环境科学与工程专业英语
U3 What is waste reduction/waste minimization?
1.句子英译中
(1)Raw materials that lose their usefulness because they sit on shelf too long become wasted.
因搁置太久而失去使用价值的原料变成废品。
(2）Poor cleaning of parts or inadequate dragout time will reduce the usefulness of the process chemicals, increase the cost of waste disposal, and the cost of chemical replacement.
不洁部分或废酸洗液的时间不足会导致反应物利用率不高，增加废物处理费用和替代物质费用。
（3）Lockheed successfully switched from an alkaline cyanide cadmium bath to an acidic noncyanide cadminum bath.洛克希德成功地把碱性氰化物镉水浴转变成为了酸性非氰化物镉水浴。
（4）Don’t try to reinvent the wheel. Develop networking partners to share ideas.
不要走老路。结识合作伙伴，分享理念。
2.词组英译中
Waste reduction/waste minimization 垃圾减量化/垃圾最小化；in-process 在…过程中；housekeeping家务管理；equipment modification设备改进；landfills废物填埋场；biodegradable solvents能进行生物降解的溶剂；
volatile chemicals稳定的化学物质；management commitment管理委员会。
U4 Test : Environmental Analysis
1.词组英译中
Precision and accuracy准确度和精确度；bulk collection批量收集；matrix material基体材料（基质）；
Analysis sequence分析序列；multivariate statistics多元统计；interactive effect相互影响；insofar在…范围下；Overall analytical scheme整体分析方案。
5.translate paragraph 1—4 into Chinese.
Environment analysis involves the performance of chemical，physical，and biological measurements in an environmental system . This system may involve either the natural or the polluted environment，although the term “environmental analysis”is increasingly used to refer only to situations in which measurements are made of pollutants .
Normally，four types of measurements are made：qualitative analysis to identify the species present；quantitative analysis to determine how much of the species is present；speciation or characterization to establish details of chemical form and the manner in which the pollutant is actually present (such as being adsorbed onto the surface of a particle)；and impact analysis in which measurements are made for the specific purpose of determining the extent to which an environmental impact is produced by the pollutants in question .
The overall objective of environmental analysis is to obtain information about both natural and pollutant species present in the environment so as to make a realistic assessment of their probable behavior . In the case of pollutants，this involves assessment of their actual or potential environmental impact，which may be manifest in several ways . Thus，a pollutant species may present a toxicological hazard to plants or animals .It may also cause contamination of resources (such as air，water，and soil) so that they cannot be utilized for other purposes . The effects of pollutants on materials，especially building materials，may be another area of concern and one which is often very visible and displeasing (for example，the defacing of ancient statues by dioxide in the atmosphere) . A further area of environmental impact involves esthetic depreciation such as reduced visibility，dirty skies，and unpleasant odors .Finally，it is important to recognize that an environmental impact may not always be discernible by normal human perception so that detection may require sophisticated chemical or physical analyses .
In order to provide a meaningful description of the general field of environmental analysis，this field may be considered from three points of view：the basic concepts underlying the reasons for and choice of the analyses which are normally performed；the available technique and methodology commonly used；and the current status of capabilities in environmental analysis .
环境分析包括性能的化学、物理和生物测量在一个环境系统。这个系统可能涉及要么自然或污染环境,尽管术语“环境分析”是越来越多的使用仅仅在哪些情况下测量的污染物。
通常情况下,四种类型的测量是:定性分析确定物种的礼物;定量分析,确定有多少物种存在;物种形成或特性建立细节的化学形式和方式,在污染物实际上是现在的(如被吸附到表面的粒子);和影响分析,测量是为特定目的的确定环境影响程度产生的污染物的问题。
环境分析的总体目标是获取信息和污染物种类都是自然存在于环境,使一个现实的评估他们的可能的行为。对于污染物,这包括评估他们的实际或潜在的环境影响,这可能是体现在几个方面。因此,一个污染物种类可能提出一个毒理学危害植物或动物。它也可能导致污染的资源(如空气、水和土壤),这样他们就不能用于其他目的。污染物在材料的影响,尤其是建筑材料,可能是另一个值得关注的领域,一个通常非常明显和令人不愉快的(例如,丑化的古希腊雕像由二氧化碳在大气中)。进一步的区域环境影响涉及审美折旧如能见度的,肮脏的天空,和不愉快的气味。最后,重要的是要认识到,环境影响可能并不总是由正常的人类感知明显,以便检测可能需要复杂的化学或物理分析。
为了提供一个有意义的描述的一般环境分析的领域,这个领域可以考虑从三个观点:基本概念和选择的原因的分析,一般执行;可用的技术和方法学常用;和当前状态的功能在环境分析。
U8 Type and sources of air pollutants
1.英译中
Primary pollutant一次污染物；secondary pollutant二次污染物；air stagnation空气停滞；herbicide除草剂；nitrous oxide一氧化二氮；nitrogen dioxide二氧化氮；soot煤烟；dust灰尘；smog烟雾；ozone臭氧；pesticide杀虫剂。
2. 中译英
正常浓度normal concentration；严重污染的serious pollution determining factors；液体微滴liquid droplets；
光化学氧化物photochemical oxide；放射性物质radioactive substances；不完全氧化incomplete oxidation；
含硫的sulfur-containing；风化wind erosion；汽车尾气automobile exhaust.
3. What Is Air Pollution？Air pollution is normally defined as air that contains one or more chemicals in high enough concentrations to harm humans，other animals，vegetation or materials . There are two major types of air pollutants .
A primary air pollutant is a chemical added directly to the air that occurs in a harmful concentration . It can be a natural air component，such as carbon dioxide，that rises above its normal concentration，or something not usually found in the air，such as a lead compound emitted by cars burning leaded gasoline . A secondary air pollutant is a harmful chemical formed in the atmosphere through a chemical reaction among air components . Serious air pollution usually results over a city or other area that is emitting high levels of pollutants during a period of air stagnation . The geographic location of some heavily populated cities，such as Los Angeles and Mexico City，makes them particularly susceptible to frequent air stagnation and pollution buildup .
空气污染是什么?空气污染空气,通常定义为包含一个或更多的化学物质浓度足够高伤害人类,其他动物,植物或材料。主要有两种类型的空气污染物。一个主要的空气污染物是一种化学直接添加到空气,发生在一个有害的浓度。它可以是一个自然空气组件,比如二氧化碳,这高于正常浓度,或者是没有通常的空气中找到,比如铅化合物排放汽车燃烧含铅汽油。一个二次空气污染物是一种有害的化学大气中形成通过化学反应在空气组件。严重的空气污染的结果通常在一个城市或其他地区,是高水平的污染物排放在一段空气停滞。地理位置的一些人口稠密
的城市,如洛杉矶和墨西哥城,让它们特别容易受到频繁的空气停滞和污染积聚。
4.英译中
To escape the smog you might go home, close the doors and windows, and breathe in clean air. But a number of Scientists have found that the air inside homes and offices is often more polluted and dangerous than outdoor air on a smoggy day. The indoor pollutants include：（1）nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide from gas and wood-burning stoves without adequate ventilation; (2) carbon monoxide soot，and cancer-causing benzopyrene (from cigarette smoke); (3) various organic compounds from aerosol spray cans and cleaning products；（4）formaldehyde（which causes cancer in rats）from urea-formaldehyde foam insulation，plywood，carpet adhesives, and particle board；（5）radioactive radon and some of its decay products from stone，soil，cement，and bricks；and（6）ozone from the use of electrostatic air cleaners.
