Part One Warm-up
I. Listening Materials
a.Love your live
. However mean your life is, meet it and live it; do not (1) it and call it hard names. You may perhaps have some pleasant, (2) glorious hours, even in a poor-house. The setting sun is (3) from the windows of the alms-house as (4) as from the rich man's abode; the snow (5) before its door as early in the spring. Maybe they are simply great (6) to receive without (7) . Do not trouble yourself much to get new things, whether clothes or friends. Turn the old, return to them. Sell your clothes and keep your (8).
Keys: (1)shun (2) thrilling (3) reflected (4)brightly (5)melts (6) enough (7) misgiving (8) thoughts
b.Friends
A true friend is someone who reaches for your hand and (1) your heart. There's always going to be people that hurt you, so what you have to do is keep on (2) and just be more careful about who you trust next time around. Make yourself a better person and know who you are before you try and know someone else and (3) them to know you. Remember: Whatever happens, happens for a (4). How many people actually have 8 true friends? Hardly anyone I know. But some of us have all (5) friends and good friends. Keys: (1)touches (2)trusting (3)expect (4)reason (5)right
c.No man or woman is (1) your tears, and the one who is, won't make you cry. Never
(2), even
when you are sad, because you never know who is falling in love with your smile. Just because someone doesn't love you the (3) you want them to, doesn't mean they don't love you with all they have. Don't cry because it is over, smile because it (4). Life is a pure flame, and we live by an (5) sun within us.
Keys: (1) worth (2)frown (3)way (4)happened (5)invisible
II.About the Author
Introduction:
Liam O'Flaherty is one of the most significant and important modern Anglo-Irish authors. His novels have not been met with much critical analysis over the last forty years because he stopped publishing work in 1956. Both his novels and his short stories define Anglo-Irish literature in that his themes stem from his experiences growing up in a poverty-stricken society on the island of Aran; his naturalistic, mystical, romantic, and realistic styles were also defined by his experiences in his native Ireland.
Chronology of Liam O'Flaherty's Main Works
1923 Thy Neighbour's Wife. First published creative work-a short story, “The Sniper“—appeared on January
12, 1923, in the British Socialist weekly The New Leader
1924 The Black Soul. One of the founders of the short—lived literary magazine To-Morrow.
1924 Spring Sowing
1925 The Informer, which was made into a film of the same name by John Ford.
1925 Civil War.
1928 The Assassin
1932 Skerrett
1934 Shame the Devil
1937 Famine
The Short Stories of Liam O'Flaherty
1948 Two Lovely Beasts and Other Stories
1950 Insurrection
1953 Duil [Desire], a collection of most of the short stories which O'Flaherty had written in Gaelic
1956 The Stories of Liam O'Flaherty
Liam O’Flaherty became famous because of his novels, especially Famine and The Informer, but his literary reputation rests more heavily upon his short stories. III.Do You Know?
Liam O'Flaherty was born in the village of Gort na gCapall, Inishmore, on 28 August 1896. Inishmore is the most northern of the Aran Islands. Gort na gCapall means "The Field of the Horses" and is true to its meaning. The entire area of Inishmore was bleak and harsh. The treeless, flat, rocky ground was almost too shallow for any crops to grow. Such a harsh land affected O'Flaherty immensely:
I was born on a storm-swept rock and hate the soft growth of sunbaked lands where there is no frost in men's bones. Swift thoughts, and the swift flight of ravenous birds, and the squeal of terror of hunted animals to me reality. I have seen the leaping salmon fly before the salmon whale, and I have seen the sated buck horn his mate, and the wanderer leave his wife in search of fresh bosoms with the fire of joy in his eye. For me, that man is great who is his own God and the slave man is a harnessed lout who jingles the coppers of his hire in the scales of mediocrity (Doyle 18). The area of Inishmore was also quite poverty stricken. Poverty, famine, and death were something that the people of Gort na gCapall dealt with every day (Sheeran 15). The people struggled with feeding large families on little or no food. Also, the people had little means of earning money or removing themselves from the poverty. The common occupations in Gort na gCapall were as landowners, such as Liam O'Flaherty's father, and fishermen. Another common practice was to haul sand from the shore in order to mix it with seaweed and silt in order to turn "bare rock into tillage land" (Sheeran 15). O'Flaherty had both an admiration and hatred for the poor. They give him both a romantic quality in describing the plight of the common man but also "frequently fill him with misanthropy" (Doyle 18). Among the people of Gort na gCapall were many orphans and widows. Because of the hard life, many people died early, either from starvation, disease, or drowning in the ocean in an attempt to catch fish to feed the family.
O‘Flaherty describes the life in such a harsh place as:
… terribly intense. There, not only extreme poverty, but the very position of the island foster in the human mind those devils of suspicion and resentment which make ingratitude seem man's strongest vice.
The surrounding sea, constantly stirred into fury by storms that cut off
communication with the mainland, always maintains in the mind of the inhabitants a restless anxiety, which has a strong bearing on character, sharpening the wits and heightening the energy, but at the same time producing a violent instability of temperament (Doyle 17).
A somewhat different description of the Aran Islands was given by John Millington Synge in The Aran Islands. This work is important in that it was a sore point for O'Flaherty. The description provided in The Aran Islands, written at intervals between 1898 and 1901, was very different than the life O'Flaherty actually led. The book provided an inspiration for O'Flaherty later on in life to give a proper description.
The mist and fog of Inishmore also proved to be a defining factor for the young O'Flaherty. As a youngster, he was fascinated with the mystical qualities present in the melancholy atmosphere of his homeland. He was enthralled by the "mystical dreams and mystical terrors" of the land (Doyle 18).
He became preoccupied with ancient ruins in the form of the "numerous prehistoric pagan and early Christian monuments" of Aran (Doyle 18). O'Flaherty, through his mystical fascination, became a brooding youngster who undertook "gloomy meditation" (Doyle 18). The enjoyment of the mystical pasts of Ireland also furthered a naturalistic movement inside of O'Flaherty, which is quite evident in his short stories.
O'Flaherty does not deal with the harsh life in Inishmore for a great deal in his autobiographies because of a sense of family pride (Sheeran 22). His own upbringing is only a source of experiences on which to create a greater imagination and draw a picture in his novels and short stories.
