gloat vi. 满足地看,独自暗笑,贪婪地盯
to observe or think about something with triumphant and often malicious satisfaction, gratification, or delight
primp:vain=gloat:smug
gloomy a. 阴沉的，昏暗的，忧郁的
low in spirits:MELANCHOLY
glorify vt. 赞美,美化,赞扬,使辉煌
to make glorious by bestowing honor, praise, or admiration
castigation:reproof=denunciation:denial {glorification:merit}
gloss n. 光彩,假象,注释
a brief explanation (as in the margin or between the lines of a text) of a difficult or obscure word or expression
blurb:notice=gloss:explanation
glossary n. 字典,辞典,词汇表
a collection of textual glosses or of specialized terms with their meanings
glossary:text=legend:map
glossy a. 平滑的,有光泽的
having a surface luster or brightness
varnish:glossy=sand:smooth
glut n. 大量,充斥,吃饱
an excessive quantity:OVERSUPPLY
glut←→dearth
glutinous adj. 粘的，胶状的
having the quality of glue:GUMMY
etch:corrosive=glue:adhesive
glutinous←→non viscous
glutton n. 贪吃者
one given habitually to greedy and voracious eating and drinking
avarice:money=gluttony:food
glutton:overindulge=ascetic:self denial
goad vt. 用刺棒驱赶,激励,煽动,唆使
something that urges or stimulates into action:SPUR
command:entreaty=goad:enticement
gadfly:goad=humorist:amuse
gobble vt. 狼吞虎咽
to swallow or eat greedily
quaff:sip=gobble:nibble
swill:sip=gobble:nibble
goggle n. 眼睛睁视,护目镜
to stare with wide or protuberant eyes
goggles:eyes=gloves:hands=earmuff:ear
goldbrick vi. 称病,欺诈,偷懒
to shirk duty or responsibility
evade:answer=goldbrick:work
gorge vi. 狼吞虎咽
reticent:talk=abstemious:gorge
gossamer n．蛛丝，薄纱，adj．轻而薄的
something light, delicate, or insubstantial
gossamer←→substance
gossamer←→ponderous
gossamer←→substance
gourmet n. 美食家
a connoisseur of food and drink; broadly :CONNOISSEUR
bibliophile:books=gourmet:food {calligrapher:handwriting}
connoisseur:art=gourmet:cuisine
grandeur n. 庄严,伟大
the quality or state of being grand:MAGNIFICENCE
grandeur=mean=??
grandiloquent adj（语言等）夸张的，夸大的
a lofty, extravagantly colorful, pompous, or bombastic style, manner, or quality especially in language
gaudy:apparel=grandiloquent:speak
grandiloquent←→secretive
grandiose a. 宏伟的,宏大的,堂皇的,铺张的
characterized by affectation of grandeur or splendor or by absurd exaggeration
ephemeral:longevity=grandiose:humility
grandstand v. 哗众取宠的表演
to play or act so as to impress onlookers
grandstand:impress=equivocate:deceive
grant vt. 允许,承认,授与
to bestow or transfer formally specifically :to give the possession or title of by a deed
concede←→refuse
to grant
withhold←→grant
gratify vt. 使满足
to be a source of or give pleasure or satisfaction to
gratify:desire=slake:thirsty
aggrieve←→gratify
irk←→gratify
grating adj．（声音）刺耳的，恼人的
noisily,rasping,harsh
grating:sound=acrid:odor==fetid:smell
gratis adj.免费的
without charge or recompense:FREE
gratuitous a. 无缘无故的；免费的
not involving a return benefit, compensation, or consideration
gratuitous←→merited/warranted
having a serious and dignified quality or demeanor
frivolous:gravity=brash:discretion
droll←→grave
giddiness←→grave
grave←→insignificant
gregarious adj. 群居的，爱社交的
tending to associate with others of one's kind:SOCIAL
poseur:sincerity=recluse:gregariousness
gregarious←→aloof
grievous adj．严重伤害的，引起痛苦的
causing or characterized by severe pain, suffering, or sorrow
smart:pain=grieve:sorrow
solace:grief=pacification:anger
grievous←→slight
grin vi.咧着嘴笑
to draw back the lips so as to show the teeth especially in amusement or laughter; broadly :SMILE
pout←→grin
gripe v. ①腹部绞痛，②抱怨，诉苦
to complain with grumbling
gripe:discontent=praise:admiration
grisly adj. 恐怖的，可怕的
inspiring horror or intense fear
grisly:flinch=droll:laugh
groove a. 开槽的
a long narrow channel or depression
grooved:striated=braided:strand
striated:groove=dappled:spot
grotesque a. 奇怪的,可笑的
FANCIFUL, BIZARRE
imperial:significant=grotesque:fantasy
grovel vi. 趴,匍匐,卑躬屈膝
to lie or creep with the body prostrate in token of subservience or abasement
minion:dependent=groveler:petitioner
grumble n. 怨言,满腹牢骚
to mutter in discontent
guarantee vt. 保证,担保
to engage for the existence, permanence, or nature of:undertake to do or secure
vouch←→refuse to guarantee
guffaw vi.vt. 哄笑,狂笑
a loud or boisterous burst of laughter
guile n. 狡猾,狡计
deceitful cunning:DUPLICITY
acrid:gentleness=forthright:guile
blemish:impeccable=guile:artless
impeccable:flaw=ingenuous:guile
guile:artless=blemish:flawless
gullible:chicanery=servile:domination
guile:naif=??