为了躲避烟雾你可能会去的家，关闭门窗，呼吸清洁的空气.但是一些科学家已经发现，在一个烟雾弥漫的一天房子内和办公室内的空气比室外空气污染和危险的。室内污染物包括：(1)由于没有足够的通风产生一氧化碳和二氧化碳；(2)二氧化碳、烟煤和致癌物质苯并芘（来自抽烟）；(3)各种有机化合物的喷雾罐和清洁产品；(4)脲醛泡沫绝缘材料，胶合板，地毯胶粘剂，和刨花板的甲醛（大鼠）会导致癌症；(5)和一些放射性氡及其衰变产物的石头，泥土，水泥和砖；(6)使用静电空气净化器的臭氧为零。
U11 Test: effects of air pollution
1.英译中
(1) Reduction in visibility results in a social cost due to slowdown of air traffic and the need for instrument-guided landing systems. 减少能见度产生的社会成本是由于经济放缓的空中交通和需要仪表引导着陆系统.
（2）These impacts are taken into consideration when sensitive components are designed, and the required protective measures or design modifications add to the cost of the item being produced.
这些影响都考虑当敏感元件的设计,和所需的保护措施或设计修改添加到项目的成本被生产。
2.中译英
肺囊lung sac；氟中毒fluoric cachexia ；煤烟soot；呼吸系统respiratory system；过滤filte ；吸附adsorption；浓度concentration；硫化氢hydrogen sulfide；硫化铅lead sulfide
U12 water pollution and pollutant
1.英译汉
Treatment facilities净化结构；municipality 市政；population equivalent 人口当量；basement flooding 地下室泛滥；per capital 按人均计算；per day 每天；runoff 径流量；domestic sewage生活污水；the type of terrain 地形
3.翻译“Industrial wastewater”部分
U16 Biological wastewater treatment
1.英译汉
Biological degradation生物降解；equalization basin调节池；aeration basin曝气池；sludge flocs 絮凝体；settling t ank沉淀池；dissolved oxygen溶解氧；biofilm 生物膜；suspended –growth悬浮生长
3.翻译下段文字
High biomass systems：Many current approaches to high biomass systems employ a combination of fixed film suspended biomass in the process . High biomass systems have gained a certain popularity in Europe .
During the past few years，a number of investigations undertaken in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRC) have been reported . Among the advantages attributed to such systems have been improvements in nitrificat ion performance，sludge settleability，and effluent quality .
Reasons for selecting high biomass systems over construction of additional aeration tanks and clarifiers (or other secondary treatment process) include reduced space requirements，increased process stability，and capital/operating cast savings .
High biomass systems call for installation of supplemental equipment over that contained in a conventi onal activated sludge plant . More installed equipment generally implies more maintenance，and，to some ext ent，this is true for some of the systems . In addition，the presence of both suspended and fixed biomass forms and higher biomass concentrations may require a certain level of additional operator time to achieve o ptimum system performance .
The presence of inert support media and higher biomass concentrations in these systems can increase overall power consumption . To achieve desired mixing patterns in retrofitted aeration tanks，power input m ay have to be increased . Also，the presence of additional biomass increases system oxygen requirements wh ich，in turn，requires additional power input . In addition，high biomass systems generally yield higher level s of nitrification，which also can affect overall power consumption . Such factors should be addressed when a nalyzing operating casts .
高生物系统:许多当前的方法系统采用高生物量结合固定膜过程中暂停了生物质。高生物系统已经获得了一定的知名度在欧洲。在过去的几年中,许多调查进行的德意志联邦共和国(FRC)已经被报道。在优势归因于这种系统已经改善硝化性能、污泥沉降性,和废水的质量。
理由选择高生物系统建设的额外充气坦克和clarifiers(或其他二级处理过程)包括减少空间的需求,增加过程稳定,和资本/操作铸储蓄。
高生物系统要求安装附加设备,包含在一个传统的活性污泥植物。更多的安装设备通常意味着更多的维护,并且,在某种程度上,这是真实的系统。此外,存在两个暂停和固定生物质形式和较高的生物量浓度可能需要一定程度的额外的操作符时间实现系统最优的性能。
惰性支持媒体的存在和较高的生物量浓度在这些系统可以提高整体功耗。以达到所需的混合模式在翻新充气坦克、电源输入可能必须增加。同时,存在额外的生物量增加系统氧需求,这反过来需要额外的输入功率。此外,高生物系统一般收益率更高水平的硝化作用,这也会影响整体功耗。这些因素时,需要考虑分析操作投射。
U20 Test：sources and types of solid wastes
Sources of solid wastes are，in general，related to land use and zoning . Although any number of source cl assifications can be developed，the following categories have been found useful：(1) residential，(2) commerci al，(3) municipal，(4) industrial，(5) open areas，(6) treatment plants，and(7) agricultural . Typical wastes ge neration facilities，activities，or locations associated with each of these source are presented in Table 1. Th e types of wastes generated，which are discussed next，are also identified .
固体废物的来源,一般来说,相关土地使用和分区。尽管任何数量的源的分类可以发展,以下类别已经发现有用的: (1)住宅;(2)商业,(3)市、(4)工业,(5)开放区域,(6)处理厂,(7)农业。典型的废物代设施、活动、或位置相关的每个这些源代码展示在表1。生成的类型的废物,讨论接下来,也可以标识。
Hazardous Wastes Chemical，biological，flammable，explosive，or radioactive wastes that pose a substantial danger，immediately or over time，to human，plant，or animal life are classified as hazardous . Typically，these wastes occur as liquids，but they are often found in the form of gases，solids，or sludges . In all cases，these wastes must be handled and disposed of with great care and caution .
危险废物化学、生物、易燃、易爆、或放射性废物,造成实际危险,立即或随着时间的推移,人类、植物、动物、被列为危险。通常,这些废物发生在液体,但他们经常发现在气体、固体的形式,或烂泥。在所有的情况下,这些废物的处理和处置必须非常小心和谨慎。
3.中译英
（1）饮食废物的重要特点在于它具有腐烂性，尤其在温暖天气里，会极快地腐烂。
Food waste is that it has the important features of the decay resistance, especially in warm weather, it can very quickly decay.
除了在家庭生产饮食废物外，在自助食堂、饭馆、医院和监狱等机构，以及诸如批发、零售等食品市场，均会产生大量的饮食废物。
In addition to household production food waste outside, in the cafeteria, restaurants, hospitals ，prisons and institutions, such as wholesale, retail and food market, all can produce a lot of food waste.
U21 Text: Everybody's Problems ---- Hazardous Waste
1.Every year ，billions of tons of solid wastes are discarded in the United States . These wastes range in nature from common household trash to complex 马特s in industrial wastes，sewage sludge，agricultural residues，mining refuse and pathological wastes from institutions such as hospitals and laboratories .
The U.S.Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimated in 1980 that at least 57 million metric tons of the nation’s total waste load can be classified as hazardous . Unfortunately，many dangerous materials that society has “thrown away”over recent decades have endured in the environment-making household words of “Love Canal”and “Valley of the Drums.”These two incidents are not unique . The EPA has on file hundreds of documented cases of damage to life and the environment resulting from the indiscriminate or improper management of hazardous wastes . The vast majority of cases involve pollution of ground water --- the source of drinking water for about half of the U.S.population --- from improperly sited or operated landfills and surface impoundments（pits，Ponds and lagoons）. In addition to polluting ground water，the i mproper handling or disposal of hazardous waste can cause several other kinds of environmental damage，as illustrated by these case histories（often involving more than one form of damage）from EPA records .
