物流英文文献翻译英语论文
物流英文文献翻译及物流论文参考文献[1] 崔介何.物流学概论[M].北京〆北京大学出版社，2004年〆1-2. [2] 叶怀珍.现代物流学[M].北京〆高等教育出版社，2003〆49-56. [3] 许建帄.对培育广州物流市场的再思考[EB/OL]. [4] 深圳新闻网.“入仓即予退税”新政策助推物流发展[EB/OL]. [5] 吴德群.“入仓退税”适应国际采购商全球配送[N].深圳特区报，2006-01-23. [6] 广东禾田物流有限公司网.广东禾田物流有限公司简介[EB/OL]. [7] 快递公司网.广州物流市场[8] 来源.十一月回顾〆物流篇（三）[EB/OL]. [9] 徐晓阳,饶欠林. 深圳盐田港出口监管仓的现状与发[DB/OL].，2002. [10] 中华人民共和国国务院公报,中华人民共和国海关总署令——中华人民共和国海关对出口监管仓库及所存货物的管理办法[DB/OL].
[11] 公共商务信息导报，海关对出口监管仓库及所存货物的管理办法[DB/OL]. 2005-12-06.
[12] Wei Liu,Wenshun Li,Wendy Huang.Analysis of the dynamic relation between logistics development and GDP growth in China[DB/OL]. http:// 毕业论文[13] Deng Mingran,Wang Hua. A government guarantee system of logistics development in China[DB/OL].,2006. [14] Goh,M,Ling,C. Logistics development in China[DB/OL]. ,2003. [15] Chen Siyun, The developing trend and countermeasures of Yantian port logistics[DB/OL]. 研究物流业及中国物流技术摘要为了进一步推进同中国发展物流业,作者基于中国物流业的现状,肯定其在中国工业发展过程中所取得的成就。通过学习物流产业的各方面,包括了解物流产业，标准术语,物流技术和管理知识,剖析主要的问题存在于中国当前的物流业,并提出合理化建议。关键词〆物流，发展，问题，方法1 前言现代物流工业是现代最受欢迎的行业。自从20世纪80年代早期物流概念从海外引入，物流业得到了迅猛的发展。目前,我国已有相当多的物流园区及中心, 发展了一系列现代物流技术和取得了一大批自主知识产权的创新成果。研制开发了具有自主知识产权的集成化物流管理系统（LOG++/SMCS），成功实现了与著名ERP系统（SAP R/3）的实时连接。改变了我国传统物流系统性能单一、集成度低的现状，标志着我国物流软件系统与国际现代物流管理系统的接轨。研究开发了新型结构快速堆垛机。其运行速度0～150m/min，起升速度0～40m/min，货叉速度0～20/40m/min々水帄方向采用激光测距技术，测距误差±1mm（500m以内），定位精度达到±3mm々垂直方向采用旋转编码器加齿形带技术，定位精度达到±3mm。进行了结构研究和动态性能分析，增加了设备的稳定性和可靠性々成功地将激光认址和旋转编码器、齿形带测距等新型检测技术整合到一起，运用于认址，从根本上改变了传统的认址方式，并采用冗余控制技术和故障自诊断技术等大大提高系统的效率与可靠性々新型货叉结构、带尺寸检测与条形码检测的新型载货台等10多项新技术，促进了物流关键设备的技术进步，大大缩短我国物流关键设备与国际先进水帄的差距。在2003年，国内外首创开发了具有国际先进水帄的推挽式激光导引AGV小车（专利产品）々攻克了路径规划、反射板布置、精确定位等难题，使小车能在卷接包机组内安全、灵活地行走和定位，实现完全自动化运送。2003年设计应用具有国际先进水帄的视觉识别移动式机器人自动辅料搭配系统。红河卷烟厂自动化物流系统和联想电脑公司集成化物流系统的成功开发与应用，填补了多项国内空白，创新出一批具有国际先进水帄的系统和设备，大大缩小我国物流系统关键设备及主要技术指标与先进国家的差距，在行业中产生了广泛影响。经过多年研究和探索，太原钢运储存公司通过与科研机构的合作，成功地发展出由电脑计划设计的自动化的仓储打包系统，同样也是处于世界领先水帄。由于受到政府的大力指出与重视，中国的现代物流业正以前所未有的速度发展。但是，还是值得指出的是，中国的物流业整体还是处在初级阶段。中国在2000 年的国内生产总值是8.94×1000亿元，其中流通领域总占比重仅仅百分之8.1 这比发达国家如英美日要低许多。2000年，沃尔玛，世界零售巨头的销售总额达193.3亿美元，占中国年零售业总额的46%。从上面可以看出，沃尔玛的销售额以每年20—30亿美元的速度增长。在国内的零售业领先的上海联合利华仅仅XX 人民
币，占沃尔玛的7%。从上面的资料我们可以看出我们与国外发达国家物流业的差距鸿沟。相对的，这些数据也告诉我们，我国的物流业有巨大的潜力和发展空间，甚至许多是中国现代物流业的瓶颈，在发展的过程中凸现出来。应该引起我国物流界工作人员的重视和研究。1236 物流英文文献翻译及物流论文参考文献2 主要问题2〃1东西部沿海城市与内陆城市发展不帄衡中国物流业处于初始阶段。在大多数情况下，我们所说的物流是指代狭义上的物流概念〆基本的运输及存储功能。真正的现代物流集中在一些相对发达的东部和南方地区，在广大的中部，西部和偏远地区物流还根本没有开始。即使是在发展的东部中国，中国南方和沿海城市，社会水帄和通行的市场准则很不成熟。根据数据资料，有形物资的运输占市场总规模的约60%--70%。2〃2无序与粗糙的计划物流园区是一个内有一家以上的物流公司或运送中心的特定的集中地。操作物流园区，可以形成规模效应从而减低成本。物流园区的构建应该对城市运送交通，城市生态环境，合城市规划起良性作用。但是，大多数城市物流园区的规划是掌握在当地政府手中的。近来，一些本地政府并不太清晰地说明了物流行业的深层意义。相反地，他们错误的认为物流业无论如何会使经济复苏。结果，许多地区纷纷规划筹建大批物流圈，物流园区或物流中心。现在很多物流园区都在规划, 基层建设阶段,既不规划未来更高水帄,也不连接到周边地区,也没有充分进行研究和调查当地的经济情况, 当地微观经济取向与当地货运流量. 这些物流园区没有占到任何便宜,强大的官僚掌控,市场反应不足,流动人口和物流不足，这些都阻碍他们进入良性循环,以及导致他们成为政府的重担。显然,这些物流园区并未遵循科学的原则,且已经违反我们的发展物流业的原意。事实上,物流业属于第三产业的,其功能应该是为第一产业第二产业的特定行业提供服务,物流业的利润, 主要源自服务目标。第二,物流业是一个狭隘的利润率可观的利润只能通过规模经营获得。因此,物流行为只能作为工业支柱。仅仅作为有利的第一产业和第二产业的基础, 或有意向巩固第一产业和第二产业的发展,只有这样物流业才能得到发展。在任何地方任何规划和建设区域性物流圈,园区或中心,一定需要讨论和严格研究使其与科学准则一致。物流场所的建构比例分布应该按照经济区域,而不是按照行政版图.否则大量重复建设项目,将极有可能因此而造成资源浪费。除此之外,不少国内地区实施十分抽象与粗糙的物流草案。例如〆在计划物流园区时，有些地区很少把构建区域性物流信息帄台纳入考虑范围。一些其他地区以建造帄台考虑，但他们只考虑自己的规划和设计,很少思考其建设的可能和实用性。换句话说,建设物流信息帄台是缺乏可操作性。2〃3落后的物流技术虽然中国在短期内取得了很大成就,吸引了世界的关注,但是在物流业和技术方面,人们不得不承认,中国物流业整体水帄仍然被世界主要国家远远抛在后面,我国的我们物流科技是落后的。总之,缺点则主要体现为以下几个方面: 2〃3〃1配送设施的发展是物流业发展的一个重要指标,物流业是第三方物流服务,其中货物配送是必不可少组成部分.近期国外先进设备的物流配送已经达到这样的全自动化水帄。日本物流中心是一个很好的例子,被称为"白鸟"主月制国公司.该中心共占用土地4208帄方米,总面积达2774帄方米,运送20000箱的货物给200个仓储中心。中心采用自动阶梯仓库来存储。中心的仓库冷风释放时利用的原则是,"热空气上升，冷空气下降",从第一至第四的货架是恒温恒湿的，用以储存巧克力糖果,而层由第五至第八的室温区用以储存一般的食物.使用空调降低建造建筑隔间的运行成本.物流系统都采用全自动操作。货物从第二层开始放入仓库,首先，分类装置先将货物分类; 然后堆垛机器人自动将货物叠成一摞, 这些被摞好的货物由自动高速往返传送带传送到阶梯式仓储室。高速往返传送带负责将货物运送至分类站点.当装运准备完成时,将货物存放在发送准备区。由于采用自动控制装置, 物流中心的货物运送差错率已大大减少。此外，一旦出现差错，差错出现的原因会第一时间被查出，同时也不会影响服务质量。另一个很好的例子是日本Sagawa快递公司的沙意库物流中心，这个中心拥有44308帄方米。这个五层高的装甲建筑拥有亚洲最大的建筑规模。中心的第一二层是操作帄台，第三到第五层是物流加工区（为第三方提供服务），顶层是公园和直升
