selenomonas noxia 有害新月形单胞菌Selenomonas sputigena 生痰新月形单胞菌Staphylococcus 葡萄球菌属Staphylococcus aureus 金黄色葡萄球菌Staphylococcus capitis 头葡萄球菌Staphylococcus epidermidis 表皮葡萄球菌Staphylococcus saccharolyticus 解糖葡萄球菌Staphylococcus salivarius 唾液葡萄球菌Staphylococcus saprophyticus 腐生葡萄球菌Staphylococcus schleiferi 施氏葡萄球菌Stomatoccus 口腔球菌属Stomatoccus mucilaginosus 粘滑口腔球菌Streptococcus 链球菌属Intermedius streptococci 中间链球菌群Streptococcus anginosus 咽峡炎链球菌Streptococcus constellatus 星群链球菌Streptococcus intermedius 中间链球菌Mutans streptococci 变形链球菌群Streptococcus cricetus 仓鼠链球菌Streptococcus downei 汗毛链球菌Streptococcus ferus 野鼠链球菌Streptococcus macacae 猕猴链环菌Streptococcus mutans 变形链球菌Streptococcus rattus 大鼠链球菌Streptococcus sobrinus 远缘链球菌Oralis streptococci 口腔链球菌群Streptococcus crista 嵴链球菌Streptococcus gordonii 格登链球菌Streptococcus mitis 轻链球菌Streptococcus oralis 口腔链球菌Streptococcus parasanguis 副血链球菌Streptococcus sanguis 血链球菌Pyogenic hemolytic streptococci 化脓性溶血性链球菌群Streptococcus pneumoniae 肺炎链球菌Streptococcus pyogenes 酿脓链球菌Salivarius streptococci 唾液链球菌群Streptococcus salivarius 唾液链球菌Streptococcus vestibularis 前庭链球菌Treponemas 密螺旋体属Treponemas denticola 栖牙密螺旋体Treponemas maltophilum 嗜麦芽糖密螺旋体Treponemas medium 中间密螺旋体Treponemas pallidum 苍白密螺旋体Treponemas pectinovorum 食果胶密螺旋体Treponemas phagedenis 溃蚀齿密螺旋体Treponemas socranskii 索氏密螺旋体Treponemas scaliodontium 曲齿密螺旋体Treponemas vicentii 文森密螺旋体Veillonella韦荣菌属Veillonella alcalescens 产碱韦荣菌Veillonella atypica 非典型韦荣菌Veillonella dispar 殊异韦荣菌Veillonella parvula 小韦荣菌Veillonella ratti 大鼠韦荣菌Vibrios 弧菌属Vibrios cholera 霍乱弧菌Vibrios parahaemolyticus 副溶血霍乱弧菌Wolinella 沃廉菌属Wolinella succinogenes 产琥珀酸沃廉菌Fungi 真菌Candida 念珠菌属Candida albicans 白色念珠菌Candida krusei 克柔念珠菌Candida pseudotropicalis 伪热带念珠菌Candida stellatoidea 类星形念珠菌Candida tropicalis 热带念珠菌Cryptococcus 隐球菌属Cryptococcus neoformans 新型隐球菌Yeasts 酵母菌Virus 病毒ademovirus 腺病毒cytomegalovirus(CMV) 巨细胞病毒Epstein-Barr virus(EBV) EB病毒herpes simplex virus(HSV) 单纯疱疹病毒herpesvirus 疱疹病毒human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) 人类免疫缺陷病毒human papillomavirus 人类乳头瘤病毒influenze virus 流行性感冒病毒measles virus 麻疹病毒mumps virus 流行性腮腺炎病毒parainfluenza virus 副流感病毒varicella-zoster virus(VZV) 水痘-带状疱疹病毒Chlamydiae 衣原体Chlalmydia pneumoniae 肺炎衣原体Chlalmydia psittaci 鹦鹉衣原体Mycoplasmas 枝原体Mycoplasmas hominis 人型枝原体Mycoplasmas orale 口腔枝原体Mycoplasma pneumoniae 肺炎枝原体Mycoplasma salivarium 唾液枝原体Ureaplasma urealyticum 解脲脲原体Rickettsia 立克次体Coxiella 柯克斯体属Rickettsia 立克次体属。
Abiotrophia adjacens 毗邻贫养菌Abiotrophia defectiva 软弱贫养菌Achromobacter spp 无色杆菌属某些种Acinetobacter /Pseudomonas spp 不动杆菌/假单胞菌属某些种Acinetobacter baumannii 鲍氏不动杆菌Acinetobacter calcoaceticus 醋酸钙不动杆菌Acinetobacter haemolyticus 溶血不动杆菌Acinetobacter johnsonii 约氏不动杆菌Acinetobacter junii 琼氏不动杆菌Acinetobacter lwoffii 鲁氏不动杆菌Acinetobacter radioresistens 抗辐射不动杆菌Acinetobacter spp 不动杆菌属某些种Acinetobacter spp/Pseudomonas spp 不动杆菌属某些种/假单胞菌属某些种Acinetobacter/Pseudomonas spp 不动杆菌/假单胞菌属某些种Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans 伴放线放线杆菌Actinomyces israelii 衣氏放线菌Actinomyces meyeri 麦氏放线菌Actinomyces naeslundii 内氏放线菌Actinomyces neuii anitratus 纽氏放线菌无硝亚种Actinomyces neuii neuii 纽氏放线菌纽氏亚种Actinomyces neuii radingae 纽氏放线菌罗亚种Actinomyces neuii turicensis 纽氏放线菌图列茨亚种Actinomyces odontolyticus 龋齿放线菌Actinomyces viscosus 粘放线菌Aerococcus viridans 绿浅气球菌Aeromonas caviae 豚鼠气单胞菌Aeromonas hydrophila 嗜水气单胞菌Aeromonas hydrophila gr. 嗜水气单胞菌群Aeromonas salmonicida achromogenes 杀鲑气单胞菌无色亚种Aeromonas salmonicida masoucida 杀鲑气单胞菌杀日本鲑亚种Aeromonas salmonicida salmonicida 杀鲑气单胞菌杀鲑亚种Aeromonas sobria 温和气单胞菌Agrobacterium radiobacter 放射形土壤杆菌Alcaligenes denitrificans 反硝化产碱菌Alcaligenes faecalis 粪产碱菌Alcaligenes spp 产碱菌属某些种Alcaligenes xylosoxidans 木糖氧化产碱菌Alloiococcus otitis 耳炎差异球菌Anaerobiospirllum succiniproducens 产琥珀酸厌氧螺菌Arachnia propionica 丙酸蛛菌Arcanobacterium bernardiae 伯纳德隐秘杆菌Arcanobacterium haemolyticum 溶血隐秘杆菌Arcanobacterium pyogenes 化脓隐秘杆菌Arcobacter cryaerohoilus 嗜低温弓形杆菌Arthrobacter spp 节杆菌属某些种Bacteroides caccae 粪拟杆菌Bacteroides capillosus 多毛拟杆菌Bacteroides eggerthii 埃氏拟杆菌Bacteroides fragilis 脆弱拟杆菌Bacteroides levii 利氏拟杆菌Bacteroides merdae 屎拟杆菌Bacteroides ovatus 卵形拟杆菌Bacteroides stercoris 粪便拟杆菌Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron 多形拟杆菌Bacteroides uniformis 单形拟杆菌Bacteroides ureolyticus 解脲拟杆菌Bacteroides vulgatus 普通拟杆菌Bergeyella zoohelcum 动物溃疡伯格菌Bifidobacterium adolescentis 青春双岐杆菌Bifidobacterium bifidum 双岐双岐杆菌Bifidobacterium breve 短双岐杆菌Bifidobacterium dentium 齿双歧杆菌Bifidobacterium infantis 婴儿双岐杆菌Bifidobacterium spp 双岐杆菌属某些种Bordetella avium 鸟博德特菌Bordetella bronchiseptica 支气管炎博德特菌Bordetella spp 博德特菌属某些种Branhamella catarrhalis 粘膜炎布兰汉球菌Brevendimonas diminuta 缺陷短波单胞菌Brevendimonas vesicularis 泡囊短波单胞菌Brevibacterium casei 乳酪短杆菌Brevibacterium epidermidis 表皮短杆菌Brevibacterium spp 短杆菌属某些种Brucella spp 布鲁菌属某些种Budvicia aquatica 水生布戴约维采菌Burkholderia cepacia 洋葱伯克霍尔德菌Burkholderia diminuta 洋葱伯克霍尔德菌Burkholderia gladioli 唐菖蒲伯克霍尔德菌Burkholderia pseudomallei 类鼻疽伯克霍尔德菌Buttiauxella agrestis 乡间布丘菌Campylobacter coli 大肠弯曲杆菌Campylobacter fetus fetus 胚胎弯曲杆菌胚胎亚种Campylobacter fetus venerealis 胚胎弯曲杆菌性病亚种Campylobacter hyointestinalis 豚肠弯曲杆菌Campylobacter jejuni doylei 空肠弯曲杆菌德莱亚种Campylobacter jejuni jejuni 空肠弯曲杆菌空肠亚种Campylobacter lari 红嘴鸥弯曲杆菌Campylobacter lari UPTC 红嘴鸥弯曲杆菌UPTC变种Campylobacter mucosalis 粘膜弯曲杆菌Campylobacter sputorrum bubulus 唾液弯曲杆菌牛生物变种Campylobacter sputorrum fecalis 唾液弯曲杆菌粪生物变种Campylobacter upsaliensis 乌普萨拉弯曲杆菌Candida albicans 白假丝酵母Candida boidinii 博伊丁假丝酵母Candida catenulata 链状假丝酵母Candida ciferrii 西弗假丝酵母Candida colliculosa 软假丝酵母Candida curvata 弯假丝酵母Candida dattila dattila假丝酵母Candida drusei 克鲁斯假丝酵母Candida dubliniensis 杜氏假丝酵母Candida famata 无名假丝酵母Candida glabrata 光滑假丝酵母Candida globosa 球形假丝酵母Candida guilliermondii 高里假丝酵母Candida hellenical (=C. steatolytica) Candida holmii 霍氏假丝酵母Candida inconspicua 平常假丝酵母Candida intermedia 中间假丝酵母Candida kefyr 乳酒假丝酵母Candida krusei 克柔假丝酵母Candida lambica 郎比可假丝酵母Candida lipolytica 解脂假丝酵母Candida lusitaniae 葡萄牙假丝酵母Candida magnoliae 木兰假丝酵母Candida melibiosica 口津假丝酵母Candida membranaefaciens 璞膜假丝酵母Candida norvegensis 挪威假丝酵母Candida norvegica norvegica假丝酵母Candida parapsilosis 近平滑假丝酵母Candida pelliculosa 菌膜假丝酵母Candida pulcherrima 铁红假丝酵母Candida rugosa 皱落假丝酵母Candida rugosa 皱褶假丝酵母Candida sake 清酒假丝酵母Candida silvicola 森林假丝酵母Candida sphaerica 园球形假丝酵母Candida tropicalis 热带假丝酵母Candida utilis 产朊假丝酵母Candida valida 粗状假丝酵母Candida zeylanoides 诞沫假丝酵母Capnocytophaga gingivalis 牙龈二氧化碳嗜纤维菌Capnocytophaga ochracea 黄褐二氧化碳嗜纤维菌Capnocytophaga spp 二氧化碳嗜纤维菌属某些种Capnocytophaga sputigena 生痰二氧化碳嗜纤维菌CDC gruop IV C-2 CDC菌群IV C-2Cedecea davisae 戴氏西地西菌Cedecea lapagei 拉氏西地西菌Cedecea neteri 奈氏西地西菌Cedecea spp 西地西菌属某些种Cellulomonas spp 纤维单胞菌属某些种Cellulomonas turbata 特氏纤维单胞菌Ceotruchum candidum 假丝地霉Ceotruchum capitatum 头状地霉Ceotruchum fermenfans 发酵地霉Ceotruchum penicillatum 潘氏地霉Ceotruchum spp 地霉菌属某些种Chromobacterium violaceum 紫色色杆菌Chryseobacterium indologenes 产吲哚金黄杆菌Chryseobacterium meningosepticum 脑膜脓毒性金黄杆菌Chryseomonas luteola 浅黄金色单胞菌Citrobacter amalonaticua 无丙二酸柠檬酸杆菌Citrobacter braakii 布氏柠檬酸杆菌Citrobacter farmeri 法氏柠檬酸杆菌Citrobacter freundii 弗氏柠檬酸杆菌Citrobacter freundii group 弗氏柠檬酸杆菌群Citrobacter koseri 柯氏柠檬酸杆菌Citrobacter koseri 克氏柠檬酸杆菌Citrobacter koseri (= C.diversus) 克氏柠檬酸杆菌（=差异柠檬酸杆菌）Citrobacter koseri/amalonaticus 克氏/无丙二酸柠檬酸杆菌Citrobacter youngae 杨氏柠檬酸杆菌Clostridium acetobutylicum 丙酮丁醇梭杆菌Clostridium barati 巴氏梭菌Clostridium beijerinckii 拜氏梭菌Clostridium beijerinckii /butyricum 拜氏/丁酸梭菌Clostridium bifermentans 双酶梭菌Clostridium botlinum 肉毒梭菌Clostridium butyricum 丁酸梭菌Clostridium cadaveris 尸毒梭菌Clostridium clostridiiforme 梭状梭菌Clostridium difficile 艰难梭菌Clostridium fallax 谲诈梭菌Clostridium glycolicum 乙二醇梭菌Clostridium hastiforme 矛形梭菌Clostridium histolyticum 溶组织梭菌Clostridium innocuum 无害梭菌Clostridium innocuum 无害芽胞梭菌Clostridium limosum 泥渣梭菌Clostridium paraputrificum 类腐败梭菌Clostridium perfringens 产气荚膜梭菌Clostridium ramosum 多枝梭菌Clostridium septicum 败毒梭菌Clostridium sordellii 索氏梭菌Clostridium sporogenes 生孢梭菌Clostridium spp 梭菌属某些种Clostridium subterminale 近端梭菌Clostridium tertium 第三梭菌Clostridium tetani 破伤风梭菌Clostridium tyrobutyricum 酪丁酸梭菌Comamonas acidovorans 食酸丛毛单胞菌Comamonas spp 丛毛单胞菌属某些种Comonas testosteroni 睾丸酮丛毛单胞菌Corynebacterium accolens 拥挤棒杆菌Corynebacterium afermentans 非发酵棒杆菌Corynebacterium amycolatum 无枝菌酸棒杆菌Corynebacterium aquaticum 水生棒杆菌Corynebacterium argentoratense 银色棒杆菌Corynebacterium auris 耳棒杆菌Corynebacterium bovis 牛棒杆菌Corynebacterium cystitidis 膀胱炎棒杆菌Corynebacterium diphtheriae belfanti Corynebacterium diphtheriae gravis 重白喉棒杆菌Corynebacterium diphtheriae mitis 缓和白喉棒杆菌Corynebacterium glucuronolyticum 解葡萄糖苷Corynebacterium group F- 1 F-1群棒杆菌Corynebacterium group G G群棒杆菌Corynebacterium jeikeium 杰氏棒杆菌Corynebacterium kutscher 库氏棒杆菌Corynebacterium macginleyi 麦氏棒杆菌Corynebacterium minutissimum 极小棒杆菌Corynebacterium pilosum 多毛棒杆菌Corynebacterium propinquum 丙酸棒杆菌Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum 假白喉棒杆菌Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis 假结核棒杆菌Corynebacterium renale 牛肾盂炎棒杆菌Corynebacterium renale group 牛肾盂炎棒杆菌群Corynebacterium seminale 生殖棒杆菌Corynebacterium striatum 纹带棒杆菌Corynebacterium ulcerans 溃疡棒杆菌Corynebacterium urealyticum 解脲棒杆菌Cryptococcus albidus 浅白隐球酵母Cryptococcus humicola 土生隐球菌Cryptococcus humicolus 土生隐球酵母Cryptococcus laurentii 罗伦隐球酵母Cryptococcus neoformans 新型隐球酵母Cryptococcus terreus 地生隐球酵母Cryptococcus uniguttulatus 指甲隐球酵母Cryytococcus neoformans 白地霉Debaryomyces polymorphus 多形德巴利酵母菌Dermabacter hominis 人皮肤杆菌Dermacoccus nishinomiyaensis 西宫皮肤球菌Dietzia spp 迪茨菌属某些种Edwardsiella hoshinae 保科爱德华菌Edwardsiella tarda 迟钝爱德华菌Eikenella corrodens 啮蚀艾肯菌Enterobacter aerogenes 产气肠杆菌Enterobacter amnigenus 河生肠杆菌Enterobacter asburiae 阿氏肠杆菌Enterobacter cancerogenus 生癌肠杆菌Enterobacter cloacae 阴沟肠杆菌Enterobacter gergoviae 日沟维肠杆菌Enterobacter intermedius 中间肠杆菌Enterobacter sakazakii 阪崎肠杆菌Enterobacter spp 肠杆菌属某些种Enterococcus avium 鸟肠球菌Enterococcus casselifavus 铅黄肠球菌Enterococcus durans 耐久肠球菌Enterococcus faecalis 粪肠球菌Enterococcus faecium 屎肠球菌Enterococcus gallinarum 鹑鸡肠球菌Enterococcus hirae 海氏肠球菌Enterococcus saccharolyticus 解糖肠球菌Erwinia spp 欧文菌属某些种Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae 猪红斑丹毒丝菌Escherichia coli 大肠埃希菌Escherichia fergusonii 费格森埃希菌Escherichia hermannii 赫氏埃希菌Escherichia vulneris 伤口埃希菌Eubacterium aerofaciens 产气真杆菌Eubacterium lentum 迟缓真杆菌Eubacterium limosum 粘液真杆菌Ewingella americana 美洲爱文菌Flavimonas oryzihabitans 栖稻黄色单胞菌Fusobacterium mortiferum 死亡梭杆菌Fusobacterium necrogenes 坏疽梭杆菌Fusobacterium necrophorum 坏死梭杆菌Fusobacterium nucleatum 具核梭杆菌Fusobacterium varium 可变梭杆菌Gardnerella vaginalis 阴道加德纳氏菌Gemella haemolysans 溶血孪生球菌Gemella mobillorum 麻疹孪生球菌Geotrichum candidum 白地霉Geotrichum capitatum 头状地霉Geotrichum penicillatum 帚状地霉Gordona spp 戈登菌属某些种Haemophilus aphrophilus 嗜沫嗜血杆菌Haemophilus influenzae 流感嗜血杆菌Haemophilus influenzae I 流感嗜血杆菌Ⅰ型Haemophilus influenzae II 流感嗜血杆菌Ⅱ型Haemophilus influenzae III 流感嗜血杆菌Ⅲ型Haemophilus influenzae IV 流感嗜血杆菌Ⅳ型Haemophilus influenzae V 流感嗜血杆菌Ⅴ型Haemophilus influenzae VI 流感嗜血杆菌Ⅵ型Haemophilus influenzae VII 流感嗜血杆菌Ⅶ型Haemophilus influenzae VIII 流感嗜血杆菌Ⅷ型Haemophilus parainfluenzae 副流感嗜血杆菌Haemophilus parainfluenzae I 副流感嗜血杆菌Ⅰ型Haemophilus parainfluenzae II 副流感嗜血杆菌Ⅱ型Haemophilus parainfluenzae III 副流感嗜血杆菌Ⅲ型Haemophilus parainfluenzae IV 副流感嗜血杆菌Ⅳ型Haemophilus parainfluenzae V 副流感嗜血杆菌Ⅴ型Haemophilus parainfluenzae VI 副流感嗜血杆菌Ⅵ型Haemophilus parainfluenzae VII 副流感嗜血杆菌Ⅶ型Haemophilus parainfluenzae VIII 副流感嗜血杆菌Ⅷ型Haemophilus paraphrophilus 副嗜沫嗜血杆菌Haemophilus somnus 睡眠嗜血杆菌Hafinia alvei 蜂房哈夫尼亚菌Hansenula polymorpha 多形汉逊酵母Hansenula saturnus 土星汉逊酵母Helicobacter cinaedi 同性恋螺杆菌Helicobacter fennelliae 芬纳尔螺杆菌Helicobacter pylori 幽门螺杆菌Klebsiella ornithinolytica 解鸟氨酸克雷伯菌Klebsiella oxytoca 产酸克雷伯菌Klebsiella planticola 植生克雷伯菌Klebsiella pneumonia ozaenae 肺炎克雷伯菌臭鼻亚种Klebsiella pneumonia rhinoscleromatis 肺炎克雷伯菌鼻硬结亚种Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumoniae 肺炎克雷伯菌肺炎亚种Klebsiella terrigena 土生克雷伯菌Kloeckera apiculata 柠檬克勒克酵母Kloeckera apis 蜜蜂克勒克酵母Kloeckera japonica 日本克勒克酵母Kloeckera spp 克勒克酵母某些种Kluyvera ascorbata 抗坏血酸克吕沃尔菌Kluyvera cryocrescens 栖冷克吕沃尔菌Kluyvera spp 克吕沃尔菌属某些种Kluyvera terrigena 土生克雷伯菌Kocuria kristinae 克氏库克菌Kocuria roseus (=Micrococcus roseus) 玫瑰色库克菌（=玫瑰色微球菌）Kocuria varians (=Micrococcus varians) 变异库克菌（=变异微球菌）Koserella trabulsii 特氏科泽菌Kytococcus sedentaruis 不动盖球菌Lactobacillus acidophilus 嗜酸乳杆菌Lactobacillus fermentium 发酵乳杆菌Lactobacillus jensenii 詹氏乳杆菌Lactococcus garvieae 格氏乳球菌Lactococcus lactis cremoris 乳酸乳球菌乳脂亚种Lactococcus lactis lactis 乳酸乳球菌乳亚种Lactococcus raffinolactis 棉子糖乳球菌Leclercia adcarboxglata 非脱羧勒克菌Leptotrichia buccalis 口腔纤毛菌Leuconostoc spp 明串珠菌属某些种Listeria grayi 格氏利斯特菌Listeria innocua 无害利斯特菌Listeria ivanovii 伊氏利斯特菌Listeria ivanovii 依氏利斯特菌Listeria monocytogenes 单核细胞增生利斯特菌Listeria seeligeri 斯氏利斯特菌Listeria spp 利斯特菌属某些种Listeria welshimeri 威氏利斯特菌Listeria welshimeri 魏氏利斯特菌Luconostoc spp 明串珠菌属某些种Microbacterium spp 微小杆菌属某些种Micrococcus luteus 滕黄微球菌Micrococcus lylae 莱拉微球菌Micrococcus lylae 里拉微球菌Micrococcus spp 微球菌属某些种Mobiluncus curtisii 克氏动弯杆菌Mobiluncus mulieris 羞怯动弯杆菌Mobiluncus spp 动弯杆菌属某些种Moellerella spp 米勒菌属某些种Moellerella wisconsensis 威斯康星米勒菌Moraxella lacunata 腔隙莫拉菌Moraxella nonliquefaciens 非液化莫拉菌Moraxella osloensis 奥斯陆莫拉菌Moraxella spp 莫拉菌属某些种Morganella morganii 摩氏摩根菌Neisseria cinerea 灰色奈瑟球菌Neisseria gonorrhoeae 淋病奈瑟球菌Neisseria lactamica 乳糖奈瑟球菌Neisseria meningitidis 脑膜炎奈瑟球菌Neisseria mucosa 粘液奈瑟球菌Neisseria polysaccharea 多糖奈瑟球菌Neisseria sicca 干燥奈瑟球菌Neisseria spp 奈瑟菌属某些种Neisseria subflava 微黄奈瑟球菌Nocardia spp 奴卡菌属某些种Ochrobactrum anthropi 人苍白杆菌Oerskovia spp 厄氏菌属某些种Oerskovia xanthineolytica 溶黄嘌呤厄菌Oligella ureolytica 解脲寡源杆菌Oligella urethralis 尿道寡源杆菌Pantoea spp 泛菌属某些种Pasteurella aerogenes 产气巴斯德菌Pasteurella gr.EF4 巴斯德菌群EF4Pasteurella haemolytica 溶血巴斯德菌Pasteurella multocida 多杀巴斯德菌Pasteurella pneumotropica 侵肺巴斯德菌Pasteurella spp 巴斯德菌属某些种Peptococcus niger 黑色消化球菌Peptostreptococcus anaerobius 厌氧消化链球菌Peptostreptococcus asaccharolyticus 不解糖消化链球菌Peptostreptococcus indolicus 产吲哚消化链球菌Peptostreptococcus indolicus 吲哚消化链球菌Peptostreptococcus magnus 大消化链球菌Peptostreptococcus micros 微小消化链球菌Peptostreptococcus prevotii 普氏消化链球菌Peptostreptococcus spp 消化链球菌属某些种Photobacterium damsela 美人鱼发光杆菌Pichia carsonii 卡氏毕赤酵母Pichia etchellsii 埃切毕赤酵母Pichia farinosa 粉状毕赤酵母Pichia ohmeri 奥默毕赤酵母Pichia spartinae 斯巴达克毕赤酵母Plesimonas shigelloides 类志贺邻单胞菌Porphyromonas asaccharolytica 不解糖卟啉单胞菌Porphyromonas endodontalis 牙髓卟啉单胞菌Porphyromonas gingivalis 牙龈卟啉单胞菌Prevotella bivia 二路普雷沃尔菌Prevotella buccae 颊普雷沃菌Prevotella buccalis 口颊普雷沃菌Prevotella denticola 栖牙普雷沃菌Prevotella disiens 解糖胨普雷沃菌Prevotella intermedia 中间普雷沃菌Prevotella loescheii 洛氏普雷沃菌Prevotella melaninogenica 产黑色普雷沃菌Prevotella oralis 口腔普雷沃菌Prevotella oris(=Bacteroides oris) 口普雷沃菌(=口拟杆菌) Propionibacterium acnes 疮疱丙酸杆菌Propionibacterium avidum 贪婪丙酸杆菌Propionibacterium granulosum 颗粒丙酸杆菌Propionibacterium propionicum 丙酸丙酸杆菌Proteus mirabilis 奇异变形杆菌Proteus penneri 彭氏变形杆菌Proteus vuigaris 普通变形杆菌Prototheca wickerhamii 魏氏原壁菌Providencia alcalifaciens 产碱普罗威登斯菌Providencia rettgeri 雷氏普罗威登斯菌Providencia rustigianii 拉氏普罗威登斯菌Providencia stuartii 斯氏普罗威登斯菌Providencia stuartii/ alcalifaciens 司氏/产碱普罗威登斯菌Pseudomonas aeruginosa 铜绿假单胞菌Pseudomonas alcaligenes 产碱假单胞菌Pseudomonas fluorescens 荧光假单胞菌Pseudomonas mendocina 门多萨假单胞菌Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes 假产碱假单胞菌Pseudomonas putida 恶臭假单胞菌Pseudomonas spp 假单胞菌属某些种Pseudomonas sputita 恶臭假单胞菌Pseudomonas stutzeri 施氏假单胞菌Pseudomonsa aeruginosa 铜绿假单胞菌Pseudomonsa fluorescens 荧光假单胞菌Pseudomonsa pseudomallei 类鼻疽假单胞菌Pseudomonsa putida 恶臭假单胞菌Pseudomonsa spp 假单胞菌属某些种Rahnella aquatilis 水生拉恩菌Rhodococcus spp 红球菌属某些种Rhodotorula glutinis 红酵母Rhodotorula glutinis 粘红酵母Rhodotorula minuta 小红酵母Rhodotorula mucilaginosa 粘质红酵母Rothia dentocariosa 龋齿罗菌Saccharomyces cerevisiae 酿酒酵母Saccharomyces kluyverii 克鲁费酵母Salmonella arizonae 亚利桑那沙门菌Salmonella choleraesuis 猪霍乱沙门菌Salmonella enteritidis 肠炎沙门菌Salmonella gallinarum 鸡沙门菌Salmonella paratyphi A 甲型副伤寒沙门菌Salmonella paratyphi B 乙型副伤寒沙门菌Salmonella pullorum 鸡白痢沙门菌Salmonella spp 沙门菌属某些种Salmonella typhi 伤寒沙门菌Salmonella typhimurium 鼠伤寒沙门菌Serratia ficaria 无花果沙雷菌Serratia fonticola 居泉沙雷菌Serratia liquefaciens 液化沙雷菌Serratia