每年,数十亿吨固体废弃物丢弃在美国。这些废物范围从普通家庭在自然界垃圾到复杂工业废物马特年代,污水污泥、农业残留物,矿业垃圾和病理废物等机构的医院和实验室。
美国环境保护署(EPA)1980年的估计,至少有5700万吨的国家浪费负载可以分为危险。不幸的是,许多危险的材料,社会已经“扔掉”在最近的几十年里经历了在环境使家喻户晓的“爱管”和“谷的鼓。”这两个事件并不是唯一的。美国环保署对文件数百的案例生活和环境的破坏所造成的不加区别的或者危险废物的管理不当。绝大多数病例涉及污染的地下水——饮用水的来源有大约一半的美国人口---从垃圾填埋场选址不当或操作和表面impoundments(坑、池塘和泻湖)。除了污染地下水,处理不当或处置危险废物可以导致其他类型的环境破坏,就表明了这些案例记录(通常涉及超过一种形式的伤害)从EPA记录。
2.汉译英
(1) 如果对有害废物的处理不恰当，可能会引发其他种类的环境危害。
If the hazardous waste treatment is not proper, may lead to other kinds of environmental hazards.
(2) 现在用于处理这些废物的费用要远高于过去的费用。
Now used to deal with the waste costs more than the cost of the past.
U 26 Text: Global Change
1.英译汉
United Nations Environment Program 联合国环境规划署，greenhouse warming 温室变暖，surrogate measurements 代孕测量，databases 数据库，global warming trend 全球变暖趋势，species extinction 物种灭绝，ozone enrichment 臭氧浓缩，polar amplification 极地放大，global temperature distribution 全球温度分
2.汉译英
海岸过度开发Coast excessive development，津浪（海啸地震）Tsunami earthquake，沙漠化desertification，碳循环Carbon cycle，全球气候循环Global climate cycle，过度放牧overgrazing，
过度砍伐Excessive deforestation，干旱地区Arid region，有机分子Organic molecules，温室气体排放Greenhouse gas emissions，生物圈biosphere，生态系统Ecological system，生物多样性biodiversity;
3. The changes in global temperature distribution could have profound effect on the global climate cycles，because climate patterns are driven in part by differences in surface temperature at different latitudes .Although the direction of change is difficult to predict，it can be expected that monsoon rains，tropical cyclones and hurricanes ，precipitation patterns over the continents，and the frequency of extreme weather anomalies such as droughts and floods will be affected by global warming . Also，it is expected that sea level will rise around the globe due to melting of the polar ice caps .A mean global temperature rise of 2 to 4℃is expected to raise the sea level by 25 to 75cm by the year 2100 . This would impact large areas of coastal land around the world，including cities，agricultural areas，and nature coastal ecosystems such as coral reefs，salt marshes，and coastal forests .
全球温度分布的变化具有深远影响全球气候的循环,因为气候模式部分源于不同表面温度在不同纬度。尽管改变的方向是很难预测的,它可以预测季风带来的降雨,热带气旋和飓风,降水模式在各大洲,和频率的极端气候异常,如干旱和洪水将受到全球变暖的影响。同时,预计海平面将上升世界各地由于极地冰帽的融化。一个全球平均温度上升2到4℃有望提高海平面上涨25到75厘米到2100年。这将影响大面积的沿海土地在世界各地,包括城市,农业地区,与自然沿海生态系统如珊瑚礁,盐沼和沿海森林。
U27 Text: Thermal Pollution
1.汉译英
温度每升高10℃Temperature rise every 10 ℃，内部调节机制Internal control mechanism，一百万千瓦One million kw，热血动物warm-blooded，神经系统Nervous system，食物链Food chain，
非哺乳动物Non mammals，冷却系统Cooling system，热力学第二定律The second law of thermodynamics;
3.In general，not only the fish but also entire aquatic ecosystems are rather sensitively affected by temperature changes . Any disruption of the food chain，for example may upset the entire system . Higher temperatures often prove to be more hospitable for pathogenic organisms，and thermal pollution may therefore convert a low incidence of fish disease to a massive fish kill as the pathogens become more virulent and the fish less resistant . Such situations have long been known in the confined environment of farm and hatchery ponds，which can warm up easily because the total amount of water increases，so will the potential for increased loss of fish by disease .
一般来说,不仅鱼也是整个水生生态系统相当敏感地受温度变化。食物链的任何中断,例如有可能破坏整个系统。更高的温度经常被证明是利于致病菌,和热污染可能因此把鱼病的发生率低,一个巨大的鱼杀死病原体的变得更为致命,鱼更少的耐药。这种情况一直是已知的限制环境的农场和孵卵所的池塘,它可以轻易热身,因为的水的总量的增加,因此将可能增加损失的鱼的疾病。
U28 Text: Summary of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
1.英译汉
Action 反映，biogeophysical，environment 环境，surperficial analyses，an identification of human concerns 一个识别人类的问题，remedial action 补救行动，relevant physical and biological factors 相关的物理和生物因素，a spatial frame of reference 一个空间参照系
2.汉译英
地理环境Geographical environment，影响评价方法Impact assessment method，替代方案的研究Alternative research，有关环境质量的各组分相对值The environmental quality of the various components of the relative value，环境质量标准Environmental quality standard，模型技术Model technology，基础数据Based data
3.(1) An environmental impact assessment is an activity designed to identify and predict the impact of an action on the biogeophysical environment and on man's health and well-being，and to interpret and communicate information about the impacts .
环境影响评价是一个活动旨在识别和预测一个动作的影响在biogeophysical环境和对人的健康和福祉,解释和交流信息的影响。
(2)The institutional arrangements for the process of environmental impact assessment should be determined and made public . Here it is essential that the roles of the various participants (decision-maker，assessor，proponent，reviewer，other expert advisors，the public，and international bodies) be designated . It is also important that timetables for the impact assessment process be established，so that proposed actions are not held up unduly and the assessor and the reviewer are not so pressed that they undertake only superficial analyses .
制度安排环境影响评价的过程应该是确定的和公开的。这里至关重要的是,这个角色的各种参与者(决策者,评审员,支持者,评论家,其他专家顾问,公众,国际机构)被指定。同样重要的是,制定影响评估过程是既定的,所以,建议的行动不是举起过度和评估和审查者不紧,他们只进行表面分析。
U33 Text: Sampling Sediment and Soil
1. The most crucial aspect of corer design is the retention of the core on removal from the sediment environment . This is particularly important for corers penetrating the sediments to depths > 10 ~ 20cm and those in which access to the device occurs at the surface after retrieval . Other important features that are characteristic of all corers are the compression of the sediment and disturbance of the fine upper layers . Both are inevitable consequences of the coring operation . The simplest corer consists of a perspex tube (e.g.,5cm diameter，30cm length)，that can be driven into sediments by hand in shallow waters (or intertidal zones) or manipulated by divers . After removal from sediment，the ends of the tube can be sealed with bungs，preventing loss of the core material in transit .Several larger devices that are remotely operated are available for sampling at depth . The gravity corers，akin to small missiles attached to a rope，penetrate the sediment and the core is collected in the central Perspex core tube . The most notable disadvantage of this type of device is that it causes both disturbance and compression of the core material .