artless←→cunning/guile
manipulate←→guileless
guilt n. 罪行,内疚
feelings of culpability especially for imagined offenses or from a sense of inadequacy:SELF-REPROACH
narcissism:love=guilt:blame
gullible a.易受骗的
easily duped or cheated
compliant:servile=trusting:gullible
gullible:artless
gullible:chicanery=servile:domination
vigilant:entrapped=exacting:satisfied=wary:gulled
gully n. 小峡谷,排水沟
a trench which was orig. worn in the earth by running water and through which water often runs after rains
gully:erosion=callus:friction
gum n. 树胶,橡皮,上帝,牙床
any of numerous
colloidal polysaccharide substances of plant origin that are gelatinous when moist but harden on drying and are salts of complex organic acids
resin:tree=gum:rubber plant
gush n. 涌出,滔滔不绝的讲话
a sudden outpouring
blast:whiff=gush:trickle
gush:effusive=rage:irate
gust n. 突然一阵,风味
a sudden brief rush of wind
gust:wind=cloudburst=rainfall {flare:light}
guzzle vi.vt. 狂饮,暴食,喝酒化掉(钱)
to drink especially liquor greedily, continually, or habitually
complain:carp=drink:guzzle
habitable a. 可居住的
capable of being lived in:suitable for habitation
potable:beverage=habitable:dwelling
hack n. 雇佣文人
a writer who aims solely for commercial success
mercenary:soldier=hack:writer
hackneyed adj.平凡的；陈腐的
lacking in freshness or originality
windy:concise=hackneyed:original
equivocation:misleading=bromide:hackneyed
halcyon a. 宁静的,平稳的,翠鸟的 CALM, PEACEFUL
halcyon←→tempestuous
hale a. 强壮的,健壮的
free from defect, disease, or infirmity:SOUND; also :retaining exceptional health and vigor
effete←→hale
hale←→infirm
blighted←→hale
hallucination n. 幻觉,幻想
perception of objects with no reality usually arising from disorder of the nervous system or in response to drugs (as LSD)
halting a. 跛的,蹒跚的,犹豫的
marked by a lack of sureness or effectiveness
fluent←→halting
hamper vt.阻碍,使困累,妨碍
to restrict the movement of by bonds or obstacles:IMPEDE
seminal←→hampering further development
hamper←→facilitate
hamstring vt. 切断腿筋使成跛腿,使残废
to make ineffective or powerless:CRIPPLE
hamstring←→fectiveness
handle vt. 触摸,运用,操作,处理,买卖
to act, behave, or feel in a certain way when handled or directed
cumbersome←→easy to handle
hangdog a. 忧愁的,悲哀的,沮丧的,灰心的 鬼鬼祟祟的,卑躬屈膝的,低贱的
SAD, DEJECTED
hangdog←→buoyant
hankering n. 渴望
to have a strong or persistent desire:YEARN
hankering←→odium
haphazard n.,adj.&adv.偶然的
marked by lack of plan, order, or direction
methodical←→haphazard
systematic←→haphazard
harangue n. 长篇演说
to address in a ranting way
harangue←→speak temperately
harass v．烦扰
to annoy persistently
haunt:familiar=harass:irritating
harbinger n. 先驱,预兆
one that presages or foreshadows what is to come
harbinger:presage=archetype:exemplify
harbor n. 港，避难所v. 包庇，隐匿
to give shelter or refuge to
harbor←→evict
hardheaded a. 冷静的,脚踏实地的,无懈可击的
STUBBORN, WILLFUL
harebrained a. 轻率的,欠考虑的,粗心的
FOOLISH
harmonious a. 和睦的,调和的,和谐的,协调的
marked by accord in sentiment or action
acrimonious←→harm
onious
harmony←→discord
harp n. 竖琴
a plucked stringed instrument consisting of a resonator, an arched or angled neck that may be supported by a post, and strings of graded length that are perpendicular to the soundboard
horn:blow=harp:pluck
harry v. 掠夺，骚扰
to make a pillaging or destructive raid on:ASSAULT
harry←→comfort
harsh a. 粗糙的,刺耳的,严厉的
a:causing a disagreeable or painful sensory reaction:IRRITATING
b:physically discomforting:PAINFUL
barb:caustic=pan:harsh
encomium←→harsh criticism
mollycoddle←→treat harshly