marcescens 粘质沙雷菌Serratia odorifera 气味沙雷菌Serratia odorifera 1 气味沙雷菌1型Serratia odorifera 2 气味沙雷菌2型Serratia plymuthica 普城沙雷菌Serratia proteamaculans 变形斑沙雷菌Serratia putrefaciens 腐败沙雷菌Serratia rubidaea 深红沙雷菌Shewanella putrefaciens 腐败希瓦菌Shigella bogdii 鲍氏志贺菌Shigella dysenteriae 痢疾志贺菌Shigella flexneri 弗氏志贺菌Shigella sonnei 索氏志贺菌Shigella spp 志贺菌属某些种Sphingobacterium multivorum 多食鞘氨醇杆菌Sphingobacterium Spiritivovum 嗜神鞘氨醇杆菌Sphingobacterium spiritovorum 食神鞘氨醇杆菌Sphingomonas paucimobilis 少动鞘氨醇单胞菌Sporobolomyces salmonicolor 赭色掷孢酵母Staphylococcus arlettae 阿尔莱特葡萄球菌Staphylococcus aureus 金黄色葡萄球菌Staphylococcus auricularis 耳葡萄球菌Staphylococcus capitis 头状葡萄球菌Staphylococcus caprae 山羊葡萄球菌Staphylococcus carnosus 肉葡萄球菌Staphylococcus chromogenes 产色葡萄球菌Staphylococcus cohnii cohnii 科氏葡萄球菌科氏亚种Staphylococcus cohnii urealyticum 科氏葡萄球菌解脲亚种Staphylococcus epidermidis 表皮葡萄球菌Staphylococcus equorum 马胃葡萄球菌Staphylococcus gallinarum 鸡葡萄球菌Staphylococcus haemolyticus 溶血葡萄球菌Staphylococcus hominis 人葡萄球菌Staphylococcus hyicus 猪葡萄球菌Staphylococcus intermedius 中间葡萄球菌Staphylococcus kloosii 克氏葡萄球菌Staphylococcus lentus 缓慢葡萄球菌Staphylococcus lugdunensis 路邓葡萄球菌Staphylococcus saccharolylicus 解糖葡萄球菌Staphylococcus saprophyticus 腐生葡萄球菌Staphylococcus schleiferi 施氏葡萄球菌Staphylococcus sciuri 松鼠葡萄球菌Staphylococcus simulans 模仿葡萄球菌Staphylococcus warneri 沃氏葡萄球菌Staphylococcus xylosus 木糖葡萄球菌Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 嗜麦寡养食单胞菌Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌Stomatococcus mucilaginosus 粘滑口腔球菌Streptococcus acidominimus 少酸链球菌Streptococcus agalactiae 无乳链球菌Streptococcus alactolyticus 非解乳糖链球菌Streptococcus anginosus 咽峡炎链球菌Streptococcus bovis I 牛链球菌Ⅰ型Streptococcus bovis II 牛链球菌Ⅱ型Streptococcus canis 狗链球菌Streptococcus constellatus 星座链球菌Streptococcus downei 汗毛链球菌Streptococcus dysgalactiae 停乳链球菌停乳亚种Streptococcus dysgalactiae equlsimilis 停乳链球菌似马亚种Streptococcus equi equi 马链球菌马亚种Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus 马链球菌兽瘟亚种Streptococcus equinus 马肠链球菌Streptococcus gordonii 格氏链球菌Streptococcus gr L L群链球菌Streptococcus intermadius 中间链球菌Streptococcus mitis 缓症链球菌Streptococcus mutans 变异链球菌Streptococcus oralis 口腔链球菌Streptococcus parasanguis 副血链球菌Streptococcus penumoniae 肺炎链球菌Streptococcus porcinus 豕链球菌Streptococcus pyogenes 化脓链球菌Streptococcus salivarius salivarius 唾液链球菌唾液亚种Streptococcus salivarius thermophilus 唾液链球菌嗜热亚种Streptococcus sanguis 血链球菌Streptococcus sobrinus 表兄链球菌Streptococcus suis I 猪链球菌Ⅰ型Streptococcus suis II 猪链球菌Ⅱ型Streptococcus uberis 乳房链球菌Streptococcus vestibularis 前庭链球菌Tatumella ptyseos 痰塔特姆菌Trichosporon asahii 阿氏丝孢酵母Trichosporon asteroides 星状丝孢酵母Trichosporon inkin 墨汁丝孢酵母Trichosporon mucoides 粘性丝孢酵母Trichosporon ovoides 卵形丝孢酵母Trichosporon spp 丝孢酵母某些种Veillonella parvula 小韦荣球菌Veillonella spp 韦荣氏球菌属某些种Versinia enterocolitica 小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌Versinia pseudotuberculosis 假结核耶尔森菌Vibrio alginolyiicus 解藻朊酸弧菌Vibrio cholerae 霍乱弧菌Vibrio fluvialis 弗氏弧菌Vibrio fluvialis 河流孤菌Vibrio hollisae 霍氏弧菌Vibrio metschnikovi 梅氏弧菌Vibrio mimicus 最小弧菌Vibrio parahaemolyticus 副溶血弧菌Vibrio vulnficus 创伤弧菌Weeksella virosa 有毒威克斯菌Weeksella zoohelcum 动物溃疡威克斯菌Yersinia enterocolitica 小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌Yersinia frederiksenii 弗氏耶尔森菌Yersinia intermedia 中间耶尔森菌Yersinia kristensenii 克氏耶尔森菌Yersinia pestis 鼠疫耶尔森菌Yersinia pseudotuberculosis 假结核耶尔森菌Yersinia ruckeri 鲁氏耶尔森菌Zygosaccharomyces spp 接合酵母属某些种。
中英文对照微生物名称中英文对照微生物名称及分类需氧革兰阳性球菌特征：呈单、双、四联、链状或簇状；触酶可阳性或阴性。
凝固酶阳性者包括金黄色葡萄球菌、猪葡萄球菌、中间葡萄球菌、路邓葡萄球菌和施氏葡萄球菌聚集亚种。
名称曾用名英文中文英文中文Catalase Positive触酶阳性CatalaseAlloiococcus otitis耳炎差异球菌Kocuria varians Micrococcu varians变异微球菌Kocuria kristinae Micrococcu kristinae克里斯廷微球菌Kocuria sedentarius Micrococcu sedentarius栖息微球菌Micrococcus luteus藤黄微球菌Micrococcus lytae里拉微球菌Staphylococcus aureus spp. 金黄色葡萄球菌aureus金黄色亚种Staphylococcus auricularis耳葡萄球菌Staphylococcus capitis spp.头状葡萄球菌capitis头亚种Staphylococcus capitis spp.头状葡萄球菌ureolytics解脲亚种Staphylococcus caprae山羊葡萄球菌Staphylococcus cohnii ssp.科氏葡萄球菌孔氏葡萄球菌cohnii科氏亚种Staphylococcus cohnii ssp.科氏葡萄球菌孔氏葡萄球菌urealyticum解脲亚种Staphylococcus epidermidis表皮葡萄球菌Staphylococcus albus白色葡萄球菌Staphylococcus hamolyticus溶血葡萄球菌Staphylococcus hominis spp人葡萄球菌人型葡萄球菌hominis人亚种Staphylococcus hyicus猪葡萄球菌Staphylococcus intermedius中间葡萄球菌Staphylococcus lugdunensis路邓葡萄球菌Staphylococcus pasteuri巴氏葡萄球菌Staphylococcus sacharolyticus解糖葡萄球菌Peptococcus sacharolyticus解糖消化球菌Staphylococcus saprophyticus spp.腐生葡萄球菌micrococcus subgroup 3微球菌亚组3saprophyticus腐生亚种Staphylococcus schleiferi spp.施氏葡萄球菌coagulans凝聚亚种Staphylococcus schleiferi spp.施氏葡萄球菌schleiferi施氏亚种Staphylococcus simulans模仿葡萄球菌Staphylococcus warneri沃氏葡萄球菌华纳氏葡萄球菌Staphylococcus xylosus木糖葡萄球菌Stomatococcus mucilaginosus粘滑口腔球菌Catalase negative触酶阴性CatalaseAbiotrophia adiacens Strptococcus adjacens毗邻链球菌Nutritionally variant strptococciAbiotrophia defectiva Strptococcus defectiva软弱链球菌Nutritionally variant strptococciAbiotrophia elegans Nutritionally variant strptococciAerococcus urinae脲气球菌Aerococcus viridans浅绿气球菌Dolosigranulum pigrum懒惰狡诈球菌Enterococcus avium鸟肠球菌Strptococcus avium鸟链球菌(Group D enterococcus)D组肠球菌Enterococcus casseliflavus铅黄肠球菌Strptococcus casseliflavus铅黄链球菌(Group D enterococcus)D组肠球菌Enterococcus cecorum盲肠肠球菌Strptococcus cecorum盲肠链球菌Enterococcus dispar殊异肠球菌Enterococcus durans耐久肠球菌Streptococcus durans耐久(坚忍)链球菌(Group D enterococcus)D组肠球菌Enterococcus faecalis粪肠球菌Streptococcus faecalis粪链球菌(Group D enterococcus)D组肠球菌Enterococcus faecium屎肠球菌Streptococcus faecium屎链球菌(Group D enterococcus)D组肠球菌Enterococcus flavescens 黄色肠球菌Enterococcus gallinarum鹑鸡肠球菌Streptococcus gallinarum鸡链球菌Enterococcus mundtii蒙氏肠球菌Enterococcus pseudoavium 类鸟肠球菌Faklamia hominisFaklamia ignavaFaklamia languidaFaklamia sourekiiGemella bereri Gemella bereriaeGemella haemolysans溶血孪生球菌Neisseria haemolysans溶血奈瑟氏菌Gemella morbilorium麻疹孪生球菌Streptococcus morbilorum麻疹链球菌Peptostreptococcus morbilorum麻疹消化链球菌Gemella sanguisGlobicatella sanguis血格露比卡氏菌Salt-tolerent viridans strptococci耐盐草绿色链球菌Helcococcus kunzii孔氏创伤球菌Ignavigranum ruoffiaeLactococcus garvieae格氏乳球菌Streptococcus garvieae牛乳腺炎链球菌Lancefield group NLactococcus lactis乳酸乳球菌Leuconostoc citreum柠檬明串珠菌Leuconostoc cremoris乳脂明串珠菌Leuconostoc dextranicum葡聚糖明串珠菌Leuconostoc lactis乳明串珠菌Leuconostoc mesenteroides肠膜明串珠菌Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides假肠膜明串珠菌Oenococcus oeni酒酒球菌Leuconostoc oenos酒明串珠菌Pediococcus acidilactici乳酸片球菌Pediococcus damnosus有害片球菌Pediococcus dextrinicus糊精片球菌Pediococcus equinus马肠片球菌Streptococcus equinus马肠链球菌Pediococcus parvulus小片球菌Pediococcus pentosaceus戊糖片球菌Streptococcus acidominimus少酸链球菌Streptococcus bovis group牛链球菌组Group D nonenterococcus D组链球菌Streptococcus bovis牛链球菌Streptococcus equi马链球菌Streptococcus alactolyticus非解乳糖链球菌Streptococcus milleri group米氏链球菌组Viridans streptococci草绿色链球菌Streptococcus anginosus咽峡炎链球菌Streptococcus constellatusStreptococcus intermedius中间链球菌Streptococcus mitis group缓症链球菌组Viridans streptococci 草绿色链球菌Streptococcus mitis缓症链球菌Streptococcus mitior温和链球菌Streptococcus sanguis II血链球菌 IIStreptococcus oralis口腔链球菌Streptococcus mutans group变异链球菌组Viridans streptococci草绿色链球菌Streptococcus cricetus大鼠链球菌Streptococcus mutans变异链球菌Streptococcus rattus 鼠链球菌Streptococcus sobrinus表兄链球菌Streptococcus pneumioniae肺炎链球菌Diplococcus pneumoniae肺炎双球菌Streptococcus pyogenes group酿脓链球菌组Streptococcus pyogenes酿脓链球菌Group A streptococci A 组链球菌Streptococcus agalactiae无乳链球菌Group B streptococci B 组链球菌Streptococcus canis狗链球菌Streptococcus dysgalactiae spp.停乳链球菌Group C streptococci C组链球菌equisimilis似马亚种Streptococcus equi马链球菌Streptococcus equi spp.zooepidemicus马链球菌兽瘟亚种Streptococcus equisimilis似(类)马链球菌Group G streptococci G组链球菌Streptococcus iniae海肠链球菌Streptococcus shiloi希氏(希利氏)链球菌 Streptococcus porcinus豕链球菌Streptococcus salivarius group唾液链球菌组Viridans streptococci草绿色链球菌Streptococcus salivarius唾液链球菌Streptococcus thermophilus嗜热链球菌Streptococcus vestibularis前庭链球菌Streptococcus sanguis group血链球菌组Viridans streptococci草绿色链球菌Streptococcus crista嵴链球菌Streptococcus gordonii格氏链球菌Streptococcus parasanguis副血链球菌Streptococcus sanguis I血链球菌IStreptococcus suis猪链球菌Vagococcus fluvialis河流漫游球菌Weissella paramesenteroides类肠膜魏斯氏菌Leuconostoc paramesenteroides类肠膜明串珠菌需氧革兰阴性球菌特征：呈单、双或簇状；触酶和氧化酶阳性。
![[医学微生物学]肠杆菌科](https://uimg.taocdn.com/4963473e03020740be1e650e52ea551810a6c9d1.webp)
[医学微生物学]肠杆菌科概述肠杆菌科（Enterobacteriaceae）是杆状革兰氏阴性菌的一种。
这一科菌是许多病原菌的重要成员，包括沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌、鼠伤寒沙门菌和致病性鲍曼不动杆菌等。
肠杆菌科菌还可以在医院感染中发挥重要作用。
从肠杆菌科中分离出的细菌通常具有类似的表型和基因组学，其中包括特殊的粘附因子和毒素。
肠杆菌科菌是通常生活在动物和人体内肠道内的一类细菌。
一个人的肠内生态系统通常由自身宿主免疫系统和居住在肠道内的微生物组成。
肠内微生物群落（肠道菌群）是肠道内大约400种细菌群落的总称。
大肠杆菌和其他肠道菌株是正常肠道菌群的重要成分，它们可以分解食物并生成维生素和其他重要物质，同时还可以抑制潜在的病原体。
分类肠杆菌科菌包括24个属和近200种细菌，其中大多数为人和动物病原体。
这些属包括：Escherichia、Salmonella、Klebsiella、Citrobacter、Erwinia、Enterobacter、Hafnia、Morganella、Proteus、Providencia、Serratia、Shigella、Yersinia等。
这些菌株的生态系统是复杂的，各种菌株之间存在交互作用。
许多肠杆菌属菌株都是优良的益生菌，可以帮助人体对抗潜在的病原菌，从而保持身体健康。
另一方面，有些菌株也可能是病原体，可以引起感染和疾病。
特征肠杆菌科菌通常是革兰氏阴性的、非芽孢形成的杆状菌，一般具有以下特征：•具有胞内和胞外的纤毛；•有专门的表面粘附结构，如菌毛和赖氨酸胶囊；•具有多种代谢途径和酶的活性，包括糖、酒精、氨基酸、脂肪酸等代谢途径；•能够在不同的环境中生长，包括温度、pH值、氧气含量等不同的生理条件；•可以产生多种毒素和酶，包括肠毒素、细胞外蛋白酶和溶血素等。
病原性与疾病许多肠杆菌科菌株都是潜在的病原体，其中一些可以引起严重的疾病。
各个菌属所引起的病症、感染路径和病原生物学特征都不一样，但都具有类似的生理和生化特征。
口腔生物学 oral biology生态系 ecosystem生态学 ecology微生态学 microecosystem生态连续 ecological succession小生境 niches口腔生态系 oral ecosystem正常菌丛 normal flora固有菌丛 indigenous flora获得性膜 acquired pellicle牙菌斑 dental plaque生物膜 biofilm牙石 calculus链球菌属 streptococcus变形链球菌 s.mutans血链球菌 s.sanguis乳杆菌属 Lactobacillus放线菌属 Actinomyces奈瑟菌属 Neisseria韦荣菌属 Veillonella牙周病 periodontal disease牙龈炎 gingivitis慢性牙周炎 chronic periodontitis侵袭性牙周炎 aggressive periodontitis牙菌斑生物膜 dental plaque biofilm龈上菌斑 supergingival plaque附着性龈下菌斑 attached subgingival plaque非附着性龈下菌斑 unattached subgingival plaque 福赛坦氏菌 Tannerella forsythensis牙龈卟啉单胞菌 Porphyromonas gingivalis中间普氏菌 Prevatella Intermedia伴放线嗜血菌 Haemophilus actinomycetemcomitans 具核梭杆菌 Fusobacterium nucleatum齿垢密螺旋体 Treponema denticola非特异性菌斑学说 non-specific plaque hypothesis 脂多糖 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)内毒素 endotoxin牙龈素 gingipains白细胞毒素 leukotoxin胶原酶 collagenase角蛋白酶 keratinase基质金属蛋白酶 matrix metalloproteinase糖代谢 carbohydrate metabolism糖酵解途径 glycolysis pathway己糖二磷酸途径 Embden-Meyerhof-Parac磷酸戊糖途径 Hexoses-Monophosphate细胞内多糖 intracellular polysaccharide 细胞外多糖 extracellular polysaccharide 葡糖基转移酶 glucosyltransferase果糖基转移酶 frucosyltransferase右旋糖酐 dextran葡聚糖 glucan变聚糖 mutan丙酮酸 pynivate乳酸 lactic acid磷灰石 apatite氟 fluoride氟磷灰石 fluorapatite羟磷灰石 hydroxyapatite牙本质涎蛋白 dentin sialoprotein DSP二水磷酸二钙 brushite磷酸八钙 octacalcium phosphate晶体结构 crystal structures微量元素 trace element脱矿 demineralization再矿化 remineralization表层下脱矿 subsurface demineralization釉牙本质界 amelodentinal junction釉牙骨质界 amelocemental junction釉原蛋白 amelogenin胶原 collagen非胶原蛋白 non-collagenous protein ,NCPs 牙本质磷蛋白 dentin phosphoproteins ,DPP 分子克隆技术 molecular cloning technology 基因文库 gene library限制性内切酶 retriction endoneuclease DNA连接酶 DNA ligase质粒 plasmid噬菌体 bacteriophage转化 transformation转染 transfection转导 transduction分子杂交 molecular hybridization聚合酶链反映 polymerase chain reaction变性 denaturation退火 annealing延伸 extensionDNA聚合酶 DNA polymerase蔗糖依赖性黏附 sucrose-dependant adherence葡聚糖结合区 glucan-binding domain葡聚糖结合蛋白 glucan binding protein,GBF果聚糖酶 fructanase,Fru分子致病 molecular pathogenesis微生物毒力因子 microbial virulence factors精氨酸-牙龈素 arginine-gingipains,Rgps赖氨酸-牙龈素 lysine-gingipain,Kgps宿主因子 host factors细胞因子 cytokines遗传因子 genetic factors寡核苷酸探针 oligonucleotide probe核糖体核糖核酸（核糖体RNA） ribosomal RNA,rRNA 固有牙槽骨 alveolar bone proper密质骨 cortical bone松质骨 sponge bone成骨细胞 osteoblast破骨细胞 osteoclast骨细胞 osteocyte前列腺素 prostaglandin内部信号系统 internal signal system白细胞介素-1 interleukin-1,IL-1肿瘤坏死因子 tumor necrosis factor,TNF转化因子 transforming growth factor,TGF胰岛素样生长因子 insulin-like growth factor,IGF 立即早期基因 rapid early gene骨移植 bone graft体外 in vitro体内 in vivo细胞培养 cell culture贴壁细胞 anchorage-dependent cells悬浮细胞 suspension cells原代培养 primary culture次代培养 Sub culturing细胞冻存 cell cryopreservation免疫组化 immunocytochemistry组织工程 tissue engineering干细胞 stem cells采样 sampling涂片 smear运输 transport分散 dispersion稀释 dilution接种 inoculation分离 isolation培养 incubation革兰染色 Gram staining接触法则pH touch pH electrode method 学没有子但是有鱼试验 limitus test。
课程名称：生理学姓名：张建华学号： 114120304学院：生命科学学院专业、班级：11应生B班艰难梭菌致病及诊治进展摘要：艰难梭菌是一种革兰阳性厌氧芽胞梭菌，是人类肠道感染的主要致病菌，以肠道病理损伤及菌群失调为主的感染性疾病。
使用抗菌药物后可导致艰难梭菌过度生长，分泌大量毒素Ａ（肠毒素）和毒素Ｂ（细胞毒素），通过毒素介导致病。
毒素Ａ启动细胞损伤后，毒素Ｂ即可侵入肠黏膜，引起细胞病变，导致一系列与感染相关的临床表现。
少数强毒株艰难梭菌还可以产生二元毒素，该毒素可以导致细胞骨架破坏，增强毒素Ａ和毒素Ｂ的作用导致严重病变。
研究发现，人和动物艰难梭菌之间具有同源性，成为人类感染艰难梭菌的传染源。
对艰难梭菌产生毒素的致病机理进行综述，为治疗艰难梭菌感染提供依据。
关键词：艰难梭菌；发病；诊断；治疗1. 艰难梭细菌艰难梭菌（Ｃｌｏｓｔｒｉｄｉｕｍｄｉｆｆｉｃｉｌｅ）是动物和人肠道中的正常菌群，也是抗生素相关性腹泻病原体。
艰难梭菌感染（Ｃ．ｄｉｆｆｉｃｉｌｅｉｎｆｅｃｔｉｏｎ，ＣＤＩ）和艰难梭菌相关性腹泻（Ｃ．ｄｉｆｆｉｃｉｌｅ－ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄｄｉ－ａｒｒｈｅａ，ＣＤＡＤ）是由肠道产毒性艰难梭菌芽胞杆菌过度增殖并释放毒素引起的。
艰难梭菌是马、牛、猪肠道中的病原菌，在仔猪的疾病中，艰难梭菌的感染率高达９０％［２］。
本菌引起动物以发热、腹痛、水样腹泻及伪膜性肠炎为主要症状。
在人类还可导致低蛋白血症、电解质紊乱、败血症、中毒性巨结肠、麻痹性肠梗阻及" 拇指纹" 症，甚至出现死亡。
实验室检查可见白细胞增多、Ｃ－反应蛋白增高和清蛋白降低。
[1]１.1 发病原因艰难梭菌是一种条件致病菌。
正常情况下，少量艰难梭菌存在于肠道正常菌群中，肠道其他益生菌可抑制其过度繁殖，并降解其产生的毒素，而未表现出致病性。
但长期滥用抗生素（尤其是广谱青霉素类、头孢菌素类等）后，肠道正常菌群被抑制，肠道菌群平衡被破坏，耐药的艰难梭菌大量繁殖、产生毒素而致病。
transcription terminator Rho of Clostridium botulinum肉毒梭状芽胞杆菌的转录终结者p因子(Cb-Rho)candidate prion-forming domain候选朊病毒形成域(cPrD)N-terminal insertion domain氨基端插入域(NID)无朊病毒形式酵母菌朊病毒形成蛋白品种([PSI–] strains)有朊病毒形式酵母菌朊病毒形成蛋白品种([PSI+] strains)酵母菌朊病毒形成蛋白(Sup35)酵母菌朊病毒形成蛋白氨基端朊病毒形成域(Sup35NM)酵母菌朊病毒形成蛋白羧酸端基(Sup35C)A bacterial global regulator formsa prionAndy H. Yuan and Ann Hochschild*／／Prions are self-propagating protein aggregates that act as protein-based elements of inheritance in fungi. Although prevalent in eukaryotes, prions have not been identified in bacteria.Here we found that a bacterial protein, transcription terminator Rho of Clostridiumbotulinum (Cb-Rho), could form a prion.We identified a candidate prion-forming domain(cPrD)in Cb-Rhoand showed that it conferredamyloidogenicity on Cb-Rho and couldfunctionally replace the PrD of a yeast prion-forming protein. Furthermore, its cPrD enabledCb-Rho to access alternative conformations in Escherichia coli—a soluble form［that terminated transcription efficiently］and an aggregated, self-propagating prion form［thatwas functionally compromised］.The prion form caused genome-wide changes in the transcriptome.Thus, Cb-Rho functions as a protein-based element of inheritance in bacteria, suggesting that the emergence of prions predates the evolutionary［split between eukaryotes and bacteria］.／／First described as the protein-based causative agent［of the fatal transmissible spongiformencephalopathies (1)］, prions have alsobeen uncovered in fungi, where they act asprotein-based elements of inheritance that confer new phenotypes on cells that harbor them(2, 3). Fungal prions are formed by proteins［thatcan access alternative conformations, includinga self-perpetuating amyloid fold (the prion form)that is characteristically heritable (4)］.At least adozen prion-forming proteins with diversefunctionshave been uncovered in budding yeast (4),to which prions have been shown to confer growthadvantages under specific conditions (3). Nonpathogenic,［prion-like proteins ］have also beendescribed in mammals (5), Aplysia (6), Drosophila(6), and, most recently, Arabidopsis (7). Althoughbacteria have been shown to propagatea yeast prion (8, 9), it is not known if bacterialprions exist.／／We used a previously described hidden Markovmodel–based algorithmtrained on a set of yeastprion-forming proteins (10, 11) to mine ~60,000bacterial genomes for proteins containing candidateprion-forming domains (cPrDs) (table S1).Among ［the proteins identified by this analysis］was the transcription termination factor Rhoof Clostridium botulinum E3 strain Alaska E43(Cb-Rho), ［which contains a 68–amino acidresidue cPrD ］(residues 74 to 141, fig. S1) (12). Rho is ahighly conservedhexameric helicase［that loadsonto nascent transcripts and couplesadenosine5′-triphosphate hydrolysis to RNA translocation］,resulting in the termination of transcription by RNA polymerase (13).Phyletic analysis［ofbacterial Rho orthologs］revealed that many Rhoproteins contain an N-terminal insertion domain(NID) (14).The Cb-Rho cPrD was found to belocated within an NID(Fig. 1A), and, notably,many Rho orthologs from ［distantly related bacteria］contain similarly situated cPrDs (fig. S2).