最关键的方面去心器设计是保留核心在脱除沉积物环境。这是特别重要的corers渗透到地下沉积物中> 10 ~ 20 cm和那些在访问设备发生在表面在检索。其他重要的功能特性的corers是压缩的沉积物和扰动的细上层。两者都是不可避免的后果的取心作业。最简单的去心器包括一个有机玻璃管(如。,5厘米,直径30厘米长),可以用手打入沉积物在浅水域(或潮间带)或被潜水员。拆卸后从沉积物,的两端管可以密封,防止与上个月的核心材料在途中。几个较大的设备远程操作可用于抽样
在深度。重力corers,类似于小导弹附加到一根绳子,穿透沉积物和核心是收集在中央有机玻璃核心管。最显著的缺点的这种类型的设备,它会导致两扰动和压缩的核心材料。
2.汉译英
微生物生态学Microbial ecology，大陆架沉积物Shelf sediment，核芯采样Core sampling，厌氧/ 好氧条件Anaerobic/aerobic conditions，垂直剖面Vertical section，氧气污染Oxygen pollution，培养室pure
U36 Test：Life and the biosphere
1.英译中
Symbiotic combination of fungi and algae共生真菌和海藻的组合；feed upon the herbivores饲料在食草动物；ultraviolet radiation tenacious lichen紫外线辐射顽强的地衣；homeostasis内环境稳定；nucleic acid genetic material 核酸基因材料；warm-blooded animal恒温动物；predatory掠夺的食肉的
2.汉译英
生命因子Life factor，相同状态The same state，寄生的parasitic，共生的symbiotic，动力学平衡Dy namic equilibrium，水丰富的边界区Water rich border area，红外辐射Infrared radiation，湿条件Wet condi tions ，光合作用photosynthesis，暴雨storm，热力学thermodynamic，质量守恒定律Conservation of mass 3. Materials and energy balance are key tools in achieving a quantitative understanding of the behaviour of environmental systems . They sever as a method of accounting fou the flow of energy and materials into and out of environmental system . Mass balances provide us with a tool for modeling the production，transp ort，and fate of pollutants in the environment . Energy balances likewise provide us with a tool for modeling the production，transport，and fate of energy in the environment . Examples of mass balances include predi ction of rainwater runoff，determination of the solid waste production from mining operation，oxygen balance in streams，and audits of hazardous waste production . Energy balances allow us to estimate the efficiency of thermal processes，predict the temperature rise in a stream from the discharge of cooling water from a power plant，and study climate change .
材料和能量平衡是关键工具在实现一个定量的理解环境系统的行为。他们切断作为方法的会计傻人的能量流和材料的环境系统。质量平衡为我们提供了一种工具,用于建模的生产、运输和环境中的污染物的命运。能量平衡同样为我们提供了一种工具,用于建模的生产、运输和能源环境的命运。质量平衡的例子包括预测的雨水径流,决心的固体废物生产从采矿工作、氧平衡在溪流,和审计的危险废物生产。能量平衡允许我们估计的效率,热过程,预测的温度上升在流从排放的冷却水从发电厂,和研究气候变化。
U41 Text：Clean technologies through microbial process for economic benefits and sustainability
1.英译中
（1）The sugarcane industry，from the farmer to the processor，has suffered-and still is suffering-from the instability of income due to fluctuations on the overseas market demand and prices as well as weather fluctu ations affecting the yield of sugarcane.
甘蔗行业,从农民处理器,已经遭受了,仍然是遭受不稳定的收入由于波动在海外市场需求和价格以及天气波动影响成品率的甘蔗。
（2）This compost can be converted into rich humus using supplementation with animal waste or anaerobic digester sludge and earthworm cultivation.
这个堆肥可以转化为丰富的腐殖质使用补充动物粪便或厌氧消化池污泥和蚯蚓栽培。
（3）The first acid phase with an organic loading of 30 kg COD/（m3·day）was followed by a methane phase organic loading rate of 3.25 kg COD/（m3·day）.
第一个酸阶段和一个有机负荷30公斤的鳕鱼/(m3?天)随后甲烷相有机加载速率为3.25公斤鳕鱼/(m3?天)。
（4）It is the flexibility and diversification of product formation，together with the mixing of animal and hum an waste with stillage or other residues during anaerobic digestion or composting and mushroom production which secure not only the ecological environment but also the sustainability and lifting of living standards.
它是灵活和多样化的产品形成,连同混合的动物和人类废弃物与台或其他残留在厌氧消化或堆肥和蘑菇生产,确
保不仅生态环境也是可持续发展和生活水平的提升。
2.中译英
清洁技术clean technologies；微生物处理技术Microbial treatment technology；厌氧消化器anaeroic digestor；
微生物矿化过程Microbial mineralization process；微生物发酵工艺Microbial fermentation process；生化需氧量a bbr. BOD/
biochemical oxygen demand；细胞微生物Cell microbial；产品多样化product diversification；
蘑菇生产Mushroom production；海外市场需求Overseas market demand；
U42 Test：wastewater treatment，greenhouse gas mitigation and hydrogen production using microalgae
1.中译英
发酵工程fermentation engineering；厌氧发酵anaerobic digestion；藻类光合作用Algal photosynthesis；技术瓶颈T echnology bottleneck；扩散势垒diffusion barrier；再生燃料generative fuel；丝状蓝绿藻Filamentous blue green a lgae；喷雾干燥spray drying；生物质biomass；细菌培养bacterial culture；分子迁移Molecular migration
2.英译中
（1）Depleted oil and gas wells or aquifers are promising disposal sites but have significant resource limitatio ns.
耗尽石油和天然气井或蓄水层是有前途的处置场所但有重要的资源限制。
（2）The filamentous algae are harvested using screens and spray dried to yield a food product.
收获丝状藻类使用屏幕和喷雾干燥产生的食物产品。
（3）Combining microalgae wastewater treatment with biological CO2, mitigation and production of renewable fuels, biodiesel，methane and H2，could greatly expand the practical near-to mid-term potential of microalgae in greenhouse gas mitigation.
结合微藻类污水处理与生物二氧化碳,缓解和生产的可再生燃料,生物柴油,甲烷和H2,可能会大大增加实际接近
中期潜在的微藻类温室气体减排。
（4）Recent advances in microalgae photosynthesis recently demonstrated in Japan and the U.S. allow optimis tic projections of greatly increased productivities by such systems.
近年来微藻类光合作用最近演示了在日本和美国允许乐观的预测,这种系统大大提高生产力。
Protecting the Environment-保护环境
Environmental problems are becoming more and more serious all over the world. For example, cars have made the a ir unhealthy for people to breathe and poisonous gas is given off by factories. Trees on the hills have been cut down and waste water is being poured continuously into rivers.Furthermore, wherever we go today, we can find rubbish ca relessly disposed. Pollution is, in fact, threatening our existence. The earth is our home and we have the duty t o take care of it for ourselves and for our later generations. Fortunately, mo re and more people have realized these problems. Measures have been taken to cope with these problems by the government. Laws have been passed to st op pollution. I hope the problem will be solved in the near future and our home will become better and bette r.