paean←→harshly lampoon
hasten vt.催促 vi.赶紧
to move or act quickly
hasten←→slow the progress of
hasten←→check
hasty a. 匆匆的,轻率的,急忙的
done or made in a hurry
hasty←→characterized by deliberation
hasty←→well considered
haunt vt. 常到，常去，(思想)萦扰，(鬼魅等)常出没于 n. 常到的地方
to visit often:FREQUENT
haunt:familiar=harass:irritating
persecute:injure=haunt:remember
hauteur n．傲慢,高傲,自大
ARROGANCE, HAUGHTINESS
fawn:hauteur=self depreciate:swagger
hauteur←→humility
havoc n.大破坏,浩劫;大混乱,大杂乱
great confusion and disorder
havoc←→serenity
heart vt. 鼓起勇气,激励
to give heart to:CHEER:HEARTEN
mollify:anger=heart:dejection
dismay←→hearted
hedge n．修剪过的树篱，限制 vt. 用树篱围,妨碍
a means of protection or defense (as against financial loss)
hedge:loss=quarantine:contamination=safeguard:accident
safeguard:accident=hedge:loss
heinous adj．可憎的，十恶不赦的
hatefully or shockingly evil:ABOMINABLE
heinous←→commendable
heirloom n. 传家宝,相传动产
something of special value handed on from one generation to another
heirloom:ancestor=bequest:testator
hem n. （衣服或裙子的）褶边
a border of a cloth article doubled back and stitched down
hem:garment=ruffle:shirt=molding:cabinet
hermit n. 隐士,隐居者
one that retires from society and lives in solitude especially for religious reasons:RECLUSE
vegetarian:meat=hermit:society
herald vt. 预报,宣布,传达,欢呼
to give notice of:ANNOUNCE
unabashed:embarrassment=unheralded:announcement
unherald←→proclaim
herbicide n. 除草剂
an agent used to destroy or inhibit plant growth
insect:pesticide=plant:herbicide
hereditary a. 世袭的,遗传的
a:genetically transmitted or transmittable from parent to offspring
b:characteristic of or fostered by one's predecessors
heresy n. 异端邪说
an opinion or doctrine contrary to church dogma
apostasy:faith=recantation:heresy
dogma←→heresy
heretical a. 异教的,异端的
of, relating to, or characterized by departure from accepted beliefs or standards:UNORTHODOX
doctrine:heretical=course:errant
herpetologist n. 爬虫学家
one that a branch of zoology dealing with reptiles and amphibians
salmon:ichthyologist=chameleon:herpetologist
hesitance n. 踌躇,犹豫
the quality or state of being hesitant:as a:INDECISION b:RELUCTANCE
alacrity←→dilatoriness/hesitance
impetuosity←→hesitance/vacillation
hidebound a. 营养不良的,死板的,量小的
having an inflexible or ultraconservative character
contumacious:authority=reactionary/hidebound/conservative:change/innovation/novelty
hideous a. 丑恶的,可憎的,可怕的
offensive to the senses and especially to sight:exceedingly ugly
pulchritude←→ugliness/hideous
affinity←→aversion/hideous
hie vt. 急忙,疾走,催促
to go quickly:HASTEN
hie←→dawdle
hierarchy n. 阶级组织,教士政治,僧侣政治
the classification of a group of people according to ability or to economic, social, or professional standing
echelon:hierarchy=
hike vt. 使高涨,拉起
to rise up; especially :to work upward out of place
backset←→hike
hinge n. 铰链,关键,枢纽
a jointed or flexible device on which a door, lid, or other swinging part turn
hint n. 暗示,提示
a slight indication of the existence, approach, or nature of something:CLUE
nuance:distinction=hint:suggestion
histrionic a. 演员的,演剧的,有如演戏的
of or relating to actors, acting, or the theater
histrionic:actor=??
hitch v. 搭便车，套住
to catch or fasten by or as if by a hook or knot
hive n. 蜂房,闹区,蜜蜂群
a place swarming with activity
tumultuous:bedlam=active:hive
hoard n./v. 贮藏，秘藏
a supply or fund stored up and often hidden away
miser:hoard=dandy:preen=sycophant:fawn=pundit:opinion
hoary a. 灰白的
extremely old:ANCIENT
hoary:old=??