／／A characteristic［of most prion-forming proteins］is their ability to assemble as amyloid aggregates(3, 4). Therefore, we tested Cb-Rho for amyloidogenicity using ［an E. coli–based secretionassay ］［that detects extracellularamyloid］(15).Both［the 68-residue cPrD of Cb-Rho ］and ［a 248-residue fragment of Cb-Rho］［that encompasses the cPrD ［in the structurally well-defined Rho N-terminal domain (NTD) (13)］］had amyloidformingpropensities by this test (Fig. 1, A to C,and fig. S3A).These Cb-Rho domains also formedamyloid-like material ［when fused to monomericyellow fluorescent protein (mYFP)］and producedin the E. coli cytoplasm, as did a truncated NTD fragment retaining the complete cPrD (NTDD1-73); however, an NTD variant ［lacking thecPrD］(NTD D1-141) did not (Fig. 1, A and D, andfig. S3B). Similarly, ［full-length Cb-Rho ］and ［Cb-RhoD1-73］formed amyloid-like material in the E. coli cytoplasm, but excess E. coli-Rho and the threeCb-Rho variants ［that lacked the cPrD ］did not(Fig. 1, A and E, and fig. S3C).Thus, the cPrD confers amyloid-forming potential on Cb-Rho.Next, we asked whether the Cb-Rho cPrDcould functionally replace the PrD of the yeastprion-forming protein Sup35, an essential translationrelease factor.Yeast strains containingSup35［in its nonprion form ([psi–] strains)］display normal translation termination, whereas strains containing Sup35［in its prion form ([PSI+]strains)］exhibit stop codonreadthrough, whichis detectable as a heritablecolony-color phenotype(4).Sup35 has both ［an N-terminal PrD(Sup35NM) that can be functionally replacedby heterologous PrDs ］and［a C-terminal moiety(Sup35C)withtranslation release activity］(11).We replaced Sup35NM with several Cb-Rhofragments (cPrD, NTD, or NTD D1-73) and then constructed three yeast strains, each containing［one of the three resultingCb-Rho–Sup35C chimeras］as the sole source of translation releaseactivity.In each case, the cells exhibited a [psi–]-like phenotype［that could undergo conversion to a stable [PSI+]-like phenotype (Fig. 2, A and B)］,［the propagation of which was dependent on the chaperone Hsp104 (Fig. 2C), ［which mirrored thedependence of［Sup35 and other yeast prions］on Hsp104 (4)］］.Cells containing any one of threeCb-Rho NTD–Sup35C chimera variants ［thatlacked the cPrD ］exhibited [psi–]-like phenotypesonly (Fig. 2, A and B).Thus, Cb-Rho cPrD canfunctionally substitute for Sup35NM.Additionally,our finding ［that the Cb-Rho cPrD–Sup35Cchimera exhibited stable [PSI–]-like and [PSI+]-like phenotypes in yeast ］enabled us to demonstrate that Cb-Rho aggregates ［produced in bacteria］were infectious when introduced into yeast cells(fig. S5). ／／We then asked whether Cb-Rho could interconvert between nonprion and self-perpetuatingprion conformations in E. coli cells, with conversionto the prion form causing decreased Rhoactivity.To detect Rho activity, we used a reportergene construct in which the Rho-dependent terminatortR1 is placed between a phage promoterand the lacZ gene (Fig. 3A). Decreased Rho activityin a strain harboring this reporter should resultin increased expression of lacZ and cause the colonies to appear blue on indicator medium.Althoughwe were unable to replace the E. coli rhogene, an essential gene, with the Cb rho gene(supplementary materials and methods), we could construct a strain with a chromosomally encoded Cb-Rho NTD–E. coli-Rho CTD (C-terminal domain)chimera in place of E. coli-Rho.This strain exhibiteda slow-growth phenotype, which we could ameliorate by supplementing the chromosomallyencoded Rho chimera with excessplasmid-encodedRho chimera (Cb-Rho NTD D1-73–E. coli-RhoCTD) (Fig. 3A and supplementary materials andmethods).Cells containing this plasmid gave riseto both pale blue and blue colonies, where palecolor indicated high Rho activity and blue colorindicated low Rho activity (Fig. 3B).This phenotypic heterogeneity suggested that the plasmidencoded Rho chimera was capable of accessingalternative conformations: a soluble, nonprionconformation (pale colonies) and an aggregated,prion conformation (blue colonies).／／Additional findings fulfilled key predictionsof the hypothesis that alternative protein conformations,including a self-perpetuating prionform, were responsible for the pale and bluecolony-color phenotypes:(i) Plasmid DNA originating from either blue or pale colonies revealed no sequence differences within or surroundingthe chimeric rho gene, and the plasmids behaved indistinguishably whenretransformed into naïve reporter strain cells (Fig. 4A);(ii) Cell lysates prepared from overnight culturesinoculated withblue colonies contained Rho protein aggregates,but those prepared from cultures inoculated withpale colonies contained little aggregated material(Fig. 3C and fig. S6); (iii) Cell cultures of blueand pale colonies produced predominantly blueand pale colonies, respectively, when plated on indicator medium, and this bias was even more pronounced when blue and pale colonies were resuspended and replated without interveningliquid growth, a procedure that enabled us to estimate the probability of spontaneous loss(<0.8% per cell per generation) and appearance(<0.2% per cell per generation) of the Rho prion(Fig. 4A and supplementary materials and methods);(iv) The blue colony-color phenotype (i.e.,the Rho prion) could be propagated for ≥120generations, and its maintenance depended oncontinued synthesis of the Rho chimera (Fig. 4Band supplementary materials and methods);(v)Reminiscent of the effect of Hsp104 overproductionon [PSI+] yeast cells (4), the blue colonycolorphenotype was “cured” by overproductionof the disaggregase ClpB (the bacterial ortholog of Hsp104) (Figs. 3C and 4C); (vi) Transcription profiling on cells［descended fromeither blueor pale parent colonies］revealedgenome-wide readthrough［of Rho-dependent terminators specificallyin cells derived from blue colonies (Fig. 3D,figs. S7 and S8, and table S2) ］(16).Thus, Cb-Rhocan undergo conversion toa self-propagating prionconformation in E. coli cells, eliciting genomewidechanges in the transcriptome. ／／We also observed Cb-Rho prion behavior withoutprotein overproduction by constructing astrain encoding Cb-Rho NTD D1-73–E. coli-Rho CTD at the native chromosomal rho locus. Theresulting cells were healthy and yielded bothblue and pale colonieswhen plated on indicatormedium (fig. S9).Blue colonies spontaneously gave rise to pale colonies at a low frequency(fig. S9, B and C), and the blue colony-color phenotypewascured by transient ClpB overproduction(fig. S9B and supplementary materialsand methods). Moreover, pale colonies gave riseto blue colonies upon transient exposure to 5%ethanol, a stress condition known to confer a fitnessadvantage to E. coli cells carrying a reducedfunctionrho allele (fig. S9B and supplementarymaterials and methods) (17).／／The identification of Cb-Rho as a bacterialprion-forming protein establishes protein-based heredity in the bacterial domain of life, suggestingthat the emergence of prion-dependent phenomena predates the divergence of Bacteria and Eukaryota. Moreover, the presence of cPrDs inRho proteins of bacteria representing at leastsix phyla, including the dominantconstituents of the human gut microbiota, suggests that the impact of bacterial prion-based phenomena maybe far-reaching.Rho and Sup35 prion formationhave an intriguing similarity.Whereasformation of the Sup35 prion triggers genome-wide changesin the proteome due to stop codon readthrough(18), formation of the Rho prion triggers genome-widechanges in the transcriptome due to terminator readthrough. Prionsmay represent a sourceof epigenetic diversity in bacteria that can contributeto bacterial fitness in a variety of settings,for example, by facilitating immune evasion inthe context of infection(19) or enabling antibiotictolerance in quasi-dormant“persister” cells(20).Moreover, because prion formation typicallyresults in a reduced-function phenotype,it is notable that adaptive null mutations inbacteria are common, often facilitating survival in response to environmental challenge (21).。
细菌分类---1细菌分类1 酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)1.1 酸杆菌纲(Acidobacteria)1.2 全噬菌纲(Holophagae)2 放线菌门(Actinobacteria)（⾼G+C⾰兰⽒阳性菌）2.1 放线菌纲(Actinobacteria)3 产⽔菌门(Aquificae)3.1 产⽔菌纲(Aquificae)4 拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)4.1 拟杆菌纲(Bacteroidetes)4.2 黄杆菌纲(Flavobacteria)4.3 鞘脂杆菌纲(Sphingobacteria)4.4 纲未定5 ⾐原体门(Chlamydiae)5.1 ⾐原体纲(Chlamydiae)6 绿菌门(Chlorobi)6.1 绿菌纲(Chlorobia)7 绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)7.1 厌氧绳菌纲(Anaerolineae)7.2 暖绳菌纲(Caldilineae)7.3 绿弯菌纲(Chloroflexi)8 产⾦菌门(Chrysiogenetes)8.1 产⾦菌纲(Chrysiogenetes)9 蓝藻门(Cyanobacteria)9.1 蓝藻纲(Cyanobacteria)10 脱铁杆菌门(Deferribacteres)10.1 脱铁杆菌纲(Deferribacteres)11 异常球菌-栖热菌门(Deinococcus-Thermus)11.1 异常球菌纲(Deinococci)12 ⽹团菌门(Dictyoglomi)12.1 ⽹团菌纲(Dictyoglomi)13 纤维杆菌门(Fibrobacteres)13.1 纤维杆菌纲(Fibrobacteres)14 厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)（低G+C⾰兰⽒阳性菌）14.1 芽孢杆菌纲(Bacilli)14.2 梭菌纲(Clostridia)14.3 热⽯杆菌纲(Thermolithobacteria)15 梭杆菌门(Fusobacteria)15.1 梭杆菌纲(Fusobacteria)16 芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)16.1 芽单胞菌纲(Gemmatimonadetes)17 黏胶球形菌门(Lentisphaerae)17.1 黏胶球形菌纲(Lentisphaerae)18 硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae)18.1 硝化螺旋菌纲(Nitrospira)19 浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)19.1 浮霉菌纲(Planctomycetacia)20 海绵杆菌门(Poribacteria)*21 变形菌门(Proteobacteria)21.1 α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)21.2 β-变形菌纲(Betaproteobacteria)21.3 δ-变形菌纲(Deltaproteobacteria)21.4 ε-变形菌纲(Epsilonproteobacteria)21.5 γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)22 螺旋体门(Spirochaetes)22.1 螺旋体纲(Spirochaetes)23 柔膜菌门(Tenericutes)23.1 柔膜菌纲(Mollicutes)24 热脱硫杆菌门(Thermodesulfobacteria)24.1 热脱硫杆菌纲(Thermodesulfobacteria)25 热微菌门(Thermomicrobia)25.1 热微菌纲(Thermomicrobia)26 热袍菌门(Thermotogae)26.1 热袍菌纲(Thermotogae)27 疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)27.1 丰祐菌纲(Opitutae)27.2 疣微菌纲(Verrucomicrobiae)28 门未定28.1 纤线杆菌纲(Ktedonobacteria)酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)酸杆菌纲(Acidobacteria)酸杆菌⽬(Acidobacteriales)酸杆菌科(Acidobacteriaceae)酸杆菌属(Acidobacterium) (Edaphobacter)(Terriglobus)全噬菌纲(Holophagae)⽯鳖杆菌⽬(Acanthopleuribacterales)⽯鳖杆菌科(Acanthopleuribacteraceae)⽯鳖杆菌属(Acanthopleuribacter)全噬菌⽬(Holophagales)全噬菌科(Holophagaceae)地发菌属(Geothrix)全噬菌属(Holophaga)放线菌门(Actinobacteria)（⾼G+C⾰兰⽒阳性菌）放线菌纲(Actinobacteria)酸微菌亚纲(Acidimicrobidae)酸微菌⽬(Acidimicrobiales)酸微菌亚⽬(Acidimicrobineae)酸微菌科(Acidimicrobiaceae)酸微菌属(Acidimicrobium)(Iamiaceae)(Iamia)放线菌亚纲(Actinobacteridae)放线菌⽬(Actinomycetales)放线菌亚⽬(Actinomycineae)放线菌科(Actinomycetaceae)放线棒菌属(Actinobaculum)放线菌属(Actinomyces)隐秘杆菌属(Arcanobacterium)(Falcivibrio)动弯杆菌属(Mobiluncus)(Varibaculum)(Actinopolysporineae) (Actinopolysporaceae) (Actinopolyspora)(Catenulisporineae)(Actinospicaceae)(Actinospica) (Catenulisporaceae) (Catenulispora)棒杆菌亚⽬(Corynebacterineae)棒杆菌科(Corynebacteriaceae) (Bacterionema)(Caseobacter)棒杆菌属(Corynebacterium) (Turicella)迪茨⽒菌科(Dietziaceae)迪茨⽒菌属(Dietzia)分枝杆菌科(Mycobacteriaceae)分枝杆菌属(Mycobacterium) （含结核杆菌）诺卡⽒菌科(Nocardiaceae)⼽登⽒菌属(Gordonia) (Micropolyspora)(Millisia)诺卡⽒菌属(Nocardia)红球菌属(Rhodococcus)斯科曼⽒菌属(Skermania) (Williamsia)(Smaragdicoccus) (Segniliparaceae)(Segniliparus)束村⽒菌科(Tsukamurellaceae)束村⽒菌属(Tsukamurella)弗兰克⽒菌亚⽬(Frankineae)酸热菌科(Acidothermaceae)酸热菌属(Acidothermus)弗兰克⽒菌科(Frankiaceae)弗兰克⽒菌属(Frankia)地嗜⽪菌科(Geodermatophilaceae)芽球菌属(Blastococcus)地嗜⽪菌属(Geodermatophilus) (Modestobacter) (Kineosporiaceae) (Cryptosporangium)(Kineococcus)(Kineosporia)(Nakamurellaceae)(Humicoccus)(Nakamurella)(Quadrisphaera)孢鱼菌科(Sporichthyaceae)孢鱼菌属(Sporichthya)糖霉菌亚⽬(Glycomycineae)糖霉菌科(Glycomycetaceae)糖霉菌属(Glycomyces) (Stackerbrandtia)微球菌亚⽬(Micrococcineae)获⼭⽒菌科(Beutenbergiaceae)获⼭⽒菌属(Beutenbergia)乔治菌属(Georgenia)萨勒河菌属(Salana)博⼽⾥亚湖菌科(Bogoriellaceae)博⼽⾥亚湖菌属(Bogoriella)短杆菌科(Brevibacteriaceae)短杆菌属(Brevibacterium)纤维素单胞菌科(Cellulomonadaceae)纤维素单胞菌属(Cellulomonas)厄⽒菌属(Oerskovia)(Tropheryma)(Dermabacteraceae) (Brachybacterium) (Dermabacter) (Dermacoccaceae) (Demetria) (Dermacoccus) (Kytococcus) (Dermatophilaceae) (Dermatophilus) (Kineosphaera) (Intrasporangiaceae) (Arsenicicoccus) (Humihabitans) (Intrasporangium) (Janibacter) (Knoellia)(Kribbia) (Lapillicoccus) (Ornithinicoccus) (Ornithinimicrobium) (Oryzihumus) (Serinicoccus) (Terrabacter) (Terracoccus) (Tetrasphaera) (Jonesiaceae) (Jonesia) (Microbacteriaceae) (Agreia) (Agrococcus) (Agromyces) (Aureobacterium) (Clavibacter) (Cryobacterium) (Curtobacterium) (Frigoribacterium) (Frondicola) (Gulosibacter) (Labedella) (Leifsonia) (Leucobacter) (Microbacterium) (Microcella) (Mycetocola) (Okibacterium) (Plantibacter) (Pseudoclavibacter) (Rathayibacter) (Rhodoglobus) (Salinibacterium) (Subtercola) (Yonghaparkia) (Zimmermannella)微球菌科(Micrococcaceae) (Acaricomes)节杆菌属(Arthrobacter) (Citricoccus) (Kocuria)微球菌属(Micrococcus) (Nesterenkonia) (Renibacterium)罗⽒菌属(Rothia)⼝腔球菌属(Stomatococcus)刘志恒菌属(Zhihengliuella) (Promicromonosporaceae) (Cellulosimicrobium) (Isoptericola) (Myceligenerans) (Promicromonospora) (Xylanibacterium) (Xylanimonas) (Rarobacteraceae) (Rarobacter) (Sanguibacteraceae)⾎杆菌属(Sanguibacter) (Yaniaceae)(Yania)科未定(Actinotalea)(Demequina) (Phycicoccus)(Ruania)微单孢菌亚⽬(Micromonosporineae)微单孢菌科(Micromonosporaceae) (Actinocatenispora) (Actinoplanes) (Amorphosporangium) (Ampullariella)(Asanoa)(Catellatospora) (Catenuloplanes) (Couchiolanes) (Dactylosporangium) (Krasilnikovia)(Longispora) (Luedemannella)微单孢菌属(Micromonospora) (Pilimelia) (Planopolyspora) (Polymorphospora) (Salinispora)(Spirilliplanes) (Verrucosispora) (Virgisporangium)丙酸杆菌亚⽬(Propionibacterineae) (Nocardioidaceae) (Actinopolymorpha) (Aeromicrobium) (Friedmanniella)(Hongia)(Kribbella)(Marmoricola)(Micropruina) (Nocardioides) (Pimelobacter) (Propionicicella) (Propionicimonas)丙酸杆菌科(Propionibacteriaceae)河⼝微菌属(Aestuariimicrobium) (Arachnia)(Brooklawnia) (Granulicoccus)江⽒菌属(Jiangella) (Luteococcus)(Microlunatus)丙酸杆菌属(Propionibacterium) (Propioniferax) (Propionimicrobium) (Tessaracocccus) (Pseudonocardineae) (Actinosynnemataceae) (Actinokineospora) (Actinosynnema) (Lechevalieria) (Lentzea) (Saccharothrix) (Umezawaea) (Pseudonocardiaceae) (Actinoalloteichus) (Actinobispora) (Amycolata) (Amycolatopsis) (Crossiella)(Faenia) (Goodfellowia) (Kibdelosporangium) (Kutzneria) (Prauserella) (Pseudoamycolata) (Pseudonocardia) (Saccharomonospora) (Saccharopolyspora) (Streptoalloteichus) (Thermobispora) (Thermocrispum)链霉菌亚⽬(Streptomycineae)链霉菌科(Sterptomycetaceae) (Actinopycnidium) (Actinosporangium) (Chainia) (Elytrosporangium)北⾥菌属(Kitasatoa)北⾥孢菌属(Kitasatospora) (Microellobosporia) (Streptacidiphilus)链霉菌属(Streptomyces) (Streptoverticillium) (Streptosporangineae) (Nocardiopsaceae) (Nocardiopsis) (Streptomonospora) (Thermobifida) (Streptosporangiaceae) (Acrocarpospora) (Herbidospora) (Microbispora) (Microtetraspora) (Nonomuraea) (Planobispora) (Planomonospora) (Planotetraspora) (Sphaerisporangium) (Streptosporangium) (Thermopolyspora) (Thermomonosporaceae)珊瑚状放线菌属(Actinocorallia)(Actinomadura) (Excellospora) (Spirillospora) (Thermomonospora)双歧杆菌⽬(Bifidobacteriales)双歧杆菌科(Bifidobacteriaceae) (Aeriscardovia) (Alloscardovia)双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium) (Gardnerella) (Metascardovia) (Parascardovia) (Scardovia)科未定(Coriobacteridae) (Coriobacteriales) (Coriobacterineae) (Coriobacteriaceae)奇异菌属(Atopobium) (Collinsella) (Coriobacterium) (Cryptobacterium) (Denitrobacterium) (Eggerthella)(Olsenella)(Slackia)红⾊杆菌亚纲(Rubrobacteridae)红⾊杆菌⽬(Rubrobacterales)红⾊杆菌亚⽬(Rubrobacterineae) (Conexibacteraceae) (Conexibacter) (Patulibacteraceae) (Patulibacter)红⾊杆菌科(Rubrobacteraceae)红⾊杆菌属(Rubrobacter) (Solirubrobacteraceae) (Solirubrobacter) (Thermoleophilaceae) (Thermoleophilum)球形杆菌亚纲(Sphaerobacteridae)球形杆菌⽬(Sphaerobacterales)球形杆菌亚⽬(Sphaerobacterineae)球形杆菌科(Sphaerobacteraceae)球形杆菌属(Sphaerobacter)产⽔菌门(Aquificae)产⽔菌纲(Aquificae)产⽔菌⽬(Aquificales)产⽔菌科(Aquificaceae)产⽔菌属(Aquifex) (Calderobacterium) (Hydrogenivirga) (Hydrogenobacter) (Hydrogenobaculum) (Thermocrinis)除硫杆菌科(Desulfurobacteriaceae) (Balnearium)除硫杆菌属(Desulfurobacterium)热弧菌属(Thermovibrio) (Hydrogenothermaceae) (Hydrogenothermus)(Persephonella)(Sulfurihydrogenibium)拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)拟杆菌纲(Bacteroidetes)拟杆菌⽬(Bacteroidales)拟杆菌科(Bacteroidaceae)(Acetomicrobium)(Anaerophaga)(Anaerorhabdus)拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)(Pontibacter)紫单胞菌科(Porphyromonadaceae)(Barnesiella)(Capsularis)(Dysgonomonas)(Hallella)(Odoribacter)(Oribaculum)(Paludibacter)(Parabacteroides)紫单胞菌属(Porphyromonas) （多译作“卟啉单胞菌”，但porphyro-应来源于希腊语“紫⾊”）(Proteiniphilum)(Tannerella)(Xylanibacter)普雷沃⽒菌科(Prevotellaceae)普雷沃⽒菌属(Prevotella) （或译作“普⽒菌”）理研菌科(Rikenellaceae)(Alistipes)(Alkaliflexus)(Marinilabilia)(Petrimonas)理研菌属(Rikenella) （注：Riken是⽇语“理化学研究所”简称）科未定(Acetofilamentum)(Acetothermus)黄杆菌纲(Flavobacteria)黄杆菌⽬(Flavobacteriales)蟑螂杆状体科(Blattabacteriaceae)蟑螂杆状体属(Blattabacterium)(Cryomorphaceae)(Algoriphagus)(Brumimicrobium)(Crocinitomix)(Cryomorpha)(Fluviicola)李时珍菌属(Lishizhenia)(Owenweeksia)黄杆菌科(Flavobacteriaceae)(Actibacter)(Aequorivita)(Algibacter)(Aquimarina)(Arenibacter)伯杰菌属(Bergeyella)(Bizionia)碳酸噬胞菌属(Capnocytophaga) （注：多译作“⼆氧化碳噬纤维菌属”）噬纤维素菌属(Cellulophaga)⾦黄杆菌属(Chryseobacterium)(Cloacibacterium)(Coenonia)(Costertonia) (Croceibacter)独岛菌属(Dokdonia)东海菌属(Donghaeana) (Elizabethkingia) (Empedobacter) (Epilithonimonas) (Flaviramulus)黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium) (Formosa)泥滩杆菌属(Gaetbulibacter)泥滩微菌属(Gaetbulimicrobium) (Galbibacter) (Gelidibacter)(Gillisia)(Gilvibacter)⾰兰菌属(Gramella) (Kaistella)(Kordia)(Krokinobacter) (Lacinutrix)列⽂虎克菌属(Leeuwenhoekiella) (Lutibacter)(Maribacter) (Mariniflexile) (Marixanthomonas) (Mesonia)(Muricauda)(Myroides)(Nonlabens)(Olleya) (Ornithobacterium) (Persicivirga)(Pibocella)极地杆菌属(Polaribacter)冷弯菌属(Psychroflexus) (Psychroserpens) (Riemerella) (Robiginitalea) (Salegentibacter) (Sandarakinotalea) (Sediminibacter) (Sediminicola)世宗菌属(Sejongia) (Stanierella) (Stenothermobacter) (Subsaxibacter) (Subsaximicrobium) (Tamlana) (Tenacibaculum) (Ulvibacter)(Vitellibacter) (Wautersiella) (Weeksella) (Winogradskyella)丽⽔菌属(Yeosuana) (Zeaxanthinibacter)周⽒菌属(Zhouia) (Zobellia)王祖农菌属(Zunongwangia)鞘脂杆菌纲(Sphingobacteria)鞘脂杆菌⽬(Sphingobacteriales)泉发菌科(Crenotrichaceae)(Balneola)(Chitinophaga)泉发菌属(Crenothrix)(Rhodothermus)(Salinibacter)(Terrimonas)(Toxothrix)(Flammeovirgaceae)(Flammeovirga)(Flexithrix)(Perexilibacter)(Persicobacter)(Rapidithrix)(Sediminitomix)(Thermonema)屈挠杆菌科(Flexibacteraceae)(Adhaeribacter)(Aquiflexum)(Arcicella)(Belliella)(Chimaereicella)(Cyclobacterium)噬胞菌属(Cytophaga) （注：⽬前多称此属为“噬纤维菌属”，此处依拉丁⽂）(Dyadobacter)(Echinicola)(Effluviibacter)(Emticicia)(Fabibacter)(Flectobacillus)屈挠杆菌属(Flexibacter)(Hongiella)(Hymenobacter)(Larkinella)(Leadbetterella)(Marinicola)(Meniscus)(Microscilla)(Niastella)(Persicitalea)(Reichenbachiella)(Rhodonellum)(Roseivirga)(Runella)(Spirosoma)⽣孢噬胞菌属(Sporocytophaga)腐螺旋菌科(Saprospiraceae)(Aureispira)(Haliscomenobacter)(Lewinella)腐螺旋菌属(Saprospira)鞘脂杆菌科(Sphingobacteriaceae)(Mucilaginibacter)(Olivibacter)(Parapedobacter)(Pedobacter)(Pseudosphingobacterium)鞘脂杆菌属(Sphingobacterium)科未定(Niabella)纲未定(Flavisolibacter)(Fulvivirga)(Prolixibacter)(Segetibacter)⾐原体门(Chlamydiae)⾐原体纲(Chlamydiae)⾐原体⽬(Chlamydiales)⾐原体科(Chlamydiaceae)⾐原体属(Chlamydia)嗜⾐体属(Chlamydophila)副⾐原体属(Parachlamydiaceae)新⾐原体属(Neochlamydia)副⾐原体属(Parachlamydia)芯卡体科(Simkaniaceae)芯卡体属(Simkania) （注：⼈名缩写简称，此处⽤⾳译）棍⾐原体属(Rhabdochlamydia)*华诊体科(Waddliaceae)华诊体属(Waddlia) （注：WADDL为“华盛顿动物病诊断实验室”缩写）绿菌门(Chlorobi)绿菌纲(Chlorobia)绿菌⽬(Chlorobiales)绿菌科(Chlorobiaceae)臂绿菌属(Ancalochloris)绿棒菌属(Chlorobaculum)绿菌属(Chlorobium)绿爬菌属(Chloroherpeton)暗⽹菌属(Pelodictyon)突柄绿菌属(Prosthecochloris)绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)厌氧绳菌纲(Anaerolineae)厌氧绳菌⽬(Anaerolineales)厌氧绳菌科(Anaerolineaceae)厌氧绳菌属(Anaerolinea)(Bellilinea)纤绳菌属(Leptolinea)(Levilinea)长绳菌属(Longilinea)暖绳菌纲(Caldilineae)暖绳菌⽬(Caldilineales)暖绳菌科(Caldilineaceae)暖绳菌属(Caldilinea)绿弯菌纲(Chloroflexi)绿弯菌⽬(Chloroflexales)绿弯菌科(Chloroflexaceae)绿弯菌属(Chloroflexus)绿线菌属(Chloronema)太阳发菌属(Heliothrix)玫瑰弯菌属(Roseiflexus)颤绿菌科(Oscillochloridaceae)颤绿菌属(Oscillochloris)爬管菌⽬(Herpetosiphonales)爬管菌科(Herpetosiphonaceae)爬管菌属(Herpetosiphon)产⾦菌门(Chrysiogenetes)产⾦菌纲(Chrysiogenetes)产⾦菌⽬(Chrysiogenales)产⾦菌科(Chrysiogenaceae)产⾦菌属(Chrysiogenes)蓝藻门(Cyanobacteria)蓝藻纲(Cyanobacteria)注：⽬前有三套蓝藻分类系统，分别为NCBI、Bergey's⼿册及Cavalier-Smith（2002年，仅分⾄⽬)。
乡间布丘菌 Buttiauxella agrestis布戴约维采菌属：水生布戴维约采菌 Budvicia aquatica布鲁菌属：布鲁菌属某些种 Brucella spp西地西菌属：戴氏西地西菌 Cedecea davisae拉氏西地西菌 Cedecea lapagei奈氏西地西菌 Cedecea neteri柠檬酸杆菌属：无丙二酸柠檬酸杆菌 Citrobacter amalonaticus（+/-无丙二酸柠檬酸杆菌） (+/-Citrobacter amalonaticus) 布氏柠檬酸杆菌 Citrobacter braakii（+/-弗氏柠檬酸杆菌） (+/-Citrobacter freundii)法氏柠檬酸杆菌 Citrobacter farmeri（+/-无丙二酸柠檬酸杆菌） (+/-Citrobacter amalonaticus) 弗氏柠檬酸杆菌 Citrobacter freundii（+/-弗氏柠檬酸杆菌） (+/-Citrobacter freundii)柯氏柠檬酸杆菌 Citrobacter koseri（=差异柠檬酸杆菌） (=Citrobacter diversus)杨氏柠檬酸杆菌 Citrobacter youngae（+/-弗氏柠檬酸杆菌） (+/-Citrobacter freundii)克氏/无丙二酸柠檬酸杆菌 Citrobacter koseri/amalonaticus 爱德华菌属：迟钝爱德华菌 Edwardsiella tarda保科爱德华菌 Edwardsiella hoshinae艾肯菌属：啮蚀艾肯菌 Eikenella corrodens肠杆菌属：阴沟肠杆菌 Enterobacter cloacae产气肠杆菌 Enterobacter aerogenes河生肠杆菌 Enterobacter amnigenus中间肠杆菌 Enterobacter intermedius日沟维肠杆菌 Enterobacter gergoviae阪崎肠杆菌 Enterobacter sakazakii生癌肠杆菌 Enterobacter cancerogenus（=泰勒肠杆菌） (=Enterobacter taylorae)阿氏肠杆菌 Enterobacter asburiae伯克霍尔德菌属：洋葱伯克霍尔德菌 Burkholderia cepacie（=洋葱假单胞菌） (=Pseudomonas cepacie)欧文菌属：欧文菌属某些种 Erwinia spp大肠埃希菌 Escherichia coli弗格森埃希菌 Escherichia fergusonii赫氏埃希菌 Escherichia hermannii伤口埃希菌 Escherichia vulneris假单胞菌属：铜绿假单胞菌 Pseudomonsa aeruginosa荧光假单胞菌 Pseudomonsa fluorescens恶臭假单胞菌 Pseudomonsa putida类鼻疽假单胞菌 Pseudomonsa pseudomallei假单胞菌属某些种 Pseudomonsa spp寡养单胞菌属：嗜麦寡养食单胞菌 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia（=嗜麦芽黄单胞菌） (= Xanthomonas maltophilia)气单胞菌属：嗜水气单胞菌 Aeromonas hydrophila豚鼠气单胞菌 Aeromonas caviae杀鲑杀鲑气单胞菌 Aeromona ssalmonicidas salmonicidas （=杀鲑气单胞菌） (=Aeromonas salmonicidas)温和气单胞菌 Aeromonas sobria产碱菌属：产碱菌属某些种 Alcaligenes spp克雷伯菌属：植生肺炎克雷伯菌 Klebsiella planticola土生拉乌尔菌 Raoultella terrigena解鸟氨酸拉乌尔菌 Raoultella ornithinolytica产酸克雷伯菌 Klebsiella oxytoca肺炎肺炎克雷伯菌 Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumoniae臭鼻肺炎克雷伯菌 Klebsiella pneumoniae ozaenae鼻硬结肺炎克雷伯菌 Klebsiella pneumonia rhinoscleromatis 克吕沃尔菌属：克吕沃尔菌属某些种 Kluyvera spp抗坏血酸克吕沃尔菌 Kluyvera ascorbata栖冷克吕沃尔菌 Kluyvera cryocrescens科泽菌属：特氏科泽菌 Koserella trabulsii勒克菌属：非脱羧勒克菌 Leclercia adecarboxylata米勒菌属：威斯康星米勒菌 Moellerella wisconsensis摩根菌属：摩氏摩根菌 Morganella morganii变形杆菌属：奇异变形杆菌 Proteus mirabilis彭氏变形杆菌 Proteus penneri普通变形杆菌群 Proteus vulgaris group普罗威登斯菌属：产碱普罗威登斯菌 Providencia alcalifaciens 雷氏普罗威登斯菌 Providencia rettgeri斯氏普罗威登斯菌 Providencia stuartii拉氏普罗威登斯菌 Providencia rustigianii 腐败希瓦菌群 Shewanella putrefaciens group 爱文菌属：美洲爱文菌 Ewingella americana哈夫尼菌属：蜂房哈夫尼菌 Hafnia alvei沙雷菌属：无花果沙雷菌 Serratia ficaria居泉沙雷菌 Serratia fonticola液化沙雷菌 Serratia liquefaciens粘质沙雷菌 Serratia marcescens气味沙雷菌1型 Serratia odorifera 1气味沙雷菌2型 Serratia odorifera 2普城沙雷菌 Serratia plymuthica深红沙雷菌 Serratia rubidaea志贺菌属：鲍氏志贺菌 Shigella bogdii痢疾志贺菌 Shigella dysenteriae弗氏志贺菌 Shigella flexneri索氏志贺菌 Shigella sonnei塔特姆菌属：痰塔特姆菌 Tatumella ptyseos志贺菌属某些种 Shigella spp耶尔森菌属：小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌 Yersinia enterocolitica 弗氏耶尔森菌 Yersinia fredericksenii中间耶尔森菌 Yersinia intermedia克氏耶尔森菌 Yersinia kristensenii鼠疫耶尔森菌 Yersinia pestis假结核耶尔森菌 Yersinia pseudotuberculosis 鲁氏耶尔森菌 Yersinia ruckeri莫拉菌属：莫拉菌属某些种 Moraxella spp巴斯德菌属：产气巴斯德菌 Pasteurella aerogenes溶血曼海姆菌 Mannheimia haemolytica多杀巴斯德菌 Pasteurella multocida侵肺巴斯德菌 Pasteurella pneumotropica巴斯德菌属某些种 Pasteurella spp沙门菌属：猪霍乱沙门菌亚利桑那亚种 Salmonella choleraesuis ssp arizonae 猪霍乱沙门菌猪霍乱亚种 Salmonella choleraesuis ssp choleraesuis 沙门菌甲型副伤寒血清型 Salmonella ser.Paratyphi A乙型副伤寒沙门菌 Salmonella paratyphi B沙门菌属某些种 Salmonella spp伤寒沙门菌 Salmonella typhi肠炎沙门菌 Salmonella enteritidis沙门菌鸡血清型 Salmonella ser.Gallinarum沙门菌鸡白痢血清型 Salmonella ser.Pullorum鼠伤寒沙门菌 Salmonella typhimurium不动杆菌属：鲍曼不动杆菌 Acinetobacter baumannii醋酸钙不动杆菌 Acinetobacter calcoaceticus不动杆菌属某些种 Acinetobacter spp鞘氨醇单胞菌属：少动鞘氨醇单胞菌 Sphlingomonas paucimobilis发光杆菌属：美人鱼发光杆菌 Photobacterium damselae（=美人鱼利斯顿菌） (= Listonella damsela)邻单胞菌属：类志贺邻单胞菌 Plesiomonas shigelloides拉恩菌属：水生拉恩菌 Rahnella aquatilis弧菌属：解藻朊酸弧菌 Vibrio alginolyticus霍乱弧菌 Vibrio cholerae河流弧菌 Vibrio fluvialis霍利斯格里蒙菌 Grimontia hollisae最小弧菌 Vibrio mimicus副溶血弧菌 Vibrio parahaemolyticus创伤弧菌 Vibrio vulnificus无色杆菌属：无色杆菌属某些种 Achromobacter spp博德特菌属：博德特菌属某些种 Bordetella spp色杆菌属：紫色色杆菌 Chromobacterium violaceum金色单胞菌属：浅黄假单胞菌 Pseudomonas luteola金黄杆菌属：产吲哚金黄杆菌 Chryseobacterium indologenes（=产吲哚黄杆菌） (= Flavobacterium indologenes)脑膜脓毒性金黄杆菌 Chryseobacterium meningosepticum（=脑膜脓毒性黄杆菌） (=Flavobacterium meningosepticum)黄色单胞菌属：栖稻黄色单胞菌 Flavimonas oryzihabitans希瓦菌属：腐败希瓦菌 Shewanella putrefaciens鞘氨醇杆菌属：多食鞘氨醇杆菌 Sphingobacterium multivorum威克斯菌属：有毒威克斯菌 Weeksella virosa动物溃疡威克斯菌 Weeksella zoohelcum栖稻假单胞菌 Pseudomonas oryzihabitans假单胞菌属：绿脓假单胞菌 Pseudomonas aeruginosa产碱假单胞菌 Pseudomonas alcaligenes荧光假单胞菌 Pseudomonas fluorescens门多萨假单胞菌 Pseudomonas mendocina假产碱假单胞菌 Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes恶臭假单胞菌 Pseudomonas sputita施氏假单胞菌 Pseudomonas stutzeri不动杆菌属：鲍氏不动杆菌 Acinetobacter baumanii乙酸钙不动杆菌 Acinetobacter calcoaceticu溶血不动杆菌 Acinetobacter haemolyticus琼氏不动杆菌 Acinetobacter junii约氏不动杆菌 Acinetobacter johnsonii鲁氏不动杆菌 Acinetobacter lwoffii抗辐射不动杆菌 Acinetobacter radioresistgns莫拉菌属：腔隙莫拉菌 Moraxella lacunata非液化莫拉菌 Moraxella nonliquefaciens奥斯陆莫拉菌 Moraxella osloensis莫拉菌属某些种 Moraxella spp巴斯德菌属：产气巴斯德菌 Pasteurella aerogenes溶血曼海姆菌/海藻巴斯德菌 Mannheimnia haemolytica/Pasteurella trehalosi 多杀巴斯德菌 Pasteurella multocida侵肺巴斯德菌 Pasteurella pneumotropica巴斯德菌群EF4 Pasteurella gr.EF4巴斯德菌属某些种 Pasteurella spp气单胞菌属：嗜水气单胞菌 Aeromonas hydrophila豚鼠气单胞菌 Aeromonas caviae温和气单胞菌 Aeromonas sobria杀日本鲑杀鲑气单胞菌 Aeromonas salmonicida masoucida无色杀鲑气单胞菌 Aeromonas salmonicida achromogenes杀鲑杀鲑气单胞菌 Aeromonas salmonicida salmonicida（=杀鲑气单胞菌） (= Aeromonsa salmonicida)发光杆菌属：美人鱼发光杆菌 Photobacterium damselae（=美人鱼利斯顿菌） ( =Listonella damsela)邻单胞菌属：类志贺邻单胞菌 Plesiomonas shigelloides威克斯菌属：有毒威克斯菌 Weeksella virosa伯格菌属：动物溃疡伯格菌 Bergeyella zoohelcum（=动物溃疡威克斯菌） (= Weeksella zoohelcum)窄食单胞菌属：嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia（=嗜麦芽黄单胞菌） (=Xanthomonas naltophilia)短波单胞菌属：缺陷短波单胞菌 Brevendimonas diminuta（=缺陷假单胞菌） (=Pseudomanas diminuta)泡囊短波单胞菌 Brevendimonas vesicularis（=泡囊假单胞菌） (=Pseudomanas vesicularis)腐败希瓦菌群 Shewanella putrefaciens group产碱菌属：粪产碱菌 Alcaligenes faecalis反硝化无色杆菌 Achromobacter denitrificans（=木糖氧化产碱杆菌反硝化亚种） (=A. xylosoxidans subsp denitrificans) 木糖氧化无色杆菌 Achromobacter xylosoxidans（=木糖氧化产碱杆菌木糖亚种） (=A. xylosoxidans subsp xylosoxidans)土壤杆菌属：放射根瘤菌 Rhizobium radiobacter博德特菌属：支气管炎博德特菌 Bordetella bronchiseptica鸟博德特菌 Bordetella aviumCDC：少见沃特菌 Wautersia paucula丛毛单胞菌属：睾丸酮丛毛单胞菌 Comonas testosteroni（=睾丸酮假单胞菌） (= Pseudomonas testosteroni)食酸代尔夫特菌 Delftia acidovorans（=食酸假单胞菌） (= Pseudomonas acidovorans)色杆菌属：紫色色杆菌 Chromobacterium violaceum金色单胞菌属：浅黄假单胞菌 Pseudomonas luteola黄色单胞菌属：栖稻假单胞菌 Pseudomonas oryzihabitans苍白杆菌属：人苍白杆菌 Ochrobactrum anthropi寡源杆菌属：解脲寡源杆菌 Oligella ureolytica尿道寡源杆菌 Oligella urethralis希瓦菌属：腐败希瓦菌 Shewanella putrefaciens鞘氨醇单胞菌属：少动鞘氨醇单胞菌 Sphlingomonas paucimobilis鞘氨醇杆菌属：多食鞘氨醇杆菌 Sphingobacterium multivorum食神鞘氨醇杆菌 Sphingobacterium spiritovorum弧菌属：解藻朊酸弧菌 Vibrio alginolyticus霍乱弧菌 Vibrio cholerae河流弧菌 Vibrio fluvialis霍利斯格里蒙菌 Grimontia hollisae梅氏弧菌 Vibrio metschnikovii最小弧菌 Vibrio mimicus副溶血弧菌 Vibrio parahaemolyticus创伤弧菌 Vibrio vulnificus伯克霍尔德菌属：洋葱伯克霍尔德菌 Burkholderia cepacia（=洋葱假单胞菌） (=Pseudomonas cepacia)唐菖蒲伯克霍尔德菌 Burkholderia gladioli类鼻疽伯克霍尔德菌 Burkholderia pseudomallei（=类鼻疽假单胞菌） (=Pseudomonas pseudomallei)链球菌属：毗邻颗粒链菌 Granulicatella adiacens（=毗邻链球菌） (=Streptococcus adjacens)软弱克养菌 Abiotrophia defectiva（=软弱链球菌） (=Streptococcus defectiva)少酸链球菌 Streptococcus acidominimus无乳链球菌 Streptococcus agalactiae咽峡炎链球菌 Streptococcus anginosus牛链球菌Ⅰ Streptococcus bovis Ⅰ牛链球菌Ⅱ Streptococcus bovis Ⅱ狗链球菌 Streptococcus canis软弱链球菌 Streptococcus defectivus停乳停乳链球菌 Streptococcus dysgalatiae dysgalatiae（=停乳链球菌） (=Streptococcus dysgalatiae)马肠链球菌 Streptococcus equinus似马停乳链球菌 Streptococcus dysgalactiae equisimilis (=似马链球菌） (= Streptococcus equisimilis)星座链球菌 Streptococcus constellatus中间链球菌 Streptococcus intermadius缓症链球菌 Streptococcus mitis口腔链球菌 Streptococcus oralis类血链球菌 Streptococcus parasanguis肺炎链球菌 Streptococcus penumoniae豕链球菌 Streptococcus porcinus化脓链球菌 Streptococcus pyogenes唾液唾液链球菌 Streptococcus salivarius salivarius嗜热唾液链球菌 Streptococcus salivarius thermophilus 血链球菌 Streptococcus sanguinis猪链球菌Ⅰ Streptococcus suisⅠ猪链球菌Ⅱ Streptococcus suisⅡ兽瘟马链球菌 Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus唾液链球菌 Streptococcus salivarius马马链球菌 Streptococcus equi equi格氏链球菌 Streptococcus gordoniiL群链球菌 Streptococcus gr L变异链球菌 Streptococcus mutans乳房链球菌 Streptococcus uberis肠球菌属：铅黄肠球菌 Enterococcus casselifavus耐久肠球菌 Enterococcus durans粪肠球菌 Enterococcus faecalis屎肠球菌 Enterococcus faecium鹑鸡肠球菌 Enterococcus gallinarum鸟肠球菌 Enterococcus avium气球菌属：浅绿气球菌 Aerococcus viridans加德纳菌属：阴道加德纳菌 Gardnerella vaginalis孪生球菌属：溶血孪生球菌 Gemella haemolysans麻疹孪生球菌 Gemella morbillorum乳球菌属：乳脂乳酸乳球菌 Lactococcus lactis cremoris乳乳酸乳球菌 Lactococcus lactis lactis明串珠菌属：明串珠菌属某些种 Luconostoc spp利斯特菌属：无害利斯特菌 Listeria innocua伊氏利斯特菌 Listeria ivanovii单核细胞增生利斯特菌 Listeria monocytogenes斯氏利斯特菌 Listeria seeligeri利斯特菌属某些种 Listeria spp威氏利斯特菌 Listeria welshimeri嗜热链球菌 Streptococcus thermophilus弯曲杆菌属：大肠弯曲杆菌 Campylobacter coli嗜低温弓形杆菌 Arcobacter cryaerohoilus（=嗜低温弯曲杆菌） (= Campylobacter ryaerophilus)胚胎胚胎弯曲杆菌 Campylobacter fetus fetus性病胚胎弯曲杆菌 Campylobacter fetus venerealis豚肠弯曲杆菌 Campylobacter hyointestinalis德莱空肠弯曲杆菌 Campylobacter jejuni doylei空肠空肠弯曲杆菌 Campylobacter jejuni jejuni红嘴鸥弯曲杆菌 Campylobacter lari红嘴鸥弯曲杆菌UPTC Campylobacter lari UPTC粘膜弯曲杆菌 Campylobacter mucosalis牛唾液弯曲杆菌 Campylobacter sputorrum bubulus唾液弯曲杆菌粪生物变种 Campylobacter sputorum bv fecalis 乌普萨拉弯曲杆菌 Campylobacter upsaliensis同性恋螺杆菌 Helicobacter cinaedi（=同性恋弯曲杆菌） (=Campylobacter cinaedi)芬纳尔螺杆菌 Helicobacter fennelliae（=芬纳尔弯曲杆菌） (=Campylobacter fennelliae)幽门螺杆菌 Helicobacter pylori葡萄球菌属：金黄色葡萄球菌 Staphylococcus aureus耳葡萄球菌 Staphylococcus auricularis头状葡萄球菌 Staphylococcus capitis山羊葡萄球菌 Staphylococcus caprae肉葡萄球菌 Staphylococcus carnosus产色葡萄球菌 Staphylococcus chromogenes科氏科氏葡萄球菌 Staphylococcus cohnii cohnii（+/-科氏葡萄球菌） (+/-Staphylococcus cohnii )解脲科氏葡萄球菌 Staphylococcus cohnii urealyticum（+/-科氏葡萄球菌） (+/-Staphylococcus cohnii )表皮葡萄球菌 Staphylococcus epidermidis溶血葡萄球菌 Staphylococcus haemolyticus人葡萄球菌 Staphylococcus hominis猪葡萄球菌 Staphylococcus hyicus缓慢葡萄球菌 Staphylococcus lentus路邓葡萄球菌 Staphylococcus lugdunensis腐生葡萄球菌 Staphylococcus sarophyticus施氏葡萄球菌 Staphylococcus schleiferi松鼠葡萄球菌 Staphylococcus sciuri模仿葡萄球菌 Staphylococcus simulans沃氏葡萄球菌 Staphylococcus warneri木糖葡萄球菌 Staphylococcus xylosus库克菌属：克氏库克菌 Kocuria kristinae（=克氏微球菌） (=Micrococcus kristinae)变异库克菌 Kocuria varians（=变异微球菌） (=Micrococcus varians)玫瑰色库克菌 Kocuria roseus（=玫瑰色微球菌） (=Micrococcus roseus)微球菌属：滕黄微球菌 Micrococcus luteus莱拉微球菌 Micrococcus lylae微球菌属某些种 Micrococcus spp粘滑罗斯菌 Rothia mucilaginosa不动盖球菌 Kytococcus sedentaruis（=不动微球菌） (=Micrococcus sedentaruis)西宫皮肤球菌 Dermacoccus nishinomiyaensis（=西宫微球菌） (=Micrococcus nishinomiyaensis) API NH 奈瑟氏菌及嗜血杆菌鉴定系统（Ref. 10 400）伴放线菌素嗜血菌 Haemophilus actinomycemtecomitans 奈瑟球菌属：淋病奈瑟球菌 Neisseria gonorrhoeae脑膜炎奈瑟球菌 Neisseria meningitidis乳糖奈瑟球菌 Neisseria lactamica多糖奈瑟球菌 Neisseria polysaccharea灰色奈瑟球菌 Neisseria cinerea干燥奈瑟球菌 Neisseria sicca粘液奈瑟球菌 Neisseria mucosa奈瑟菌属某些种 Neisseria spp微黄奈瑟球菌 Neisseria subflava嗜血杆菌属：流感嗜血杆菌 Haemophilus influenzae流感嗜血杆菌Ⅰ Haemophilus influenzaeⅠ流感嗜血杆菌Ⅱ Haemophilus influenzaeⅡ流感嗜血杆菌Ⅲ Haemophilus influenzaeⅢ流感嗜血杆菌Ⅳ Haemophilus influenzaeⅣ流感嗜血杆菌Ⅴ Haemophilus influenzaeⅤ副鸡嗜血菌 Haemophilus paragallinarum流感嗜血杆菌Ⅵ Haemophilus influenzaeⅥ流感嗜血杆菌Ⅶ Haemophilus influenzaeⅦ流感嗜血杆菌Ⅷ Haemophilus influenzaeⅧ副流感嗜血杆菌 Haemophilus parainfluenzae副流感嗜血杆菌Ⅰ Haemophilus parainfluenzaeⅠ副流感嗜血杆菌Ⅱ Haemophilus parainfluenzaeⅡ副流感嗜血杆菌Ⅲ Haemophilus parainfluenzaeⅢ副流感嗜血杆菌Ⅳ Haemophilus parainfluenzaeⅣ副流感嗜血杆菌Ⅴ Haemophilus parainfluenzaeⅤ副流感嗜血杆菌Ⅵ Haemophilus parainfluenzaeⅥ副流感嗜血杆菌Ⅶ Haemophilus parainfluenzaeⅦ副流感嗜血杆菌Ⅷ Haemophilus parainfluenzaeⅧ嗜沫嗜血杆菌 Haemophilus aphrophilus副嗜沫嗜血杆菌 Haemophilus paraphrophilus睡眠嗜组织菌 Histophilus somni布兰汉球菌属：卡他莫拉菌（布兰汉菌） Moraxella(Branhamella) catarrhalis 大叶性肺炎放线杆菌 Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae假丝酵母属：白假丝酵母 Candida albicans博伊丁假丝酵母 Candida boidinii西弗射盾子囊霉 Stephanoascus ciferrii软假丝酵母 Candida colliculosa都柏林假丝酵母 Candida dubliniensis无名假丝酵母 Candida famata光滑假丝酵母 Candida glabrata季也蒙假丝酵母 Candida guilliermondii平常假丝酵母 Candida inconspicua乳酒假丝酵母 Candida kefyr克柔假丝酵母 Candida krusei朗比可假丝酵母 Candida lambica解脂假丝酵母 Candida lipolytica葡萄牙假丝酵母 Candida lusitaniae木篮假丝酵母 Candida magnoliae挪威假丝酵母 Candida norvegensis近平滑假丝酵母 Candida parapsilosis菌膜假丝酵母 Candida pelliculosa皱落假丝酵母 Candida rugosa圆球形假丝酵母 Candida sphaerica热带假丝酵母 Candida tropicalis产朊假丝酵母 Candida utilis诞沫假丝酵母 Candida zeylanoides隐球菌属：浅白隐球酵母 Cryptococcus albidus腐殖隐球菌 Cryptococcus humicola（=土生假丝酵母） (= Candida humicolus)罗伦隐球酵母 Cryptococcus laurentii新型隐球酵母 Cryptococcus neoformans地生隐球酵母 Cryptococcus terreus指甲隐球酵母 Cryptococcus uniguttulatus地霉属：白地霉 Geotrichum candidum头状地霉 Geotrichum capitatum（=头状丝孢酵母） (=Trichosporon capitatum)克氏地霉 Geotrichum klebahnii安格斯毕赤酵母 Pichia angusta克勒克酵母属：埃皮斯克勒克酵母 Kloeckera apis细尖克勒克酵母 Kloeckera apiculata日本克勒克酵母 Kloeckera japonica克勒克酵母某些种 Kloeckera spp奥默柯达菌 Kodamaea ohmeri魏氏原壁菌 Prototheca wickerhamii红酵母属：粘红酵母 Rhodotorula glutinis小红酵母 Rhodotorula minuta粘质红酵母 Rhodotorula mucilaginosa（=深红酵母+果蝇红酵母）（=Rhodotorula rubra + Rhodotorula pilimanae）酵母属：酿酒酵母 Saccharomyces cerevisiae掷孢酵母属：赭色掷孢酵母 Sporobolomyces salmonicolor丝孢酵母属：阿萨丝孢酵母 Trichosporon asahii（+/-皮状丝孢酵母） (+/-Trichosporon cutaneum)墨汁丝孢酵母 Trichosporon inkin（+/-皮状丝孢酵母） (+/- Trichosporon cutaneum)粘性丝孢酵母 Trichosporon mucoides（+/-皮状丝孢酵母） (+/- Trichosporon cutaneum)白色假丝酵母 Candida albicans无名丝酵母 Candida famata光滑假丝酵母 Candida glabrata平常假丝酵母 Candida inconspicua乳洒假丝酵母 Candida kefyr克假丝酵母 Candida krusei葡萄牙假丝酵母 Candida lusitaniae挪威假丝酵母 Candida norvegensis近平滑假丝酵母 Candida parapsilosis热带假丝酵母 Candida tropicalis新型隐球酵母 Cryytococcus neoformans白地霉 Geotrichum candidum头状地霉 Geotrichum capitatum(=头状丝孢酵母) (=Trichosporon capitatum) 酿洒酵母 Saccharomyces cerevisiae丝孢酵母某些种 Trichosporon spp放线菌属：衣氏放线菌 Actinomyces israelii麦氏放线菌 Actinomyces meyeri内氏放线菌 Actinomyces naeslundii溶齿放线菌 Actinomyces odontolyticus粘放线菌 Actinomyces viscosus拟杆菌属：粪拟杆菌 Bacteroides caccae多毛拟杆菌 Bacteroides capillosus吉氏拟杆菌 Bacteroides distasonis埃氏拟杆菌 Bacteroides eggerthii脆弱拟杆菌 Bacteroides fragilis屎拟杆菌 Bacteroides merdae卵形拟杆菌 Bacteroides ovatus粪便拟杆菌 Bacteroides stercoris多型拟杆菌 Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron 单形拟杆菌 Bacteroides uniformis解脲拟杆菌 Bacteroides ureolyticus普通拟杆菌 Bacteroides vulgatus双歧杆菌属：青春双歧杆菌 Bifidobacterium adolescentis 双歧双歧杆菌 Bifidobacterium bifidum短双歧杆菌 Bifidobacterium breve齿双歧杆菌 Bifidobacterium dentium双歧杆菌某些种 Bifidobacterium spp梭菌属：巴氏梭菌 Clostridium barati拜氏梭菌 Clostridium beijerinckii双酶梭菌 Clostridium bifermentans肉毒梭菌 Clostridium botlinum拜氏/丁酸梭菌 Clostridium beijerinckii/butyricus 丁酸梭菌 Clostridium butyricus尸毒梭菌 Clostridium cadaveris梭状梭菌 Clostridium clostridioforme艰难梭菌 Clostridium difficile矛形梭菌 Clostridium hastiforms溶组织梭菌 Clostridium histolyticum无害芽胞梭菌 Clostridium innocuum泥渣梭菌 Clostridium limosum类腐败梭菌 Clostridium paraputrificum产气荚膜梭菌 Clostridium perfringens多枝梭菌 Clostridium ramosum败毒梭菌 Clostridium septicum索氏梭菌 Clostridium sordellii生孢梭菌 Clostridium sporogenes梭菌属某些种 Clostridium spp近端梭菌 Clostridium subterminate第三梭菌 Clostridium tertium破伤风梭菌 Clostridium tetani产气柯林斯菌 Collinsella aerofaciens真杆菌属：产气真杆菌 Eubacterium aerofaciens迟缓埃格特菌 Eggerthelle lenta粘液真杆菌 Eubacterium limosum梭杆菌属：死亡梭杆菌 Fusobacterium mortiferum坏死梭杆菌 Fusobacterium necroporum具核梭杆菌 Fusobacterium nucleatum可变梭杆菌 Fusobacterium varium孪生球菌属：麻疹孪生球菌 Gemella mobillorum乳杆菌属：嗜乳酸杆菌 Lactobacillus acidophilus发酵乳杆菌 Lactobacillus fermentium詹氏乳杆菌 Lactobacillus jensenii消化球菌属：黑色消化球菌 Peptococcus niger卟啉单胞菌属：不解糖卟啉单胞菌 Porphyromonas asaccharolyticus牙龈卟啉单胞菌 Porphyromonas gingivalis普雷沃菌属：二路普雷沃菌 Prevotella bivia颊普雷沃菌 Prevotella buccae解糖胨普雷沃菌 Prevotella disiens中间普雷沃菌 Prevotella intermedia产黑色普雷沃菌 Prevotella melaninogenica口腔普雷沃菌 Prevotella oralis口普雷沃菌(=口拟杆菌) Prevotella oris(=Bacteroides oris) 丙酸杆菌属：疮疱丙酸杆菌 Propionibacterium acnes颗粒丙酸杆菌 Propionibacterium granulosum贪婪丙酸杆菌 Propionibacterium avidum丙酸丙酸杆菌 Propionibacterium propionicum消化链球菌属：不解糖嗜胨菌 Peptoniphilus asaccharolyticus厌氧消化链球菌 Peptostreptococcus anaerobius吲哚消化链球菌 Peptostreptococcus indolicus大消化链球菌 Peptostreptococcus magnus微小消化链球菌 Peptostreptococcus micros普氏消化链球菌 Peptostreptococcus prevotii消化链球菌群 Peptostreptococcus group葡萄球菌属：解糖葡萄球菌 Staphylococcus saccharolylicus链球菌属：星座链球菌 Streptococcus constellaus中间链球菌 Streptococcus intermedius韦荣球菌属：小韦荣球菌 Veillonella parvula棒杆菌属：水生雷弗森菌 Leifsonia aquatica拥挤棒杆菌 Corynebacterium accolens（=G1群棒杆菌） (=Corynebacterium group G1)非发酵棒杆菌 Corynebacterium afermentans（+/-ANF-1群棒杆菌） (+/-Corynebacterium group ANF-1)无枝菌酸棒杆菌 Corynebacterium amycolatum银色棒杆菌 Corynebacterium argentoratense耳棒杆菌 Corynebacterium auris科伊尔棒杆菌 Corynebacterium coyleae膀胱炎棒杆菌 Corynebacterium cystitidisbelfanti白喉棒杆菌 Corynebacterium diphtheriae belfanti中间白喉棒杆菌 C. diphtheriae intermedius解葡萄糖苷棒杆菌 Corynebacterium glucuronolyticum 麦氏棒杆菌 Corynebacterium macginleyi（=G1/G2群棒杆菌） (= Corynebacterium group G1/G2) 兔肾棒杆菌群 Corynebacterium renale group丙酸棒杆菌 Corynebacterium propinquum(=ANF-3群棒杆菌) (= Corynebacterium ANF-3)解葡萄糖苷棒杆菌 Corynebacterium glucuronolyticum 解脲棒杆菌 Corynebacterium urealyticum(=D2群棒杆菌) (= Corynebacterium Group D2)牛棒杆菌 Corynebacterium bovis缓和白喉棒杆菌 Corynebacterium diphtheriae mitis重白喉棒杆菌 Corynebacterium diphtheriae gravis杰氏棒杆菌 Corynebacterium jeikeium库氏棒杆菌 Corynebacterium kutscher（=JK群棒杆菌） (= Corynebacterium gr.JK)极小棒杆菌 Corynebacterium minutissimum多毛棒杆菌 Corynebacterium pilosum假结核棒杆菌 Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis假白喉棒杆菌 Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum 兔肾炎棒杆菌 Corynebacterium renale纹带棒杆菌 Corynebacterium striatum溃疡棒杆菌 Corynebacterium ulceransF-1群棒杆菌 Corynebacterium group F- 1（=F群棒杆菌） (= Corynebacterium group F)G群棒杆菌 Corynebacterium group G（=G1/G2群棒杆菌） (= Corynebacterium group G1/G2) 红球菌属：马红球菌 Rhodococcus equi红球菌属某些种 Rhodococcus spp利斯特菌属：单核细胞增生利斯特菌 Listeria monocytogenes无害利斯特菌 Listeria innocua格氏利斯特菌 Listeria grayi斯氏利斯特菌 Listeria seeligeri魏氏利斯特菌 Listeria welshimeri利斯特菌属某些种 Listeria spp厄菌属：厄菌属某些种 Oerskovia spp放线菌属：无硝纽氏放线菌 Actinomyces neuii anitratus纽氏纽氏放线菌 Actinomyces neuii neuii Actinomyces neuii radingae图列茨放线菌 Actinomyces neuii turicensis丹毒丝菌属：猪红斑丹毒丝菌 Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae隐秘杆菌属：溶血隐秘杆菌 Arcanobacterium haemolyticum伯纳德隐秘杆菌 Arcanobacterium bernardiae化脓隐秘杆菌 Arcanobacterium pyogenes（=化脓放线菌） (= Actinomyces pyogenes)短杆菌属：短杆菌属某些种 Brevibacterium spp乳酪短杆菌 Brevibacterium casei（=B1和B3群棒杆菌） (= Corynebacterium gr B1 and B3) 表皮短杆菌 Brevibacterium epidermidis（=B群棒杆菌） (= corynebacterium gr B)加德纳菌属：阴道加德纳菌 Gardnerella vaginalis戈登菌属：戈登菌属某些种 Gordona spp罗菌属：龋齿罗菌 Rothia dentocariosa节杆菌属：节杆菌属某些种 Arthrobacter spp（=A群棒杆菌） (= Corynebacterium gr.A)纤维单胞菌属：纤维单胞菌属某些种 Cellulomonas spp（=A3/A4群棒杆菌） (= Corynebacterium gr A3/A4)特氏纤维单胞菌 Cellulomonas turbata（=特氏厄菌） (=Oerskovia turbata)皮肤杆菌属：人皮肤杆菌 Dermabacter hominis迪茨菌属：迪茨菌属某些种 Dietzia spp微小杆菌属：微小杆菌属某些种 Microbacterium spp（+/-A4/A5群棒杆菌） (+/- Corynebacterium gr.A4/A5) 奴卡菌属：奴卡菌属某些种 Nocardia spp厄菌属：纤维化纤维微细菌 Cellulosimicrobium cellulans丙酸杆菌属：痤疮丙酸杆菌 Propionibacterium acnes贪婪丙酸杆菌 Propionibacterium avidum微杆菌属某些种 Microbacterium spp鲍曼不动杆菌 Acinetobacter baumannii嗜水气单胞菌 Aeromonas hydrophilia产吲哚金黄杆菌 Chryseobacterium indologenes（=产吲哚黄杆菌） (=Flavobacterium indologenes)脑膜脓毒性金黄杆菌 Chryseobacterium meningosepticum（=脑膜脓毒性黄杆菌） (=Flvobacterium meningosepticum)布氏柠檬酸杆菌 Citrobacter braakii（+/-弗氏柠檬酸杆菌） (+/- Citrobacter freundii)法氏柠檬酸杆菌 Citrobacter farmeri（+/-无丙二酸柠檬酸杆菌） (+/-Citrobacter amalonaticus)弗氏柠檬酸杆菌 Citrobacter freundii（+/-弗氏柠檬酸杆菌） (+/-Citrobacter freundii)克氏/无丙二酸柠檬酸杆菌 Citrobacter koseri/amanlonaticus迟钝爱德华菌 Edwardsiella tarda肠杆菌属某些种 Enterobacter spp产气肠杆菌 Enterobacter aerogenes河生肠杆菌 Enterobacter amnigenus阴沟肠杆菌 Enterobacter cloacae大肠埃希菌 Escherichia coli伤口埃菌 Escherichia vulneris蜂房哈夫尼亚菌 Hafnia alvei产酸克雷伯菌 Klebsiella oxytoca肺炎肺炎克雷伯菌 Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumoniae摩根摩根菌 Morganella morganii泛菌属某些种 Pantoea spp（+/-成团肠杆菌） (+/- Enterobacter agglomerans)类志贺邻单胞菌 Plesiomonas shigelloides奇异变形杆菌 Proteus mirabilis彭氏变形杆菌 Proteus penneri普通变形菌群 Proteus vulgaris group普通变形杆菌 Proteus vulgaris雷氏普罗威登斯菌 Providencia rettgeri斯氏/产碱普罗威登斯菌 Providencia stuartii/ alcalifaciens铜绿假单胞菌 Pseudomonas aeruginosa荧光假单胞菌 Pseudomonas fluorescens恶臭假单胞菌 Pseudomonas putida假单胞菌属某些种 Pseudomonas spp猪霍乱沙门菌亚利桑那亚种 Salmonella choleraesuis ssp arizonae 猪霍乱沙门菌猪霍乱亚种 Salmonella choleraesuis ssp choleraesuis 沙门菌鸡血清型 Salmonella ser.Gallinarum沙门菌甲型副伤寒血清型 Salmonella ser.Paratyphi A沙门菌鸡白痢血清型 Salmonella ser.Pullorum沙门菌属某些种 Salmonella spp伤寒沙门菌 Salmonella typhi液化沙雷菌 Serratia liquefaciens粘质沙雷菌 Serratia marcescens气味沙雷菌 Serratia odorifera腐败希瓦菌 Shewanella putrefaciens志贺菌属某些种 Shigella spp多食鞘氨醇杆菌 Sphingobacterium multivorum嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌 Stenotrophomonus maltophilia（=嗜麦芽黄单胞菌） (=Xanthomonas maltophilia)解藻朊酸弧菌 Vibrio alginolyticus副溶血弧菌 Vibrio parahaemolyticus创伤弧菌 Vibrio vulnificus霍乱弧菌 Vibrio cholerae小肠结肠类耶尔森菌 Versinia enterocolitica假结核耶尔森菌 Versinia pseudotuberculosis腐败希瓦菌群 Shewanella putrefaciens group柠檬酸杆菌属：无丙二酸柠檬酸杆菌 Citrobacter amalonaticua（+/-无丙二酸柠檬酸杆菌） (+/-Citrobacter amalonaticus) 法氏柠檬酸杆菌 Citrobacter farmeri（+/-无丙二酸柠檬酸杆菌） (+/- C. Amalonaticus)弗氏柠檬酸杆菌群 Citrobacter freundii group（=弗氏柠檬酸杆菌） (=C. Freunclii)克氏柠檬酸杆菌 Citrobacter Koseri（=差异柠檬酸杆菌） (= C.diversus)爱德华菌属：保科爱德华菌 Edwardsiella hoshinae迟钝爱德华菌 Edwardsiella tarda肠杆菌属：产气肠杆菌 Enterobacter aerogenes阿氏肠杆菌 Enterobacter asburiae生癌肠杆菌 Enterobacter cancerogenus（=泰勒肠杆菌） (=Enterobacter taylorae)阴沟肠杆菌 Enterobacter cloacae日沟维肠杆菌 Enterobacter gergoviae阪崎肠杆菌 Enterobacter sakazakii埃希菌属：大肠埃希菌 Escherichia coli费格森埃希菌 Escherichia fergusonii赫氏埃希菌 Escherichia hermannii伤口埃希菌 Escherichia vulneris爱文菌属：美洲爱文菌 Ewingella americana哈夫尼亚菌属：蜂房哈夫尼菌 Hafnia alvei克雷伯菌属：解鸟氨酸拉乌尔菌 Raoultella ornithinolytica产酸克雷伯菌 Klebsiella oxytoca植生克雷伯菌 Klebsiella planticola臭鼻肺炎克雷伯菌 Klebsiella pneumoniae ozaenae肺炎肺炎克雷伯菌 Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumoniae鼻硬结肺炎克雷伯菌 Klebsiella pneumoniae rhinoscieromatis土生克雷伯菌 Klebsiella terrigena克吕沃尔菌属：抗坏血酸克吕沃尔菌 Kluyvera ascorbata栖冷克吕沃尔菌 Kluyvera cryocrescens克吕沃尔菌属某些种 Kluyvera spp米勒菌属：威斯康星米勒菌 Moellerella wisconsensis摩根菌属：摩氏摩根菌 Morganella morganii勒克菌属：非脱羧勒克菌 Leclercia adcarboxglata变形杆菌属：奇异变形菌 Proteus mirabilis彭氏变形菌 Proteus penneri普通变形菌群 Proteus vuigaris group泛菌属：泛菌属某些种 Pantoea spp（+/-成团肠杆菌） (+/-Enterobacter agglonerans)发光杆菌属：美人鱼发光杆菌 Photobacterium danselae（=美人鱼利斯顿菌） (=Listonella damsela)普罗威登斯菌属：产碱普罗威登斯菌 Providencia alcalifaciens雷氏普罗威登斯菌 Providencia rettgeri斯氏普罗威登斯菌 Providencia stuartii沙门菌属：猪霍乱沙门菌亚利桑那亚种 Salmonella choleraesuis ssp arizonae 猪霍乱沙门菌猪霍乱亚种 Salmonella choleraesuis ssp choleraesuis 沙门菌甲型副伤寒血清型 Salmonella ser.Paratyphi A沙门属某些种 Salmonella spp伤寒沙门菌 Salmonella typhi鸡沙门菌 Salmonella gallinarum志贺菌属：志贺菌属某些捉 Shigella spp索氏志贺菌 Shigella sonnei沙雷菌属：无花果沙雷菌 Serratia ficaria居泉沙雷菌 Serratia fonticola液化沙雷菌 Serratia liquefaciens粘质沙雷菌 Serratia marcescens气味沙雷菌 Serratia odorifera普城沙雷菌 Serratia plymuthica深红沙雷菌 Serratia rubidaea寡养单胞菌属：嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia（=嗜麦芽黄单胞菌） (=Xanthomonas maltophilia)耶尔森菌属：小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌 Yersinia enterocolitica鼠疫耶尔森菌 Yersinia pestis假结核耶尔森菌 Yersinia pseudotuberculosis不动杆菌属/假单胞菌属：不动杆菌属某些种 Acinetobacter spp不动杆菌属某些种/假单胞菌属某些种 Acinetobacter spp/Pseudomonas spp 气单胞菌属：嗜水气单胞菌 Aeromonas hydrophila邻单抱菌属：类志贺邻单胞菌 Plesiomonas shigelloides弧菌属：解藻朊酸弧菌 Vibrio alginolyticus霍乱弧菌 Vibrio cholerae河流孤菌 Vibrio fluvialis霍利斯格里蒙菌 Grimontia hollisae梅氏弧菌 Vibrio metschnikovi副溶血弧菌 Vibrio parahaemolyticus创伤弧菌 Vibrio vulnificus洋葱伯克霍尔德菌 Burkholderia cepacia（=洋葱假单胞菌） (=Pseudomonas cepacia)乡间布丘菌 Buttiauxella agrestis戴氏西地西菌 Cedecea davisae拉氏西地西菌 Cedecea lapagei奈氏西地西菌 Cedecea neteri西地西菌属某些种 Cedecea spp李斯特菌属：单核细胞增生利斯特菌 Listeria monocytogenes 无害利斯特菌 Listeria innocua伊氏利斯特菌 Listeria ivanovii威氏利斯特菌 Listeria welshimeri斯氏利斯特菌 Listeria seeligeri格氏利斯特菌 Listeria grayi。
医学英语之营养与食品卫生学词汇导语：医学英语中的营养与食品卫生学A类词汇，大家已经熟悉了，现在就跟随来一起学习B类词汇吧，帮助大家轻松学习医学英语词汇。
Bacillus anthracis 炭疽杆菌Bacillus cereous 蜡样芽胞杆菌Bacillus subtilis 枯草杆菌 Bacillus erysipelatos-suis 猪丹毒杆菌Bacillus tuberculosis bovis 牛型结核杆菌bacon 咸猪肉bacterial mutation test 细菌诱变试验bacteriocidal substance 杀菌物质bacteriophage 噬菌体balanced diet 平衡膳食balance test 平衡实验Balantidium coli 结肠小袋绦虫B.alcaligenes metalcaligenes 粪产碱杆菌barley 大麦【外语教育&网.for68.】basal metabolic rate，BMR 根底代谢率basal metabolism 根底代谢base-forming food 成碱性食品Basidiomycetes 担子菌纲bean curd 豆腐bean curd blade 百叶bean sprout 豆芽beet 甜菜beetle 甲虫类benefit-risk analysis 利害分析benzimidazole 苯骈咪唑benz（a）anthracene （BA）苯并（a）蒽benzo（a）pyrene （B（a）P）苯并（a）芘benzylamine oxidase 苄胺氧化酶beriberi 脚气病beta-BHC β-六六六β-carotene β-胡萝卜素beta hemolytic streptocous 乙型溶血性链球菌betanin 甜菜苷BHC；1，2，3，4，5，6-hexachlorocyclohexane 六六六bilirubin 胆红素biliverdin 胆绿素bilobol 白果（二）酚bioconcentration 生物富集，生物浓集biodeterioration 生物危害bioenergetics 生物能量学biofeedback 生物反应biohazard 生物危害biological concentration 生物富集，生物浓集biological expansion 生物性膨胀（罐头）biological half-time 生物半减期biological prevention 生物防治biological value 生物价（生理价值）biosynthesis 生物合成biotin 生物素biotransformation 生物转化biotransport 生物转运bis（P-chlorophenyl）acetic acid pp'-滴滴埃1，l'-bis（P-chlorophenyl）-2，2——dichloroethane pp′-滴滴滴1，l'-bis（P-chlorophenyl）-2，2-dichloroethylene pp′-滴滴伊1，1'-bis（P-chlorophenyl）-2，2，2trichloroethane pp′—滴滴涕Bitot`s spots（patches）结膜枯燥，比托斑点bitter almond kernel 苦杏仁bittern 盐卤Biuron 敌草隆bleach 漂荡，预煮bleaching agent 漂白剂blindness 盲，视觉缺失blood clam 蚶body mass index，BMI 体重指数botulin（botulismotoxin）肉毒菌毒素botulism 肉毒中毒Bouin's solution 鲍音液Bovine Sponglform Encephalopathy，BSE 疯牛病bran 糠branched chain amino acid 支链氨基酸breakdown 分解breast milk 母乳broad bean 蚕豆bromethane 溴甲烷bromomethane；methyl bromide 溴甲烷brown rice 糙米Brucella 布氏杆菌属Brucelliasis 布氏杆菌病B.subtilis test 桔草杆菌试验B.thermophilie flat sour 嗜热性平酸苗butenolide 丁烯酸内酯butylated hydroxyanisole 丁基羟基茴香醚butylated hydroxytoluene 二丁基羟基甲苯B.welchii（B.perfringens）韦氏杆菌（产气荚膜杆菌）。
微生物学必记的拉丁学名（2）普通微生物学必记的拉丁文学名（注意：红色标记的微生物名称既要会写拉丁文学名又要会认；兰色标记的只要求会认拉丁文学名，会写中文学名。
）细菌假单胞菌属Pseudomonas固氮菌属Azotobacter根瘤菌属Rhizobium慢生根瘤菌属Bradyrhizobium醋杆菌属Acetobacter螺菌属Spirillum沙门氏菌属Salmonella大肠杆菌Escherichia coli欧文氏菌属Erwinia沙雷氏菌属Serratia(又叫赛氏杆菌)粘质沙雷氏菌Serratia marcescens(又叫粘质赛氏杆菌)变形杆菌属Proteus发酵单胞菌属Zymnomonas拟杆菌属Bacteroides弧菌属Vibrio蛭弧菌属Bdellovibrio韦荣氏球菌属Veillonella脱硫弧菌属Desulfovibrio立克次氏体属Rickettsia衣原体属Chlamydia支原体属Mycoplasma密螺旋体属Treponema球衣菌属Sphaerotilus柄杆菌属Caulobacter浮霉状菌属Planctomyces贝日阿托菌属Beggiatoa黏球菌属Myxococcus着色菌属Chromatium绿菌属Chlorobium鱼腥蓝细菌属Anabaena满江红鱼腥蓝细菌Anabaena azollae念珠蓝细菌属Nostoc螺旋蓝细菌属Spirulina硫杆菌属Thiobacillus土壤杆菌属Agrobacterium亚硝化单胞菌属Nitroso monas硝酸杆菌属Nitro bacter葡萄球菌属Staphylococcus金黄色葡萄球菌属Staphylococcus aureus 八叠球菌属Sarcina 微球菌属Micrococcus明串珠菌属Leuconostoc消化球菌属Peptococcus链球菌属Streptococcus肺炎球菌Streptococus pneumoniae 奈氏球菌属Neisseria 乳杆菌属Lactobacillus芽胞杆菌属Bacillus苏云金芽胞杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis枯草芽胞杆菌Bacillus subtilis炭疽芽胞杆菌Bacillus anthracis梭菌属Clostridium丙酸杆菌属Propionibacterium棒状细菌属Corynebacterium双歧杆菌属Bifidobacterium分枝杆菌属Mycobacterium诺卡氏菌属Nocardia链霉菌属Streptomyces弗兰克氏菌属Frankia小单胞菌属Micromonospora高温放线菌属Thermoactinomyces马杜拉放线菌属Actinomadura古细菌甲烷杆菌属Methanobacterium甲烷球菌属Methanococcus盐杆菌属Halobacter盐球菌属Halococcus热网菌属Pyrodictium热原体属Themoplasma真菌八孢裂殖酵母Schizosaccharomyces octosporus 路德酵母Saccharomycodes ludwigii酵母属Saccharomyces酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae汉逊酵母属Hansenula红酵母Rhodotorula假丝酵母属Candida球拟酵母属T orulopsis绵霉属Achlya毛霉属Mucor根霉属Rhizopus葡枝根霉（黑根霉）Rhizopus stolonifer脉胞菌属Neurospora银耳属Tremella伞菌属Agaricus香菇属Lentinus木耳属Auricularia平菇Pleurotus ostreatus曲霉属Aspergillus青霉属Penicillium藻类小球藻属Chlorella水绵属Spirogyra羽纹硅藻属Pinnularia舟形藻属Navicula原生动物眼虫属Euglena变形虫属Amoeba草履虫属Paramecium疟原虫属Plasmodium病毒慢病毒属Lentivirus引起HIV核型多角体病毒属Nucleopolyhedrovirus 烟草花叶病毒属T obamovirusT4噬菌体属T4-like viruses马铃薯纺锤形块茎类Pospivioid病毒属羊搔痒因子Scrapie agent。