In 1908, a priest of the Holy Ghost order from Rockwell College in County Tipperary came to the Aran Islands in order to recruit some youngsters for the priesthood (Doyle 18). O'Flaherty was at the top of his class and showed imagination in his unusual brooding manner. He was therefore pointed out to the priest that further educational opportunities should be given to him. His education at Rockwell College would be practically free.
O'Flaherty still did well enough at Blackrock to receive an entrance scholarship to University College, Dublin. He again, despite his retrospective aversion to the Church, contemplated the priesthood once again and was accepted at the Dublin Diocesan Seminary at Clonliffe. The experience at the University College was not a good one though.
O'Flaherty's life took an odd twist when he dropped out of University College and enlisted in the British Army in 1915. Three reasons exist as to why O'Flaherty made such a drastic move. First, O'Flaherty was rather disillusioned with the Republican cause because its leaders were not as violent and apt to rebel as O'Flaherty would have liked. He felt that they were overly cautious with Republican actions (Doyle 20).
In 1920, O'Flaherty returned to Ireland. He became active in Communist activities. The Communist Party of Ireland was started by the son of James Connolly, Roderic Connolly, who was the first president. O'Flaherty was active within the party
(Cahalan 193). During the Irish Civil War, O'Flaherty and a group of unemployed men gained control of the Rotunda in Dublin and raised the Communist flag over the building (Doyle 21).
O'Flaherty soon joined the Irish Republican Army in an attempt to overthrow the Free State forces to no avail. On 6 December 1922, the Free State was officially established. O'Flaherty lost his spirit of activism and turned his efforts to writing (Cahalan 195).
Liam O'Flaherty is an often overlooked, though quite prolific, Irish writer. His writings are hard to quantify. He vacillates from the romantic to the realistic to the naturalistic to the mystical. O'Flaherty never really found his place in society, which may have actually helped his writings.
His abandonment led to imaginative insights. His rebellious nature led to a passion for his writings. The mythical history of Ireland and his impoverished upbringing affected O'Flaherty for the remainder of his life. The unique author Liam O'Flaherty died in Dublin on 7 September 1984.
IV.Warming-up Questions
1.D o you know that proper words c an drive people’s dissatisfactions and tiredness
way? Give
an example from the text.
2. Do you know how to sow potatoes? Describe it in your own words.
3. What’s your opinion of being a farmer?
V.Warming-up Activities
1.Try to work out a list of words or expressions used in sowing.
2.Please give a simple character sketch of the couple.
Part Two Background information
I.More About the Author’s Hometown
The Aran Islands
The Aran Islands comprise three islands (Inis Mór, Inis Meáin and Inis óirr) located at the mouth of Galway Bay. The names are Irish language for “the big island”, “the middle island”, “the south island” respectively.
The Aran Islands are rich in the language, culture and heritage of Ireland. Inishmore
Inishmore (or Inis Mór in Irish) is the largest of the three Aran islands. Its principal village is Kilronan where there is a good, deep harbour. An excellent Visitor's Centre, Ionad Arainn, provides a solid introduction to the history and culture of the island. Sites to see include the interesting remains of Arkin's Castle, a Cromwellian fort that maintained a garrison during the 17th and 18th centuries. Saint Ciaran's Monastery, east of the village, where can be seen also several early cross-slabs, pillars and a holy well dedicated to the early saint.
Also in this locality is the very early Saint Soorney's Church. To the west of Kilronan is the church of Saint Enda, the saint most closely identified with the spread of Christianity on Aran. Kilmurvy is the other main village on Inishmore; it lies about 7km west of Kilronan, and in its vicinity is the Church of Saint Colman
MacDuagh, and the Church of the Saints.
Dun Aonghasa
Undoubtedly the most famous and impressive site on Inishmore is the great stone fortress of Dun Aonghasa—the largest of the prehistoric stone forts of the Aran Islands. It is perched spectacularly on the edge of a sheet 100m (300ft) cliff that falls away into the Atlantic Ocean.
It is enclosed by three massive dry-stone walls and a "chevaux-de-frise" consisting of tall blocks of limestone set vertically into the ground to deter attackers. The fort is about 900 metres from the visitor centre and is approached over rising ground. Wheelchair access is available to the visitor centre, but not to the fort. Inishmann
Inishmann (Inis Meáin in Irish, meaning the "the middle island") also contains both kinds of monuments, notably the ancient Kilcanonagh Church, the 15th century Templemurray, and fragments of Templeshaghtmacree, or the Church of the King's Seven Sons. Prehistoric times are represented by the superb oval stone fort of Dun Chonchubhair.
There is one church on the island with beautiful Harry Clarke Studio windows. Also only one pub which is thatched and kept in the old traditional style. There is no bank on the island, so the bank flies in with Aer Arann once a month for business. An Dun is an excellent restaurant with award winning food set near the base of Dun Chonchubhair, a beautifully preserved prehistoric fort.
Inis óirr
Inishere (Inis óirr in Irish, meaning "the south island") is the smallest of the three islands with a population of only about 300 people. Despite its size you can still find pubs, B&Bs, a hotel and a campsite and there is plenty to do and see. Inis óirr is geologically similar to the Burren in County Clare, co mprising mostly of rock. Like the Burren, many rare and exotic flowers and plants grow there. II.Ireland
Geography
Small-beaked and wing-clipped, Ireland is an island in the Atlantic Ocean which appears about to alight on the coast of Britain 80km to the west across the Irish Sea. Its cities are small, so it's never far to isolated sweeps of mountains or boglands.
Much of Ireland's elevated ground is close to the coast, and almost the entire Atlantic seaboard is a bulwark of cliffs, hills and mountains, with few safe anchorages. Most of the centre of the island is composed of flat farmland or raised bogs. This area is drained by the 260km long Shannon, which enters the sea west of Limerick.
Ireland is a small, modern, trade-dependent economy with growth averaging a robust 7% in 1995—2004. Agriculture, once the most important sector, is now dwarfed by industry and services.
III.The Potato Comes to Ireland
Many countries in Europe paid very little attention to the arrival of the potato from the New World. This is because most countries already grew enough food to feed
their population, and so there was no reason to grow a new vegetable in large numbers. However, the situation was different in Ireland.