hodgepodge n. 混煮,杂菜,混淆
a heterogeneous mixture:JUMBLE
hodgepodge:uniformity=cliche:original
items:hodgepodge=people:rabble
homage n. 尊崇,尊敬,效忠
expression of high regard:RESPECT
counsel:advice=laud:homage
homage←→disrespect
homily n. 说教,训诫
a lecture or discourse on or of a moral theme
parable:story=homily:lecture
homogenize vt. 使均匀
to blend (diverse elements) into a uniform mixture
stratify←→homogenize
hone vt. 用磨刀石磨 n. 磨刀石,抱怨,想念
to make more acute, intense, or effective:WHET
hone←→blunt
honorarium n．酬劳金，谢礼
a payment for a service (as making a speech) on which custom or propriety forbids a price to be set
amenity:comfortable=honorarium:grateful
horn n. 角,角质,喇叭
a wind instrument used in a jazz band; especially :TRUMPET
horn:blow=harp:pluck
hortative adj. 激励的
giving exhortation:ADVISORY
didactic:teach=hortatory:urge
hortative:encourage=exculpatory:absolve
horticulture n. 园艺学
the science and art of growing fruits, vegetab
les, flowers, or ornamental plants
tree:forestry=flower:horticulture
hovel n. 小屋,杂物间,家畜小屋
a small, wretched, and often dirty house:HUT
palatial:hovel=city:bucolic
hub n.车轴,,中心
the central part of a circular object (as a wheel or propeller)
spoke:hub=radius:center
hubris n. 傲慢,骄傲
exaggerated pride or self-confidence
parsimony:frugal=hubris:pride
humanitarian n. 人道主义者,博爱者,基督凡人论者
a person promoting human welfare and social reform:PHILANTHROPIST
humble a. 卑下的,谦逊的,粗陋的
a:ranking low in a hierarchy or scale:INSIGNIFICANT, UNPRETENTIOUS
b:not costly or luxurious
dour:geniality=bumptious:humbleness
impetuous:vacillation/hesitation=bumptious:humbleness
supercilious←→humble
bumptious←→(humble)
hauteur←→humility
panache←→humility
humor vt. 迎合,牵就,顺应
to soothe or content by indulgence
chide:pillory=humor:mollycoddle
hurdle n. 障碍,跳栏,临时活动篱笆 vt. 用篱笆围,越过,克服
OVERCOME, SURMOUNT
hurl vt. 用力投掷,愤慨地说出,丢下
to throw down with violence
scowl:displeasure=kiss:affection{hurl:disgust}
hurricane n.飓风
a tropical cyclone with winds of 74 miles (118 kilometers) per hour or greater that occurs especially in the western Atlantic, that is usually accompanied by rain, thunder, and lightning, and that sometimes moves into temperate latitudes
tablefire:inferno=storm:hurricane
rain:deluge=wind:hurricane
snow:precipitation=hurricane:cyclone
husbandry n.耕种；节用,家政
the control or judicious use of resources:CONSERVATION
husbandry:dissipate=alacrity:procrastinate
husband←→squander
husbandry←→prodigality
husky adj. 声音沙哑的
hoarse with or as if with emotion
husky←→delicate
hybrid a. 混合的,杂种的,混合语的
something heterogeneous in origin or composition:COMPOSITE
hybrid←→of unmixed extraction
hymn n.赞美诗，圣歌；赞歌
a song of praise or joy
hypnotic a. 催眠的,催眠术的,易于催眠的
tending to produce sleep:SOPORIFIC
hypnotic←→conscious
hypnotic←→stimulant
hyperbole n. 夸张法
extravagant exaggeration anger
tirade=exaggeration:hyperbole
malicious:ill will=exaggerating:hyperbole
hypercritical adj．苛求的，吹毛求疵的
meticulously or excessively critical
authenticity:fraudulent=sincerity:hypocritical
hypercritical←→ingenuous/honest
ichthyologist n. 鱼类学者,鱼类研究者
one that study a branch of zoology that deals with fishes
salmon:ichthyologist=chameleon:herpetologist
idiosyncratic a. 特质的,异质的,特殊的
a:a peculiarity of constitution or temperament:an individualizing characteristic or quality
b:individual hypersensitiveness (as to a drug or food)
idolater n. 偶像崇拜者,崇拜者,皈依者
a person that a
dmires intensely and often blindly one that is not usually a subject of worship
reverent:idolater=trusting:dupe
ignite vt. 点燃,使灼热,使兴奋
to set afire; also :KINDLE
ignite←→extinguish
ignominy n. 羞耻，屈辱
deep personal humiliation and disgrace
ignominious←→lofty
ignominies←→glory, honor; esteem, respect
ignorant a. 无知识的,不知道的,幼稚的
destitute of knowledge or education
scorn:reject=adulate:flatter=disparage:ignore
subtle:ignore=salient:observe
erudite←→smattering of knowledge/ignorant/unlettered
illiteracy n. 文盲
the quality or state of being illiterate; especially :inability to read or write
illiteracy:education=inequity:redistribution
illuminati 先觉者; 智者
persons who are or who claim to be unusually enlightened
interpreter:translate=illuminati:instruct
illumination n. 照明,阐明,启发
one of the decorative features used in the art of illuminating or in decorative lighting
frieze:building=illumination:manuscript
stylus:mark=lamp:illumination
therapeutic:hospital=illuminating:school
obfuscate←→elucidate/illuminate/explain clearly
illusory a. 产生幻觉的,幻影的,错觉的
based on or producing
illusion:DECEPTIVE
maelstrom:turbulent=mirage:illusory
nicety:precision=illusion:fantasy
squall:commotion=flash:illumination
illustrate vt. 举例说明,作图解,阐明