茅苍术叶片可培养内生细菌多样性及其促生潜力周佳宇;贾永;王宏伟;戴传超【摘要】对江苏省道地药材茅苍术叶片可培养内生细菌的多样性及其固氮、解磷、解钾、产生长素的能力进行研究.依据菌落形态的不同,共分离得到52株内生细菌.能正常传代培养的45株内生细菌经ARDRA分析后归入14个聚类簇,簇内菌株的BOX-PCR指纹图谱相似度不高,在属水平上显示出茅苍术内生细菌丰富的多样性.各聚类簇代表菌株16S rDNA的序列分析表明分离得到的内生细菌与泛菌属、微杆菌属、短杆菌属、农杆菌属、假单胞菌属、芽孢杆菌属细菌亲缘关系相近,优势内生细菌与假单胞菌属细菌亲缘关系相近.45株能正常传代培养的内生细菌中,有10株能够在无氮培养基上正常生长,具固氮潜力.使用nifH基因通用引物对其基因组进行扩增后,除ALEB 33外,其它9株内生细菌均可获得与nifH基因片段大小相近的条带.分别使用NBRIP培养基和蒙金娜有机磷培养基筛选后获得19株和15株能够溶解磷酸钙和卵磷脂的内生细菌,其中ALEB 43溶解无机磷的能力最强,达(251.43±6.55) mg/L;ALEB 4A溶解有机磷的能力最强,达(23.63±1.46) mg/L.部分内生细菌溶解无机磷的能力与其产酸能力呈正相关,而菌株溶解有机磷的能力却无此相关性.通过硅酸盐培养基的筛选,获得具有解钾潜力的菌株24株.43株内生细菌能够将色氨酸转化为生长素,其中ALEB 44产生长素的能力最强,达(268.44±10.12) μg/mL.本研究首次揭示了江苏省道地药材茅苍术体内丰富的内生细菌资源及其促生长潜力,对进一步阐述茅苍术与内生菌之间的相互关系具有重要意义.【期刊名称】《生态学报》【年(卷),期】2013(033)004【总页数】12页(P1106-1117)【关键词】茅苍术;内生细菌;多样性;促生潜力【作者】周佳宇;贾永;王宏伟;戴传超【作者单位】南京师范大学生命科学学院,江苏省微生物与功能基因组学重点实验室,江苏省微生物资源产业化工程技术研究中心,南京210023;南京师范大学生命科学学院,江苏省微生物与功能基因组学重点实验室,江苏省微生物资源产业化工程技术研究中心,南京210023;南京师范大学生命科学学院,江苏省微生物与功能基因组学重点实验室,江苏省微生物资源产业化工程技术研究中心,南京210023;南京师范大学生命科学学院,江苏省微生物与功能基因组学重点实验室,江苏省微生物资源产业化工程技术研究中心,南京210023【正文语种】中文茅苍术(Atractylodes lancea(Thunb.)DC.)为菊科苍术属多年生草本植物，其干燥根茎为著名药材苍术。
部分微生物学名Acetobacter aceti 醋化醋杆菌Acetobacter pasteurianus 巴氏醋酸杆菌Actinomyces bovis 牛型放线菌Aspergillus flavus 黄曲霉Aspergillus niger 黑曲霉Aspergillus oryzae 米曲霉Azotobactern chroococcum 褐球固氮菌Bacillus anthracis 炭疽芽孢杆菌Bacillus cereus 腊样芽孢杆菌Bacillus megaterium 巨大芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis 枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis 苏云金杆菌Bacterioides fragilis 脆弱拟杆菌Bacterium casei 乳酪杆菌Beauveria bassiana 白僵菌Candida utilis 产朊假丝酵母Chlamydia pneumoniae 肺炎衣原体Chlamydia psittaci 鹦鹉热衣原体Chlamydia trachomatis 沙眼衣原体Clostridium acetobutylicum 丙酮丁醇羧菌Corynebacterium glutamicum 谷氨酸棒杆菌Corynebacterium pekinese 北京棒杆菌Diplococcus pneumoniae 肺炎双球菌Escherichia coil 大肠杆菌Fusarium solani 腐皮镰刀霉Geotrichum candidum 白地霉Gibberella fujikuroi 腾仓赤霉Hansenula anomala 异常汉遜酵母Lactobacilus bulgeriaus 保加利亚乳杆菌Lactobacilus lactis 如酸乳杆菌Lactobacterium delbrllckii 德氏乳酸杆菌Leuconostos mesenteroides 明串珠菌Micrococcus aureus 金色微球菌Micrococcus lysodeikticus 溶壁微球菌Micromonospora echinospora 棘袍小单孢菌Micromonospora purpura 绛红小单孢菌Mucor mucedo 大毛霉Mucor racemosus 总状毛霉Mucor rouxianus 总状毛霉Monascus purpureus 紫色红曲霉Mycobacterium tuberculosis 结核分枝杆菌Neisseria gonorrhoeae 淋球菌Neurospora crassa 粗糙脉孢霉，俗称红色面包霉Nocaridia asteroides 星状诺卡氏菌Penicillium chrysogenum 产黄青霉Pichia farinosa 粉状毕赤酵母Proteus vulgaris 普通变形杆菌Pseudomonas aeruginosa 铜绿假单胞菌，俗称绿脓杆菌Pseudomonas fluorescens 荧光假单胞菌Rhizobium phaseoli 菜豆根瘤菌Rhizopus nigricans 黑根霉Rhizopus oryzae 米根霉Rhodotorula glutinis 粘红酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae 酿酒酵母Sarcina ureau 尿素八叠球菌Schizosaccharomvces octosporus 八孢裂殖酵母Schizosaccharomvces pombe 粟酒裂殖酵母Salmonella typhimurium 鼠伤寒沙门氏菌Spirulina 螺旋蓝细菌，俗称螺旋藻Staphylococcus aureus 金黄色葡萄球菌Streptobacillus moniliformis 念珠状链杆菌Streptococcus faecalis 粪链球菌Streptococcus lactis 乳酸链球菌Streptococcus thermophilus 嗜热链球菌Streptomyces 链霉菌属Streptoporangium roseum 粉红链孢囊菌Streptosporagium viridogriseum 绿色链孢囊菌Trichoderma viride 绿色木霉Thiobacillus thiooxidans 氧化硫硫杆菌Vibrio cholerae 霍乱弧菌Zygosaccharomyces ashbyi 阿舒接合酵母Zymomonas mobilis 运动发酵假单胞Acetohalobium arabaticum 阿拉伯糖醋杆菌Acido-（词头）酸Acidphilium cryptum 隐藏嗜酸菌Acntium velatium 菌幕枪丝霉Acontium pullans 黑色枪丝霉Actinopolyspora halophila 嗜盐防线多孢菌aerobes 需氧Akal-（词头）碱Alicyclobacillus acidocardarius 酸热环酸芽孢杆菌Ab. Acidoterrestris 酸士指环酸芽孢杆菌Ab. Cyclchrptanicus 环庚基指环酸芽孢杆菌Alteromonas 交替单胞菌属Amphibacillus xylamus 木聚糖双芽孢杆菌anaerobes 厌氧Anaerobranca horikoshii 贺利厌氧分支状菌Aquifex pyrophilus 嗜火液菌Archaea 古菌、古菌域—archaea （词尾）古菌Aspergillus flavus 黄曲霉A. nidulans 构巢曲霉A. niger 黑曲霉A.(或Asp.) oryzae 米曲霉Bacillus 芽孢杆菌属B. cereus 蜡状芽孢杆菌B. insolitus 异常芽孢杆菌B. caldotenax 热坚芽孢杆菌B. caldovelox 热溶芽孢杆菌B. methanolicus 甲醇芽孢杆菌B. popiliae 日本甲虫芽孢杆菌B. subtilis 枯草芽孢杆菌B．Licheniformis 地衣芽孢杆菌Bacillus sp. 一种芽孢杆菌Bacillus spp. 若干种芽孢杆菌Bacillus stearothermophius 嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌Bacteria 细菌域bacterio—（词头）细菌、菌bacteriorhodopsin 细菌视紫质bacterioruberins 菌红素—bacterium（词尾）杆菌（属）Baro-（词头）压Barophile 嗜压微生物Bifidobacterium 双歧杆菌属Bifidobacterium bifidum 双歧双歧杆菌B. adolescentis 青春双歧干菌B. breve 短双歧干菌B. infantis 婴儿双歧干菌B. longum 长双歧干菌Binominal nomenclature 双命名法Borderline extreme halophilic 边界极端嗜盐菌Brochothrix thermosphacta 热杀索丝菌Caldocellum saccharolyticum 解糖热纤维菌Candida gelida 嗜冷酵母carotenoid 类胡萝卜素Cephalosporium 头孢霉属chemo—（词头）化（学）Chemolithoautotrophs 化能无机自氧型chemolithotrophs 化能无机营养型Chlamydomonas acidophila 嗜酸衣藻Chlorella spp．绿藻Chondroitin 软骨素Clostridium botulinum 肉毒梭菌Clostridium paradoxum 争论梭菌Clostridium symbiosum 共生梭菌Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum 热硫化氢梭菌Cnndida 假丝酵母属Colwellia 科尔韦尔氏菌属compatible solute 相容性溶质Corynebacterium pekinense 北京棒状杆菌Crenarchaeota 嗜泉古菌Desulfurococcaceae 硫还球菌科Deinococcus radiodurans 耐辐射异常球菌Ectoine 1-羟基-3-甲基吡啶Ectothiorhodospira halochloris 盐绿外硫红螺菌Escherichia coli 大肠杆菌Eu—（词头）真、广Eubacteria （真）细菌Euglena spp．裸藻Eukarya 真核域Eukaryotes 真核生物Euryarcharota 广域古菌extreme—（词头）极端extremophiles 嗜极微生物facultative anaerobes 兼性厌氧Fervidobacterium islandicum 海岛闪烁杆菌Gelidibacter 哥利蒂杆菌—gen（词尾）产（生）Geotoga petraea 结节神袍菌Glycoprotein 糖蛋白Halo—（词头）盐Haloaecula japonica 日本盐盒菌Haloanaerobiaceae 盐厌氧杆菌科haloarchaea 盐古菌Haloarcula 盐棒杆菌属Haloarcula 盐盒菌属Haloarcula marismortui 死海盐盒菌Haloarcula salinarum 萨利娜盐盒菌Halobacterium 盐杆菌属Halobacterium 盐杆菌属Halobacterium cutirubrum 红皮盐杆菌Halobacterium trapanicum 特腊帕尼盐杆菌Halococcus 盐球菌属Halococcus saccharolyticus 解糖嗜盐球菌Haloferax 富盐菌属Haloferax 富盐菌属Haloferax denitrifiCalls 反硝化富盐菌Haloferax gibbonsii 吉氏富盐菌Haloferax mediterrand 地中海富盐菌Haloferax votcanii 沃氏富盐菌Halogeometricum borinquense 伯林盐几何菌Halomonas 盐单胞菌属Halomonas 嗜盐单胞菌属Halomonas 嗜盐单胞菌属halophilic 嗜盐Halorubrum coriense 核盐红菌Halorubrum saccharovorum喜糖盐红菌Halorubrum sodomense 苏打盐红菌Haloterrigena thermotolerans 耐热盐陆地菌Haloversatile 万能盐微生物Halovibrio 嗜盐弧菌属Halrubrum 盐红菌属Hatobaculum gomorrense 哥莫盐红菌hydrogen sulfide 硫化氢Hydroxyectoine 6-羟基-1-羧基-3-甲基吡啶hyper—（词头）超hypersaline 超盐Hyperthermophiles 超嗜热菌hyperthermophilic Archaea 超嗜热古菌Hyphomonas 生丝单胞菌属Kingdom Crenarchaeota 嗜泉古菌界Kingdom Euryarcharota 广域古菌界Kingdom Korarchaeota（初生古菌界Klebsormidium fluitans 漂浮克里藻Korarchaeota 初生古菌Leptospirillum ferrooxidans 铁氧化钩端螺旋菌Leptospirillum ferrooxidans 铁氧化钩端螺旋菌Leptospirillum thermoferrooxidans 嗜热铁氧化钩端螺旋菌M. halophillus 嗜盐甲烷球菌Marinobacter 海洋杆菌属Marinococcus 海球菌属Mesophilic acidophile 嗜温嗜酸菌mesophilic 嗜（中）温Methano mahii 马氏甲烷球菌methano—（词头）甲烷Methanoarchaea 甲烷古菌Methanobacterium 甲烷杆菌属methanochondrion 产甲烷膜粒Methano-chondroitin 甲烷软骨素Methanococcus 甲烷球菌属Methanococcus vannielii 万氏甲烷球菌methanogen 产甲烷Methanopyrus 甲烷嗜高热菌属Methanosalsus zhilinaeae 朱丽娜盐地甲烷菌Methanosarcina 甲烷八叠球菌属Methanosarcina 甲烷八叠球菌属Micrococcus cryophilus 嗜冷微球Moderately thermophilic acidophile 中度嗜热嗜酸菌murein 胞壁质Natialba 无色嗜盐菌属Natrialba asiatica 亚洲嗜盐碱杆菌Natronobacterium 嗜盐碱杆菌菌属Natronobacterium 嗜盐碱杆菌属Natronobacterium magadii 马加蒂嗜盐碱杆菌Natronobacterium wacuolata sp.nov 液泡嗜盐碱杆菌新种Natronococcus 嗜盐碱球菌属Natronomonas 嗜盐碱单孢菌属obligate alkaliphiles 专性嗜碱菌—ococcus（词尾）球菌（属）organo—（词头）有机organotrophs 有机营养型—osarcina（词尾）八叠球菌（属）—otroph、troph （词尾）营养型pepti—（词头）肽Peptidoglycan 肽聚糖Petrotoge meiotherma微热石袍菌—philic（词尾）嗜（好）—philie（词尾）嗜（好）phylogenetic tree 系统发育树Polaromonas vacuolata 产液泡极地单胞菌polymerase 聚合酶pseudo—（词头）假Pseudoalteromonas 假交替单胞菌属Pseudomonas aeruginosa 铜绿假单胞菌P. fragi 莓实假单胞菌P. fluorescens 荧光假单胞菌P. putida 恶臭假单胞菌Pseudomonas 假单胞菌属pseudomurein 假胞壁质、假肽聚糖Psychro-（词头）冷Psychroflexus 嗜冷弯曲菌属Pyrobaculum 热棒菌属Pyrobaculum 热棒菌属Pyrococcus 热球菌属Pyrococcus 热球菌属P. furiosus 激烈热球菌P. woesei 沃氏热球菌Pyrodictiaceae 热网菌科Pyrodictium 热网菌属Pyrodictium occultum 隐蔽热网菌Pyrolobus 热球菌属Pyrolobus fumarii 烟孔火叶菌Rhodotorula 红酵母属rooted tree 有根树Saccharococcus thermophilus 嗜热糖菌Saccharomyces cerevisiae 啤酒酵母菌Saccharomyces ellipsoideus 椭圆酵母—saline（词尾）盐Salinicoccus 盐水球菌属Shewanella 希瓦氏菌属sodium chloride 氯化钠Sphingomonas 鞘氨醇单胞菌属Spirulina 螺旋藻Sporosarcina 芽孢八叠球菌属Streptococcus salivarius subsp thermophi lus 唾液链球菌嗜热亚种sulfate-（词头）硫化物Sulfolobus 硫化叶菌属Sulfolobus acidocaldarius 酸热硫化叶菌sulfur-（词头）硫T. neapolia 那不勒斯栖热胞菌T. thermophilus 嗜热栖热菌therm、thermo—（词缀）热Thermococcus 栖热球菌属Thermophilic acidophile 嗜热嗜酸菌thermophilic 嗜热Thermoplasma acidophilum 嗜酸热原体Thermoptoteus 热变性菌属Thermosipho africanus 非洲栖热腔菌Thermotoga maritima 海栖热袍菌Thermus aquaticus 水生嗜热菌Thermus flavus 黄栖热菌Thiobacillus cuprinus 铜氧杆菌Thiobacillus ferrooxidans 铁氧化硫杆菌Thiobacillus ferrooxidans 氧化亚铁硫杆菌Thiobacillus thiooxidans 硫氧化硫杆菌Thiobacillus thiooxidans 硫氧化硫杆菌Torulopsis 球拟酵母属Ulothrix zonata 环丝藻unrooted tree 无根树Vibrio psychroerythrus 嗜冷红弧菌Yersinia enterocolitica 小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌。
常见微生物界（Domain）、门(Phylum)、纲（Class）、目(Order)、科(Family)、属(Genus)、种(Species)中英文对照界（Domain）Bacteria细菌Archaea古生菌门（Phylum）Proteobacteria变形菌门Bacteroidetes拟杆菌门Actinobacteria放线菌门Gemmatimonadetes芽单胞菌门Acidobacteria酸杆菌门Planctomycetes浮霉菌门Verrucomicrobia疣微菌门Chloroflexi绿弯菌门Nitrospirae硝化螺旋菌门Firmicutes厚壁菌门Chlorobi绿菌门Cyanobacteria蓝藻细菌门Fibrobacteres纤维杆菌门Elusimicrobia迷踪菌门Armatimonadetes装甲菌门Euryarchaeota广古菌门Chlamydiae衣原体Crenarchaeota泉古菌门Tenericutes无壁菌门Spirochaetes螺旋体属纲（Class）Alphaproteobacteria 甲型（α）变形杆菌纲Gammaproteobacteria 丙型变形菌纲Betaproteobacteria β-变形菌纲Actinobacteria 放线菌门、纲Cytophagia 纤维粘网菌Gemmatimonadetes 芽单胞菌门、纲Deltaproteobacteria δ-变形菌纲Acidobacteria-6 酸杆菌门Acidimicrobiia 酸微菌纲Verrucomicrobiae 疣微菌纲Opitutae 丰佑菌纲Nitrospira 消化螺菌属Thermomicrobia 热微菌门Bacteroidia 拟杆菌纲Bacilli 杆菌Chloroflexi 绿弯菌门Anaerolineae 厌氧绳菌纲Clostridia 梭状芽胞杆菌Elusimicrobia 迷踪菌门Ktedonobacteria 纤线杆菌纲Thermoplasmata 热原体纲Chlamydiia 衣原体Thaumarchaeota 奇古菌门Mollicutes 柔膜菌纲Methanomicrobia 甲烷微菌纲Holophagae 全噬菌纲Spirochaetes 螺旋体属目（Order）Xanthomonadales 黄单孢菌目Sphingomonadales 鞘脂单胞菌目Burkholderiales 伯克霍尔德氏菌目Actinomycetales 放线菌目Cytophagales 噬纤维菌目Myxococcales 粘球菌目Acidimicrobiales 酸微菌目Rhizobiales 根瘤菌目Sphingobacteriales 鞘脂杆菌目Flavobacteriales 黄杆菌目Caulobacterales 柄杆菌目Rhodospirillales 红螺菌目Alteromonadales 交替单胞菌目Enterobacteriales 肠杆菌目Verrucomicrobiales 疣微菌目Opitutales 丰佑菌目Gemmatimonadales 芽单胞菌目Nitrospirales 硝化螺旋菌目Pseudomonadales 假单胞菌目Planctomycetales 浮霉菌目Bacteroidales 拟杆菌目Syntrophobacterales 互营杆菌目Bacillales 芽孢杆菌目Thiotrichales 硫发菌目Rhodobacterales 红细菌目，红杆菌目Methylophilales 噬甲基菌目Nitrosomonadales 亚硝化单胞菌目Streptophyta 木霉菌目Clostridiales 梭菌目Legionellales 军团菌目Bdellovibrionales 蛭弧菌目Rubrobacterales 红色杆菌目Caldilineales 暖绳菌目Herpetosiphonales 爬管菌目Chloroflexales 绿弯菌目Rickettsiales 立克次氏体目Acidobacteriales 酸杆菌目Micrococcales 微球菌目Rhodocyclales 红环菌目Stramenopiles 不等鞭毛类Chlamydiales 衣原体目Ktedonobacterales 纤线杆菌目Neisseriales 奈瑟菌目Oceanospirillales 海洋螺菌目Anaeroplasmatales 厌氧原体目Natranaerobiales 盐碱厌氧菌目Halanaerobiales 盐碱厌氧菌目Procabacteriales 普罗卡杆菌目Sphaerobacterales 球杆菌目Methylococcales 甲基球菌目Chlorophyta 绿藻门Holophagales 全噬菌目Methanosarcinales 八叠球菌目，球菌目Bifidobacteriales 双歧杆菌目Methanomicrobiales 甲烷微菌目Aeromonadales 气单胞菌目Spirochaetales 螺旋体目Desulfuromonadales 除硫单胞菌目科（family）Sphingomonadaceae 鞘脂单胞菌科Xanthomonadaceae 黄单胞菌科Cytophagaceae 噬纤维菌科Oxalobacteraceae 草酸杆菌科Nocardioidaceae 类诺卡氏菌科Comamonadaceae 丛毛单胞菌科Caulobacteraceae 柄杆菌科Sphingobacteriaceae 鞘脂杆菌科Flavobacteriaceae 黄杆菌科Sinobacteraceae 华杆菌科Rhodospirillaceae 红螺旋菌科Hyphomicrobiaceae 生丝微菌科Polyangiaceae 多囊粘菌科Erythrobacteraceae 赤杆菌科Enterobacteriaceae 肠杆菌科Verrucomicrobiaceae 疣微菌科Geodermatophilaceae 地嗜皮菌科Opitutaceae 丰佑菌科Streptomycetaceae 链霉菌科Alteromonadaceae 交替单胞菌科Micrococcaceae 微球菌科Actinosynnemataceae 束丝防线菌科Micromonosporaceae 微单胞菌科Pseudomonadaceae 假单胞菌科Planctomycetaceae 浮霉菌科Nannocystaceae 侏囊菌科Syntrophobacteraceae 互营杆菌科Sporichthyaceae 鱼孢菌科Streptosporangiaceae 链孢囊菌科Bradyrhizobiaceae 慢生根瘤菌科Piscirickettsiaceae 鱼立克次体科Rhizobiaceae 根瘤菌科Microbacteriaceae 微杆菌科Pseudonocardiaceae 假诺卡氏科Bacillaceae 芽孢杆菌科Intrasporangiaceae 间孢囊菌科Nitrospiraceae 硝化螺旋菌科Methylophilaceae 噬甲基菌科Phyllobacteriaceae 叶杆菌科，叶瘤菌科Alcaligenaceae 产碱菌科，产碱杆菌科Nitrosomonadaceae 亚硝化单胞菌科Rhodobacteraceae 红杆菌科Thermomonosporaceae 高温单胞菌科Glycomycetaceae 糖霉菌科Acetobacteraceae 醋杆菌科Mycobacteriaceae 分支杆菌科Hyphomonadaceae 生丝单胞菌科Rubrobacteraceae 红色杆菌科Cystobacteraceae 孢囊杆菌科Caldilineaceae 暖绳菌科Rhodobiaceae 红菌科，红游动菌科Burkholderiaceae 伯克氏菌科Coxiellaceae 柯克斯体科Bdellovibrionaceae 蛭弧菌科Acidobacteriaceae 酸杆菌科Clostridiaceae 梭菌科Paenibacillaceae 类芽孢杆菌科Bacteriovoracaceae 噬菌弧菌科Myxococcaceae 粘液球菌科Cellulomonadaceae 纤维素单胞菌科Beijerinckiaceae 拜叶林克氏菌科Frankiaceae 弗兰克氏菌科Rhodocyclaceae 红环菌科Planococcaceae 动球菌科Methylocystaceae 甲基孢囊菌科Nocardiaceae 诺卡式菌科Chloroflexaceae 绿屈挠菌科Thermoactinomycetaceae 高温放线菌科Staphylococcaceae 葡萄球菌科Alicyclobacillaceae 环脂酸芽孢杆菌科Nocardiopsaceae 拟诺卡式菌科Legionellaceae 军团菌科Ktedonobacteraceae 纤线杆菌科Gemmatimonadaceae 芽单胞菌科Moraxellaceae 莫拉氏菌科Corynebacteriaceae 棒状杆菌科Parachlamydiaceae 副衣原体科Cystobacterineae 孢囊杆菌亚目Aurantimonadaceae 橙单胞菌科Bogoriellaceae 博格利亚湖菌科Methylobacteriaceae 甲基杆菌科Rickettsiaceae 立克次氏体Brucellaceae 布鲁氏菌科Lachnospiraceae 毛螺菌科Neisseriaceae 奈瑟氏菌科Halomonadaceae 盐单胞菌科Anaeroplasmataceae 厌氧原体科Peptococcaceae 消化球菌科，冻球菌科Halanaerobiaceae 盐厌氧菌科Peptostreptococcaceae 消化链球菌科Dermabacteraceae 皮杆菌科Procabacteriaceae 普洛卡杆菌科Kineosporiaceae 动孢囊菌科Methylococcaceae 甲基球菌科Syntrophomonadaceae 单胞菌科，互营单胞菌科Oscillochloridaceae 颤绿菌科Chlamydomonadaceae 【植物】衣藻科Holosporaceae 全胞菌科Gordoniaceae 戈登氏菌科Shewanellaceae 希万氏菌科Aeromonadaceae 气单胞菌科Geobacteraceae 地杆菌科Brevibacteriaceae 短杆菌科Porphyromonadaceae 紫单胞菌科Xanthobacteraceae 黄色杆菌科Spirochaetaceae 螺旋体科Propionibacteriaceae 丙酸杆菌科属（Genus）Janthinobacterium 紫色杆菌属Flavobacterium 黄杆菌属Thermomonas 热单胞菌属Mycoplana 枝动杆菌属Sorangium 堆囊菌属Opitutus 丰佑菌属Sphingomonas 鞘脂单胞菌属Streptomyces 链霉菌属Lysobacter 溶杆菌属Cellvibrio 纤维弧菌属Pedobacter 地杆菌属Aeromicrobium 气微菌属Rhodoplanes 红游动菌属Pseudomonas 假单胞菌属Planctomyces 浮霉状菌属Phenylobacterium 苯基杆菌属Pseudoxanthomonas 假黄色单胞菌属Sphingobium 鞘脂菌属Nannocystis 侏囊菌属Variovorax 贪噬菌属Luteimonas 单胞菌属Gemmata 出芽菌属Saccharothrix 糖丝菌属Prosthecobacter 突柄杆菌属Pirellula 小梨型菌属Acidovorax 食酸菌属Lentzea 伦茨氏菌属Streptosporangium 链孢子囊菌属Bacillus 芽孢杆菌属Caulobacter 茎菌属Nocardioides 类诺卡氏菌属Stenotrophomonas 寡养单胞菌Nitrosovibrio 弧菌属Actinoplanes 游动放线菌属Rubrivivax 红肠命菌属Glycomyces 糖霉菌属Agrobacterium 土壤杆菌属Mesorhizobium 中慢生根瘤菌属Agromyces 壤霉菌属Mycobacterium 分枝杆菌属Chondromyces 粒杆粘细菌属Novosphingobium 新鞘氨醇菌属Actinomadura 马杜拉放线菌属Nonomuraea 野野村菌属Catellatospora 链孢菌属Geodermatophilus 地嗜皮菌属Nitrospira 硝化螺菌属Pseudonocardia 假诺卡氏菌属Sporocytophaga 生孢噬胞菌属Bdellovibrio 蛭弧菌属Asticcacaulis 不粘杆菌属Sinorhizobium 中华根瘤菌Hydrogenophaga 噬氢菌属Rubrobacter 红色杆菌属Dactylosporangium 指孢囊菌属Sphingobacterium 鞘氨醇杆菌属Brevundimonas 短波单胞菌属Jiangella 姜氏菌属Burkholderia 伯克霍尔德菌Achromobacter 无色杆菌属Hyphomicrobium 生丝微菌属Pedomicrobium 土微菌属Paenibacillus 类芽孢杆菌Phyllobacterium 叶杆菌属Cellulomonas 纤维菌属Pilimelia 水生角质菌属Arthrobacter 节细菌属Saccharopolyspora 糖多孢菌属Myxococcus 粘球菌Amycolatopsis 拟无枝酸菌Phaeospirillum 褐螺菌属Promicromonospora 原小单孢菌属Cellulosimicrobium 纤维菌属Sporichthya 游鱼孢菌属Chloronema 绿线菌属Nocardia 诺卡氏菌属Pimelobacter 脂肪杆菌属Paracoccus 副球菌属Bosea 氏菌属Staphylococcus 葡萄球菌属Planomicrobium 动性微菌属Rhodoferax 红育菌属Rhodobacter 红杆菌属Hymenobacter 薄层菌属Saccharomonospora 糖单胞菌属Cytophaga 噬细胞菌属Ralstonia 罗尔斯通菌属Rathayibacter 拉氏杆菌属Gemmatimonas 芽单胞菌属Alicyclobacillus 杆菌属Clostridium 梭菌属Corynebacterium 棒状杆菌属Cupriavidus 贪铜菌属Caldilinea 暖绳菌属Azorhizophilus 嗜氮根瘤菌属Rhodococcus 红球菌属Legionella 军团杆菌Brevibacillus 短芽孢杆菌属Polaromonas 单胞菌属Acinetobacter 不动杆菌属Georgenia 乔治菌属Actinocorallia 珊瑚状防线菌属Cryptosporangium 隐孢菌属Comamonas 丛毛单胞菌属CandidatusProtochlamydia Asteroleplasma 无甾醇原体属Sporosarcina 芽孢八叠球菌属Azospirillum 固氮螺菌属Magnetospirillum 磁螺菌属Roseomonas 玫瑰单胞菌属Prauserella 氏菌属Coprococcus 粪球菌属Prauseria 布劳氏菌属Thermoactinomyces 高温防线菌属Methylobacterium 甲基杆菌属Brachybacterium 短状杆菌属Azoarcus 固氮弧菌属Beijerinckia 拜叶林克氏菌属Virgibacillus 枝芽孢菌属Syntrophomonas 互营单胞菌属Geobacillus 土芽孢杆菌属Parachlamydia 副衣原体属Anaeromyxobacter 厌氧粘细菌属Oscillochloris 颤绿菌属Procabacter 普罗卡杆菌属Methanosarcina 甲烷八叠球菌属Microbacterium 微杆菌属Methylophaga 噬甲基菌属Methanoculleus 甲烷囊菌属Methylocaldum 甲基暖菌属Rickettsia 立克次氏体Alkaliphilus 嗜碱菌属Cryobacterium 冷杆菌属Shewanella 希瓦氏菌属Gordonia 戈登氏菌属Psychrobacter 嗜冷杆菌属Serratia 沙雷氏菌属Spirochaeta 螺旋体属Leptolyngbya 鞘丝藻属Caloramator 喜热菌属Dietzia 迪茨氏属Hyphomonas 生丝单胞菌属Yersinia 耶尔森氏鼠疫杆菌属Microlunatus 小月菌属Anaerolinea 厌氧绳菌属Brevibacterium 短杆菌属。