During the 1500's Ireland was torn apart by constant warfare between the country’s English rulers and Irish inhabitants, and between local nobles who were always fighting one another. As a result of these continual conflicts, Ireland's peasant farmers had a hard time growing enough food to feed themselves, let alone anyone else. It was into this starving, war-torn Ireland that the potato was introduced around the year 1600.
No one is sure exactly who introduced the potato to Ireland. Some believe it was the famous English explorer, sea captain and poet, Walter Raleigh. Others speculate that the potato washed up on the beaches of Ireland as part of the shipwreck of the Spanish Armada, which had sunk off the Irish coast in a violent storm.
However it arrived, one thing can be said for certain—the potato caught on very quickly in Ireland. The potato's popularity was based on the potato producing more food per acre than any other crops Irish farmers had grown before. In peaceful times the potato spread throughout Ireland as a healthy and reliable source of food. In times of war it was popular as well. When soldiers destroyed farmers' crops and livestock—as soldiers often did—, the potato would survive because it was hidden, and buried below ground. When the soldiers left, people could still dig up potatoes and eat them.
Ireland was the first country in Europe where the potato became a major food source. By the 1800's, the potato was so important in Ireland that some of the poorer parts of the country relied entirely on the potato for food. Because the potato was so abundant and could feed so many people, it allowed the population of Ireland to grow very quickly.
By 1840, the country’s population had swelled—from less than three million in the early 1500's to a staggering eight million people—largely thanks to the potato. Some men and women tried to warn everyone that it was dangerous for so many people in one place to be dependent on just one crop. Unfortunately, no one listened to their warnings.
Part Three Text Appreciation
I. Text Analysis
1.T heme
The simple life, honest nature and good wishes of the newly-married couple are presented through the descriptions of their spring planting in minute detail. It reveals the traditional virtues of a typical farmer: hard work, simple living, discipline, and above all, strong sense of responsibility for the happiness of his wife and family.
2.T ext Structure
Part 1 (Paras. 1—8):The young couple’s preparations for the first day of their first spring sowing
Part 2 (Paras. 9—23): A detailed description of the spring sowing.
Part 3 (Paras. 24—26): The young couple’s yearnings for the future
3.G eneral Analysis
Question:
What kind of a harvest were the newly-weds going to have in the first day of their first spring sowing?
For the young couple, the first day of their first spring sowing was an extremely important day, because it not only would determine the crop they would harvest in autumn, but also would show what kind of wife and husband they would prove to each other and what kind of family they were going to have.
4.F urther Questions on Appreciation
Further Questions on Appreciation
1. What values and moral principles are being idealized here? Is it still the same today? Do you agree that the traditional work ethic is out of date? Are such qualities as hard work, diligence, thrift, responsibility, discipline, simple and honest living, rugged individualism and self-reliance, etc. still valued?
2.W hat changes have taken place in social ethics since our grandfathers’ time?
Is there
anything that remains unchanged?
3.L et’s pretend that you are Martin Delane y or Mary living in the 21st century.
What kind of
a person would you like to have as your wife or husband? What qualities would you like to find in your spouse?
II. Writing Device
Onomatopoeia
Definition: The use of words that by their sound suggest their meaning.
Some onomatopoetic words are “hiss”, “buzz”, “whirr”, “sizzle”, “crack”.
However,
onomatopoeia in the hands of a poet or a writer becomes a much more subtle device than simply
the use of such words.
Outside, cocks were crowing and a white streak was rising from the ground. (Para. 1)
… he turned up the first sod with a crunching sound as the grass roots were dragged out of the earth. (Para. 13)
She was just munching her bread and butter. (Para. 17)
The rasping noise carried a long way in the silence. (Para. 19)
Cows were lowing at a distance. (Para. 26)
A notable example appears in The Princess by Tennyson:
The moan of doves in immemorial elms,
And murmuring of innumerable bees.
… I have ever heard—the ripple of the river, the soughing of the trees swayed by the wind, the murmurs of the crowds, the faint ring of incomprehensible words cried from afar, the whisper of a voice speaking from beyond the threshold of an eternal darkness.
IV.Sentence Paraphrase
1.... While Mary raked out the live coals that had lain hidden in the ashes… (Para.
1)
raked out: to clear fireplace by shaking and pulling a toll inside it
live coals: burning coals
had lain hidden in the ashes: had been buried under the ashes
2.it was hateful leaving a warm bed at such an early hour. (Para. 2)
it was hateful leaving: “It + link verb + adj./noun + present participle”
is a common way of commenting on what you are doing or experiencing.
Instead of present participles, you can use the infinitive. .
It’s been nice talking to you.
It’s difficult trying to persuade a person like Ricky.
It’s important to know your own limitations.
It is necessary to upgrade anti-virus software regularly.
3. sleepy and yet on fire with excitement, for it was the first day of their first
spring sowing as man
and wife. (Para. 3)
on fire: burning with emotion; full of ardor
----Although still not fully awake, the young couple was already greatly excited, because that day was the first day of their first spring planting after they got married.
4. But somehow the imminence of an event that had been long expected, loved, feared and prepared for made them dejected. (Para. 3)
imminence of an event: the fact that sth. (usu. unpleasant) is now about to take place
dejected: irritated; in low spirits; disheartened
---The couple had been looking forward to and preparing for this spring planting for a long time, but now that the day had finally arrived, strangely, they felt somehow a bit sad.
5. Mary, with her shrewd woman’s mind, thought of as many things as there are in life as a woman think in the first joy and anxiety of her mating. (Para. 3)
---Mary, like all sharp and smart women, thought of many things in life when she got married.
6. Martin fell over a basker in the half-darkness of the barn, he swore and said that a man would be better off dead than… (Para. 3)
--- In the barn, it was still very dark as it was very early in the morning. So Martin tripped over a basket. He cursed and said that it would be better off to die than to have to get up at such an early hour and begin the day’s toil—probably for the rest of his life.
7. And somehow, as they embraced, all their irritation and sleepiness left them. And they stood there embracing until at last Martin pushed her from him with pretended roughness and said: “Come, come, girl, it will be sunset before we begin at this rate.” (Para. 4)
at this rate: progressing at this speed
--However, all of the unhappiness and drowsiness melted away with their hug. They remained in each other’s arms until finally Martin pushed her away, with pretended roughness, to show that he was now the bread-winner of the family and had serious work to do and therefore must stop this sentimental nonsense, otherwise they would not be able to get anything done in the whole day.
