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d重要会议论文CurrentSituationandCo_省略_heChineseUniver

d重要会议论文CurrentSituationandCo_省略_heChineseUniver
d重要会议论文CurrentSituationandCo_省略_heChineseUniver

Current Situation and Countermeasures for Enhancing Professional English

Teaching in the Chinese Universities

LI Guoting*, CHEN Dong, ZHU Meiya

Department of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, North China University

of Water Conservancy and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450011, China

E-mail: liguoting@https://www.doczj.com/doc/177560942.html,

Abstract—College English education has been paid increasing attention since the increased enrollment of university students. They can take systematic English study for about totally two years in order to acquire fundamental skills in listening, speaking, reading,writing and translation. Nevertheless, due to lack of continual use in the follwing two years, not all of the graduates can use English freely at work or in scientific research after graduation. Professional English has played the key role in further promoting their English level in this period of time, though it is arranged to integrate professional teaching and college English. However, professional English teaching was neglected for a long time, and it is confronted with a number of difficulties such as lack of eligible teaching staff, suitable teaching materials and limited teaching classes. This situation can not meet the urgent demand of highly educated professionals with a good command of English. It is time to restructure and rejuvenate professional English teaching throughout China.

Keywords-professional English; higher education;

Chinese universities

I.I NTRODUCTION

As China′s reform and opening up policy deepen, especially after joining the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2003, economic globilization has push forward all aspects of life and society, expand our scope and strengthen the inter-cultural exchange worldwide. Meanwhile, higher education around the world including China is expeditiously expanding and fresh graduates find that it has become more and more difficult to obtain jobs with reasonable starting salaries and ranks, and some students even are confronted with unployment for a considerably long periond of time [1,2]. By contrast, more and more highly educated workers especially those professionals with a good command of English are demanded urgently instead of those ordinary workers in contemporary China. As a result, there is a great need to further reform, strengthen and accelarate English education including professional English education on campus.

However, after two years study of college English, university students actually do not have any full access to English except in professional English classes in most of the universities in China. English study becomes more dependent upon the student′s self-consciousness due to lack of English environment [3]. For a number of non-English major students, scarcely can they conentrate on studying English any longer unless they make a scientific research after graduation. However, up till now, most of the world′s science, technology and professional information is recorded in English but not every collge students have grasped enough English skills once they want to deepen their professional skills by refering to the English materials. From this point of view, professional English education is obliged to play the key part to promote their English skills and meet their essential needs in job market.

According to the college English syllabus, professional English is an important part of college English education and also an effective approach to transfer English study to the applying stage from the learning stage [4]. Professional English could profound the college English education and is also considered to be a good help to quality education [5]. Actually, professional English education is always neglected by the education administrators in most of the Chinese universities. Both university students and teachers do not think it seriously on its integrative effect betweeen comprehensive English and core curricula, which helps to make interdisciplinary talents. As we all know, professional English plays the key part in nurturing these interdisciplinary talents [6]. Besides, the one-semester course in most of the universities can not find suitable teaching materials such as textbooks to meet the ever changing knowledge structure and social needs. The specialized, eligible and stable teaching staff are not easily to be guaranteed, which is a common bottleneck on this issue all over China. Therefore, it is time for restructuring and rejuvenating our professional English teaching from now on to keep up with the needs of social development.

II.C URRENT SITUATION FOR PROFESSIONAL E NGLISH TEACHING IN C HINESE UNIVERSITIES

https://www.doczj.com/doc/177560942.html,ck of suitable teaching materials and eligible

teaching staff

University students are lack of suitable teaching materials as well as eligible teaching staff. Unlike the systematic teaching materials and textbooks established for college comprehensive English, professional English is always confronted with various sorts and varieties of teaching materials for a long time. It is difficult to select an appropriate textbook and other materials for the university students, whose commands and interests vary with time going as well. Even for a suitable textbook, we have to admit that only a part of the knowledge and skills are significant enough to be grasped by the students, let alone the out-of-date teaching materials. Once the students plunge into the realistic society and talents market, it is clear that

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they will realized what they have learned on campus can never meet the urgent needs for the practical work at once. On the other hand, the textbooks selected for professional English are kept unchanged for tens of years. Take the professional English textbook we are using for environmental engineering major students as an example, most of the texts selected on air pollution, climatic change and water pollution were published at least twenty years ago. Scarcely can the students have access to the emerging theory and technologies.