to provide with visual features intended to explain or decorate
illustrate:pictures=particularize:details
imbroglio n. 纷乱,纠葛,纷扰,一团糟
an intricate or complicated situation
imitation n. 模仿,效法,冒充,赝品
the quality of an object in possessing some of the nature or attributes of a transcendent
idea exemplary:imitation=culpable:blame
immanent adj. 普遍存在的，内在的
remaining or operating within a domain of reality or realm of discourse:INHERENT; specifically :having existence or effect only within the mind or consciousness
immanent←→explicit
immaterial a. 非物质的,无形的,精神的，不相关的
of no substantial consequence:UNIMPORTANT
immaterial:relevance=peripheral:center
immaterial:relevance=circuitous:directness
relevant←→immaterial
immemorial adj. 太古的，极古的
extending or existing since beyond the reach of memory, record, or tradition
immemorial←→recent
imminent a. 即将来临的,逼近的
ready to take place; especially :hanging threateningly over one's head
immune a. 免疫的,免除的,不受影响的
not susceptible or responsive; especially :having a high degree of resistance to a disease
fertilize:grow=immunize:resist
overexposure:jaded=vaccination:immune
soporific:sleep=vaccinating:immunity
vaccination:immune=overexposure:jaded
immure vt. 监禁,禁闭
a:to enclose within or as if within walls
b:IMPRISON
immure←→release (?liberate)
immut
able a. 不可变的,不变的,不能变的
not capable of or susceptible to change
immutable:altered=implacable:propitiated
transitory:endure=immutable:change
immutable←→variable
imp n. 顽童
a mischievous child:URCHIN
insensitive:boor=mischievous:imp
impair vt. 损害,减少,削弱
to damage or make worse by or as if by diminishing in some material respect
impassive a. 无感情的,冷淡的,不动的,平静的
unsusceptible to or destitute of emotion
impassive:perturb=voracious:satisfy
impassive←→emotional
impeccable adj．无瑕疵的
free from fault or blame:FLAWLESS
blemish:impeccable=guile:artless
impeccable:flaw=ingenuous:guile
rectitude:transgress=keen:obtuse{impeccable:flaw=indolent:stir}
impeccable←→faulty
impecunious adj. 不名一文的，贫困的
having very little or no money usually habitually:PENNILESS
foolish:discretion=impecunious:money
impecunious←→wealthy/prosperous/affluent
impede v.妨碍,阻碍
to interfere with or slow the progress of
blandishment:cajole=obstacle:impede
abet←→thwart/impede
facilitate←→impeding
impenetrable a. 不能穿过的,不可理喻的,费解的,顽固的
incapable of being penetrated or pierced
pierce:impenetrable=profane:inviolable
porous←→impenetrable
impenitent adj. 不悔悟的
not feeling or expressing humble or regretful pain or sorrow for sins or offenses
rueful←→impenitent
imperative a. 命令式的,急需的,势在必行的,强制的
expressive of a command, entreaty, or exhortation
question:interrogative=order:imperative
imperceptible a. 不能感知的,不知不觉的,微细的
not perceptible by a sense or by the mind:extremely slight, gradual, or subtle appreciable←→imperceptible
imperial a. 帝王的,至尊的,壮丽的
of, relating to, befitting, or suggestive of an empire or an emperor
imperial:significant=grotesque:fantasy
imperious adj. 傲慢的，专横的
marked by arrogant assurance:DOMINEERING
fawn:imperiousness=equivocate:directness
imperious:fawn:swagger:self depreciat
imperious:servile=bellicose:peaceable
fawn:imperiousness=equivocate:directness=elaborate:sketchy
imperiousness:fawn=self depreciatory:swagger
imperious←→humble
impertinent a. 鲁莽的,无礼的,粗鲁的,不恰当的
(1) not pertinent:IRRELEVANT
(2) not restrained within due or proper bounds especially of propriety or good taste
impertinence←→respect/relevance
obeisant←→impertinent
imperturbable a. 沉着的,泰然自若的,镇静的
marked by extreme calm, impassivity, and steadiness:SERENE
restive←→calm/imperturbable
ticklish←→imperturbable
impervious adj. 不能渗透的，不为所动的
not capable of being damaged or harmed
impervious:damaged=indomitable:subdued
impervious:friable=nonflammable:combustible
impervious:penetrate=ineluctable:avoid
imper
vious:damaged=indefensible:excused
impetuous a. 冲动的,猛烈的,轻率的,急躁的
marked by impulsive vehemence or passion
impetuous:vacillation/hesitation=bumptious:humbleness
impetuosity←→hesitance/vacillation
impetuous←→deliberate
impiety n. 无信仰,无信心,不虔诚,不孝
the quality or state of being impious:IRREVERENCE
impiety←→devoutness
implacable a. 难宽恕的,难和解的,执拗的
not placable:not capable of being appeased, significantly changed, or mitigated
immutable:altered=implacable:propitiated
implacable:compromise=honest:swindle
implement n. 工具,器具 vt. 实现,使生效,执行
CARRY OUT, ACCOMPLISH; especially :to give practical effect to and ensure of actual fulfillment by concrete measures
implicate vt. 含意,暗示,牵连
to involve as a consequence, corollary, or natural inference:IMPLY
implode v. 内爆，剧减
to collapse inward as if from external pressure; also :to become greatly reduced as if from collapsing