A* Absorption 吸附* Acid-fast bacilli 抗酸杆菌* Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome，AIDS 获得性免疫缺陷综合征* Actinomyces 放线菌属* Adenovirus 腺病毒* Anaerobic bacteria 厌氧性细菌* Antisepsis 防腐* Antistreptolysin O (ASO) test, 抗链球菌溶素O试验* Apparent infection 显性感染* Artificial active immunization 人工主动免疫* Artificial passive immunization 人工被动免疫* Asepsis 无菌* Assembly and release 装备与释放* Astrovirus 星状病毒* Attenuated vaccine 减毒疫苗B* Bacillus 杆菌、芽胞杆菌属* Bacillus anthracis 炭疽芽胞杆菌* Bacteremia 菌血症* Bacterial L form 细菌L型* Bacteriocin 细菌素* Bacteriophage 噬菌体* Bacterium 细菌* Bacteriodes fragilis 脆弱类杆菌* Binary fission 二分裂* Bioproduct 生物制品* Biosynthesis 生物合成* Biovar trachoma 沙眼生物亚种* Borrelia burgdoyferi 伯氏疏螺旋体* Botulin 肉毒毒素* Bordetella pertussis 百日咳鲍特菌* Brucella 布鲁菌属C* Candida albicans 白假丝酵母菌* Calicivirus 杯状病毒* Capsid 衣壳* Capsule 荚膜* Carrier 带菌者* Carrier state 带菌状态* C.botulinum 肉毒梭菌* Chlamydia 衣原体* Chronic infection 慢性感染* Classical biotype 古典生物型* Clostridium 梭菌属* Coagulase 凝固酶* Coccus 球菌* Colony 菌落* Conditional pathogen 条件致病菌* Conjugation 接合* Corynebacterium diphtheriae 白喉棒状杆菌* Coxsackievirus 柯萨奇病毒* Coxiella burnetii 贝纳柯克斯体* C.perfringens 产气荚膜梭菌* C.pneumoniae 肺炎衣原体* Cryptococcus neoformans 新生隐球菌* C.tetani 破伤风梭菌* C.trachomatis 沙眼衣原体* Culture medium 培养基* Cytomegalovirus,CMV 巨细胞病毒* Cytopathic effect,CPE 细胞病变效应D* Darkfeild microscope 暗视野显微镜* Defective virus 缺陷病毒* Dengue virus 登革病毒* Dermatophytes 皮肤癣菌* Diplococcus 双球菌* Disinfectant 消毒剂* Disinfection 消毒* Dysbacteriosis 菌群失调* Dysentery bacterium 痢疾杆菌E* Eclipse period 隐蔽期* Ehrlichia 埃立克体属* El tor biotype Eltor 生物型* Encephalitis B virus 乙型脑炎病毒* Endogenous infection 内源性感染* Endotoxemia 内毒素血症* Endotoxin 内毒素* ECHO , Enteric cytopathogenic human orphan virus ECHO病毒* EAggEC, Enteroaggregative E.coli 肠凝集性大肠埃希菌* EHEC, Enterohemorrhagic E.coli 肠出血性大肠埃希菌* EIEC, Enteroinvasive E.coli 肠侵袭性大肠埃希菌* EPEC, Enteropathogenic E.coli 肠致病性大肠埃希菌* ETEC, Enterotoxigenic E.coli 肠产毒性大肠埃希菌* Enterotoxin 肠毒素* Enterovirus 肠道病毒* Envelope 包膜* Epstein-Barr virus，EBV EB病毒* Escherichia coli 大肠埃希菌* Exogenous infection 外源性感染* Exotoxin 外毒素* Extracellular bacteria 胞外菌F* Facultative anaerobe 兼性厌氧菌* Fertility factor,F factor 致育因子* Filtration 滤过除菌法* Fimbriae 菌毛* Flagellum 鞭毛* Fungus 真菌G* Generalized infection 全身感染* Gene transfer 基因转移* Genus 菌属* Gonococcus 淋球菌* Gram stain 革兰染色* Growth curve 生长曲线* Growth factor 生长因子H* Haemophilus influenzae 流感嗜血杆菌* Hantavirus 汉坦病毒* Helicobacter pylori 幽门螺杆菌* Helical symmetry 螺旋对称* Hemagglutinin ，HA 血凝素* α-hemolytic streptococcus 甲型（α）溶血链球菌* β-hemolytic steptococcus 乙性（β）溶血性链菌* HAV, Hepatitis A virus 甲型肝炎病毒* HBV, Hepatitis B virus 乙型肝炎病毒* HCV, Hepatitis C virus 丙型肝炎病毒* HDV, Hepatitis D virus 丁型肝炎病毒* HEV, hepatitis E virus 戊型肝炎病毒* HGV, hepatitis G virus 庚型肝炎病毒* Horizontal transmission 水平传播* Herpes simplex virus，HSV 单纯疱疹病毒* Human herpes viruses,HHV 人疱疹病毒* Human immunodeficiency viru ,HIV 人类免疫缺陷病毒* Human papillomavirus，HPV 人乳头瘤病毒属* Hyaluronidase 透明质酸酶* Hypha 菌丝I* Icosahedral symmetry 二十面体对称* Inactivated vaccine 灭活疫苗* Inactivation 灭活* Inapparent infection 隐性感染* Inclusion bodies 包涵体* Infection immunity 传染免疫* Influenza virus 流行性感冒病毒* Innate immunity 天然免疫* Integration 整合* Interferon 干扰素* Invasiveness 侵袭L* Latent infection 潜伏感染* Legionella 军团菌属* Leptospira 钩端螺旋体* Lipid A 脂质A* Lipopolysaccharide, LPS 脂多糖* Lyme disease 莱姆病* Lysogenic phage 溶原性噬菌体* Lysogenic bacterium 溶原性细菌* Lysogenic conversion 溶原性转换* Lysozyme 溶菌酶M* Measles virus 麻疹病毒* Medical microbiology 医学微生物学* Medical virology 医学病毒学* Meningococcus 脑膜炎球菌* Metachromatic granule 异染颗粒* Microaerophilic bacterium 微需氧菌* Microbiology 微生物学* Microorganism 微生物* M.leprae 麻风分枝杆菌* Mold 霉菌* M. Pneumoniae 肺炎支原体* M.tuberculosis 结核分枝杆菌* Mumps virus 腮腺炎病毒* Mycelium 菌丝体* Mycobacterium 分枝杆菌* Mycoplasma 支原体N* Negri body 内基小体* Negative staining 负染* Neisseria 奈瑟菌属* Neuraminidase, NA 神经氨酸酶* N.gonorrhoeae 淋病奈瑟菌* N.meningitidis 膜炎奈瑟菌* Nonpathogenic bacterium,nonpathogen 非病原菌* Nonspecific immunity 非特异性免疫* Normal flora 正常菌群* Nosocomial infction 医院内感染* Nuclear material 核质* Nuclocapsid 核衣壳O* Obligate aerobe 专性需氧菌* Obligate anaerobe 专性厌氧菌* Opportunistic pathogenesis 机会致病性* Orthomyxoviridae 正粘病毒科* Outer membrane protein,OMP 外膜蛋白P* Parvovirus 细小病毒* Pasteurization 巴氏消毒法* Pathogenic bacterium,pathogen 病原菌* Pathogenicity 致病性* Peptostreptococcus 消化链球菌属* Peptidoglycan 肽聚糖* Persistent viral infection 持续性病毒感染* Phagocytosis 吞噬作用* Picornaviridae 小RNA病毒科* Pilus 菌毛* Pinocytosis 吞饮作用* Plasmid 质粒* Pneumocystis carinii 卡氏肺孢菌* Pneumococcus 肺炎球菌* Poliovirus 脊髓灰质炎病毒* Prion ( prion protine,PrP ) 朊粒* Prokaryotae 原核生物界* Prophage 前噬菌体* Pyemia 脓毒血症* Pyogenic coccus 化脓性球菌*Pyrogen 热原质R* Rabies virus 狂犬病病毒* Respiratory syscytial virus, RSV 呼吸道合胞病毒* Retroviridae 逆转录病毒科* Rickettsia 立克次体* Rotavirus 轮状病毒* Rubella virus 风疹病毒S* Salmonella 沙门菌属* S.boydii 鲍氏志贺菌* S.dysenteriae 痢疾志贺菌* Septicemia 败血症* Serological diagnosis 血清学诊断* S.flexneri 福氏志贺菌* Shigella 志贺菌属* Slow virus infection 慢发病毒感染* S.paratyphi A 甲型副伤寒沙门菌* Specific polysaccharide 特异多糖* Spike 刺突* Spiral bacterium 螺形菌* Spirochete 螺旋体* S.pneumoniae 肺炎链球菌* Spore 芽胞*S.sonnei 宋内氏志贺菌* Staphylococcus 葡萄球菌属* Sterilization 灭菌* Stormy fermentation 汹涌发酵* Strain 菌株* Streptococcus 链球菌属* γ-streptococcus 丙型（γ）链球菌* StreptolysinO, SLO 链球菌溶素O* S.typhi 伤寒沙门菌* Subclinical infection 亚临床感染* Subvirus 亚病毒* Sulfur granule 硫磺样颗粒T* Teichoic acid 磷壁酸* Temperate phage 温和噬菌体* Tetanospasmin 破伤风痉挛毒素* Tetanus antitoxin,TAT 破伤风抗毒素* Titer 效价或滴度* Toxemia 毒血症* Toxin 毒素* Toxoid 类毒素* Treponema pallidium 苍白密螺旋体* Transduction 转导* Transformation 转化* Type 型* Typhoid fever,or enteric fever 肠热症U* Uncoating 脱壳* Ureaplasma.Urealyticum 溶脲脲原体V* Vaccine 疫苗* Varicella-zoster virus VZV 水痘-带状疱疹病毒* Vertical transmission 垂直传播* Vibrio cholerae 霍乱弧菌* Virion 病毒体* Virology 病毒学* Virulence 毒力* Virulent phage 毒性噬菌体* Virus 病毒* V.parahemolyticus 副溶血性弧菌W* Weil-Felix reaction 外斐反应* Widal reaction 肥达反应Y* Yersina 耶尔森菌Z* Zoonosis 动物源性疾病。
Ecological Engineering 87(2016)91–97Contents lists available at ScienceDirectEcologicalEngineeringj o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /e c o l e ngShortcommunicationEndophytic culturable bacteria colonizing Lavandula dentataL.plants:Isolation,characterization and evaluation of their plant growth-promoting activitiesS.I.A.Pereira,C.Monteiro,A.L.Vega,P.M.L.Castro ∗CBQF –Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina –Laboratório Associado,Escola Superior de Biotecnologia,Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto,Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital,Apartado 2511,4202-401Porto,Portugala r t i c l ei n f oArticle history:Received 28April 2015Received in revised form 5September 2015Accepted 17November 2015Available online 1December 2015Keywords:Endophytic bacteria DiversityIndol-3-acetic acid LavenderPlant growth promotiona b s t r a c tAromatic plants such as lavender are stirring the attention of many researchers due to their content in bioactive secondary metabolites that can be used in traditional medicine.However,information regarding naturally occurring lavender associated bacterial endophytes (BE)is limited.To the best of our knowledge,this is the first study which aims to assess the phylogenetic diversity of the culturable endophytic bacteria of Lavandula dentata cultivated under organic management and to evaluate their potential as plant growth promoting (PGP)agents.BE were grouped by random amplified polymorphic DNA and identified by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing.Endophytes were further characterized for the ability to produce several PGP substances,like ammonia,siderophores,indol-3-acetic acid,and hydrogen cyanide and for the ability to solubilize phosphate.Plant cell-wall degrading enzymes were also determined.Densities of BE were higher in roots (log 6.39CFU g −1fresh weight)than in shoots (log 5.56CFU g −1fresh weight).Phylogenetic analysis showed that BE were affiliated to two major groups:␥-Proteobacteria (50%)and Firmicutes (31.6%)and a small part belonged to ␣-(7.9%)and -Proteobacteria (10.5%),being Pseudomonas and Bacillus the most highly represented genera.Higher bacterial diversity was found in the lavender roots,with endophytes belonging to 6different genera (Pseudomonas ,Variovorax ,Rhizobium ,Caulobacter,Bacillus and Paenibacillus ),than in shoots where only 3genera (Bacillus ,Pseudomonas and Xanthomonas )were found.Overall,BE showed ability to produce extracellular enzymes and multiple PGP traits,suggesting their potential use as efficient bioinoculants in sustainable cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants.©2015Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionLavandula species (Lamiaceae)are endemic to the Mediter-ranean region,Arabian Peninsula,Canary Islands,and India (Upson,2002),being widely cultivated worldwide,due to their economic value for cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries and also for orna-mental purpose (Bakkali et al.,2008;Muyima et al.,2002).Bioactive secondary metabolites such as essential oils are extracted from various aromatic plants and in particular those extracted from Lavandula dentata stand out for their use in popular medicine as antidiabetic,antihypertensive,and antiprotozoal agent (Al-Musayeib et al.,2012),explaining the growing interest of the pharmaceutical industries in these natural compounds.Lavender species can be propagated by seeds or by woody stem cuttings.The propagation through seeds is usually slow,plants∗Corresponding author.E-mail address:plcastro@porto.ucp.pt (P.M.L.Castro).show a large variation in growth and in oil composition,and the genetic uniformity of the resulting plants is not guaranteed (Zuzarte et al.,2010).For these reasons,vegetative propagation is preferred to reproduction by seeds.Propagation by cuttings is fast,does not require special techniques and methods and is less expensive than in vitro micropropagation (Zuzarte et al.,2010).However,the poor rooting capacity of cuttings is often observed.In order to overcome this problem,plant growth regulators like the indole-3-butyric acid (IBA)and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)are commonly used and showed to be efficient in increasing the adventitious root forma-tion and the rooting capacity of cuttings (Bona et al.,2010;Kasem and El-baset,2014).However,chemical application raises environ-mental concerns and increases production costs thus the use of sustainable practices in the production of medicinal and aromatic plants is imperative.Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)have been used as bioinoculants for improving plant growth in a wide range of environments and crop species (Pereira and Castro,2014a;Pereira et al.,2015).Several authors also reported that PGPR induced root/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.11.0330925-8574/©2015Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.92S.I.A.Pereira et al./Ecological Engineering87(2016)91–97formation in stem cuttings of several aromatic plants,namely in Mentha piperita(Kaymak et al.,2008)and in Lavandula angustifolia (Kasem and El-baset,2014).However,very little is known about the effects of bacterial endophytes(BE)on the rooting capacity of cuttings.Endophytic bacteria are defined as those that colonize the inner tissues of healthy plants without causing symptoms of disease or detrimental effect on their host(Schulz and Boyle,2006).Similarly to rhizobacteria,BE promote plant growth by several mechanisms, including phosphate solubilization,nitrogenfixation,production of siderophores and ammonia and through the production of wide range of phytohormones,such as auxins,cytokinins and gibberellic acids(Pereira and Castro,2014b;Verma et al.,2001).Endophytic bacteria have the advantage of proliferating within the plant tissue thus facing less competition for nutrients and being protected from high-stress environment of the soil(Sturz et al.,2000).Endophytes have been isolated from a wide range of plant species and tissues suggesting their ubiquitous existence in higher plants.However, only a few of all the plants existing on earth have ever been studied relative to their bacterial endophytic pool(Strobel and Daisy,2003), increasing the probability tofind new and beneficial endophytes with potential to be applied in biotechnology.The microbiome of medicinal and aromatic plants is extremely important since there are increasing evidences that the spectrum of bioactive metabolites may be related to the activity of associated BE(Emiliani et al.,2014). However,little attention has been paid to the BE from aromatic and medicinal plants and there is a lack of reports in this research area.The aim of the present study was to isolate and charac-terize BE from tissues(root and shoot)of L.dentata plants growing under organic management.We further intended to assess the phylogenetic diversity and the phenotypic character-ization of the culturable BE;to evaluate their ability to produce plant growth promoting(PGP)substances,such as IAA,ammonia, hydrogen cyanide(HCN),siderophores and extracellular enzymes (lipases,cellulases,proteases,pectinases)and to solubilize phos-phate,in order to indicate BE with potential to be used as bioinoculants in vegetative propagation of aromatic and medicinal plants.2.Material and methods2.1.Enumeration and isolation of culturable bacterial endophytesTo isolate representative BE four healthy L.dentata L.plants grown under organic management were collected at random from the“Cantinho das Aromáticas”located in Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal(GPS–41◦07 30.00 N;8◦38 40.82 W).Plant surface ster-ilization was performed according to Pereira and Castro(2014b). The success of the surface disinfection process was evaluated by plating100l of water from thefinal rinse on Trypticase Soy Agar (TSA;Pronadisa)agar medium and incubated at30◦C for3days. No bacterial growth was found.For bacterial enumeration1g of roots and shoots were homog-enized in9ml of sterile phosphate buffered saline(PBS g l−1: Na2HPO4, 1.44;KH2PO4,0.24;KCl,0.20;NaCl,8.00;pH7.4). Serial dilutions were made in duplicate,and0.1ml of each dilution was spread onto TSA and Plate Count Agar(PCA; Merck)media.Plates were incubated for7days at30◦C and the number of colony forming units was(CFU)determined. Different bacterial colonies were isolated based on size,morphol-ogy and color,from TSA and PCA media,using a streak-plate procedure.Isolates were purified and further phenotypically characterized.2.2.Random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD)and DNA sequencing analysisBacterial isolates were grouped according to species sim-ilarity,based on RAPD profiles produced with primer M13 (5 GAGGGTGGCGGTTCT-3 ).DNA extraction and RAPD analysis were performed according to the methods described in Pereira and Castro(2014b).RAPD amplification products were run on a1.5% agarose gel stained with SYBR Safe(Invitrogen,UK)for135min at80V.RAPD patterns were compared using Bionumerics soft-ware(Applied Maths,St-Martens-Laten,Belgium)and clustered according to their similarities.Isolates displaying unique RAPD pro-files were subsequently identified by16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis.16S rDNA amplification was performed with universal primers,27F and1492R as previously described by Pereira and Castro(2014b).The PCR products were purified using a GRS PCR& Gel Band Purification Kit(Grisp)and sequencing was performed by Macrogen Inc.