As for the teaching staff, their capabilities and experience would have determined what the students can acquire from the classes to a great extent. The teacher should have both specialized professional knowledge and proficient English skills. Up till now, only a small part of the teaching staff have studied in occidental developed countries or Englsih-speaking locals. Even some of the staff has never talked with foreigners or written a manuscript in English. Some teaching staff are not keen to new education technology such as multimedia, which decline the teaching effectiveness and efficiency in a large extent. What is more, the teaching staff for professional English is also alternating frequently at the convenience of the teaching and research section involved. The qualified staff for teaching professional English usually focus on the laboratory research and they have scarce contact with undergraduate students. In addition, the way of instruction is maintained too simple by mainly writing on the blackboard or translating English to Chinsese. The classroom teaching of professional English uses succinct language and physique movement as far as possible while dorect-viewing and visualization promts and helps the students to understand the coure content. It is also apt to pay increasing attention to the specialized knowledge and language itself, which actually has separate English learning from culture and customs understanding. The sole stereotypical classroom teaching way should be abandoned in a long run.

B.Difficult to evaluate the teaching effect

In curriculum project, the achievements of the university students are always clearly presented and therefore their efforts and wisdom can be objectively evaluated. However, professional English test is usually conducted by examing translation between English and Chinese in most Chinese universities, in which some specialized vocabulary was emphasized to differ from college English test. This is because what they have learned in class is mainly centered on reading and translation. Some students reponse that it do not make difference and they do not feel fully resultful when the course is finished. As for the education administrator, they think it is not essential to assess the effectiveness of the course because employment rate in China is more concerned.

C.Inadequate teaching classes

Though professional English is always offered as an compulsory course, it has not paid enough attention during education administration of college curriculum yet. On the one hand, compared with other professional core courses, professional English is not a major course and the inadequate teaching classes has confirmed the truth of its unimportant role, at least reflecting the idea of the administrator. On the other hand, during the four-year study, college English has covered almost two years for continuing study, including comphensive English, intensive reading, extensive reading and oral English etc.. Besides, university students will take about 4-6 hours every week to learn college English and it will be held for 4 semsesters as well. However, professional English will only occupy 2-3 hours every week and it is carried out only in one semester. As a result, university students have regarded professional English as an easy course to get high score. In their opinions, the limited learning time is totally inadequate to achieve something and they are often indifferent to what the teacher has taught, whether it is a set of useful phrases or a practical sentences.

https://www.doczj.com/doc/177560942.html,ck of practical use and incentive

Only a small portion of university students will use professional English when working after graduation especially in China, and the feedback is a little more negative than college English. As we know, chances are scarce to put English into practice in our daily life, let alone professional English. Except graduation field work, university students do not have full access to society, and what they have learned in class is regarded as only book learning other than practical experience. To some extent, only the latter is proved to be valuable and cherished in their inner hearts, which may have been confirmed by their seniors. The positive incentive to grasp professional English is not always provided along with their campus life and future career.

III.C OUNTERMEASURES FOR IMPROVING PROFESSIONAL E NGLISH TEACHING AND LEARNING

A.Calssroom teaching should be colorful and well

prepared

First, listening, speaking, reading, writing and translation consist of the main teaching activities of language learning, which can be referred to the multi-dimensional teaching media. All of them can be acquired by university students synchronously and efficiently. Any kind of arbitrary arrangement to teach only part of knowledge and skills to students should be prohibited, though it caters to the teacher′s taste. Otherwise, the students will be misdirected and feel puzzled when they realized to have made a little progress. Under my guidance, university students were encouraged to make a 5 minutes speech every class, do some typical translation and reading in class, listen to broadcast available such as VOA and BBC, and watch some calssic films and TV series in their spare time to regulate and correct their pronunciation and intonation. After one semester, the students felt resultful to learn professional English and they even made all the e-mails to me in English. Second, in addition to the acquisition of knowledge related to their major, there is a great need to further learn the

western cultural traditions among university students. To some extent, to learn a foreign language is to acquire a new culture. Only on the basis of mutual understanding can we communicate with foreigners effectively in any kind of specialized field. For instance, when negotiating with foreigners in our specialized domain, we should share our cultural backgrounds in order to communicate efficiently.

Finally, we should extend our teaching classes other than cut down the period of time. Collge English has covered the first two years and the following two years can be arranged for professional English totally. Though some may worry whether some of the students will get tired of this course, we still can not deny that most of them are not qualified for their firt job once English is taken as threir working language. Even in the core curricula teaching, some of the assignment can be tried to be finished in English, which will be a good help for their future work.