collapse:implode=divide:sunder
impromptu adj. 即席的，即兴的
made, done, or formed on or as if on the spur of the moment:IMPROVISED
ad-lib:impromptu=aside:divergent
improvident a. 无远见的,浪费的
not provident:not foreseeing and providing for the future
improvised adj. 即席而作的,即兴的
to compose, recite, play, or sing extemporaneously
rite←→improvised act
imprudent a. 轻率的,鲁莽的
not prudent:lacking discretion
impudent a. 鲁莽的,卑鄙的,厚颜无耻的
marked by contemptuous or cocky boldness or disregard of others:INSOLENT
impudence:brazen=deadpan:impassive
impudent←→deferential/respectful
impugn v. 指责，对…表示怀疑
to assail by words or arguments:oppose or attack as false or lacking integrity
extol←→condemn/impugn/detract
impugn←→champion
impugn←→endorse
impugn←→vindicate
impuissance n. 无能; 无力; 虚弱
WEAKNESS, POWERLESSNESS
clout←→impuissance
impulsive adj. 易冲动的，感情用事的
having the power of or actually driving or impelling
impute a. 可归罪的,使负责的,可嫁祸的
to lay the responsibility or blame for often falsely or unjustly
imputable:nettle
inadvertent adj. 不注意的，疏忽的
not focusing the mind on a matter:INATTENTIVE
inalienable a. 不能让与的,不能转售的,不能夺取的,不可分割的
incapable of being alienated, surrendered, or transferred
inalienable:surrendered=implacable:propitiated
inane a. 空虚的,愚蠢的,空洞的
lacking significance, meaning, or point:SILLY
obsessed:attracted=rash:adventurous {inane:clumsy}
inane←→expressive, meaningful, pregnant, significant, weighty
inanimate adj. 无生命的
not endowed with life or spirit
ephemeral:enduring=inanimate:living
inaugurate v. 举行就职典礼，开创
to induct into an
office with suitable ceremonies
inaugurate:president=install:official=crown:king
inauguration:official=matriculation:student
cease←→inaugurate/commencement
incendiary a. 放火的,煽动的,教唆的
of, relating to, or involving a deliberate burning of property
incense vt. 用香焚,使发怒
to arouse the extreme anger or indignation of
propitiate←→incense
inception n．开端，开始，取得学位
an act, process, or instance of beginning:COMMENCEMENT
inception:termination=matriculation:graduation
incessant a. 不断的,不绝的,无尽的
continuing or following without interruption:UNCEASING
inch vi. 慢慢前进,慢慢移动
to move by small degrees:progress slowly
inch:move=drawl:speak
inchoate adj．刚开始的，未发展的
being only partly in existence or operation; especially :imperfectly formed or formulated:FORMLESS
immature:developed=incipient/inchoate:realized
incipient a. 起初的,发端的,初期的
beginning to come into being or to become apparent
immature:developed=incipient/inchoate:realized
incisive a. 敏锐的,机敏的,锋利的,切入的
impressively direct and decisive (as in manner or presentation)
incite v 激发，刺激
to move to action:stir up:spur on:urge on
exhortation:motivate=persiflage:incite
instigator：incite=bully:browbeat
inclement adj． （天气）严酷的，严厉的
lacking mildness:as physically severe:STORMY
inclemency:evade=??
inclement←→balmy
incogitant adj. 『罕』无思想的; 粗心的; 不体谅的
THOUGHTLESS, INCONSIDERATE
incogitant:thoughtful=restive:calm
incongruent adj. 不协调的,不和谐的; 不合适的
not superposable so as to be coincident throughout
incongruent:conform=recalcitrant:obey
inconsequential a. 不合逻辑的,不合理的,不重要的
of no significance:UNIMPORTANT
crucial←→inconsequential
incontrovertible a. 无争论余地的,无疑的,明白的
not open to question:INDISPUTABLE
incontrovertible:disputed=untenable:defended{ravenous:satisfied} {intrepid:feared}
controvert←→substantiate
incorrigible a. 无药可救的,积习难改的,固执的
incapable of being corrected or amended UNALTERABLE, INVETERATE
tractability←→incorrigibility
tractable←→incorrigible
incriminate vt. 归罪,使负罪,控告
to charge with or show evidence or proof of involvement in a crime or fault
incrimination←→exoneration
inculcate vt. 教授,谆谆教诲,教育
to teach and impress by frequent repetitions or admonitions
inculpate vt. 使负罪,控告,使连累 INCRIMINATE
exonerate←→inculpate
absolve←→inculpate
exculpate←→inculpate
incursion n．侵犯，入侵
a hostile entrance into a territory:RAID
incursion←→retreat
indecorous a. 无体的,不合礼节的
not decorous:conflicting with accepted standards
of good conduct or good taste
indefatigable a. 不知疲倦的,有耐性的,不屈不挠的
incapable of being fatigued:UNTIRING
indelible adj. 擦试不掉的，不可磨灭的
UNFORGETTABLE, MEMORABLE
indelible:forget=astounding:expect
indelibility←→erasability
indelicate a. 下流的,无教养的,卑鄙的,不雅的
not delicate:
a (1):lacking in or offending against propriety:IMPROPER
(2):verging on the indecent:COARSE
b:marked by a lack of feeling for the sensibilities of others:TACTLESS
indemnity n. 赔偿,补偿,保护
security against hurt, loss, or damage
mollification:soothe=indemnity:secure
indict vt. 起诉,控告,指控
to charge with a crime by the finding or presentment of a jury (as a grand jury) in due form of law
indict:accused=??