8. … as they walked silently… through the little hamlet, there was not a soul about.
(Para. 5)
soul: Here it means a person
---When they walked silently through the small village, they saw not a single person around them because they were earlier than everybody else.
9. And they both looked back at the little cluster of cabins that was the center
of their world, with throbbing hearts. For the joy of spring had now taken complete hold of them. (Para. 5)
the center of their world: the center of their life
taken complete hold of them: to gain complete control over sb.
---Both of them looked back towards their small village, which was the most important place for them because they and their forefathers before them were born and raised here. Their hearts were quivering with excitement at that moment, for the coming of spring had already filled their hearts with pleasure.
10. And there was a big red heap of fresh seaweed lying in a corner by the fence
to be spread under the seeds as they were laid. (Para. 6)
seeds as they were laid: lay seeds: to put the seeds into the soil
---In a corner beside the fence, there was a big pile of fresh seaweed. Before the seeds were dropped on the ridge, the seaweed should be spread first.
11. When she was a little distance down the ridge, Martin advanced with his spade
to the head,
eager to commence. (Para. 9)
--When she was a little away from him, Martin started to move ahead, putting his spade to the front. Now he was eager to start working.
12. Suppose anybody saw us like this in the field of our spring sowing, what would
they take us for but a pair of useless, soft, empty-headed people that would be sure to die of hunger. (Para. 10)
take us for: to regard as
soft: weak or delicate
empty-headed: stupid; silly and ignorant
--If people should see us like this (with your arm round my waist), what would they think of us? They were sure to take us for a pair of good-for-nothings, people who are unable to endure hardships and foolish and, therefore, were sure to die of hunger.
13. His eyes had a wild, eager light in them as if some primeval impulse were burning
within his brain and driving out every other desire but that of asserting his manhood and of subjugating the earth. (Para. 12)
primeval: primitive
driving out: eliminate
but: except
asserting: to state strongly or behave
subjugating: to conquer the earth
---His eyes shone and his only desire now was to prove what a strong man he was and how he could conquer the land.
14. … but she drew back at the same time and gazed distantly at the g round. (Para.
13)
drew back: to withdrew; to retreat
gazed distnadly at the ground: to look at the ground as if she were far removed from the present situation; to be absorbed in thought
---She stayed from Martin and deeply absorbed in her thought.
15. … h e turned up the first sod with a crunching sound. (Para. 13)
turned up: to dug up
crunching sound: crackling the sound
--… he dug up the first piece of earth with grass and roots with his spade, making
a crunching sound.
16. … to drive out the sudden terro r that had seized her at that moment when she saw the fierce, hard look in her husband’s eyes that were unconscious of her presence. (Para. 13)
---… she began to work hard) in order to get rid of the terror that suddenly seized her when she saw that her husband had suddenly changed from the loving husband she knew into a fierce-looking farmer who did not seem to be aware that his bride was with him.
17. She became suddenly afraid of that pitiless, cruel earth, the peasant’s slave master, that would keep her chained to hard work and poverty all her life until she would sink again into his bosom. (Para. 13)
pitiless: merciless
keep her chained to: she would be bound to
sink again into his bosom: to die and be buried in the earth
---She became afraid of the earth because it was going to force her to work like a slave and force her to struggle against poverty all her life until she died and was buried in it.
18. Her short-lived love was gone. Henceforth she was only her husband’s helper to till the earth. (Para. 13)
Henceforth: from now on
to till the earth: (old use) to prepare land for raising crops as by plowing and fertilizing; to cultivate
---The love they had for each other did not last long. Their romance was now replaced by their necessity to face the hard work. From then on, she was merely her husband’s helper and had to work side by side with him.
19. And Martin, absolutely without thought, worked furiously… (Para. 13)
---Martin on the other hand had no time to waste on idle thoughts. He just concentrated on his work and worked with great energy.
20. There was a sharpness in the still thin air that made the men jump on their spade halts ferociously and beat the sods as if they were living enemies. (Para. 14)
ferociously: furiously; fiercely
---The chilly and biting air of early spring made the peasants work fiercely with their spades, beating the sods as if they were enemies.
21. Birds hopped silently before the spades, with their heads cocked sideways,
watching for worms. Made brave by hunger, they often dashed under the spades to secure their food. (Para. 14)
secure: to acquire
--Birds hopped here and there around the working peasants, turning their heads to one side in order to look for worms. The desire for food was so strong that they even dared to dash under the spades to get their food.
22. “Yes, isn’t it lovely,” said Mary, looking at the black ridges wistfully.
(Para. 17)
--Mary was sad that this was going to be her life from now on, toiling and sweating over the land until the day she died. But on the other hand what they had done that day also made her proud and hopeful.
23. They hurried trip to the village and the trouble of getting the tea ready had
robbed her of her appetite. (Para. 17)
robbed her of: deprive sb. of sth. belonging to that person by an unjust procedure
24. It overpowered that other feeling of dread that had been with her during the
morning. (Para. 17)
--The feeling of joy drove away the feeling of terror that she had had in the morning.
25. Martin ate heartily, reveling in his great thirst and his great hunger, with
every pore of his body open to the pure air. (Para. 18)
heartily: with a good appetite
revealing in: to take much pleasure in
--- The heavy work made Martin thirsty and hungry and made him enjoy his lunch and tea more.
26. That was the signal for a general rising all along the little valley. (Para.
19)
--The noise was the signal for all peasants to stand up and start working again.
27. The strong smell of the upturned earth acted like a drug on their nerves. (Para.
20)
--The newly upturned earth sent out a strong smell that seemed to be able to take away the tiredness away from people’s body and mind.
28. Then she thought of the journey home and the trouble of feeding the pigs, putting
the fowls into their coops and getting the supper ready, and a momentary flash of rebellion against the slavery of being a peasant’s wife crossed her mind. It passed in a moment. (Para. 22)
a momentary: transitory; passing
flash: a sudden, brief and intense display of sth
--- When she thought of all the drudgery waiting for her at home, suddenly she wanted to break the chains on her as a peasant’s wife, but it only lasted a very short time. She immediately dismissed the idea.
29. All her satisfaction and weariness vanish from Mary’s mind w ith the delicious
feeling of comfort that overcame her at having done this work with her husband. (Para.