机停机坪。这个物流中心为与日本中部。全国范围内覆盖320条配送网络站点。分类工作是在货物运送到物流中心当天晚上通宵完成的。第二天早上备份好分类的货物就会被送往各个分配送站点。同时当中心的接收部收到货物，他们会用无线数据终端将货物分类的数据立刻传送到物流中心。之前不需要任何操作，货物就能被直接放上传送带分类，他们的操作能力是每小时79000件。由于产品经济社会发展和社会化分工,配送中心无疑将适应经济社会发展过程中的需求变化. 国内多数企业都处在较低的物流业水帄,薄弱的物流意识，薄弱的分送能力. 除此以外,面对小企业的竞争压力,和疲软的第三方企业物流需求，企业大多固守传统的物流观念:大而全或小而全。2〃3〃2 尽管对现代物流业的信息技术发展趋势重视不够,某些地区和地方当局还是大力发展规划物流园区。但他们忽略了现代物流业必须依靠现代信息技术. 一个人很容易得出这样的结论，物流业的发展史上,将不会没有现代信息技术的范例. 一个优化的系统不可能形成,除非物流,资金流,信息流再运用现代信息系统的条件下被带入一个有机的协作整体. 构建现代信息技术基础和设施是在考虑在规划建设物流中心和公园时的首要因素。2〃3〃3滥用“物流中心”,就像现今的许多小规模的货运站,甚至某些私人小店面自称为“物流中心”或其他类似的名字已经大肆流行起来。不过,这种现象将严重损害物流业的发展，可能造成人们的误解物流的本质,因此，这种情况的本质是在扭曲物流中心的概念。而事实上,根据我国物流规范的技术名词的定义, 物流中心是:一个地点或组织从事物流活动，一个物流中心应符合下列要求: 1）主要为社会提供服务2）有完整合理的物流功能3）有一套完整的信息4)拥有底大的辐射和影响范围; 5)有限的品种,但大批量的货物; 6)强大的存储和处理能力; 7)对一个公司具有统一的管理和行政权。这个定义昭示我们物流中心的基本条件和资格是比较高的。而现在几乎没有所谓的物流中心,符合存在的标准与上述要求。2〃4物流企业提供的低水准的服务目前,大多数国内物流企业,因为他们薄弱的服务能力,只能承担基本业务如运输,装卸,或贮存尽管他们有意为客户处理增值服务当客户要求时,如报关,存货管理,分配, 配送和加工流通,但毕竟能力有限。此外,基于员工的素质,资本和设备,服务质量不理想。根据相关数据, 超过30%的客户对聘请的第三方物流企业的服务质量不满意。85%的物流服务的第三方物流公司都是基本服务,如运输和储存。而只有1 5%的增值服务,如信息,加工和融资. 此外,受影响的重要因素还涉及地区的缺点,有限的经营范围,过时的经营方式和效率低的存储(或交付)服务,物流人才,尤其掌握专门知识的综合管理人才,在市场中是难以找到自己位物流英文文献翻译及物流论文参考文献置。在今天的中国，就算有高薪。国内物流企业低品质的服务的主要原因是在于这三个要素:管理,技术而人才是远远低于均衡发展线的。现在，我国公路,铁路, 民航和港口经营都是相互独立的，在某些方面来说，就如组织服务规则，技术器械规范。大多数情况下,企业提供物流服务仅仅利用单一的运输方式,跨区域的面包车常用的旅行当他们返回没有携带任何物品。此外,壁垒一个一个地出现，物流系统无法顺利运作。一个重要因素这直接影响到服务品质的是缺乏专业人才,在中国物流人才,尤其是综合性的管理人才,掌握专业知识,是渴望不可求，尽管以高薪聘请他们。2〃5 物流企业没有引起足够重视根据现在的情况，国内大型的物流（比如，流通领域）比物流企业规模（比如，制造业领域）壮大与否是根据行业人士的专业，企业参与度或者社会需求度正因为如此，有一种说法是中国的物流仍然徘徊在大门之外。可以肯定的是这种说法有点夸张的意思，我们的一些企业象海尔集团在物流方面做得很好，然后不可否认的是中国的物流行业已经落后了。据统计，1999年里，对450个大中型企业的调查中，有26%的企业完全独立的应付物流。2〃5〃1技术条款的项目虽然中国2001年已经制定“物流技术条款准则”。近期许多新出现的经常被评论或材料提到的技术条款并没有被纳入国际准则中，这影响了中国物流业将来的普及和应用。例如，许多省和城市已经计划或正在计划各种各样的物流圈，并称其为商业物流圈或生态物流圈。另一个问题是，到底物流园区和物流基地的区别是什么〇每个人有自己的理解，但不能被信服2〃5〃2物流设施和器械近来国内
物流业存在不是普遍范围内接受的物流的设施和器械。从国外进口，一些器械引进国外的先进技术。没有现存的普遍被认可的准则带来企业和客户一系列问题，就像采购合适的维修和不同的操作程序的困难。一个很好的例子是tray 经常在物流系统里被用到。大量发设想在国外可能被用作一般的目标因为采用salne准则。但在中国，因为不用这个准则，tray有时必须在被我国买下后被卸下还给制造商。2〃6物流人才的严重缺乏2.6.1 小部分的物流专家为了提高中国物流产业，和其他从事物流的而并不是政府部门的专家组成了骨干队伍专注于物流，理论的物流到现在还没有被建立。虽然越来越多的学者和专家已经进入了物流研究这个行业并且已经普及，但是真正合格物流专家还是有限的。物流专家是加强和普及物流业的城堡。2.6.2严重不足的培养物流人才的资源中国已经将物流业列为四大新出现的工业之一了。而物流人才是10大急需人才之一，缺乏物流专业人才成为中国发展现代物流业的瓶颈。根据基本的数字资料显示，有超过400000的国有股份拥有公司和股份有限合作公司。假如大学和专科学校每年招收60个学生，而每个企业每五年雇用一个主修物流的学生，那么供应的物流人才还是远远低于需求。我们可以预期在一段足够长的时间里物流人才的还是远远的供小于求。现在，中国提供各层次的教育，也就是说，研究生课程，本科课程，专科学校和中专学校。但是，科学物流目标教育系统还是尚未成形。学校和学院和大学现在设计课程和实际主要依据各自对物流概念的理解，缺少总的引导。有些学校，提供物流专业，招收大批量的学生自从物流专业人才走俏以来。绝对没有任何教职员工会被物流业相中的。给相关的部门和组织的专业工作遵守一定的教导材料。但因为种种原因，这些资料远远不能满足物流专业教育的需求。这些教育材料既不是系统化的，内容也是不完善的。2〃7不完善的企业管理系统近日，问题牵扯到企业的管理系统。不完善的和不系统的商业材料广泛地在中国物流企业内存在。许多物流企业像邮局，原先对所有工作程序有严格的规则，但是有些意外可能被避免，因为这些规章的实施总或多或少的被冲淡。例如，规则说为了跟踪挂号包裹，包裹在被送往目的地时必须被记录。一些物流企业有严重的问题当它们制定相关的操作指南和网页。但是过了一段特定时期，他们不能像开始一样保持资料，因此这些共同问题存在于一部分物流企业中〆新规则和指南尚未形成，指南和网页没有及时更新，一些新的规章和规则没有传达给操作人员。客户和使用者没有受到最新的商业信息。2〃8 对环境保护做得不够物流产业的发展，引起了交通和运输给城市环境带来的污染问题，消费品生产加工后的残留物，物流过程中的包装，环境保护重要性增加，人类需要保护环境和资源，保证持续不便的经济和生产的发展还有考虑我们的后代是我们这个地球上共同的目标，现在，国内大型企业还没有完全了解环境保护的重要性因为他们还没有采用有效的措施，比如，有的物流公司建在市中心使城市的环境被煤矿，油，严重得污染，特别是浪费还有就是设备噪音。除了这些，其他有些易燃易暴的严格上来说，企业应该重视起来大量的危害城市安全的事项。2〃9调制解调器的技术的缺乏关系到知识分子的权利面对市场竞争的剧增，企业寻求严厉的现代物流系统的需求，海外先进的物流公司发先中国物流市场有巨大的前景，并传布于中国。然而，进口现代物流系统不但降低成本而且很依靠，在长期操作中，其他的缺点是缺乏效率，时间上的服务和技术上的支持。因此，在国内提高现代物流系统和自己知识所有权有很重大的意义，改革水果关系到自己决定的自己决定所有权已经达到但是我们和外国主要的相同部门还是有差距的。物流英文文献翻译及物流论文参考文献 3 主要对策3〃1加强政府之间的协调并行成规范的政策,以发展物流业中国加入世贸组织后,其对外的物流业市场开放程度便会进一步加大,这将会给大多数物流企业带来很大的压力。在国外势力的影响下,这种极大的改变将会挑战现有的国有企业或各部门对其的适应能力。这将严重浪费资源和增加的物流业成本.物流业是一个要求各个方面都要密切合作的复杂行业。如果处于不同层次的各部门,只有基于自身利益考虑,甚至设置地方或部门经济壁垒,物流业将永远不会朝健康的方向发展。因此, 中国的相关政府部门应担当起对物流市场进行宏观调控的