B.University students should have good access to the up-

to-date knowledge

Because suitable teaching materials for professional English continue to be scarce, some teaching materials especially some textbooks are too out of date in terms of its knowledge structure and arrangement. Such textbooks are selected for teaching for at least ten years and most of the ideas can not meet the brisk demands of these active students. The emerging idea and technology should be well gathered and compiled so as to meet their desirous needs. Meanwhile, the university students should be taught how to collect the mature or up-to-date knowledge especially in their professional field. By means of writing and explaining the articles and projects with enough insights, the university students could establish a clear and firm knowledge structure on the basis of the first-hand reference materials in English as well.

C.Exchange activities should be established for both

students and teachers

As Deng Xiaoping said, “Education should be geared to the needs of modernization, of the world and of the future”. The mass higher education in China is required to keep up with the pace of social development step by step. No matter how the universities is organized and reformed, the competitive strength of the whole university lies in the capabilities and reputation of the graduates, which depend on the nurturing of interdisciplinary talents. Through short-term exchange activities especially those with foreign countries, university students could have a new understanding of their professionals and adjust their knowledge structure and philosophy in order to adpat themselves to the society, which accordingly requires a strong ability of communication skills in English. From another perspective, professional English teacher should grasp the present chances to go abroad for advanced studies not only to promote their academic research level but also to improve their English level, which determined their proficiency in professional English. The administrators could provide more opportunities for them to experience the foreign life so as to give pertinent directions and advices to university students as well. At the same time, the university ought to reinforce the cooperation with the foreign universities to carry out the foreign cultural exchange events positively.

IV.C ONCLUSION

Higher education in China has been expanding for over ten years and the nurturing of high-quality talents has been an hot issue throughout Chinese universities. The evidence clearly shows that an excellent English level especially in their professional field has become more and more indispensable among their comprehensive quality. The demand for English-speaking professionals has become an urgent social need with the rapid development of economic globilization. It is reasonable to further enhance our professional English teaching in the second two years on campus so as to profound college English education and promote the English level of university students under the current situations.

A CKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors would like to thank the support by the starting fund for talents of North China University of Water Conservancy and Electric Power.

R EFERENCES

[1]H.Z. Zhao, “Higher education scale and employment relationship in

China,” US-China review, vol. 6, pp.16-20, 2009.

[2]G. Fields, Educational expansion and labor markets, In: M. Carnoy.

(Ed.) International encyclopedia of economics of education, 2nd ed..

Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1995, pp.101-106.

[3]Sun, “Research raising the billingual teaching level of Chinese in

collge,” Asian Social Science, vol. 5, pp.103-107, 2009.

[4]College English syllabus(revised), Beijing: Higher education

press,1999.

[5]P.K. Bai, H.B. Liao, “Approaches to improve the teaching of English

for professional purpose,” Journal of North China Institue of Technology (social sciences), vol. 2, pp.53-54, 2001.

[6] D.Y. Jia, “Ponderations on the teaching of specialized English

courses for civil Engineering,” Journal of Anhui University of Technology (social sciences), vol. 23, pp.96-97, 2006.

汉译英翻译方法

汉译英三步骤: 1.理解原文 包括原文逐字逐句的理解、对原文整体思想、观点和态度的理解,也包括对原文句子之 间和各部分之间相互关系的理解。 2.英语表达 在正确理解原文的基础上进行的,不是一对一的死译,而是在理解原文的基础上用相应 的英语结构、词汇和表达习惯准确的表达原文的意思。 3.核对检查 认真阅读自己的译文,要用挑错的眼光来检查译文是否正确表达了原文的意思,是否有 漏译、错译,译文语法如时态、语态、单复数形式和拼写上是否有错误。 汉译英翻译技巧: 1.选择恰当的英语词汇 有些英语词汇不仅有字面意思,还有内含意思。 e.g.“国家”:country, nation, state, land 分别内涵:疆土、人民、政府、感情 有些英语词汇本身含有贬义或一些委婉的意思,运用时要特别注意。 e.g.“宣传”publicize, propaganda (带贬义) 汉译英选词原则: (1)选适合上下文的词汇 e.g.“观众”:audience,viewer, spectator 分别表示:听音乐会或看戏的观众、电视观众、看体育表演的观众 “条件”不同情况下应用不同的英语词表达: 工作条件:working condition 有利的条件:favorable situation 录取条件:admission requirement 付款条件:terms of payment 词汇选择首先要忠于原文的意思。 e.g.近年来由于就业问题日益严重,有些人建议让没有工作的未婚妇女来替换那些 家务繁重的女工。 “就业问题”:employment problem, unemployment problem(找不到工作就业已 成问题,即失业问题) “没有工作的妇女”: women without jobs, women hunting for jobs(没有工作又 需要找工作的妇女,不需找工作的并不包括在内) (2)要注意词的广义、狭义、具体的意思和抽象意思的不同 e.g. ①他讲的笑话逗得我们都笑了。 ②他讲的话使我们大家都笑了。 ①His joke made us laugh. ②What he said make us laugh. We all smile at what he said. (3)选词时不要望文生义,不要死译,要考虑与汉语对应的英语词汇真正的意思。 e.g.①他们的好奇心得到了满足。