Environmental quality 环境质量Acid rain酸雨 Sulfur dioxide二氧化硫Nitrogen oxide 氧化氮Automobile exhausts汽车尾气Infectious diseases传染病Waterborne diseases通过水传播的疾病 Carbon dioxide二氧化碳Environmental disturbance环境破坏 Aquatic life 水生物 Detection limits 检出限Qualitative 定性的Quantitative定量的Characterization 表征性能描写Unpleasant odors 难闻的气味Trace l level 痕量微量Carbon oxide碳化物 Carbon monoxide 一氧化碳Carbon dioxide 二氧化碳Sulfur oxide 硫化物 Sulfur dioxide二氧化硫 Sulfur trioxide 三氧化硫Nitrogen oxide 氮化物 Nitrous oxide一氧化二氮 Nitric oxide一氧化氮 Nitrogen dioxide 二氧化氮Ethane 乙烷 Propane 丙烷Photochemical oxidants 光氧化剂 Ozone臭氧 Aldehydes 乙醛 Sulfate salts硫酸盐 Hydrogen sulfide 硫化氢Ammonia氨气 Sulfur acids 硫酸 Nitric acid 硝酸 Primary air pollutant一次污染物Second air pollutant二次污染物Biofiltration生物过滤 Volatile organic compounds挥发性化合物Trickling filter滴滤器 Municipal sewage treatment plant市政污水处理厂 Wastewater treatment plant污水 处理厂 Rendering plant 炼油厂 Ethanol 乙醇 Biodegradation 生物降解 Bioremediation 生物治理 Suspended solid（SS）悬浮颗粒 物 Volatile suspended solid(VSS) 挥 发性悬浮颗粒物 Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)生化需氧量 Heavy mental重金属 Domestic sewage 生活废水 Chemical oxygen demand (COD) 化学需氧量 Sewage 污水、废水 Microorganism微生物 Microbe微生物 Bacteria(复数) Bacterium(单数)细菌 Oxidizer氧化剂 Oxidant氧化剂 Dissolved oxygen溶解氧 Residence time 停留时间 Eutrophic lake富营养化的湖泊 Sanitary sewage 生活污水 Aeration tank 曝气池 Sedimentation tank 沉淀池 Eutrophication 富营养化 Adsorption 吸附 Activated carbon 活性炭 Activated sludge活性污泥 Coagulation 絮凝、凝固 Flocculation 混凝 Sedimentation 沉淀、沉积 Hydrophilic 亲水的、吸水的 Oxidizing agent 氧化剂 Reverse osmosis 反向渗透 Membrane膜 Groundwater地下水 Surface water 地表水 Aluminum sulfate 硫酸铝 Screening （用拦污栅）隔离 Turbidity 浊度，浑浊性 Colloidal胶体 Chlorine dioxide 二氧化氯 Ultraviolet light 紫外线 Limestone 石灰石 Incinerator 焚烧炉 Hazardous waste 危险废物 Refuse垃圾、废物 Environmental protection agency 环保部 Hydrogen sulfide 硫化物 Decontamination 净化，消 除……的污染 Aerobic 需氧的 Anaerobic 厌氧的 Decibel meter 分贝仪 Subsonic 亚声速的 Supersonic 超声速的 Muffler消声器 Ecological disruptions 生态破坏 Aquatic ecosystem 水环境系统 Environmental impact assessments环境影响评价 Kinetics 动力学 Steady-state 稳态的 Point source discharge点源排放 Receiving water收纳水体 Nitrogen oxide 氮氧化物 Photochemical oxidant 光化学氧 化剂 Carbon monoxide一氧化碳 Coliform bacteria 大肠杆菌
专业英语 环境：environment 环境工程：environmental engineering 环境保护：environmental protection 环境意识：environmental consciousness/awareness 环境问题：environmental issue/problem 环境效应：environmental effect 环境污染：environmental pollution 环境要素：environmental elements 环境因子：environmental factors 环境化学：environmental chemistry 环境生态学：environmental ecology 环境质量：environmental quality 环境自净作用：environmental self-purification/self-cleansing 水环境：watershed 水体：water body 流域：watershed 水质：water quality 水资源：water resources 供水：water supply 废水：waste water 水处理：water treatment 物理性水质指标：physical indicate of water quality 水污染物：water pollutant 生物性水质指标：biological water-quality index 水质标准：water quality standard 化学性水质指标：chemical water-quality index DS：dissolved solids BOD：biochemical oxygen demand TDS：total dissolved solids COD：chemical oxygen demand TSS：total suspended solids DO：dissolved oxygen TOC：total organic carbon PH值： TN：总氮total nitrogen TP：总磷phosphorus Zn：zinc Cu：Copper As：arsenic Cd：Cadmium Cr：chromium Ni：Nickel Hg：mercury Pb：plumbum 物理处理：physical treatment 过滤：screening 生物处理：biological treatment 沉淀：sedimentation 化学处理：chemical treatment 气浮：flotation 物理化学处理：physical-chemical treatment 蒸发：evaporation 稀释：dilution 扩散：dispersion 吹脱：stripping 好氧处理：aerobic treatment 生物膜法：bio-membrane process 厌氧处理：anaerobic treatment 生物滤池：trickling filters 活性污泥法：activated sludge process 生物接触氧化：biological contact SBR：苯乙烯-丁二烯Styrene Butadiene Rubber UASB（流式厌氧污泥床）：Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket 活性污泥：activated sludge 改进型：modification 一级处理：primary treatment 二级处理：secondary treatment 三级处理：tertiary treatment 高级氧化处理：advanced treatment 生活污水：domestic wastewater 生产废水：industrial wastewater 城市生活污水：municipal wastewater 电镀废水：metalplating plants 印染废水：pulp and paper industries wastewater 浊度：turbidity 硬度：hardness 水质净化：water quality purifies 混凝沉淀：coagulate flocculating agent 活性炭吸附：activated carbon adsorption
环境保护常用词汇短句中英文对照 世界环境日World Environment Day (June 5th) 环境千年——行动起来吧！（2000）The Environment Millennium - Time to Act！拯救地球就是拯救未来！（1999）Our Earth - Our Future - Just Save It! 为了地球上的生命—拯救我们的海洋!（1998）For Life on Earth - Save Our Seas! 