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国际商务英语总复习资料.docx

国际商务英语总复习资料.docx
国际商务英语总复习资料.docx

International Business English

Lesson 1

International Business

Business Knowledge:

The major differences between international business and domestic business

A.Differences in legal systems

B.Differences in currencies

C.Differences in cultural background

D.Different in natural and economic conditions

The major types of international business

A.Trade

https://www.doczj.com/doc/1814221351.html,modity trade

b.Service trade

B.In vestment

a.Foreign direct investment

b.Portfolio investment

C.Other types

a.Licensing and franchising

b.Management contract and contract manufacturing

c.Turnkey project and BOT

Trade Terms:

1.Customs area 关税区:

2.Conversion货币兑换

3.Visible trade 有形贸易:The form of commodity trade, i.c. exporting and importing goods

produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another, (including cash transaction-by means of money and market, and counter trade)

4.Invisible trade 无形贸易:The form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance,

consulting, information etc. is called invisible trade or service industries.

5.FDI 夕卜国直接投资:Foreign direct investments. Returns through controlling the enterprises or

assets invested in a host country? / P.256. One country acquires assets in a foreign countiy for

the purpose of controlling and managing (hem.

6.Portfolio investment 证券投资:Purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than

controlling ?

7.Stocks 股票:Capital stocks or bonds.

& Bonds 债券:The papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay back the money lent or invested together with interest.

9.Maturity (票据等)到期

10.Certificate of deposit 人额存单

11.Licensing 许可经营:In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm

in another country? They choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to stat business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty.

12.Franchising 特许经营:Under franchising, franchisee is allowed to operate in the name of another,

franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating techniques for royalty?

13.Trade Mark 商标

14.Patent 专利

15.Royalty专利(许可)使用费,版税

16.Copyright 版权

17.Licenser 许可方

18.Licensee被许可方

19.Franchiser 特许方:A firm who provides the franchisee with trademarks, brand names, logos and

operating techniques for royalty?

20.Franchisee 被特许方:A firm is allowed to operate in the name of anothe匚

21.Management contract 管理合同:Under a management contract, one company offers managerial

or other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flat payment or a percentage of the relevant business volume?

22.Value chain 价值链

23.Turnkey project "交钥匙”工程:For an international turnkey project, a firm signs a contract

with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing, contracting and facility equipping before han ding it over to the latter upon completion ?

p4. [B OT建设、经营和移交:Build, Operate, Transfer

25.Expertise专门知识

26.Bonus红利、奖金、津贴

27.Royalty许可使用费

2& International investment 国际投资:Supplying capital by residents of one county to another.

29.Contract manufacturing 承包生产

30.GATT 关贸总协定:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

31 ?International business 国际商务:Transaction between parties from different countries.

Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export?

32.Intellectual property 知识产权

33.Oil deposit:石油储备=oil reserves

34.the reserves of natural resources 自然资源储备

35.Personal advancement个人的晋升,个人素质的提高以及个人事业的进步等。

Answer the following questions:

1.What does international business refer to? Please tell the difference between international

business and domestic business.

A: International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export?

Some major differences between international business and domestic business is following:

(1)Differences in legal systems

(2)Differences in currencies

(3)Differences in cultural background

(4)Different in natural and economic conditions

2.Please explain the differences between visible trade and invisible trade. Which is becoming

more and more important and accounts for an increasing proportion in international

trade?

A: Visible trade is the form of commodity trade? The form of transportation, communication, banking, insurancc, consulting, information etc. is called invisible trade or service industries? The

later is become more and more important.

3.Can you cite some examples to illustrate cultural differences in international business?

A: Cultural differences including language, customs, traditions, religion, value, behavior etc.

4.Please elaborate on the two categories of international investment. What is their major

difference?

A: FDI (Foreign direct investment) is made for returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in in a host country? Portfolio investment refers to purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling? Such financial assets may be stocks, bonds or certificates of deposit ?

5.What is licensing? Why do firms sometimes choose it as a means of entering a foreign market? A: In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. They choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to stat business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty. Besides, they can benefit from locational advantages of foreign operation without any obligations in ownership or nlanagcment. The use of licensing is particularly encouraged by high customs duty and non-tariff barriers on the part of the host country.

6.What is franchising? How is it different from licensing?

A: Under franchising, franchisee is allowed to operate in the namc of another, franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating techniques for royalty. In comparison with the relation between the licenser and the licensee, the franchiser has more control over and provides more support for the franchisee?

7.What is a management contract? Under what conditions is it most applicable?