论文标题和摘要的汉译英

论文标题与摘要的汉译英 2010201413 江珊心理系 背景与目的: (2) 论文标题 (2) 论文标题的重要性: (2) 英语论文标题需注意: (2) 1). 少用缩略语、代号等 (2) 2). 结构问题 (2) 3). 冠词使用问题 (3) 4). 大小写问题 (3) 汉英论文标题的差异 (3) 1). 谦词使用的差异 (3) 2). 句法上的差异 (4) 3). 英语标题中介词的使用及翻译。 (5) 4). 根据内容作释义处理 (6) 论文摘要 (6) 摘要的重要性 (6) 英文摘要需注意 (7) (1)英文摘要的时态。 (7) (2)英文摘要的语态。 (7) (3)英文摘要的人称。 (7) (4)不宜使用口语体。 (7) 汉英摘要的差异 (8) 1). 时态的转变 (8) 2). 摘要翻译中小词的翻译 (9) “的”的翻译 (9) “问题”的翻译 (10) 3).英文摘要的简缩性 (11) 小结 (11)

背景与目的: 论文写作是大学生的必修课。为了写出一篇好论文,大学生通常要查阅很多的资料,这其中包括了不少英语论文;同时,一些比较好的论文,也会被作者翻译成英文,争取发表在在国际上比较有影响力的杂志上。作为一名大学生,我深深感到掌握论文英汉互译技巧的重要性。本文主要聚焦于探究论文标题与摘要汉译英所要注意的问题,如英语论文标题和摘要的特点、注意事项、英汉差异等,希望对以后论文写作有所帮助,在标题和摘要处先给读者一个好印象。 论文标题 论文标题的重要性: 标题是文章的眉目。各类文章的标题,样式繁多,但无论是何种形式,总要以全部或不同的侧面体现作者的写作意图、文章的主旨。它既要体现文章内容,又要吸引读者。由于空间的限制,它具有简明扼要、突出文章主题等特点,因此标题文字通常精炼、准确、醒目。英语论文标题需注意: 1). 少用缩略语、代号等 题名中应避免使用非公知公用的缩略语、字符、代号以及结构式和公式。 2). 结构问题 英文题名的结构。英文题名以短语为主要形式,尤以名词短语最常见,即题名基本由一个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成。短语型题名要确定好中心词,再进行前后修饰,

日语省略音、音便解释

日语省略音、音便解释 ◆在口语中,接在「て」之后所出现的「い」音常会被省略掉。如:原文口语表现 ~ていないで→ ~てないで ~ている→ ~てる ~ていられない→ ~てられない ~ていく→ ~てく 聞いていれば→ 聞いてれば もっていったら→ もってったら ◆在口语中所出现的「ん」音。 1. ら行常会音便成「ん」音。如: 原文口语表现 信じられない→ 信じらんない てる→ てん ふぎけるな→ ふぎけんな なってるの→ なってんの 分からなくて→分かんなくて *「の」之前所接若为「る」时,此时的「る」通常会发「ん」音。 2. 「の」的口语形式也常会发「ん」音。如: 原文口语表现 ~のだ→ ~んだ ~ので→ ~んで もの→ もん ◆口语简略形ちゃ/じゃ 原文口语表现 ~てはいけない→ ちゃいけない ~ではいけない→ じゃいけない ~ではない→ じゃない ◆口语简略形ちゃ/きゃ 原文口语表现 ~なくてはいけない→ なくちゃいけない ~なければならない→ なきゃならない ◆口语简略形りゃ 原文口语表现 これは→ こりゃ それは→ そりゃ あれは→ ありゃ すれば→ すりゃ