24)
--- At the moment when she had done this work with her husband, the feeling of comfort fought against all her previous feelings of dissatisfaction and weariness and took control.
30. Cows were lowing at a distance. (Para. 26)
lowing: to make the characteristic moo sound of a cow
Part Four Language study
Word Study
1.assert
2. cluster
3. depressed
4. gruff
5. imminence
6. numb
7. overpower
8. revel
9. streak
10. subjugate
11. throb
12. tremor
Phrases and Expressions
as it were
on fire
better off
at this rate
take complete hold of
open up
be cross with
fall over
take for
in the name of God
be chained to
be dotted with
rob sb. of sth.
carry a long way
a flash of sth.
cross one’s mind
Word Building
https://www.doczj.com/doc/1814449863.html,pound
i v y-c o v e r e d a d j.past participle
N o u n
snow-covered wind-blown
flood-stricken weather-beaten hen-pecked
dog-tired student-centered
被雪覆盖的
被风吹的
受灾的
（因风吹日晒）粗糙的，受损的怕老婆的，惧内的
极度疲乏的累极了
以学生为中心的
II. Suffix— -en
w h i t e n v.S u f f i x-e n t o m a k e o r b e c o m e
darken fasten heighten lengthen moisten sharpen strengthen weaken worsen 变黑暗
装牢；系紧
增高；增强
（使）变长
使湿润
（使）锐利；（使）敏锐加强；（使）坚固
使弱；使稀薄
（使）恶化；（使）变坏
w o o l e n a d j.S u f f i x-e n:m a d e o f;l o o k i n g l i k e
brazen earthen golden leaden wooden 黄铜制的；坚硬的土制的；地球上的金制的；金色的铅制的；沉闷的木制的；呆笨的
Grammar
The Use of “As”
“as” is used
a. as proposition
b.“as+adj./adv./n.+as-clause/gerund phrase” “as” being an adverb, the secon d
a conjunction
c. as conjunction introducing adverbial clauses
d.after “the same”
e.to introduce an object complement with certain verbs
f.to introduce a subject complement in the case of the passive sentence/clause
g. as relative pronoun
h. in the idioms
Part Five Extension
Oral Work
Quotes (On Love)
Poem
Supplementary Reading
Unit One Task 1 1.A 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.D 7.D 8.C 9.A 10.D 11.A 12.B Task 2 1.public(c) 2.discipline(b) 3.strength(a) 4.reference(a) 5.strength(d) 6.public(a) 7.demonstrated(b) 8.discipline(c) 9.references(c) 10.personality(a) 11.discipllining(d) 12.demonstrates(a) 13.public(d) 14.reference(b) 15.personality(c) Task 3 1.employment 2.paid 3.adjust 4.setting 5.discouraged 6.credit 7.cite 8.demonstrate 9.teamwork 10.rules Unit Two Task 1 1.A 2.B 3.B 4.C 5.B 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.C Task 2 1. bud (n.); budding (adj.) 2. access (n.); access (v.) 3. taste (n.);tasted (v.) 4. fool (n.); fooling (v.) 5. produces (v.); produce (n.) 6. garnish (v.); garnishes (n.) 7. reigns (v.); reign (n.) 8. concern (n.); concerned (v.) 9. named (v.); name (n.) 10. practiced (v.); practice (n.) Task 3 1) integration 2) choice 3) handed 4) aspiring 5) steaming 6) masterpieces 7) pleasure 8) partake 9) amazing 10) presented Unit Three Task 1 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.B 5.A 6.B 7.C 8.A Task 2 1. stack up against 2. struck a chord 3. amounted to 4. chopping off 5. appeal to 6. pick up on 7. turned out 8. fade away 9. brought together 10. pulled off 11. thrust upon 12. be kept clear of Task 3 1) swirling 2) delivered 3) glowed 4) intervals 5) converge 6) wanderings 7) navigate 8) jealousy 9) presence 10) absorbed Unit Four Task 1 1.A 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. B 6. C 7. D 8. C 9. A 10. C Task 2 1. maintained (a) 2. romantic (a)
第一单元? 如何发表演说 斯蒂芬·卢卡斯? ???? 在人类创造的万物中，语言可能是最卓越的一项创造。通过语言，我们可以分享经验、阐明价值观念、交流思想、传播知识、传承文化。确实，语言对于思想本身至关重要。和流行的信仰不同的是：语言并不是简单地反映事实，而是通过对事件意义的思考来帮助人们感悟现实。? ???? 优秀的演说者尊重语言并懂得如何驾驭语言。语言是演说者展示才能的工具，对于他们来说，如同其他职业的工具一样,语言也有特殊的功用。作为一名演说者，你应该意识到话语的意义，并懂得如何准确无误地使用语言，使其表达清楚，趣味横生，恰如其分。? 如同数字对于会计的重要性一样，准确地使用语言对于演说者至关重要。在没有确切知道一个词语的意思之前，千万不要盲目使用。碰到没有把握的词语，一定要查词典追根究底。当你准备演讲之前，一定要不断地问自己：“我究竟想说些什么？我究竟想表达什么样的意思？”因此，对于一篇演讲稿的用词来说，必须准确无误。? 如果语言表达清楚无误，听众就能很快抓住你的意思。鉴于此，演说者应该使用那些对于大多数人来说非常熟悉的词语，这些词语不需要任何专业背景就能够理解；演说者应该使用那些表达具体而不是相对抽象的词语；并且千万不要乱堆砌辞藻，哗众取宠。? 准确生动地使用语言能够使你的演说贴近生活。有一种方法可以使你的语言更加生动形象，那就是通过展开联想或创造语言图示。通过使用表达具体的词语、明喻或者暗喻等手法可以展开想像。明喻是对事物不同之处的比较，不过有些是相同的：它们总是包含“像……一样”或者“如同……一样”这样的连词。暗喻是一种隐性的比喻，它能够把两个形式不同但是有一些相通之处的事物联系在一起，暗喻不包含“像……一样”或者“如同……一样”这样的连词。? 另一种让你的演说生动形象的方法是注重语言的节奏感。有四种修辞格可以让你的语言富有节奏感：排比、重复、头韵和对比。排比是将一组或一系列具有相似结构的词语、短语或者句子排列在一起；重复是在一系列短句或者长句的开头或者结尾使用相同的一句话或者一组词语；头韵是指邻近或者相邻的几个句子中的首个词语的辅音字母相同；对比是将一些意思相反的词语或者句子并列在一起，通常使用排比结构。 恰当地使用语言是指语言的运用要符合特定的场合、特定的观众和特定的主题。同时，恰当地使用语言还意味着演说者要有自己的语言风格，而不是模仿他人的口吻。如果演说者的语言在各个方面都能够做到恰如其分，那么这篇演说成功的机率就会大大提高。??????? 优秀的演说并不是空穴来风、缺乏论据的决断。演说者必须找到强有力的论据来支持其观点。实际上，熟练地使用论据经常是区别一篇优秀演说词和一篇空洞演说词的关键所在。一般来说，通常有三种论据材料：事例、统计数据和证词。? ???????在演说过程中，你可以使用一些简明扼要的例子——比如过去发生的一个很具体的事件——有时候，你可以罗列好几个简明的例子，借此增强听众的印象。扩展性的例子——描述、叙述或者奇闻轶事——通常长一些，但更具体。夸张性的例子描述想像中的情形，这种例子能够将相关的想法有效地传达给听众。这三种例子都能够帮助演说者理清思绪、加强印象或者使演说更加娓娓动听。为了使表达更加富有效果，例子应该生动活泼，丰富多彩。 只要演说者对于统计数据用之得当并且加以解释，这些数据将有助于有效地传达信息，听众也能从统计数据中获益匪浅。最重要的是：演说者应该对统计数据了如指掌，并且运用得恰如其分。由于数据很容易操纵和捏造，因此，对于演说者来说，一定要确保图表没有张冠李戴，并且要确保统计方法正确，数据来源可靠。?