A: Under a management contract, one company offers managerial or other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flat payment or a percentage of the relevant business volume?When a government forbids foreign ownership in certain industries it considers to be of strategic importance but lacks the expertise for operation, management contracts maybe a practical choice enabling a foreign company to operate in the industry without owning the assets.

& What is an international turnkey project? In what way is its variant BOT different from it? A: For an in tcrnational turnkey project, a firm signs a con tract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing, contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion. For a BOT project, a firm operates a facility for a period of time after building it up before finally transferring it to a foreign company. Making profit from operating the project for a period is the major difference between BOT and the common turnkey project

Translate the following sentences into English:

1?国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易,它涉及到许多因素,因而比国内贸易要复杂得多。

International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries? Il involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic business?

2?随着经济一体化进程的发展,很少人和公司能完全独立于国际商务之外而存在。因此,在此方面具有一定的知识是十分必要的,这既有益于企业的发展又有益于个人的进步。

With the development of economic globalization, few people or companies can completely stay away from international business. Therefore, some knowledge in this respect is necessary both for the benefit of enterprises and personal advancement.

3?其他参与国际贸易的形式有管理合同、承包生产和“交钥匙”工程。

Other forms for participating in international business are management contract, contract manufacturing and turnkey project.

4?国际贸易最初以商品贸易的形式出现,即在一国生产或制造商品而出口或进口到另一国进行消费或转售。

International business first took the form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another.

5?除了国际贸易和投资,国际许可和特许经营有时也是进入国外市场的一种方式。

Besides trade and investment, international licensing and franchising are sometimes taken as a means of entering a foreign market?

Lesson 2

Income Level and the World Market

Business Knowledge:

(1)GNP and GDP

(2)Per capita income and per capita GDP

(3)High-income, middle income and low-income countries

A.Standards for classification

B.Representative countries

(4)Triad and Quad

A.United States

B.Western Europe

C.Japan

D.Canada

(5)Other important markets for China

Trade Terms:

1.GNP 国民生产总值:Gross national Product. The market value of goods and services produced

by the property and labor owned by the residents of an cconomy.

2.GDP 国内生产总值:Gross Domestic Product. The market value of all goods and services

produced within (he geographic area of an economy.

3? National income国民收入

4.Per capita income 人均收入

5.Per capita GDP 人均国内生产总值:It is calculated by dividing its total GDP by its population,

which reveals the average income level of consumers?

6.PPP 购买力平价:Purchasing power parity

7.Consumcrism 消费主义

& Income distribution 收入分布:The proportions of its rich, middle income and poor people?

9. Infra structure 基础设施

1(). Staple goods 人路货

11. Invoice (开)发票

13.OECD 经合组织,经济合作与开发组织:Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.

14.The Commonwealth of Independent States 独联体,独立国家联合体

15.ASEAN 东盟,东南亚国家联盟:Association of Southeast Asian Nationals.

16.NIEs (亚洲四小虎):Newly Industrialized Economies

17.Factors of production 生产耍索

Answer the following questions:

L Explain the concepts of GNP and GDP respectively and point out their major difference. Can we use them interchangeably?

A: GNP (Gross national Product) refers to the market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an cconomy. GDP (Gross Domestic Product) measures the market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy. The difference between them is that GNP focuses on ownership of the factors of production while GDP concentrates on the place where production takes place? The difference between GNP and GDP can be ignored since it very small in most cases. Therefore, we can use them interchangeably.

2.In what different ways are GDP and per capita income significant in assessing the potential of a particular market?

A: Total GDP indicates the overall size of an economy, which is important in market assessment for durable equipment or bulk goods (grain, steel or cement). Per capita GDP reveals the average income level of consumers, which is important when marketing consumer durables.

3.What are meant by high income,middle income, and low-income countries according to the World Bank? Cite some examples for each group.

A: High-income countries: those enjoying annual per capita income of $9386 and above? In this group comprise three types of countries; most members of OECD, rich oil producing countries of the Middle East, small-industrialized countries or regions.

Middle-income countries: those with annual per capita income below $9386 but above $765. Included in this category is most East European countries and most members of the Commonwealth of Independent States, six OECD members, quite a number of Latin American countries and some comparatively developed countries in Asia, South Africa and oil-producing countries in African.

Low-incomc countries: those that have per capita incomes of only $765 or even less? Most African countries, some Asian countries and a few Latin American countries arc included in this group?

4.Why are high-income countries important to trade and investment? Should we neglect low-income countries in international business?

A: High-income countries often have good infrastructure, high purchasing powe匚and advanced technology, efficient management and favorable environment for trade and investment. They offer prime markets for expensive consumer goods and are both attractive sources and destinations of investment.

In international trade the low-income countries should not be neglected, because they constitute markets for lowcr-priccd staple goods, provide cheap labor and arc often rich in resources?Once tapped, the business potential of these countries will one day become real business opportunities?

5.VVas China a low-income country a few years ago? How about now?

A: China with a per capita income of over $1100 is a middle-income country though it was a low-incomc country just a few years ago.

6.What does the term u Triad M refers to? What is meant by Quad?

A: The term Triad refers to the three richest regions of the world; the United States, the European Union and Japan that offer the most important business opportunities. The scope of Triad to include Canada and name the broadened grouping Quad?

7.How much do you know about OECD? Please make a brief account

A: OECD means Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. The organization is included 29 members, 23 of them are high-income countries and 6 are middle-income countries. The

headquarters is in Paris?

& What is the best policy for China to develop business opportunities?

A: So far as China is conccrncd, other markets wc should pay particular attention to arc those around us: the Four Tigers, the ASEAN countries, Russia, India and a bit farther away Australia?These countries or regions either have rich consumers and offer good business opportunities or arc developing fast with very promising market potential. And their geographical proximity to China is a great advantage for us in developing business relations with them?

Translate the following sentences into English:

1.民生产总值和国内生产总值是表明一国收入的两个重要概念。区别在于前者强调的是生产要素的所属权而后者着重于进行生产的国家。

GNP and GDP are two important concepts used to indicate a country's total income? The difference between them is that the former focuses on ownership of the factors of production while the latter concentrates on the country where production takes place?

2.要评估某一市场的潜力,人们往往要分析其收入水平,因为它为那里居民的购买力高低提供了线索。

In assessing the potential of a country as a market, people often look at per capita income since it provides clues about the purchasing power of its residents..

3.世界各国被世界银行分为三大领域:高收入国家,中等收入国家和低收入国家。Countries of the world are divided by the World Bank into three categories of high-income, middle-income and low-income economies?

4.中国现在年人均收入为1100美元以上,但几年前它还是个低收入国家。

China with a per capita income of over $1100 is a middle-income country though it was a low-income country just a few years ago.

5.就中国来说,周围还有其他应特别关注的市场,如亚洲四小虎.东盟国家.俄罗斯等国,这

些国家都具有前景看好的市场潜力,能为中国提供很好的商机。

As far as China is concerned, other markets wc should pay particular attention to those around us:

the Four Tigers, the ASEAN countries, Russia, etc. These countries with very promising market potential and can offer good business opportunities to China.

Lesson 3

Regional Economic Integration

Business Knowledge:

(1)Major objectives of regional integration *

(2)For levels of regional economic integration

A. Free trade area

B. Customs union

C. Common market

D. Economic union

(3)European Union (EU)

(4)Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

(5)Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

Trade Terms:

1.Economic integration 经济一体化

2.Free trade area (}由贸易区:The members remove barriers to trade among themselves while

still adopts each own external policy

3.Customs union 关税同盟:The members remove barriers to trade among themselves and adopt

the same external policy

4.Tariff rates 关税税率

5.Settlement

6.NAFTA 北美自由贸易协定:North American Free Trade Agreement

https://www.doczj.com/doc/1814221351.html,mon market 3创讨山场:The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to

factors of production and adopt the same external policy?

8.Banknotes circulation 货币流通

9.Cartel卡塔尔

10.APEC亚太经合组织,亚洲太平洋经济合作组织:Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation

11.OPEC 石油输出国组织:Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

12.European Commission 欧盟委员会

13.Council of ministers 部长理事会

|14. [Dual-Ministerial Meeting 双部长会议

15.Quota Restrictions 配额限制

16.Economic Union (EU)经济同盟:The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to

factors of production, adopt the same external policy and harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies and use the same currency.

17.EU 欧盟,欧洲联盟:European Union

18.EC 欧共体,欧洲共同ft: European Community

19.Benelux 荷比卢(比利时、荷兰和卢森堡三国):Belgium, Nelherlands, Luxemburg

20.Mercousur 南方共同市场:Southern Cone Customs Union

21.ECSC 欧洲煤钢共同体:European Coal and Steel Community

22.EEC 欧洲经济共同体:European Economic Community

23.EURATOM欧洲原子能共同体,欧洲原子能联营:European Atomic Energy Community

24.SOM 高官会议:Senior Officials Meeting

25.TILF 贸易投资便利化自由化:Trade and investment liberation and facilitation

26.ECOTECH 经济技术合作:Economic and technical cooperation

27.Political entity 政治实体

28.Sovereign state 主权国家

29.Multi-polarization 多极化

30.Sub-committee 分委员会

31.NTA 新跨大西洋议程:New Transatlantic Agenda

32.TABD 跨大西洋商业对话:Transatlantic Business Dialogue

33.TACD 跨大西洋消费者对话:Transatlantic Consumer Dialogue

34.Territory econoinies 区域经济体

35.Pacific Rim环太平洋圈

https://www.doczj.com/doc/1814221351.html,rmal Meeting of Economic Leaders 领导人非正式会议