聞いていれば→ 聞いてりゃ ◆形容词~くって—其后省略了「たまらない/非常」。为口语强调形。如:忙しくてたまらない→ 忙しくって/忙死了。 美味しくてたまらない→ おいしくって/太好吃了。 ◆って:[副助词] 1. 提示话题。有「というのは」、「というものは」的意思。例: *見習いというのは大変だね。 →見習いって大変だね。 /当学徒很辛苦吧! 2. 表达听来的传言或他人的想法。 *あの人、首になったという話よ。 →あの人、首になったんだってよ。 /听说他被炒鱿鱼了! *川瀬さんが日本に行くと聞いたよ。 →川瀬さんが日本に行くんだってよ。 /听说川濑先生要去日本喔! *美味しくないと思ってるんだよ。 →美味しくないって思ってるんだよ。 /他觉得不好吃! 3. 表示指定的内容,有「~という」、「~といって」、「~ということ」的意思。 *トムさんという人はどこの国の人? →トムさんって人はどこの国の人? /Tom是哪一国人啊? *ちょっと行ってくるといって出掛けたよ。 →ちょっと言ってくるって出掛けたよ。 /他说我出去一下就出门了。 *友達と約束してたということ、忘れてた。 →友達と約束だったって忘れてた。 /我忘了和朋友有约。 4. 重复对方问话。 *誰かって言われても知らないよ。 /你问我他是谁,我不知道啊。 *花子ちゃんの前で花子ちゃんのこと好きかって聞かれても答えられるわけないだろう。 /在花子面前问你喜欢她吗,你不好回答吧! 5. 「って」放在句尾,可当终助词,无意义,用来加强语气。 *あの人を見た覚えはないって。 /我不记得见过那个人。 ◆とく 「とく」是「ておく/预先……、保持某种状态」的口语简略形。

unit 9 汉译英中词语的省略

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英 译 汉 论 文 翻 译 专业班级:机制0804 姓名:孟祥宇 学号:03 指导老师:郭宝良

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荡器耦合中。特别是,我们不难发现的稳态响应的耦合。根据两种模式的频率间隔,振荡器可分为两种不同形式的(合并振荡模式和分离振荡模式)振荡。稳态响应的振荡模式取决于系统参数,如谐因素,能源的速度,正常的接触载荷。 1、介绍 摩擦产生的振动将对各种应用系统产生严重的问题,如从事摩擦的刹车、离合器、机床等。由于摩擦而经常进行自我维持的不稳定的振动。这样的自激振荡在文献[1]中进行了广泛的研究 ,在那里的研究中使用了摩擦所致的振动的离散模型。 一个弹簧-块单自由度模型解释了粘滑振荡[2-5]的行为。在该模型中,不稳定摩擦振动导致了极限环的形成。[2]采用了指数和多项式函数,并使用摩擦速度曲线研究了导致极限环振荡的条件。类似的,粘滑振荡所提供的不连续摩擦模型控制方程,在设定静态和动态两个不同的摩擦机理[3]、[4]中,使用了不同的摩擦模型如平滑和交换的方法。平稳的摩擦曲线平滑方法取代连续系统,并允许一个解决一个单一的光滑微分方程。相比之下,交换方法评估了不同组方程的防滑和过渡模式。考虑到定性方式,Denny [5],使用了一个光滑摩擦曲线的平滑法很好地使系统行为从不连续阶段过渡到连续的滑动阶段。然而,单自由度只有在摩擦所致的适当振荡中不与其耦合。