indifferent a. 漠不关心的,无重要性的,中立的
marked by a lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern for something:APATHETIC
embrace:affection=shrug:indifference
avid←→indifferent
indigenous adj．土产的，本地的
having originated in and being produced, growing, living, or occurring naturally in a particular region or environment
exotic←→indigenous
indigenous←→ nonnative
indigent a. 贫乏的,穷困的
suffering from indigence:IMPOVERISHED
indigent:wealth=redundant:indispensability
indigent←→affluent
indigestible a. 不消化的,难消化的,难理解的
not digestible:not easily digested
indispensability n. 不可缺少
absolutely necessary:ESSENTIAL
indigent:wealth=redundant:indispensability
indoctrinate v．灌输思想
to instruct especially in fundamentals or rudiments:TEACH
stickler:exacting=pedagogue:indoctrinate
indolent adj. 懒惰的，懒洋洋的 (n. indolence)
a:averse to activity, effort, or movement:habitually lazy
b:conducing to or encouraging laziness
rectitude:transgress=keen:obtuse{impeccable:flaw=indolent:stir}
inducement n．引诱物
a motive or consideration that leads one to action or to additional or more effective actions
inducement←→deterrent
indulgent a. 纵容的,任性的,放纵的
indulging or characterized by indulgence; especially :LENIENT
abstemious:indulge=austere:decorate
glutton:overindulgence=ascetic:self denial
spartan←→sybaritic/indulgent/voluptuous/luxurious
draconian←→indulgent/mild
martinet←→indulgent person
indulgent←→ascetic
indurate vt. 使坚固,变坚固,使硬化 to make hard
indurate←→soften
inedible a. 不适于食用的,不能吃的
not fit to be eaten
ineluctable adj．难免的，不能逃避的
not to be avoided, changed, or resisted:INEVITABLE
impervious:penetrate=ineluctable:avoid
ineluctable/inevitable:avoid=untenable:defend
serendipitous:effort=ineluctable:chance
ineptitude n. 不适当,愚笨,愚昧的言行
the quality or state of being inept; especially :INCOMPETENCE
finesse←→ineptitude
inert adj. 惰性的，行动迟钝的
deficient in active properties; especially :lacking a usual or anticipated chemical or biological action
inertia←→activity
reactant←→inert material
inert←→active
inert←→dynamic
inestimable a. 无价的,无法估计的
too valuable or excellent to be measured or appreciated
inevitable a. 不可避免的,必然的
incapable of being avoided or evaded
ineluctable/inevitable:avoid=untenable:defend
inexorable a. 无情的,冷酷的,不屈不挠的
not to be persuaded or moved by entreaty:RELENTLESS
inexorable:dissuasion=indomitable:conquest
inexorable←→relenting
infamy n. 声名狼藉,出丑
evil reputation brought about by something grossly criminal, shocking, or brutal
infamy←→good repute
infatuate vt. 使迷恋,使糊涂
to cause to be foolish:deprive of sound judgment
sabbatical:leave=flattering:infatuation
odium←→infatuation
infer vt. 推论出,推断
GUESS, SURMISE
tacit:infer=encoded:decode
inferno n．火海，地狱般的场所
a place or a state that resembles or suggests hell
fire:inferno=storm:hurricane
infinite a.无穷的
immeasurably or inconceivably great or extensive:INEXHAUSTIBLE
infinite:exhaust=discrete:overlap
unique:precedent=infinite:end
infirm a. 弱的,虚弱的,柔弱的
of poor or deteriorated vitality; especially :feeble from age
hale←→infirm
inflame v. 使燃烧，激怒（某人）
to excite to excessive or uncontrollable action or feeling
assuage←→inflame subdue←→inflame
infelicitous a. 不幸的,不吉的,不适当的
not appropriate in application or expression
happy←→infelicitous
influx n. 涌入 a coming in
exodus←→influx
infuse v. 灌输，使…充满 INSPIRE, ANIMATE
inspire:infuse=obliterate:remove
infuse←→drain away/refuse/extract
ingenious adj. 聪明的，有发明天才的
marked by originality, resourcefulness, and cleverness in conception or execution
ingenuous adj．纯朴的，单纯的
showing innocent or childlike simplicity and candidness
impeccable:flaw=ingenuous:guile
ingenuous:dissemble=raffish:preen=polite:snub
ingratiating:win favor=disingenuous:deceive
pernicious:injure=disingenuous:mislead
ingenue:sophistication=cynic:trustfulness
hypercritical←→ingenuous/honest
ingenuous←→cunning
ingrained adj. 根深蒂固的
to work indelibly into the natural texture or mental or moral constitution
ingrained←→easily to change