Answer the following questions:

1.What is a free trade area? Make a brief account of the most notable free trade area in the

world.

A: Free trade area is the loosest form in the regional economic integration. Members in this form removes barriers to the flow of goods and services among themselves while each member still adopts its own policy as regards to trade with outsiders. The most no tabic one is the North Anicrican Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the largest free market formed by the United States, Canada and Mexico in 1991 with over 360 million consumers and total GDP of more than 6 trillion US dollars.

2.In what way is a customs union different from a free trade area?

A: The Customs Union goes a step further by adopting the same trade policy for all the members toward countries outside their organization in addition to abolishing trade barriers among themselves. Imports from other countries are subject to the same tariff.

3? What are the characteristics of a common market? Which organization remained a common market for some years in the past?

A: The common market is further up the scale of regional economic integration. Besides free movement of goods and services and adoption of common external trade policy, factors of production such as labor, capital and technology are free to move among members so that they can be utilized in a more efficient and productive way. In the past, the European Community remained a common market for some years.

4.How much do you know about an economic union? Can members of an economic union

keep all of their national sovereignty?

A: The economic union is the highest form of economic inlegration, which is characterized by integration of the domestic policies of its members in respect of economy, finance etc. in addition to absence of trade barriers, practice of common external policy and free production factor mobility. The members of an Economic Union arc required not only to harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies, etc., but also use the same currency?

The member countries of an economic union are required to surrender some of their national sovereignty, which is eroding the tradition of the world political system based on the autonomy and supreme power of sovereign states.

5.Make a brief account of the origin and development of the ELL

A: The first community, the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was established in 1952, which set the stage for more ambitious integration efforts.

The signing of the monunicntal Treaty of Rome in 1957 marks the establishment of the European Economic Community with the aim of gradually realizing the free movement of goods, services, labor and capital as well as the harmonization of economic policies of the member countries?Ten years later in 1967, the European Community was formed by merging EEC, ECSC and European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM).

1992 it became a true common market as envisaged by the Single European Act. Then on January 1, 1994 the European Union (EU) came into being on the strength of the Maastricht Treaty?From the beginning of 1999 most of the members began to use the common European currency for accounting and settlement and in 2002, euro banknotes and coins were put into circulation.

6.What is the most powerful institution of the EU? What is the executive body of the EU? How

does it operate?

A: The most powerful institution of the EU is the Council of Ministers?

Its executive body is the European Commission composed of 20 commissioners overseeing 23 departments in charge of different affairs?

Decisions of the council are made by votes allocated to member countries on the basis of their size. Different ministers attend the council meeting depending on the matters discussed. The council even has the power to pass lcgislation.

7? Explain briefly the live layer organizational structure of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. A: a. the Informal Mccting of Economic leaders

b.Dual-Ministerial Meeting

c.Ministers Responsible for Trade

d.The Senior Officials Meeting (SOM)

e.Subordinate committees under SOM: Committee of Trade and Investment, Economic Committee, Economic and Technical Cooperation Sub-committee of SOM and Budget Management Committee. & What are the tenet and objectives of APEC? What do its two wheels mean?

A: The tenet and objectives of APEC arc interdependence, mutual benefits, adhering to an open and

multilateral trading system and reduction of regional trade barriers?

Its two wheels mean trade and investment liberation and facilitation (TILF) and economic and technical cooperation (ECOTECH).

9.What are the nature and objectives of OPEC?

A: OPEC is a commodity cartel. It tried to limit the overall crude oil supply of the world for the purpose of maintaining higher oil prices?

Translate the following sentences into English:

1.过去的几十年,地区经济一体化越来越重要。

The past decades witnessed increasingly growing importance of regional economic integration.

2.最著名的自由贸易区是北美自由贸易区,它是由美国、加拿大和墨西哥于1991年建立的。The most notable free trade area is the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the largest free market formed by the United States, Canada and Mexico in 1991.