(Netherlands).Sequence editing and inspection were performed using BioEdit program7.0version and the sequence similarity search was performed using the EzTaxon sever.For phylogenetic analyses,the sequences were aligned by using the CLUSTALW(Thompson et al.,1994).Tree constructions were per-formed with MEGA5.0,using the neighbor-joining method(Kimura two-parameter distance optimized criteria).The robustness of the phylogenetic tree was confirmed by using bootstrap analysis based on1000resamplings of the sequences.The16S rRNA sequences of the BE were deposited in GenBank database under accession numbers KP407086to KP407123.Simpson’s(1−D)and Shannon’s (H)diversity indices were calculated based on the percentage of different bacterial genera in both plant compartments.2.3.Plant growth promotion(PGP)traitsThe amount of IAA produced by BE was determined according to Gordon and Weber(1951).Briefly,an aliquot of500l of super-natant obtained from bacterial cultures grown in the presence of l-tryptophan(1%)was mixed with350l of Salper reagent.The absorbance of pink color developed after30min of incubation in dark was read at530nm.The IAA concentration was determined using a calibration curve of pure IAA as a standard.Detection of siderophore production was carried out by inocu-lating the BE on Chrome Azurol S medium(Schwy and Neilands, 1987).The development of a yellow to orange halo around the colonies after incubation at30◦C for72h indicated a positive result for siderophore production.The detection of HCN produc-tion was made by amending nutrient agar with4.4g glycine l−1 and streaking the isolates on this modified agar plates.On the top of each plate,a sterilizedfilter paper(Whatman No.1)soaked in 2%sodium carbonate prepared in0.5%picric acid solution was placed.Plates were incubated at30◦C for4days after which development of orange to red color indicated HCN production (Ahmad et al.,2008).For assessing the ability to produce ammo-nia,fresh cultures were inoculated into10ml of peptone water and incubated at30◦C for48h;following this,0.5ml of Nessler’s reagent(Sigma–Aldrich)was added to each tube and develop-ment of yellow to brown color was considered as a positive result for ammonia production(Cappuccino and Sherman,1992).For phosphate solubilization assay,fresh cultures were inoculated into National Botanical Research Institute Phosphate(NBRIP)medium supplemented with0.5%tricalcium phosphate(Nautiyal,1999). The presence of a clearing halo around bacterial colonies was con-sidered positive for phosphate solubilization.Bacterial endophytes were screening for their ability to produce extracellular enzymes(proteases,cellulase,pectinase and lipases) according to the methods described in Pereira and Castro(2014b).S.I.A.Pereira et al./Ecological Engineering87(2016)91–97933.Results and discussionIn the last years,several studies have focused their attention on aromatic and medicinal plants due to the presence of distinct bioac-tive secondary metabolites that can be used in traditional medicine. Despite the great interest in medicinal plants,very little is known about the associated BE.To the best of our knowledge,this work is thefirst to assess the phylogenetic diversity of the culturable endo-phytic bacterial populations of L.dentata plants cultivated under organic management and to evaluate their plant growth promoting traits.In this study,the number of endophytic culturable bacteria var-ied significantly among plant organs.The colony forming units in roots varied between log6.21CFU g−1fresh weight(FW)(for TSA medium)and log6.39CFU g−1FW(for PCA medium)and were higher if compared to shoot where bacterial counts ranged from log5.31CFU g−1FW(for TSA)to log5.56CFU g−1FW(for PCA).Sim-ilar results were obtained for Echinacea purpurea and Echinacea angustifolia where the lowest bacterial counts were determined in the aboveground tissues,while the highest bacterial numbers were detected in roots(Chiellini et al.,2014).A similar trend was observed by Aravind et al.(2008)in black pepper(Piper nigrum) plants.However,several authors reported that population density of endophytes in aromatic and medicinal plants seems to be high-est in aerial than in the belowground tissues.Emiliani et al.(2014) and El-Deeb et al.(2013)showed that leaves had higher numbers of endophytic bacteria than roots in L.angustifolia and Plectranthus tenuiflorus plants,respectively.Based on the distinct colony characteristics a total of56BE were isolated from the plant tissues of L.dentata plants growing under organic management.However,according to RAPD analysis only 38different profiles were recognized,corresponding to27bacte-rial strains from roots(LR)and11strains from shoots(LS)(Table1). The higher numbers of bacterial counts found in lavender roots, as well as the higher number of endophytes recovered from this tissue,may reflect the intimate contact of roots with soil rhizo-sphere,which facilitate the entry of bacteria into the root tissues (Kobayashi and Palumbo,2000).In addition,the endophytic bacte-rial population densities reported in the present study were higher than the earlier reports in aromatic and medicinal plants such as P.nigrum(Aravind et al.,2008)and L.angustifolia(Emiliani et al., 2014).These results may be related to the management practices used for the cultivation of lavender plants,since organic manage-ment seems to promote microbial activity in rhizosphere(Reilly et al.,2013),increasing the bacterial pool that can enter into plant tissues.One isolate of each cluster was chosen for16S rRNA partial gene sequence(Fig.1).As shown in Table1,all BE showed high similarities(98–100%)with their closest related species.Phyloge-netic analyses based on16S rRNA gene sequences showed that BE isolated from lavender tissues belonged to two main groups:␥-Proteobacteria(50%)and Firmicutes(31.6%),being a small portion affiliated to␣-Proteobacteria(7.9%)and-Proteobacteria(10.5%). Overall,BE belonged to7different genera,being Pseudomonas (47%)and Bacillus(29%)the better represented in lavender plants (Table1).A similar trend was already described by several authors for other aromatic and medicinal plants.Emiliani et al.(2014) reported that51%of the BE isolated from L.angustifolia tissues belonged to Pseudomonas genus,while Vendan et al.(2010)showed a predominance of the genus Bacillus in ginseng plants.In fact,both genera have been identified as frequently occurring endophytes in several plant species(Hallmann and Berg,2006).The results also showed that BE colonized differently lavender tissues.In roots,where higher bacterial diversity was found,endo-phytes belonged to6different genera(Pseudomonas,Variovorax, Rhizobium,Caulobacter,Bacillus and Paenibacillus),while in shoots 91%of the endophytic isolates were affiliated to Bacillus and Pseu-domonas and only one isolate belonged to Xanthomonas genus. Some of these genera have already been described in other aro-matic and/or medicinal plants.Cho et al.(2007)isolated63different endophytic strains belonging to13different genera including Bacil-lus and Paenibacillus from the interior of ginseng tissues.Emiliani et al.(2014)also isolated endophytes affiliated to Rhizobium,Pseu-domonas,and Bacillus genera from L.angustifolia plants.However, to the best of our knowledge BE belonging to Caulobacter and Variovorax genera were never detected in lavender plant compart-ments.The differences among the culturable bacterial populations in both lavender organs were also highlighted by the diversity indices calculated based on genera distribution,since Simpson’s and Shannon’s indices were higher in roots(D=0.74and H=1.45, respectively)if compared to shoots(D=0.56and H=0.86,respec-tively).The distribution of BE in roots and shoots of L.dentata plants may be related to the distinct anatomical and nutritional condi-tions found in both plant compartments,leading to the creation of specific ecological niches for endophytic growth.According to Gaiero et al.(2013)endophyte distribution within plants depends on a combination of skills to colonize and the allocation of plant resources.In addition,according to Compant et al.(2010)the secre-tion of cell-wall degrading enzymes by endophytes is an important trait for tissue colonization and bacterial spreading inside plants. In this study,the production of extracellular enzymes such as cellulases,pectinases,proteases and lipases by BE was assessed and the results are shown in Table2.Bacterial endophytes had higher ability to produce pectinases(68%)and proteases(79%) than cellulases(50%)and lipases(58%).In general,endophytic bacteria from shoots showed higher ability to produce plant cell wall-degrading enzymes,especially pectinases and proteases,sug-gesting that endophytic colonization of shoots may be closely related to BE capacity to produce extracellular enzymes.Verma et al.(2001)also reported cellulase and pectinase activities in dif-ferent isolates suggesting their potential for inter-and intracellular colonization.Rooting of stem cutting is widely used in horticulture for the propagation of aromatic and medicinal plants,however poor roo-ting is often observed(Kasem and El-baset,2014).In order to overcome this problem synthetic auxins are often applied at stim-ulating the adventitious root formation on cuttings(Bona et al., 2010),however due to the continuous increase of environmen-tal footprint it is urgent tofind eco-friendly alternatives.Although several studies have reported the beneficial effect of BE and PGPR inoculation in several economically important crops,like maize (Pereira and Castro,2014a),carrot and potatoes(Surette et al., 2003),little information is available for aromatic and medicinal plants.Screening results of PGP traits of the lavender BE are shown in Table2.All endophytic strains were able to synthesize IAA in the presence of the precursor l-tryptophan,with levels ranging from 7.0to74.7mg l−1.Several BE(21%)produced more than40mg l−1 of IAA and most of them were affiliated to Pseudomonas genus. Bacterial endophytes isolated from ginseng plants also showed ability to synthesize IAA even though at lower levels(Vendan et al., 2010).The application of PGPR in order to minimize the use of syn-thetic auxins was already reported by Kasem and El-baset(2014) and Kaymak et al.(2008)who showed that the inoculation of PGPR in L.dentata cuttings and M.piperina,respectively improved rooting performance.However,so far no studies are available concerning the PGP of BE isolated from aromatic and medicinal plants and their ability to increase stem cutting establishment in soils.Additionally to auxin production,all endophytic strains were able to produce ammonia and siderophores.According to Idris et al.(2004)siderophore production among endophytes may be aS.I.A.Pereira et al./Ecological Engineering87(2016)91–9795Fig.1.Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree based on partial16S rRNA sequences,showing the relationships between sequences of representative strains of bacterial endo-phytes and some of their closest phylogenetic relatives.Bootstrap values are shown at nodes.Acidilobus saccharovorans(NR115208.1)was used as outgroup.Bar indicates 0.05substitutions per nucleotide position.96S.I.A.Pereira et al./Ecological Engineering87(2016)91–97Table2Characterization of bacterial endophytes for multiple plant growth promoting(PGP)traits:NH3,siderophore,IAA,HCN and extracellular enzymes:cellulase,pectinase, protease and lipase production and phosphate solubilization ability.Strain Closest relatives NH3Siderophores P solubilization IAA(mg l−1)HCN Extracellular enzymesCellulase Pectinase Protease LipaseT20T40T80LR1-1Pseudomonas brassicacearumsubsp neoaurantiaca+++20.1±1.84+−−−−−−LR1-2Rhizobium nepotum++−27.8±2.22+−−−−−−LR1-5Pseudomonas moorei+++++46.8±3.39++−−−−+−LR1-6B Variovorax boronicumulans++−60.5±4.19−+−−+++LR1-7Variovorax soli+++23.1±1.73−−−−+−+LR1-9Pseudomonas graminis++−51.4±3.58+−+−+−−LR1-11Bacillus cereus biovar toyoi++−25.8±2.99+++++++++LR1-12Caulobacter vibrioides++−34.1±1.82++++++−−LR1-13Variovorax boronicumulans++−40.2±3.66+−−−+++LR1-16Pseudomonas brassicacearumsubsp neoaurantiaca++−33.4±2.52++−−−+−−LR2-1Bacillus thuringiensis++− 6.3±0.47++−−+++++LR2-2Pseudomonas k ilonensis++++−26.0±2.26++−−+++−+LR2-3Pseudomonas jessenii++++−17.4±2.55++−−+++−+LR2-4Bacillus cereus biovar toyoi++−25.5±0.70++−−++++LR2-6Bacillus cereus biovar toyoi++++−7.3±1.27+++−++++LR2-9Pseudomonas punonensis++−9.8±1.10+++++++++LR2-10Variovorax boronicumulans++−11.7±1.26++−++++++LR2-11Paenibacillus kribbensis−+−7.3±1.43++++++++−LR3-1Pseudomonas frederiksbergensis+++8.9±0.55++++++++−+LR3-2Pseudomonas fuscovaginae+++21.2±1.87+++++++−−LR3-3Bacillus cereus biovar toyoi++++−10.2±0.64+++++++++LR3-6Pseudomonas fuscovaginae+++−8.3±1.41++++++−−−LR3-7Bacillus cereus+++++7.4±1.17+++−+++++−LR3-8Bacillus aerophilus+++10.2±1.37++++++++LR3-9Bacillus drentensis+++10.2±1.18++++++−−−LR3-10Pseudomonas frederiksbergensis+++35.4±3.95++−++++−+LR3-11Rhizobium grahamii++−7.0±0.50++−+++++−LS1-1Pseudomonas graminis+++66.3±8.56+++++−+−LS1-2Bacillus aryabhattai+++18.4±1.48+++++++−−−LS1-4Bacillus cereus biovar toyoi++−19.2±1.36++−++++++LS1-5Pseudomonas graminis+++14.1±2.42++++++−+−LS2-1Pseudomonas congelans++−74.7±8.20+++++++−−LS2-2Pseudomonas graminis++−47.9±3.64++++++++−LS2-3Pseudomonas lutea+++++45.7±3.57++++++−+−LS3-1Bacillus cereus biovar toyoi++−9.7±1.80+++−++++++LS3-2Pseudomonas lutea+++17.5±1.94++++++−−−LS3-5Pseudomonas koreensis++−8.7±1.13++−++++−−LS3-8Xanthomonas vesicatoria++−18.8±1.50+−+++++++IAA is expressed as means±SE(n=5–12).(−)negative,(+)positive/weak,(++)intermediate,(+++)strong production.general phenotype,since endophytes have to compete with plant cells for Fe supply.Several BE also showed ability to solubilize phos-phate,which is of great importance to enhance P availability in soils during the initial colonization.In this work,several potential human pathogens were isolated from lavender tissues,namely the strains LR1-11,LR2-1,LR2-4,LR2-6,LR3-3,LR3-7,LS1-4and LS3-1that are members of the Bacillus cereus group of bacteria.These BE were found in both plant organs,but with higher incidence in roots.This is an issue of concern,since many genera including Burkholderia,Enterobacter, Bacillus and S tenotrophomonas have been identified as colonizers of the plant rhizosphere but some members can also successfully col-onize human organs and tissues causing diseases(Berg et al.,2005). Consequently,the selection of bacterial endophytes to be applied as bioinoculants in plant cultures should take in consideration the risk of pathogenicity to ensure that they do not inadvertently posea threat to human health.4.ConclusionsBacterial endophytes seem to colonize differently lavender tissues.Beyond the higher numbers of BE found in the roots,phy-logenetic analysis also showed clear differences between plant organs.In roots,a high diversity of genera was observed and BE were affiliated to Pseudomonas,Variovorax,Rhizobium,Caulobacter, Bacillus and Paenibacillus,while in shoots isolates belonged to Bacil-lus,Pseudomonas and Xanthomonas genera.The BE isolated in this study showed several plant growth promoting traits which suggest their potential for plant growth promotion.The use of such BE as efficient bioinoculants may constitute an interesting alternative to the application of chemical compounds,for sustainable cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants.AcknowledgmentsThis work was supported by National Funds through FCT –Fundac¸ão para a Ciência e a Tecnologia under the project PTDC/AGR/CFL/111583/2009,project PEst-OE/EQB/LA0016/2011 and Fundo Social Europeu(III Quadro Comunitário de Apoio). Sofia Pereira and Cristina Monteiro had the support of FCT grants SFRH/BPD/65134/2009and SFRH/BPD/80885/2011,respectively. 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