为了地球上的生命（1997）For Life on Earth 我们的地球、居住地、家园（1996）Our Earth, Our Habitat, Our Home 国际生物多样性日International Biodiversity Day (29 December) 世界水日World Water Day (22 March) 世界气象日World Meteorological Day(23 March) 世界海洋日World Oceans Day (8 June ) 国家环境保护总局State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) 生态示范区eco-demonstration region; environment-friendly region 国家级生态示范区（珠海）Nationally Designated Eco-Demonstration Region 国家级园林城市Nationally Designated Garden City 对水质和空气质量的影响impact on the quality of the water and the air 治理环境污染curb environmental pollution; bring the pollution under control 海藻mostly in polluted waters) 工业固体废物industrial solid wastes 白色污染white pollution (by using and littering of non-degradable white plastics) 可降解一次性塑料袋throwaway bio-degradable plastic bags 放射性废料积存accumulation of radioactive waste 有机污染物organic pollutants 城市垃圾无害化处理率decontamination rate of urban refuse 垃圾填埋场refuse landfill 垃圾焚化厂refuse incinerator 防止过度利用森林protect forests from overexploitation 森林砍伐率rate of deforestation 水土流失water and soil erosion 土壤盐碱化soil alkalization 农药残留pesticide residue 水土保持conservation of water and soil 生态农业environment-friendly agriculture; eco-agriculture 水资源保护区water resource conservation zone 海水淡化sea water desalinization 保护珊瑚礁、红树林和渔业资源protect coral reefs, mangrove and fishing resource 绿化祖国turn the country green 矿物燃料（煤、石油、天然气）fossil fuels: coal, oil, and natural gas 清洁能源clean energy 汽车尾气排放motor vehicle exhaust 尾气净化器exhaust purifier 无铅汽油lead-free gasoline 天然气汽车gas-fueled vehicles 电动汽车cell-driven vehicles; battery cars 氯氟烃CFCs 温室效应greenhouse effect 厄尔尼诺南徊ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation)
第二单元环境工程 这本书主要关于什么？ 这本书的目标是使工程和科学的学生了解学科间的研究环境问题：它们的起因，为什么它们被关注，我们怎么控制它们。这本书包括： ●描述环境和环境系统意味着什么 ●关于环境破坏基础原因的信息 ●理解环境问题本质和能够定量计算它们所必要的基本科学知识 ●目前运用在水,空气,污染问题的环境控制技术的状况 ●我们目前在很多关于理解和控制人类活动、自然之间复杂相互作用的科学知识上存在着相当大的空白 ●很多环境问题能运用目前的技术消除或减少，但因为社会缺少意愿这么做或在很多例子中因为缺乏资源去这样做，这些环境问题没有被处理 一些重要的定义： 在这本书中，它们第一次被使用，定义被以大写或印刷成黑体字的形式展示 环境是围绕在我们周围的物质生命的栖息地，在这儿我们能看到,听到,触摸,闻到,和品尝到 系统依据韦氏字典,被定义为“一组或一系列能形成一个整体或者有机整体的相互关联的事物”，例如，太阳系统，灌溉系统，供应系统，世界和宇宙。 污染被定义为“在大气，水或土地中的物质的，化学的或生物的特性的不合意的改变，这一改变有害地影响人类或其它生物的健康，生存，或活动”。 当改进环境质量的目标被用来改进人类福利，“环境”一词扩展成包括所有的社会，经济和文化方面的内容。这一扩展在许多真实情况下是不可行的以及在一本被设计为一学期课程的教科书中也是不实际的。我们对环境问题的考察因此限于我们对“环境”的定义。 系统的相互作用 许多不同的环境问题都与水，空气或土地系统有关联。许多这些问题都只适用于这些系统中的一个，这为这些种类中的细目分类提供了充分的理由。这样的分类也更有用于及易于理解一个系统内的相关问题。而且，这样做是明智的，这是因为由于管理上的和行政上的原因，这些有关空气污染，水供应，废水处理和固体废物处理的子域通常由政府机构分别处理。 很遗憾的是，很多重要的环境问题不仅仅限制于空气，水或土地系统，还包括系统间的相互作用。现在举个例子，酸雨问题起源于从发电站烟囱，冶炼厂和汽车尾气中向大气排放的含硫二氧化物和氮氧化物。接着这些气体由气流运输到广阔的区域，降雨“将它们洗去”，产生了有害于水生生命，森林和农作物的酸雨。两个有关于系统间相互作用引起的环境问题有：空气中的二氧化碳的增加的全球问题，及通常具有地域性质的酸雨问题。 环境问题 许多对我们生活标准的主要改进能被归因于科学和技术的运用。这里举一些例子，你能想出其它例子吗？ ●生产更多及更好质量的食物 ●创造能避免极端环境的保护所和生存空间 ●快速和可靠的运输方法的建立 ●各种交流系统的发明 ●代替人类和动物体力的机器的发明 ●安全水的供应和废物处理 ●对很多传染疾病的消除
pollution污染 a cid rain酸雨interaction of systems系统的交互作用environmental problem环境问题environmental disturbance环境破坏biotic habitat生物环境 sulfur dioxide二氧化硫 nitrogen oxide氧化氮 carbon dioxide二氧化碳 automobile exhaust汽车尾气infectious diseases有传染性的疾病waterborne diseases水传染的疾病agrarian society农业社会industrial society工业社会industrial revolution产业革命urbanization城市化industrialization工业化developed country发达国家developing country发展中国家undeveloped country落后国家 primary air pollutant一次大气污染物secondary air pollutant二次大气污染物monoxide一氧化物 dioxide二氧化物 trioxide三氧化物 carbon monoxide一氧化碳 carbon dioxide 二氧化碳 sulfur dioxide二氧化硫 sulfur trioxide 三氧化硫 nitrous oxide一氧化二氮 nitric oxide一氧化氮nitrogen dioxide二氧化氮 carbon oxides碳氮化物 sulfur oxides硫氧化物 nitrogen oxides氮氧化物hydrocarbons碳氢化合物photochemical oxidants光化学氧化物particulates颗粒物 inorganic compound无机化合物organic compound有机化合物radioactive substance放射性物质heat热 noise噪声 contaminant污染物 strength强度 foreign matter杂质 domestic sewage生活污水municipal wastewater城市废水 microbe微生物microorganism微生物 bacteria细菌total solids总固体 inorganic constituents无机要素 suspended solids (SS)固体悬浮物volatile suspended solids (VSS)挥发性悬浮固体颗粒organic matter有机物质 total organic carbon, TOC总有机碳 chemical oxygen demand, COD化学需氧量biochemical oxygen demand, BOD生化需氧量biodegradable可微生物分解的 contamination污染 recontamination再污染groundwater地下水 surface water地表水restriction限制 colloid胶体screening隔栅 coagulation凝聚flocculation絮凝 sedimentation沉淀filtration过滤 disinfection消毒chlorination氯化消毒 prechlorination预加氯ozonation臭氧消毒 aeration曝气 softening软化 activated carbon活性炭adsorption吸附 reverse osmosis反渗透desalination脱盐处理 microbial degradation微生物降解 biological degradation生化降解 biofilm process生物膜法 activated sludge process活性污泥法attached-growth吸着生长 suspended-growth悬浮生长 shock loading冲击负荷 organic loading有机负荷 mixed liquor suspended solids混合液悬浮固体metabolize 使代谢化 metabolism新陈代谢 dissolved oxygen 溶解氧pretreatment process 预处理工艺 primary clarifier初沉池 equalization basin均质池 biological treatment process生物处理工艺aeration basin曝气池 secondary clarifier二沉池 biomass生物质 heterotrophic bacteria异养菌 autotrophic bacteria自养菌 hydraulic retention time (HRT) 水力停留时间sludge residence time (SRT)污泥停留时间 solid waste固体废物municipal城市化industrial工业的agricultural农业的
1环境工程与科学 Environmental Engineering and Science 2环境监测与评价 Environmental monitoring and assessment 3温室气体 greenhouse gases 4地表水 the surface water 浅层水 the subsurface water 地下水 the ground water 5环境影响评（EIA ）environmental impact assessment 6臭氧层减少 ozone depletion 7沙漠化 desertification 8点源 point sources 非点源 nonpoint sources 9初级污染物 primary pollutant 次级污染物 secondary pollutant 10光化学烟雾 photochemical smog 11室内污染 indoor air pollution 12固体及有害废弃物污染 solid and hazardous waste pollution 13生物多样性减少biodiversity loss 14传统决策 traditional decision making 15原生环境 primary environment 次生环境 secondary environment 16不可再生资源 nonrenewable resources 17生态示范区 ecological demonstrate area 18保护林 protection forest 19环境危机 environmental crisis 20环境预测environmental forecasting 21环境效应environmental effect 22环境承载力environmental capacity 23环境演化evolution of environment 24草地退化 grassland degeneration 25水中悬浮物 suspended