Unit 1 C 1.The younger generation should continue to sustain and develop our fine traditions and long-standing culture. 2.In the course of preparing one’s speech, one should be clearly aware of how one could make effective use of statistics and examples to bolster one’s point of view. 3.An impromptu speech is one of the speaking skills that college students should learn and develop through practice. 4.By using simile and metaphor, you can make your language more vivid and more attractive to your audience. 5.The proper examples you cite might help reinforce the impression on your listeners and make your viewpoints more convincing. 6.When you are speaking, you should choose common and easy words and at the same time avoid clutter in your speech.
李明是学化学的，性格开朗幽默，颇有魅力，但英语成绩不佳，每次只能勉强及格。老师警告他，英语不好会阻碍他拿奖学金，并亮出了自己的王牌：如果李明不努力，就让他考试不过关。老师还告诉他，学习英语不能只为了文凭，否则他即使大学毕业，也还是个半文盲。李明虽然保持镇定，但他明白，他的学业生涯正在攸关之际，必须安心下来埋头学习，坚持不懈。 Li Ming was a chemistry major, a charmer noted for his easygoing and humorous temperament. However, his English was so poor that he always barely got by. The teacher admonished him that his poor English would be an impediment to scholarship. What’s more, she showed her trump card: if Li Ming did not work hard. She would flunk him. He was also told that he should not learn English merely for the sake of his diploma, otherwise, even after graduation from university, he would still be semiliterate. Although Li Ming did not lose his composure, he was well aware that he had to settle down to work and follow through because his academic life was at stake. Unit 2 我的朋友琳达接受过良好的教育，既美丽又端庄，三十好几依然没有人向她求婚。究其原因，她的事业心极强，整日扑在工作上，每天来往于住处和公司之间，根本没有时间和异性交往。一想到女儿这么大了还单身一人，她父母就焦虑不安。他们不知道该如何是好，甚至还去咨询一些社会学专家。但是事情在上个月出现了转机，公司的总部调琳达到培训部。在新的工作岗位上，琳达遇到了第一个触动她心弦的男人。从此，他们几乎每天约会，琳达意识到她会不顾一切地爱这个男人。决定嫁人的时候，她告诉了我这个好消息。虽然琳达的爱情让人想起电影中才会有的浪漫故事，我也担忧未来究竟会怎样，但我还是表达了我由衷的祝福，并爽快答应在婚礼那天做他们的伴娘和伴郎随从中的一员。 Linda, my good friend, has received good education and is both beautiful and elegant. She was not proposed to even when she was well over thirty. The reason is that she, as a career –oriented woman, is devoted to her work. Navigating between home and the company, she had hardly any time to socialize with people of the opposite sex. Her parents were gripped by anxiety at the thought of their daughter still remaining single at such an age. They did not know what to do and even consulted with some sociologists. But the situation began to change last month, when the headquarters of the company transferred Linda to the training department. On the new post, Linda met a man who tugged on her heartstrings for the first time. Ever since then, they dated virtually on a daily basis, and Linda realized that she would love the man beyond all reason. When she decided to take the matrimonial plunge, she informed me. Though Linda’s love is reminiscent of the romance that we see only in movies and I don’t know what the future will hold for her, I give her my heart-felt wishes and agree readily to be a member of the entourage of bridesmaids and groomsmen.
第一课： 一、written work Time is important .Everyone has 24 hours in a day ,and 365 days in a year. Once a day runs out in our life,it will never come back again.If we love our lives,we shouldn't waste time.we must control time.The best way to use time is to plan it well. When making the study plan,we should remember two things .First ,be realistic.Don't try to do too many things .Second ,a good study plan should be flexible .We may make some small changes,but follow the same pattern. Let's be the master of time ,start our plan now. 二、 1、I have run out of food ,I must go to buy some. 2,You have said so ,you should put them into practice . 3.It takes at least two hours to get there by bus. 4.Although we failes,at least we tried our best . 5.you speak louder so that everyone can hear you. 6.How long has it taken you to write that article? 7.You seem to be very sad .Tell us what has happened so that we may help you. 8.We should keep our classroom clean. 9.We may asd Xiao Wang to help us ,he seems to have a lot of time. 10.My brother will come to Beijing next week. he must make good use of time to stay here. 三、用本课的动词句型1。 1. You are the person whom(who)I'm looking for.