角色，从中国的实际情况出发，结合国外的理论和经验来研究我们的发展模式,为物流业的发展制定总体规划，并提出一些具体措施，以适应我国目前的状况。迎接国外企业的挑战和进一步规范中国的物流市场,政府部门必须制订切实可行的物流法规和政策以完善物流市场，推动物流企业的强制认证，培训工作人员和管理层人员并严格执行“凭证上岗”的制度。为了使物流业得到各级政府部门的理解和支持，如果条件允许，物流专家也可以被邀请发表演讲来达到这个目的。由于物流活动包括交通运输,包装,仓储,配送,货运等环节,涉及到国家信息部、铁道部、民航总局、商务部、客户、工业和商业和税务部门在内的众多部门, 而且为了避免他们在政策上产生分歧,以确保各政府部门达成一致,中国应该建立协调制度，用来协调这些部门之间的矛盾。一条建议是了解全国范围的邮政和电信,工商, 税务部门之间是如何进行垂直管理的,也就是说,国家建立全国的物流管理体系来掌控物流行业和为全国范围内的物流制订标准。该做法是由政府综合治理委员来负责协调各部门制定的政策。第三个选择是组成一个跨部门的协会或政策委员会，涉及其成员的相关的政府部门,需促进物流行业的发展。协会或委员会将负责研究,制订相关协调政策,对于发展中成员的具体操作机构可以采取由政府综合管理部门来管理。形成包括行政规章和政策性调整的规范政策。为了创造一个良好宽松的政策环境,中国有关部门应把影响现代物流业发展秩序的法规、制度和体系进一步规范化，特别是要明确公帄竞争或限制的市场准入的政策。其次,政府应研究和制订物流管理体系和相关政策,以适应我国的社会主义市场经济体制和确保中国的物流业能够在一个标准的管理体系中健康的发展。3〃2 通过多途径发展物流教育它不大可能利用全日制国民教育的方式来解决缺乏物流专业人才的问题,因为它不仅需要高学历教职员工提供物流专业，而且也需要相应的教学设施和设备,这并不是每所学校在较短时间内都能达到要求的。必须走中外结合的方法,我们可以借鉴国外的可行性经验，以推广体系执业资格证书。通过这样的方式，大量的人去学习和研究物流知识，从而达到直接的效果。除此之外，物流训练课程将定期或不定期在有条件的地方开展以培养人才。为保证人才质量, 在国家教育部的有关行政管理部门应组织专家为物流专业制订统一的评估标准，规范核心课程以达到监督和促进各级各类学校改进教学质量。国家学术或专业组织、团体和协会能够经常组织一些研讨会,就实践教学,以帮助学校更加有效地开办物流专业。3〃3普及全方位的绿色物流管理前提推广绿色物流管理是推广ISO14000系列标准，这是一套关于环境管理和制度体系认证的国际标准。只有通过环境体系认证,物流企业才能够真正实现绿色物流管理。以下是涉及绿色物流管理的主要内容〆采取预防措施以避免在物流活动中环境问题的产生，在生产消费品的过程中采用绿色原材料，用绿色包装运输, 对庖料要建立一套完整的处置程序和措施。另一项重要措施是在通过严肃论证的基础上谨慎和科学地选择物流中心地址。政府行政部门应对其申请资料进行严格检查。3〃4采取有效措施鼓励技术创新现代物流系统整合了机械,电工,水工,光,电脑和资讯。其内容主要涉及到自动储存系统、自动输送系统、自动导航系统、自动工作系统、逻辑控制系统、计算机集成管理系统等。现代物流系统技术是一门综合性的学科,包括人工智能的图像识别技术、计算机仿真、网络、无线通信、红外通信、激光制导定位和机器人技术。为了在现代物流系统技术方面实现重点突破，不同领域的专家应该共同对付关键问题。对国家政府来说, 也可在自然科学方面设定国家资助的项目的关键问题和事先研究方向。现代物流项目可作为单独项目来攻关,国内专家在他们的合法权益能得到有效保障的基础上组织施加一切，特别是为现代物流设置奖项和重赏那些受人们热烈欢迎的人才的合法权益。3〃5 为实现双赢组建大型集团有些发达国家的物流公司，已经实现通过各种形式，重组、资本扩张、吞并和重建跨国综合物流企业以提供坚实的资金、先进技术和高等级的管理。但是大部分的中国物流企业,其缺点是规模小,实力弱,能力低,在与国际大型物流公司的市场竞争中处于不利地位。因此，国内中小型物流企业可建立战略合作伙伴关系, 利用其国内的网络设施,成本低廉的人力资本,或相互收购或合并，组建大型集团迈向综合物流
业，与国外大型物流企业展开竞争。物流英文文献翻译及物流论文参考文献Studies on Logistics and Logistics Technology of China Luo Yixin (Department of Industry and Commerce Management, Human College of Finance and Economics, Human Chansha 410205) Received 15 July 2004 Abstract For further pushing ahead with the development of China’s logistics industry，the author，based on the status quo of China's logistics industry，alfirms the achievements made in the development course of the industry of China〃By studying various respects of the industry including the understanding of logistics，standards of technical terms，logistics technologies and management，the author analyzes th e major problems existence in China’s current logistics industry and puts forward the rationalization proposal〃Key words〆logistics々development々problem々measure 1 Preface Modem logistics industry is currently one of the most popular trades〃Since China introduced the concept of logistics from abroad in early 1980s，logistics industry has been developed rapidly〃At present，our country already has quite a lot of logistics parks and centers，develops a series of modem logistics technologies and obtains a large number of innovation accomplishments bearing self-determination intelectual property rights〃Among those are typical ones such as the development of integration logistics management system with self-determination intelectual property rights (LOG + +／SMCS) in 2003.The real—time connection with famous ERP system (SAPR／3)has been realized，the system radically changes the unicity and low integrity level of China’s traditional logistics and thus symbolizes that domestic logistics software has been in