汉译英翻译技巧分析解析资料讲解

汉译英翻译技巧 一、分清主从(Subordination) 汉语句中各分句关系比较松散,所以在动笔前应认真分析句子要旨所在。句中重点往往在后。英译时,要突出重点或主句,其他部分可分别用介词短语,非谓语动词形式或各种从句表示。 1、没有农业,人们就不能生存,社会生产就不能继续下去。 Without agriculture, people cannot exist, neither can social production proceed. 2、他们一听到“反霸”就火冒三丈,这充分暴露了他们那霸权主义的蛮横嘴脸。 The fact that they fly into a rage at a mere mention of the expression“anti- hegemony”is enough to reveal their true colours as a domineering hegemonists. 3、有人以为社会主义就了不起,一点缺点也没有,哪有这个事? Some believe that socialism is just perfect, without a single flaw. How can that be true? 4、但是,象我们常说的那样,道路总是曲折的,前途总是光明的。 But as we have often said, while the road ahead is tortuous, the future is bright. 二、选词用字(Diction) 在汉译英时应特别注意选找与原文中在意义上和风味上尽可能都类似的词语。 1、每个民族都有它的长处,不然它为什么能存在?为什么能发展? Every nation has its own strong points. If not, how can it survive? How can it progress? 2、树雄心,立壮志,向科学技术现代化进军。 Foster lofty ideals, set high goals and march forward for the revolution of modernization of science and technology. 3、我国的社会主义建设,需要一个和平的国际环境,需要一个国内安定团结, 天下大治的局面。 For its socialist construction, China needs an international environment of peace and a domestic situation of stability, unity and great order. 4、论技术,她那时还不如我,但思想却比我高得多。 Professionally she was then not yet my equal, but ideologically she was head and shoulders above me. 三、增益(Ampification) 汉译英时的“增益”技巧的运用,有时是为了使英美人理解原文的精确含义,有时是为了遵循英语的行文习惯。 1、交出翻译之前,必须读几遍,看看有没有要修改的地方。这样才能把工作做好。 Before handing in your translation, you have to read it over and over again and see if there anything in it to be corrected or improved. Only then can you do your work well. (英语行文时人称代词,物主代词用得较多) 2、她挑水,生炉子,洗东西,忙个不停。 Fetching water, building the fire, washing --- she had her hands full every minute. (增益为了意译) 3、他们一听说有新任务,就坐不往了。

齿轮生产工艺流程

齿轮生产工艺流程 展成法是应用齿轮啮合的原理来进行加工的,用这种方法加工出来的齿形轮廓是刀具切削刃运动轨迹的包络线。齿数不同的齿轮,只要模数和齿形角相同,都可以用同一把刀具来加工。用展成原理加工齿形的方法有:滚齿、插齿、剃齿、珩齿和磨齿等方法。其中剃齿、珩齿和磨齿属于齿形的精加工方法。展成法的加工精度和生产率都较高,刀具通用性好,所以在生产中应用十分广泛。 一、滚齿 (一)滚齿的原理及工艺特点 滚齿是齿形加工方法中生产率较高、应用最广的一种加工方法。在滚齿机上用齿轮滚刀加工齿轮的原理,相当于一对螺旋齿轮作无侧隙强制性的啮合,见图9-24所示。滚齿加工的通用性较好,既可加工圆柱齿轮,又能加工蜗轮;既可加工渐开线齿形,又可加工圆弧、摆线等齿形;既可加工大模数齿轮,大直径齿轮。 滚齿可直接加工8~9级精度齿轮,也可用作7 级以上齿轮的粗加工及半精加工。滚齿可以获得较高的运动精度,但因滚齿时齿面是由滚刀的刀齿包络而成,参加切削的刀齿数有限,因而齿面的表面粗糙度较粗。为了提高滚齿的加工精度和齿面质量,宜将粗精滚齿分开。 (二)滚齿加工质量分析 1.影响传动精度的加工误差分析 影响齿轮传动精度的主要原因是在加工中滚刀和被切齿轮的相对位置和相对运动发生了变化。相对位置的变化(几何偏心)产生齿轮

的径向误差;相对运动的变化(运动偏心)产生齿轮的切向误差。 (1)齿轮的径向误差齿轮径向误差是指滚齿时,由于齿坯的实际回转中心与其基准孔中心不重合,使所切齿轮的轮齿发生径向位移而引起的周节累积公差,如图9—4所示。 齿轮的径向误差一般可通过测量齿圈径向跳动△Fr反映出来。切齿时产生齿轮径向误差的主要原因如下: ①调整夹具时,心轴和机床工作台回转中心不重合。 ②齿坯基准孔与心轴间有间隙,装夹时偏向一边。 ③基准端面定位不好,夹紧后内孔相对工作台回转中心产生偏心。 (2)齿轮的切向误差齿轮的切向误差是指滚齿时,实际齿廓相对理论位置沿圆周方向(切向)发生位移,如图9-5所示。当齿轮出现切向位移时,可通过测量公法线长度变动公差△Fw来反映。 切齿时产生齿轮切向误差的主要原因是传动链的传动误差造成的。在分齿传动链的各传动元件中,对传动误差影响最大的是工作台下的分度蜗轮。分度蜗轮在制造和安装中与工作台回转中心不重合(运动偏心),使工作台回转中发生转角误差,并复映给齿轮。其次,影响传动误差的另一重要因素是分齿挂轮的制造和安装误差,这些误差也以较大的比例传递到工作台上。 2.影响齿轮工作平稳性的加工误差分析 影响齿轮传动工作平稳性的主要因素是齿轮的齿形误差△ff和

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