作文翻译 Unit 1 李明是学化学的，性格开朗幽默，颇有魅力，但英语成绩不佳，每次只能勉强及格。老师警告他，英语不好会阻碍他拿奖学金，并亮出了自己的王牌：如果李明不努力，就让他考试不过关。老师还告诉他，学习英语不能只为了文凭，否则他即使大学毕业，也还是个半文盲。李明虽然保持镇定，但他明白，他的学业生涯正在攸关之际，必须安心下来埋头学习，坚持不懈。 Li Ming was a chemistry major, a charmer noted for his easygoing and humorous temperament. However, his English was so poor that he always barely got by. The teacher admonished him that his poor English would be an impediment to scholarship. What’s more, she showed her trump card: if Li Ming did not work hard. She would flunk him. He was also told that he should not learn English merely for the sake of his diploma. otherwise, even after graduation from university, he would still be semiliterate. Although Li Ming did not lose his composure, he was well aware that he had to settle down to work and follow through because his academic life was at stake. Unit2 我的朋友琳达接受过良好的教育，既美丽又端庄，三十好几依然没有人向她求婚。究其原因，她的事业心极强，整日扑在工作上，每天来往于住处和公司之间，根本没有时间和异性交往。一想到女儿这么大了还单身一人，她父母就焦虑不安。他们不知道该如何是好，甚至还去咨询一些社会学专家。 但是事情在上个月出现了转机，公司的总部调琳达到培训部。在新的工作岗位上，琳达遇到了第一个触动她心弦的男人。从此，他们几乎每天约会，琳达意识到她会不顾一切地爱这个男人。决定嫁人的时候，她告诉了我这个好消息。 虽然琳达的爱情让人想起电影中才会有的浪漫故事，我也担忧未来究竟会怎样，但我还是表达了我由衷的祝福，并爽快答应在婚礼那天做他们的伴娘和伴郎随从中的一员。 Linda, my good friend, has received good education and is both beautiful and elegant. She was not proposed to even when she was well over thirty. The reason is that she, as a career –oriented woman, is devoted to her work. Navigating between home and the company, she had hardly any time to socialize with people of the opposite sex. Her parents were gripped by anxiety at the thought of their daughter still remaining single at such an age. They did not know what to do and even consulted with some sociologists. But the situation began to change last month, when the headquarters of the company transferred Linda to the training department. On the new post, Linda met a man who tugged on her heartstrings for the first time. Ever since then, they dated virtually on a daily basis, and Linda realized that she would love the man beyond all reason. When she decided to take the matrimonial plunge, she informed me. Though Linda’s love is reminiscent of the romance that we see only in movies and I don’t know what the future will hold for her, I give her my heart-felt wishes and agree readily to be a member of the entourage of bridesmaids and groomsmen. Unit 3 食品供应商缺乏诚信已经成为当今社会的一大问题。部分企业欺骗公众，故意散布假消息，颂扬食品添加剂是食品工业的伟大成就，并声称适量的添加剂对健康有益无害。部分有良知的科学家对食品添加剂的含量和毒性展开了深入的病理学研究。研究结果表明，部分常见的食品添加剂经长期，可能会对健康产生危害，这被认为是食品安全研究方面极为重要的
Task 2 A contrary to implicit assertion look up adapted Sustain unbiased In the course of metaphor clutter B bolster credible impromptu sparingly anecdote Credentials testimony hypothetical paraphrase juxtaposition Task 3 Translation B.发言提纲是有效发言的基础。通过写发言提纲，你可以确保你的思想是相关联的，你的思路从一点谈到另一点，你的讲话结构是连贯的。通常，准备讲演你可以采用两种提纲方式：详细准备提纲和简单发言提纲。 在准备发言提纲中，应该写出你的特定目的及中心思想，并以连贯的方式确定主要观点和次要观点，发言提纲应该由简要的提要组成，这些提要在你讲话时能够给予你一些帮助。发言提纲还应该包括帮助你记忆的重点词或重点短语。在写发言提纲时，可采用准备提纲的模式，尽可能使你的发言提纲简要，同时，要确保提纲清晰，易于辨认。 C. 1. The younger generation should continue to sustain and develop our fine traditions and long-standing culture. 2. In the course of preparing one’s speech, one should be clearly aware of how one could make effective use of statistics and examples to bolster one’s point of view. 3. An impromptu speech is one of the speaking skills that college students should learn and develop through practice. 4. By using simile and metaphor, you can make your language more vivid and more attractive to your audience. 5. The proper examples you cite might help reinforce the impression on your listeners and make your viewpoints more convincing. 6. When you are speaking, you should choose common and easy words and at the same time avoid clutter in you speech. 7. When you write a paper, citing the views from some experts is a good way to make your ideas more credible. 8. A good method of delivering a speech will improve its quality and will help convey the speakers’ ideas clearly and interestingly. 9. You should mot blindly use a word that you are not sure about, and if you are not sure, look up the word in a dictionary. 10. Your language should adapt to the particular occasion and audience. If your language is appropriate in all respects, your speech is successful. D. Before you deliver an academic speech, you should, first of all, get well prepared for it. Then, you should make your major points clear in your speech, and your speech should be well organized. When speaking, you should not speak too fast, and your language should be exp licit. Don’t always read the notes you prepared beforehand. From time to time, you should look at your audience. On one hand, you can show your respect to your audience, and on the other hand, you will be able to go on with your speech more smoothly.