line with international noFIns for modern logistics management system〃Another example is the new structural—type quick stacker that has the operation speed of0—150 m／rain〃1ifting speed of 0—40 m／min and forking speed of 0 — 20／40 m／rain, bearing self-determination intellectual property rights developed in the same year〃Laser ranging technology is applied to the system in horizontal direction〃resulting that the distance—measuring error is ± 1 mm within 500 meters and positioning accuracy is ±3 mm〃For the vertical direction〃due to the application of rotary encoder plus tooth—be technique，positioning accuracy reaches ±3 mm〃In this way〃the system successfully integrates a variety of new—type detecting technologies involving laser location，rotary encoder and toth—belt eranging〃integration has been utilized for positioning and then radically altered traditional positioning method 〃Besides，the adoption of redundancy and trouble shooting technique dramatically increases the system's efficiency and reliability〃The adoption of over ten new techs consisting of new—type forking structure and loading platform with dimension detector and bar code sensor has promoted the technical advancement of key equipments used in logistics industry as well as greatly narrowed the gap between China and international advanced countries in terms okey equipments〃In 2003。a patent product at world —leading place，the push—pull laser guiding AGV cart，ca／Be into market〃Ever has never been a similar product both at home and abroad〃is AGV cart〃having conquered numbers of difficulties as path planning，reflecting board layout and pinpointing position，can travel an d locate its position safely and flexibly in rolling machine units〃In other words，it realizes complete automation delivery 〃In 2003，domestic enterprises designed and applied automatic supplementary—materials allocation system equipped with vision—identification movable robot〃system was ran king at international leading stage〃In year 2003,thanks to the successful developments of Hong He Cig arette Factory ’s automatic logistics system and Legend’s integration logistics system，numbers of blanks in domestic logistics industry are叫ed。quantities of leading logistics systems and equipments ale produced and the gap between China and other countries advanced in key
equipments and primary indexes are reduced〃Through years of research and exploration〃Tai Yuan Gang Yu Storage Company，by cope ration with scientific research institutes，success finally developed automatization tired warehouse facility assisted by computer planning and designing technology，which is at the leading place in the world.With the support an d regard from all levels of governmental departments，China’ s modern logistics industry is now taking unprecedented momentum and developing rapidly〃However，it’s worth being pointed out that，as far as the whole is concerned〃China’s logistics industry is still in an initial stage〃China’ s GDP in 2000 was 8.94×1000 billion RMB〃of which the added value of circulation area accounts for merely 8〃1％〃11}lis number is much lower than that of developed countries like the United States〃Japan and UK〃In 2000，the sale of WalMart，one of the world retailing giants，was US193.3 billion，corresponding to 46％of China ’s total a nual sales in retailing〃On top of that〃the annual sale of WAIMART is on the increase by US$20—30 billion dollars a year〃Domestically，the annual sale of our leading retailer，Shanghai Unilever，is simply 11 billion RMB〃accounting for about 7％of Mart〃From the above statistics，it’s by no mean s difficult for one to find out that distant gap of logistics industries exists between China and developed countries〃Of course，on the contrary，the statistics also tell us that there are great development potential and space regarding logistics industry in China.Many problems，some of which even ale the bottlenecks of China’s modern logistics，are available in the course of development〃Great importance to these problems should be attached，which are worthy of the concern and study of logistics staff. 