3.经济联盟成员国不仅要在税收、政府开支、企业策略等方面保持一致,而且还应使用同一

货币。

The members of an Economic Union arc required not only to harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry polices, etc., but also use the same currency?

4.欧洲委员会是欧盟的管理机构之一,此机构将提议呈交给部长理事会做决定,并监督各成

员国根据所制定的条约履行自己的义务。

The European Commission is one of the governing organs of the European Union. It is the body that puts proposals to the Council of Minister for decision and sees that the members carry out their duties under the treaty.

5.APEC建立于在澳大利亚首都堪培拉召开的一次部长级会议上。当时有12位成员国出席,

分别为澳大利亚.美国、加拿大、日本.新西兰和东盟六国。

APEC was set up at the Ministerial Meeting held in the Australian capital Canberra attended by 12

members of Australia, the United States, Canada, Japan, Republic of Korea, New Zealand and six ASEAN countries?

Lesson 4

Economic Globalization

Business Knowledge:

(1)Economic globalization as an objective trend

A.Basic feature *

B.Advantages and negative impacts

(2)Multinational corporations

https://www.doczj.com/doc/1814221351.html,anization- parent and affiliates

B.Characteristics

a.Enormous in size

b.Wide geographical spread

c.Longevity and rapid growth

C? Need, goals and roles

a.Profit

b.Security

c.As vehicles for cross-border transfer resources

D? Four types

a.Multi-domcstic corporation

b.Global corporation

c.Transnational corporation

d.World company

Trade Terms:

1.Share holders 股东

2.Economic globalization 经济全球化

3.Board of directors 董事会

4.Inputs 投入

5.Economic environment 经济环境

6.Parent MNC headquarter跨国公司母公司,总部

7.Affiliate MNC子公司,分支机构,附属机构

& Branch company 分公司

9.Subsidiary company 子公司

10.Day-to-day running 丨I 常管理

11.MNC 跨国公司=TNC: Multinational corp oration, are made up of vast numbers of foreign

subsidiaries, companies in which over 50 percent is owned by the parent company.

12.Home county 母国:The country where the headquarter of the investor is located.

ost country 东道国:The host country is a foreign country where the investor operates.

14.MNE 跨国企业:Multinational enterprise: A typical multinational enterprise shall be

defined as a business organization which owns (whether wholly or partly), controls and

manages assets, often including productive resources, in more than one country, through its

member companies incorporated separately in each of these countries. Each member company is known as a multinational corporation.

15.Economies of scale 规模经济

16.Increase and growth数量的增多和规模的增大

17.Revenue adjusted for inflation (除去通货膨胀后的)实际收入

Answer the following questions:

1.What are the basic feature and major role of economic globalization?

A: The basic feature of economic globalization is to free flow of commodity, capital, technology, service, and information in the global context for optimized allocation.

2.Mention some of the pros and cons of economic globalization. What is the right attitude

towards it?(有利和不利方面)

A: The pros is that with the basic feature of free flow of commodity, capital, technology, service, and information in the global context for optimized allocation, economic globalization is giving new impetus and providing opportunities to world economic development and meanwhile making the various economies more and more interdependent. While the cons of economic globalization is

different countries and peoples do not enjoy balanced benefits?

The right attitude towards it is follow the trend closely, availing the opportunities it offers to develop ourselves and avoiding its possible impacts.

3.What is the formal definition of a multinational enterprise? How can you tell whether a

multinational corporation is a parent or just an affiliate?

A: A multinational enterprise shall be defined as a business organization that owns (whether wholly or partly), controls and manages assets in more than one country?

If the MNC is the original investing corporation, it is known as the parent MNC, which is normally also the international headquarters of the MNE. If the MNC is established as a result of investments by the MNE, whether through the parent or through another of its already established MNC, it is an affiliate MNC.

4.Describe briefly the characteristics of MNEs.

A: The characteristics of MNEs is as follow:

a.MNEs are generally enoiinous in size

b?Wide geographical spread

c. Longevity and rapid growth

5.What is the commonly recognized objective of MNEs?

A: MNEs are formed for profit, and the second basic need is security?

6.Why is security so important to MNEs?

A: Without security, an MNE's survival can never be assured?The need of security includes the security of profits in the short-and-long-run, the security of the MNE's assets and investment, and the security of other organizational needs. Profit is useless if it cannot be secured by the MNE and transferred wherever it so desires.

7.Do you think “wide geographical spread” of MNEs plays a very important role in the

development of their business? Why?

A: Yes, I do. MNEs enables them to have a wide range of options in terms of decisions in areas such as sourcing and pricing. They are also more able to take advantage of changes in the international

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