U n i t O n e Task 1 1.A 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.D 7.D 8.C 9.A 10.D 11.A 12.B Task 2 1.public(c) 2.discipline(b) 3.strength(a) 4.reference(a) 5.strength(d) 6.public(a) 7.demonstrated(b) 8.discipline(c) 9.references(c) 10.personality(a) 11.discipllining(d) 12.demonstrates(a) 13.public(d) 14.reference(b) 15.personality(c) Task 3 1.employment 2.paid 3.adjust 4.setting 5.discouraged 6.credit 7.cite 8.demonstrate 9.teamwork 10.rules Unit Two Task 1 1.A 2.B 3.B 4.C 5.B 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.C Task 2 1. bud (n.); budding (adj.) 2. access (n.); access (v.) 3. taste (n.);tasted (v.) 4. fool (n.); fooling (v.) 5. produces (v.); produce (n.) 6. garnish (v.); garnishes (n.) 7. reigns (v.); reign (n.) 8. concern (n.); concerned (v.) 9. named (v.); name (n.) 10. practiced (v.); practice (n.) Task 3 1) integration 2) choice 3) handed 4) aspiring 5) steaming 6) masterpieces 7) pleasure 8) partake 9) amazing 10) presented Unit Three Task 1 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.B 5.A 6.B 7.C 8.A Task 2 1. stack up against 2. struck a chord 3. amounted to 4. chopping off 5. appeal to 6. pick up on 7. turned out 8. fade away 9. brought together 10. pulled off 11. thrust upon 12. be kept clear of Task 3 1) swirling 2) delivered 3) glowed 4) intervals 5) converge 6) wanderings 7) navigate 8) jealousy 9) presence 10) absorbed Unit Four Task 1 1.A 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. B 6. C 7. D 8. C 9. A 10. C Task 2 1. maintained (a) 2. romantic (a) 3. essential (a) 4. essentials (c) 5. dimension (c) 6. intimate (a) 7. maintains (c) 8. defies (b) 9. intimated (d) 10. dimensions (a) 11. defy (a) 12. romantic (b) 13. dimensions (b) 14. maintain (d) 15. intimate (c) Task 3 1) prerequisite 2) date 3) Respect 4) important 5) whomever 6) candidates 7) highly 8) essential 9) suitable 10) sufficient Unit Five
翻译 Unit 1 李明是学化学的，性格开朗幽默，颇有魅力，但英语成绩不佳，每次只能勉强及格。老师警告他，英语不好会阻碍他拿奖学金，并亮出了自己的王牌：如果李明不努力，就让他考试不过关。老师还告诉他，学习英语不能只为了文凭，否则他即使大学毕业，也还是个半文盲。李明虽然保持镇定，但他明白，他的学业生涯正在攸关之际，必须安心下来埋头学习，坚持不懈。 Li Ming was a chemistry major, a charmer noted for his easygoing and humorous temperament . However, his English was so poor that he always barely got by. The teacher admonished him that his poor English would be an impediment to scholarship. What’s more, she showed her trump card: if Li Ming did not work hard. She would flunk him. He was also to ld that he should not learn English merely for the sake of his diploma. otherwise, even after graduation from university, he would still be semiliterate. Although Li Ming did not lose his composure, he was well aware that he had to settle down to work and follow t hrough because his academic life was at stake. Unit2 我的朋友琳达接受过良好的教育，既美丽又端庄，三十好几依然没有人向她求婚。究其原因，她的事业心极强，整日扑在工作上，每天来往于住处和公司之间，根本没有时间和异性交往。一想到女儿这么大了还单身一人，她父母就焦虑不安。他们不知道该如何是好，甚至还去咨询一些社会学专家。但是事情在上个月出现了转机，公司的总部调琳达到培训部。在新的工作岗位上，琳达遇到了第一个触动她心弦的男人。从此，他们几乎每天约会，琳达意识到她会不顾一切地爱这个男人。决定嫁人的时候，她告诉了我这个好消息。虽然琳达的爱情让人想起电影中才会有的浪漫故事，我也担忧未来究竟会怎样，但我还是表达了我由衷的祝福，并爽快答应在婚礼那天做他们的伴娘和伴郎随从中的一员。 Linda, my good friend, has received good education and is both beautiful and elegant. She was not proposed to even when she was well over thirty. The reason is that she, as a career -oriented woman, is devoted to her work. Navigating between home and the company, she had hardly any time to socialize with people of the opposite sex. Her parents were gripped by anxiety at the thought of their daughter still remaining single at such an age. They did not know what to do and even consulted with some sociologists. But the situation began to change last month, when the headquarters of the company transferred Linda to the training department. On the new post, Linda met a man who tugged on her heartstrings for the first time. Ever since then, they dated virtually on a daily basis, and Linda realized that she would love the man beyond all reason. When she decided to take the matrimonial plunge, she informed me.Though Linda’s love is reminiscent of the romance that we see only in movies and I don’t know what the future will hold for her, I give her my heart-felt wishes and agree readily to be a member of the entourage of bridesmaids and groomsmen. Unit3食品供应商缺乏诚信已经成为当今社会的一大问题。部分企业欺骗公众，故意散布假消息，颂扬食品添加剂是食品工业的伟大成就，并声称适量的添加剂对健康有益无害。部分有良知的科学家对食品添加剂的含量和毒性展开了深入的病理学研究。研究结果表明，部分常见的食品添加剂经长期，可能会对健康产生危害，这被认为是食品安全研究方面极为重要
Presenting a speech （做演讲） Of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through 在人类所有的创造中，语言也许是影响最为深远的。我们用语言 language we share experience, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit 来分享经验，表达(传递？)价值观，交换想法，传播知识， knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to think itself. 传承文化。事实上，对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。[Contrary to popular belief], language | does not simply mirror reality but also helps to create our sense of reality [by giving meaning to events]. 和通常所认为的不同的是，语言并不只是简单地反映现实，语言在 具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。 ——语序的调整。 Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker’s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly,vividly,and appropriately. 好的演讲者对语言很重视，也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。词语是演讲者演讲的重要“武器”，具有特殊的用途，这和任何其他的工作技艺没什么两样。作为演讲者，必须知道词语的具体含义，也要懂得如何做到用词准确、清晰、生动、适当。 Using language accurately is as vital to a speaker as using numbers accurately to a accountant. Never use a word unless you are sure of its meaning. If you are not sure, look up the word in the dictionary. As you prepare your speeches, ask yourself constantly, “What do I really want to say? What do I really mean?”Choose words that are precise and accurate. 演讲者准确地使用语言和会计准确使用数字是一样重要的。确定词意后再措词。如果不确定，请先查词典。当你在准备演讲的时候，要不断地问自己：“我到底要说什么？我到底想表达什么意思？”用词一定要精准。 Using language clearly allows listeners to grasp your meaning immediately. You can ensure this [by using familiar words （that are known to the average person and require no specialized background）; by choosing concrete words in preference to more abstract ones, and by eliminating verbal clutter]. 用词清晰可以让听众迅速理解你的意思（抓到你的点）。要做到这一点，就要尽量使用一般人都熟悉的不需要专业知识就能懂的词语；多用具象词汇少用抽象词汇；还有要减少口误。 Using language vividly helps bring your speech to life. One way (to make your speech vivid)|is through imagery，or the creation of word pictures. You can develop imagery by using concrete language, simile, and metaphor. Simile is an explicit comparison between things （that are essentially different yet have something in common）; it always contains the words “like”or “as”. Metaphor is an implicit