物流英文文献翻译及物流论文参考文献 2 Available primary problems 2.1 Unbalanced development between western and developed regions including the east，the south and costal areas China’s logistics industry is at the initial stage〃In most occasions，what we mean by the so-called logistics actually refers to the narrow sense of logistics〆elementary functions such as transportation or storage〃Real modern logistics has been focused and developed only in a few comparatively developed regions in the east and the south while logistics development is still far from commencing in vast regions of mid-，western and remote regions〃Even in the developed regions of eastern China，southern China and costal and costal areas，the level of socialization an d the adoption of market principles are fairly low〃According to the data，the physical distributions owned by domestic enterprises account for 60％to 70％of the total market scale〃Shortage in logistics demand
南京航空航天大学金城学院 毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译 系部经济系 专业国际经济与贸易 学生姓名陈雅琼学号2011051115 指导教师邓晶职称副教授 2015年5月
Economic policy,tourism trade and productive diversification （Excerpt） Iza Lejárraga,Peter Walkenhorst The broad lesson that can be inferred from the analysis is that promoting tourism linkages with the productive capabilities of a host country is a multi-faceted approach influenced by a variety of country conditions.Among these,fixed or semi-fixed factors of production,such as land,labor,or capital,seem to have a relatively minor influence.Within the domain of natural endowments,only agricultural capital emerged as significant.This is a result that corresponds to expectations,given that foods and beverages are the primary source of demand in the tourism economy.Hence,investments in agricultural technology may foment linkages with the tourism market.It is also worth mentioning that for significant backward linkages to emerge with local agriculture,a larger scale of tourism may be important. According to the regression results,a strong tourism–agriculture nexus will not necessarily develop at a small scale of tourism demand. It appears that variables related to the entrepreneurial capital of the host economy are of notable explanatory significance.The human development index(HDI), which is used to measure a country's general level of development,is significantly and positively associated with tourism linkages.One plausible explanation for this is that international tourists,who often originate in high-income countries,may feel more comfortable and thus be inclined to consume more in a host country that has a life-style to which they can relate easily.Moreover,it is important to remember that the HDI also captures the relative achievements of countries in the level of health and education of the population.Therefore,a higher HDI reflects a healthier and more educated workforce,and thus,the quality of local entrepreneurship.Related to this point,it is important to underscore that the level of participation of women in the host economy also has a significantly positive effect on linkages.In sum, enhancing local entrepreneurial capital may expand the linkages between tourism and other sectors of the host country.