ingratiating a. 逢迎的,迷人的
capable of winning favor:PLEASING
ingratiating:win favor=disingenuous:deceive
inimical adj．为敌的，不友善的
a:having the disposition of an enemy:HOSTILE
b:reflecting or indicating hostility:UNFRIENDLY
inimical←→friendly/amiable/amicable
amenable←→inimical
inimitable adj. 无法仿效的
，不可比拟的
not capable of being imitated:MATCHLESS
inimitable←→commonplace
inimitable←→ordinary
iniquity n. 邪恶，不公正
gross injustice:WICKEDNESS
iniquity←→rectitude/disinterestedness
initial a. 开始的,最初的,字首的
placed at the beginning:FIRST
eccentric:conventional=doyen:uninitiated
initial←→follow
initiate←→follow up
inveterate←→uninitiated {youthful}
innocent n. 天真的人,笨蛋
free from guilt or sin especially through lack of knowledge of evil:BLAMELESS culpable←→innocent
innocuous adj．（行为，言论等）无害的
not likely to give offense or to arouse strong feelings or hostility:INOFFENSIVE, INSIPID
placebo:innocuous=salve:unctuous
placebo:innocuous=venom:toxious
noxious←→wholesome/sanitary/innocuous
innovation n. 改革,创新
the introduction of something new
contumacious:authority=reactionary/hidebound/conservative:change/ innovation/novelty
inquiry n. 质询,调查
examination into facts or principles:RESEARCH
confidence:arrogant=inquiry:interrogatory
insatiable a. 不知足的,贪求无厌的
incapable of being satisfied:QUENCHLESS
insipid a. 没有味道的,清淡的,难吃的
lacking in qualities that interest, stimulate, or challenge:DULL, FLAT
insolent adj. 粗野的，无礼的
exhibiting boldness or effrontery:IMPUDENT
perfunctorily:inspiration=insolently:veneration
insolent←→polite/courteous {elegant}
insouciant adj. 漫不经心的; 无忧无虑的
lighthearted unconcern:NONCHALANCE
inspired adj. 有创见的，有灵感的
outstanding or brilliant in a way or to a degree suggestive of divine inspiration
instigate vt. 教唆,怂恿,煽动
to goad or urge forward:PROVOKE
quell←→foment/instigate/rouse
instigator n. 煽动者
to goad or urge forward:PROVOKE
instigator：incite=bully:browbeat
instill v.滴注,逐渐灌输
to impart gradually
institute n. 学会,学院 vt. 创立,开始,制定,任命
to originate and get established:ORGANIZE
rescind←→institute
abrogate←→embrace/institute/uphold
insubordinate adj．不服从的，反抗的
disobedient to authority
tractable←→insubordinate/intransigent/incorrigible/obstinate
insular a. 岛的,岛民的,保守的,孤立的,岛特有的
characteristic of an isolated people; especially :being, having, or reflecting a narrow provincial viewpoint
insular←→cosmopolitan
insulate v. 使绝缘，使隔离
to place in a detached situation:ISOLATE; especially :to separate from conducting bodies by means of nonconductors so as to prevent transfer of electricity, heat, or sound
insularity←→cosmopolitanism
insulate←→expose
insurgent adj. 叛乱的，起事的n. 叛乱分子
a person who revolts against civil authority or an established government; especially :a rebel not recognized as a be
lligerent
parsimony:miser=rebelliousness:insurgent
intangible a. 难以明了的,无形的
not tangible:IMPALPABLE
corporeal←→intangible
integral a.组成的；整的
essential to completeness:CONSTITUENT
integral←→superfluous
integrity n. 正直，诚实，完整
the quality or state of being complete or undivided:COMPLETENESS
ecumenical:generality=entire:integrity taint:integrity
intelligible a. 可理解的,易理解的,明了的
capable of being understood or comprehended
correct:accurate=garble:unintelligible
intemperate adj. 无节制的，放纵的
not temperate especially :given to excessive use of intoxicating liquors
equable←→intemperate
intemperate←→constrained
intensify vi. 强化
to make intense or more intensive:STRENGTHEN
moderate:intensity=extenuate:seriousness
abate←→intensify/promote
assuage←→intensify
inter vt. 埋葬,葬,埋
to deposit (a dead body) in the earth or in a tomb
inter:burial=obliterate:removal
intercede vi. 仲裁,说情,调解 (n. intercession)
to intervene between parties with a view to reconciling differences:MEDIATE
intercessor:mediate=augur:prediction
intercessor:mediate=translator:interpret
interim n. 过渡时期adj. 暂时的
an intervening time:INTERVAL
interim←→permanent
interlock a. 联锁的
to become locked together or interconnected
interlocking←→independent