solids 26孔隙水 void water 27岩溶水 karst water 28流域保护 water basin protection 29淡水 fresh water 海水 salt water 30降雨量 amount of precipitation 降雨强度 intensity of precipitation 31 海洋倾倒 ocean dumping 32水力工程 hydro-engineering 33水环境功能区 function district of water environment 34土壤肥力 soil fertility 33土壤酸碱度 soil acidity and alkalinity 36土壤盐渍化 soil salination 37土壤酸化 soil acidification 38缓冲能力 buffer capacity 39盐基饱和度 base saturation percentage 40污水灌溉 wastewater irrigation 41事后评价 afterwards assessment 42大气扩散 atmospheric diffusion 43而授限度 limits of tolerance 44生命周期评价 life cycle assessment 45慢性毒性实验 chronic toxicity test 46生物富集 bioaccumulation 47生物浓缩 bioconcentration 48生物放大 biomagnification 49边缘效应 edge effect 5总悬浮颗粒物 total suspended particulates(TSP) 51化学需氧量 chemical oxygen demand (COD) 52生物化学需氧量 biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) 53总有机碳 total organic carbon （TOC ） 54活性碳 active carbon 55萃取剂 extracting agent 56有机高分子絮凝剂 organic pdymer flocculant 57固定大气污染源 stationary sources of air pollution 移动大气污染源 mobile sources of air pollution 5环境优先污染物environmental priority pollutant 59回归分析 regression analysis 相关分析 correlation analysis 60相关系数 correlation coefficient 61系数误差 systematic error 62随机误差 random error 63土壤修复 soil-remediation 64绝对湿度 absolute humidity 相对湿度 relative humidity 65热辐射 thermal radiation 湍流扩散 turbulent diffusion 6煤的综合利用 comprehensive-utilization of coal 67清洁生产 cleaner production 68采矿排水 mining drainage 69分子筛吸附NOx 化物过程 control of NOx by adsorption process with molecular sieve 70公害 public nuisance 71涡流 eddy current 72富营养化废水 eutrophic wastewater 73富营养化 eutrophication 74中度营养湖泊 mesotrophic lake 75贫营养湖泊 oligotropic lake 76腐殖质化 humification 77土壤质地 soil texture 78海水淡化 desalination of seawater 79检出限 detection limit 80生态位 niche 81生态型 ecotype 82表面活性剂 surfactant 83光催化作用 photo catalysis 84催化作用 catalysis 85格栅 grill 86筛网 grid screen 87气浮池 floatation basin 88微电解法 micro-electroanalysis 89微生物合成代谢 micro-organism synthetic metabolism 90杀菌 sterilization 除味 taste removal 91紫外光消毒 disinfection with ultroviolet vays 93脱臭 odor removal 94脱色decoloration 95污泥浓缩sludge thickening 污泥硝化sludge digestion 污泥脱水sludge dewatering 污泥干燥sludge drying 96陆地填埋landfill 97焚烧incineration 98渗滤液处理leachate treatment 99最大允许浓度maximum permissible concentration 100理境伦理学environmental ethics 101环境适宜度environmental suitability 102排放总量控制total discharge control of pollutant 103谁污染谁治理pollutant-treats 104谁开发谁保护explorer-protects 105国家级生态示范区national ecological demonstration area 106环境管理信息系统information system for environmental management I07环境标记物environmental label 108外部经济性external economics 外部非经济性external diseconomics 109生态足迹the ecological footprint 110代际公平equality between generation 111公众参与public participantion 112回收水系统water reuse system 113绿化用水greenbelt sprinkling 114自然沉降plain sedimentation 115过程水process water 116未预见用水量unforeseen water demand 117絮凝沉淀coagulation sedimentation 118垃圾处理sewage disposal 119居民生活垃圾domestic sewage 居民生活污水 domestic water 120市政垃圾municipal sewage 121水体自净self-purification of waterbodies 122一级处理primary treatment 二级处理secondary treatment 生物处理biological treatment 123活性污泥处理activated sludge process 124污泥焚烧sludge incineration
晓庄学院期末考试试卷 （ 07 级 环境工程 专业2010 ～2011 学年度 第 一 学期） 课程名称 环境工程专业英语 A 卷 考试形式 闭卷 考核类型 考试 本试卷共 六 大题，卷面满分100分，答题时间120分钟。 一、 请根据缩写写出单词全称：（本题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分） 1. VOC ：V olatile Organic Compounds 2. APC ：Air Pollution Control 3. SS ：Suspended Solids 4. COD ：Chemical Oxygen Demand 5. EIA ： Environmental Impact Assessment （评分标准：每小题中单词全部写对，不论大小写，得2分；错一个单词得1分；错两个及以上单词，得0分。） 二、 请写出下列术语的英文表达：（本题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分） 1. 城市污水：municipal wastewater 2. 废水处理：wastewater disposal 3. 沉降池:sedimentation tank 4. 消毒:disinfection 5. 絮凝作用:flocculation
（评分标准：每小题中所用单词意思基本吻合，单词拼写正确，且单词词态正确，得2分；错一个单词得1分；错两个及以上单词，得0分。） 三、 请根据下列英文解释写出相应的英文词汇：（本题共4小题，每题2分，共10分） 1. The physical and biotic habitat which surrounds us. Environment 2. A natural gas which is formed from decaying matter and burns easily, sometimes causes explosions in mines. Methane 3. Too many people in a given area, too high a population density. Overpopulation 4. The process by which water passes through a membrane that is impermeable to dissolved ions. Osmosis 5. A kind of chemical which can speed up/down a chemical reaction rate. Catalyst （评分标准：每小题中所用单词意思基本吻合，单词拼写正确，且单词词态正确，得2分；否则得0分。） 四、阅读理解：（本题共20分，每小题2分） Passage1 A growing number of these attractions now allow customers to print e-tickets at home with large discounts off the gate price, in part to spur attendance that has declined in recent years. After boom times in the late 1990s, theme park attendance began to decrease, with an overall decline of about 4% over the past few y ears at North America’s 50 most- visited establishments, says James Zola, editor of Amusement Business. “The bloom was off the rose as we turned the corner into 2000, so there’s more discounting now,” he says.