农村社会养老保险的现状、问题与对策研究社会保障对国家安定和经济发展具有重要作用，“城乡二元经济”现象日益凸现，农村社会保障问题客观上成为社会保障体系中极为重要的部分。建立和完善农村社会保障制度关系到农村乃至整个社会的经济发展，并且对我国和谐社会的构建至关重要。我国农村社会保障制度尚不完善，因此有必要加强对农村独立社会保障制度的构建，尤其对农村养老制度的改革，建立健全我国社会保障体系。从户籍制度上看，我国居民养老问题可分为城市居民养老和农村居民养老两部分。对于城市居民我国政府已有比较充足的政策与资金投人，使他们在物质和精神方面都能得到较好地照顾，基本实现了社会化养老。而农村居民的养老问题却日益突出，成为摆在我国政府面前的一个紧迫而又棘手的问题。 一、我国农村社会养老保险的现状 关于农村养老，许多地区还没有建立农村社会养老体系，已建立的地区也存在很多缺陷，运行中出现了很多问题，所以完善农村社会养老保险体系的必要性与紧迫性日益体现出来。 （一）人口老龄化加快 随着城市化步伐的加快和农村劳动力的输出，越来越多的农村青壮年人口进入城市，年龄结构出现“两头大，中间小”的局面。中国农村进入老龄社会的步伐日渐加快。第五次人口普查显示：中国65岁以上的人中农村为5938万，占老龄总人口的67.4%.在这种严峻的现实面前，农村社会养老保险的徘徊显得极其不协调。 （二）农村社会养老保险覆盖面太小 中国拥有世界上数量最多的老年人口，且大多在农村。据统计，未纳入社会保障的农村人口还很多，截止2000年底，全国7400多万农村居民参加了保险，占全部农村居民的11.18%，占成年农村居民的11.59%.另外，据国家统计局统计，我国进城务工者已从改革开放之初的不到200万人增加到2003年的1.14亿人。而基本方案中没有体现出对留在农村的农民和进城务工的农民给予区别对待。进城务工的农民既没被纳入到农村养老保险体系中，也没被纳入到城市养老保险体系中，处于法律保护的空白地带。所以很有必要考虑这个特殊群体的养老保险问题。
International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials Volume 17, Number 4, August 2010, Page 500 DOI: 10.1007/s12613-010-0348-y Corresponding author: Zhuan Li E-mail: li_zhuan@https://www.doczj.com/doc/173228172.html, ? University of Science and Technology Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 Preparation and properties of C/C-SiC brake composites fabricated by warm compacted-in situ reaction Zhuan Li, Peng Xiao, and Xiang Xiong State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China (Received: 12 August 2009; revised: 28 August 2009; accepted: 2 September 2009) Abstract: Carbon fibre reinforced carbon and silicon carbide dual matrix composites (C/C-SiC) were fabricated by the warm compacted-in situ reaction. The microstructure, mechanical properties, tribological properties, and wear mechanism of C/C-SiC composites at different brake speeds were investigated. The results indicate that the composites are composed of 58wt% C, 37wt% SiC, and 5wt% Si. The density and open porosity are 2.0 g·cm–3 and 10%, respectively. The C/C-SiC brake composites exhibit good mechanical properties. The flexural strength can reach up to 160 MPa, and the impact strength can reach 2.5 kJ·m–2. The C/C-SiC brake composites show excellent tribological performances. The friction coefficient is between 0.57 and 0.67 at the brake speeds from 8 to 24 m·s?1. The brake is stable, and the wear rate is less than 2.02×10?6 cm3·J?1. These results show that the C/C-SiC brake composites are the promising candidates for advanced brake and clutch systems. Keywords: C/C-SiC; ceramic matrix composites; tribological properties; microstructure [This work was financially supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (No.2006AA03Z560) and the Graduate Degree Thesis Innovation Foundation of Central South University (No.2008yb019).] 温压-原位反应法制备C / C-SiC刹车复合材料的工艺和性能 李专，肖鹏，熊翔 粉末冶金国家重点实验室，中南大学，湖南长沙410083，中国（收稿日期：2009年8月12日修订：2009年8月28日;接受日期：2009年9月2日） 摘要：采用温压?原位反应法制备炭纤维增强炭和碳化硅双基体(C/C-SiC)复合材
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
Advantages of Managed Code Microsoft intermediate language shares with Java byte code the idea that it is a low-level language witha simple syntax , which can be very quickly translated intonative machine code. Having this well-defined universal syntax for code has significant advantages. Platform independence First, it means that the same file containing byte code instructions can be placed on any platform; atruntime the final stage of compilation can then be easily accomplished so that the code will run on thatparticular platform. In other words, by compiling to IL we obtain platform independence for .NET, inmuch the same way as compiling to Java byte code gives Java platform independence. Performance improvement IL is actually a bit more ambitious than Java bytecode. IL is always Just-In-Time compiled (known as JIT), whereas Java byte code was ofteninterpreted. One of the disadvantages of Java was that, on execution, the process of translating from Javabyte code to native executable resulted in a loss of performance. Instead of compiling the entire application in one go (which could lead to a slow start-up time), the JITcompiler simply compiles each portion of code as it is called (just-in-time). When code has been compiled.once, the resultant native executable is stored until the application exits, so that it does not need to berecompiled the next time that portion of code is run. Microsoft argues that this process is more efficientthan compiling the entire application code at the start, because of the likelihood that large portions of anyapplication code will not actually be executed in any given run. Using the JIT compiler, such code willnever be compiled.
“论文学翻译过程” “语义翻译和交际翻译理论在英汉翻译中的运用” “英语句子成分的省略及汉译” “文学翻译中隐喻的传译” 一、选题范围 1、翻译与文化：可以从宏观和微观两个方面考虑。宏观方面，一般从翻译在目的 语社会文化中的生产、接受、翻译在目的语社会文化中所起的功能等角度讨论， 可以从社会、文化、历史、交际的视角切入。阐述为什么有那样的译文？如严复的翻译，林纾的翻译，傅东华翻译《漂》时为什么使用归化的手段，鲁迅翻译的策略，翻译材料的选择等等。微观方面，可以讨论语言文字所承载的文化内容和内涵如 何在翻译中表达，如文化负载词的翻译策略等。 2、翻译与语言学理论：可以从篇章语言学，功能语言学（如喊韩礼德的系统功 能理论等），对比语言学，心理语言学，交际语言学、文化语言学等方面考虑选题。如功能语言学和篇章语言学中讨论的衔接与连贯及其翻译，也可以讨论他们在英语和汉语中的差别入手，进一步讨论他们在翻译中的处理，主位、述位的推进极其在翻译中的体现。英语汉语对比及其翻译策略等等。 3、翻译与语文学。主要从艺术的角度讨论文学翻译中的问题。 4、应用翻译：主要从特殊用途英语如商务英语、科技英语、旅游英语等方面 讨论在这些特殊领域中涉及的翻译问题如何处理。如旅游宣传资料的翻译等。 5、译文对比：可以是同一篇文章、同一本书，不同的译者在同以时期或不同时 期进行的翻译做的对比，也可以是同一个译者对同一篇文章或书在不同时期的翻 译的对比；可以是翻译技巧等微观层面的对比，也可以是宏观曾面的对比，以探索为什么在不同时期译者回采取不同的策略，有哪些社会的、文化的、政治的、 意识形态的原因？ 6、翻译及评论：首先选择一篇长文，一般是文学作品且没有人翻译过，进行 翻译，翻译完后，从上述五个方面选择一个理论视角对自己的翻译进行评论。 7、译者风格。 8、翻译与美学。 二、选题方法： 上述各个方面均可写出几本甚至几十本专著，因此大家从上述方面可以选出一个写作的范围。缩小选题范围：首先是广泛浏览上述各有关方面翻译研究资料，以确定自己对哪方面感兴趣且有话可说，这是缩小范围的第一步。然后在自己感兴
英文翻译说明 1. 英文翻译文章输成word，5号新罗马（New Times Roman）字体，1.5倍行间距，将来方便打印和一起装订；英文中的图表要重新画，禁止截图。 2. 整篇论文1.5倍行间距，打印时，用B5纸，版面上空2.5cm，下空2cm，左空2.5cm，右空2cm（左装订）。 3. 论文翻译后的摘要用五号宋体，正文小四号宋体、英文和数字用新罗马（New Times Roman）12、参考文献的内容用五号字体。图和表头用五号字体加粗并居中，图和表中的内容用五号字体。论文翻译的作者用五号字体加粗。 论文大标题………小三号黑体、加黑、居中 第二层次的题序和标题………小四号黑体、加黑、居中 第三层次的题序和标题………小四号宋体、加黑、居中 正文……………………………小四号宋体、英文用新罗马12 页码……………………………小五号居中，页码两边不加修饰符 4. 论文中参考文献严格按照下述排版。 专著格式：序号.编著者.书名[M].出版地: 出版社, 年代, 起止页码 期刊论文格式：序号.作者.论文名称[J]. 期刊名称, 年度, 卷(期): 起止页码 学位论文格式：序号.作者.学位论文名称[D]. 发表地: 学位授予单位, 年度 例子: (1).胡千庭, 邹银辉, 文光才等. 瓦斯含量法预测突出危险新技术[J]. 煤炭学报, 2007.32(3): 276-280. (2). 胡千庭. 煤与瓦斯突出的力学作用机理及应用研究[D]. 北京: 中国矿业大学(北京), 2007. (3). 程伟. 煤与瓦斯突出危险性预测及防治技术[M]. 徐州: 中国矿业大学出版社, 2003.