专业英语 环境：环境工程： 环境保护：环境意识： 环境问题：环境效应： 环境污染：环境要素： 环境因子：环境化学： 环境生态学：环境质量： 环境自净作用： 水环境：水体： 流域：水质： 水资源：供水： 废水：水处理： 物理性水质指标：水污染物： 生物性水质指标：水质标准： 化学性水质指标： ：： ：： ：： ：值： ：总氮：总磷 ：： ：： ：： ：： 物理处理：过滤： 生物处理：沉淀： 化学处理：气浮： 物理化学处理： 蒸发：稀释： 扩散：吹脱： 好氧处理：生物膜法： 厌氧处理：生物滤池： 活性污泥法：生物接触氧化： ：苯乙烯-丁二烯 （流式厌氧污泥床）：活性污泥：改进型：一级处理： 二级处理：三级处理： 高级氧化处理：生活污水： 生产废水：城市生活污水： 电镀废水： 印染废水：浊度： 硬度：水质净化： 混凝沉淀：活性炭吸附：
隔油池：中和池： 调节池：生物反应池： 加药设备：沉淀池： 初沉池：二沉池： 絮凝剂：混凝剂： 生物降解：生物累积： 飘尘：可吸入颗粒物： 能见度：酸雨： 一次污染物： 二次污染物：氮氧化物： 硫氧化物： 硫化氢：碳氧化物： 硝酸：盐酸： 硫酸：二氧化硫： 除尘工艺： 吸收：吸附： 静电除尘：重力除尘： 臭氧： 光化学烟雾：喷淋（洗涤）： 土壤：热污染：噪声：放射性： ： （计算机辅助设计）： 大气污染控制工程： 水污染控制工程： 固体废物污染控制工程： 污染源： 同化作用：固体废物： 危险废物： 化学污泥： 生物污泥： 工业固废：分选处理：矿业固废：破碎处理： 农业固废：压实处理： 污泥脱水：？ 污泥浓缩： 带式压滤： 离心脱水： 筛分： 堆肥和堆肥化： 沼气和沼气化： 热解与焚烧： 生物转化作用： 热化学转化作用： 固化和稳定化作用：资源化： 减量化： 无害化： 固体废物全过程控制：固体废物污染控制： 固体废物处理： 处置： 物质回收：物质转化：能量回收：能量转化： 1., , , .（2页） 环境工程学是环境工程的分支学科，其研究内容包括①保护环境免受人类活动改造形成的潜在和不利影响②保护人类免受不利环境因素的影响③持续改善环境质量，以造福于人类健康与福祉。 2. a .（2页）
第一单元环境工程 这本书主要关于什么？ 这本书的目标是使工程和科学的学生了解学科间的研究环境问题：它们的起因，为什么它们被关注，我们怎么控制它们。这本书包括： ●描述环境和环境系统意味着什么 ●关于环境破坏基础原因的信息 ●理解环境问题本质和能够定量计算它们所必要的基本科学知识 ●目前运用在水,空气,污染问题的环境控制技术的状况 ●我们目前在很多关于理解和控制人类活动、自然之间复杂相互作用的科学知识上存在着相当大的空白●很多环境问题能运用目前的技术消除或减少，但因为社会缺少意愿这么做或在很多例子中因为缺乏资源去这样做，这些环境问题没有被处理 一些重要的定义： 在这本书中，它们第一次被使用，定义被以大写或印刷成黑体字的形式展示 环境是围绕在我们周围的物质生命的栖息地，在这儿我们能看到,听到,触摸,闻到,和品尝到 系统依据韦氏字典,被定义为“一组或一系列能形成一个整体或者有机整体的相互关联的事物”，例如，太阳系统，灌溉系统，供应系统，世界和宇宙。 污染被定义为“在大气，水或土地中的物质的，化学的或生物的特性的不合意的改变，这一改变有害地影响人类或其它生物的健康，生存，或活动”。 当改进环境质量的目标被用来改进人类福利，“环境”一词扩展成包括所有的社会，经济和文化方面的容。这一扩展在许多真实情况下是不可行的以及在一本被设计为一学期课程的教科书中也是不实际的。我们对环境问题的考察因此限于我们对“环境”的定义。 系统的相互作用 许多不同的环境问题都与水，空气或土地系统有关联。许多这些问题都只适用于这些系统中的一个，这为这些种类中的细目分类提供了充分的理由。这样的分类也更有用于及易于理解一个系统的相关问题。而且，这样做是明智的，这是因为由于管理上的和行政上的原因，这些有关空气污染，水供应，废水处理和固体废物处理的子域通常由政府机构分别处理。 很遗憾的是，很多重要的环境问题不仅仅限制于空气，水或土地系统，还包括系统间的相互作用。现在举个例子，酸雨问题起源于从发电站烟囱，冶炼厂和汽车尾气中向大气排放的含硫二氧化物和氮氧化物。接着这些气体由气流运输到广阔的区域，降雨“将它们洗去”，产生了有害于水生生命，森林和农作物的酸雨。两个有关于系统间相互作用引起的环境问题有：空气中的二氧化碳的增加的全球问题，及通常具有地域性质的酸雨问题。 环境问题 许多对我们生活标准的主要改进能被归因于科学和技术的运用。这里举一些例子，你能想出其它例子吗？ ●生产更多及更好质量的食物 ●创造能避免极端环境的保护所和生存空间 ●快速和可靠的运输方法的建立 ●各种交流系统的发明 ●代替人类和动物体力的机器的发明 ●安全水的供应和废物处理 ●对很多传染疾病的消除 ●通过在发达国家运用改进的水技术对大部分水传染的疾病的消除 ●通过更好的生产力（带来的）闲余时间的有效性，为文化的，娱乐的活动提供机会。 ●避免例如洪水，干旱，地震，火山爆发的自然灾害的最坏影响 然而，通过这些改进，已经带来了不良的负面影响，例如耕地的丧失，消失的森林，环境的污染和
个人收集整理仅供参考学习 环境工程专业英语术语 A/O 厌氧—好氧法anaerobic / Aerobic (Oxic) A/A/O 厌氧—厌氧—好氧法 AB （Acid-formation bacteria ）产酸菌 ABR （ Anaerobic Baffled Reactor ）厌氧折流板反应器 Acid step 产酸步骤 Acinetobacter 不动杆菌属 Activated sludge 活性污泥 Activated sludge plant 活性污泥系统 Active bionmass 活性生物量 Adsorption 吸附 Aeration 曝气 Aeration tank 曝气池 Aerobic sludge age 好养泥龄 Aerobic zone 好氧区 AF（ Anaerobic Filter ）厌氧滤池 AFBR ( Anaerobic Fluidized Bed ) 厌氧流化床反应器 Alkalinity 碱度 Alternating process 交替工艺 Ammonia 氨 Ammonium 铵盐（氨氮） Anaerobic digestion 厌氧消化 Anaerobic filter 厌氧滤池 Anaerobic sludge age 厌氧泥龄 Anoxic zone 缺氧区 ASBR ( Anaerobic Sequencing Batch Reactor ) 厌氧序批式反应器Backwashing 反冲洗 Biofilms生物膜 Biofilters生物滤池 Biofilters for denitrification 反硝化生物滤池 BOD 20 二十日生化需氧量 BOD 5 ( Biochemical Oxygen Demand ) 五日生化需氧量 BODn 总生化需氧量 Bubble formation 气泡形成 Calcium precipitation 钙的沉淀 Carbohydrate 碳水化合物 CASS(Cyclic Activated Sludge System ) 循环式活性污泥法CAST( Cyclic Activated Sludge Technology ) 循环式活性污泥法CFS (Continous Flow System) 连续流系统 CODcr （ Chemical oxygen demand ）化学需氧量 Chemical precipitation 化学沉淀 Clogging 堵塞 Combination precipitation 混合沉淀
一、英汉互译 1. oxidizing agent——氧化剂 2. activated sludge——活性污泥 3. water purification——水净化 4. protozoa——原生动物 5. nitrogen dioxide——二氧化氮 6. phosphate——磷酸盐 7. the dew point——露点8. food additives——食品添加剂 9. chemical plant——化工厂10.primary air pollutant——一次大气污染物 11.qualitative analysis——定性分析12.environmental problem——环境问题 13.incomplete combustion——不完全燃烧14.photochemical oxidants——光化学氧化剂 15.suspented solid——悬浮固体16.气布比——air to cloth ratio 17.一氧化碳——carbon monoxide 18.酵母——yeast 19.紫外线——ultraviolet light 20.反向渗透——reverse osmosis 21.水资源——water resource 22.有机物质——organic matter 23.地表水——surface water 24.引风机——draft fan 25.生物鉴定——bioassay 26.副产品——by-products 27.环境容量——environmental capacity 28.供水，给水——water supply 29.吸附——adsorption 30.环境污染——environmental pollution 二、英译汉 1.Protection of public health, the original purpose of pollution control, continues to be the primary objective in many areas. However, preservation of water resources, protection of fishing areas, and maintenance of recreational waters are additional concerns today. 污染控制的最初目的是保护公众的健康，在许多地方这仍然是主要目的。然而，目前保护水资源、保护渔区和维护娱乐水域也是关注的方面。 2.Pollution can be defined as an undesirable change in the physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of the air, water, or land that can harmfully affect the health, survival, or activities of humans or other living organisms.污染：可以定义为空气、水或土壤的物理化学或生物特性发生恶化以至于对人类或生物有机体的健康、生存或活性造成了危害。Environment can be defined as(1) the circumstance of conditions that surround an organism or group of organisms, or (2) the complex of social or cultural conditions that affect an individual or community.环境可以定义为：（1）一个生物个体或生物群体周围的状况或条件；（2）影响个体或群体的复杂的社会或文化条件。 3.Fabric filters usually provide very high collection efficiencies, exceeding 99.5%, at pressure drops usually ranging from 4 to 6 inches of water. The amount of filter area required is often based o an air-to-cloth ratio of 11.5 to 3.0 cfm of gas/ft of cloth.