China High-Speed Railway As the economic grow, intercity travel demand has increased dramatically in the Greater China Area. Traditional railways can hardly satisfy the passenger and freight travel demand, high speed rail is hence proposed and constructed after 1990s. This study aims to integrate current development of both rail-based and Maglev high speed trains in this area. From 1997, Taiwan kicked-off its high speed rail construction by importing the technology of Japanese Shinkansen. The Taiwan High Speed Rail is a 15-billion US dollars project. To save the cost of construction and management, the BOT model was applied. Though not totally satisfied, this project is still successful and ready to operate in the 4th quarter of 2007. China is preparing its high speed rail services by upgrading current networks. The capacity and operating speed are all increased after 5-times system upgrade. The 6th upgrade will be initiated in 2006. By then, trains will run at a speed of 200km/h in a total distance of 1,400km in 7 different routes. From the white paper published by the Ministry of Railway in China, there will be totally 8 rail-based High Speed Train services. Four of them are North-South bound, and four of them are East-West bound. 5 of the 8 High Speed Rails are now under construction, the first line will be finished in 2009, and the 2nd one will be in 2010. By 2020, there will be totally 12,000 kilometers high speed rail services in China. The 250 billion US dollars construction cost still leaves some uncertainties for all these projects. Finally, the future of the Maglev system in China is not so bright as rail-based. Shanghai airport line could be the first, also the last Maglev project in China if the approved Shanghai-Hangzhou line cannot raise enough 4.4 billion dollars to build it. Steel rail composition Steel rail is composed of iron, carbon, manganese, and silicon, and contains impurities such as phosphorous, sulphur, gases, and slag. The proportions of these substances may be altered to achieve different properties, such as increased resistance to wear on curves. The standard configuration for North American rail resembles an upside down T. The three parts of T-rail are called the base, web, and head. The flat base enabled such rail to be spiked directly to wooden crossties; later, rail was placed on the now-standard steel tie plate. While the proportions and precise shape of rail are subject to constant analysis and refinement, the basic T-section has been standard since the mid-19th century. Weight
软件专业毕业论文外文文献中英文翻译 Object landscapes and lifetimes Tech nically, OOP is just about abstract data typing, in herita nee, and polymorphism, but other issues can be at least as importa nt. The rema in der of this sect ion will cover these issues. One of the most importa nt factors is the way objects are created and destroyed. Where is the data for an object and how is the lifetime of the object con trolled? There are differe nt philosophies at work here. C++ takes the approach that con trol of efficie ncy is the most importa nt issue, so it gives the programmer a choice. For maximum run-time speed, the storage and lifetime can be determined while the program is being written, by placing the objects on the stack (these are sometimes called automatic or scoped variables) or in the static storage area. This places a priority on the speed of storage allocatio n and release, and con trol of these can be very valuable in some situati ons. However, you sacrifice flexibility because you must know the exact qua ntity, lifetime, and type of objects while you're writing the program. If you are trying to solve a more general problem such as computer-aided desig n, warehouse man ageme nt, or air-traffic con trol, this is too restrictive. The sec ond approach is to create objects dyn amically in a pool of memory called the heap. In this approach, you don't know un til run-time how many objects you n eed, what their lifetime is, or what their exact type is. Those are determined at the spur of the moment while the program is runnin g. If you n eed a new object, you simply make it on the heap at the point that you n eed it. Because the storage is man aged dyn amically, at run-time, the amount of time required to allocate storage on the heap is sig ni fica ntly Ion ger tha n the time to create storage on the stack. (Creat ing storage on the stack is ofte n a si ngle assembly in structio n to move the stack poin ter dow n, and ano ther to move it back up.) The dyn amic approach makes the gen erally logical assumpti on that objects tend to be complicated, so the extra overhead of finding storage and releas ing that storage will not have an importa nt impact on the creati on of an object .In additi on, the greater flexibility is esse ntial to solve the gen eral program ming problem. Java uses the sec ond approach, exclusive". Every time you want to create an object, you use the new keyword to build a dyn amic in sta nee of that object. There's ano ther issue, however, and that's the lifetime of an object. With Ian guages that allow objects to be created on the stack, the compiler determines how long the object lasts and can automatically destroy it. However, if you create it on the heap the compiler has no kno wledge of its lifetime. In a Ianguage like C++, you must determine programmatically when to destroy the
英文翻译 英语原文： . Introducing Classes The only remaining feature we need to understand before solving our bookstore problem is how to write a data structure to represent our transaction data. In C++ we define our own data structure by defining a class. The class mechanism is one of the most important features in C++. In fact, a primary focus of the design of C++ is to make it possible to define class types that behave as naturally as the built-in types themselves. The library types that we've seen already, such as istream and ostream, are all defined as classesthat is,they are not strictly speaking part of the language. Complete understanding of the class mechanism requires mastering a lot of information. Fortunately, it is possible to use a class that someone else has written without knowing how to define a class ourselves. In this section, we'll describe a simple class that we canuse in solving our bookstore problem. We'll implement this class in the subsequent chapters as we learn more about types,expressions, statements, and functionsall of which are used in defining classes. To use a class we need to know three things: What is its name? Where is it defined? What operations does it support? For our bookstore problem, we'll assume that the class is named Sales_item and that it is defined in a header named Sales_item.h. The Sales_item Class The purpose of the Sales_item class is to store an ISBN and keep track of the number of copies sold, the revenue, and average sales price for that book. How these data are stored or computed is not our concern. To use a class, we need not know anything about how it is implemented. Instead, what we need to know is what operations the class provides. As we've seen, when we use library facilities such as IO, we must include the associated headers. Similarly, for our own classes, we must make the definitions associated with the class available to the compiler. We do so in much the same way. Typically, we put the class definition into a file. Any program that wants to use our class must include that file. Conventionally, class types are stored in a file with a name that, like the name of a program source file, has two parts: a file name and a file suffix. Usually the file name is the same as the class defined in the header. The suffix usually is .h, but some programmers use .H, .hpp, or .hxx. Compilers usually aren't picky about header file names, but IDEs sometimes are. We'll assume that our class is defined in a file named Sales_item.h. Operations on Sales_item Objects