初中英语Unit 8 Talking about Weather谈论天气
精彩句型背诵
What’s the weather like (today/in spring/... )?
今天/春天……天气怎么样？
How’s the weather there?
那里天气怎么样？
Do you like the weather?
你喜欢这种天气吗？
It’s hot/warm/cold.
天气很热/暖和/冷。
It’s getting hot/warm/cold.
天气变热/暖/冷了。
It’s raing /sunny/cloudy/snowy/windy/fine...
雨天/艳阳天/阴天/下雪天/刮风天/晴天……
The temperature will above zero but at night it will fall below zero again.
白天气温将在零摄氏度以上，但晚上气温又会降到零摄氏度以下。
There’ll be beautiful sunshine in the daytime.
白天阳光明媚。
The clouds will lift quickly.
阴云很快会消散。
The snow will stop later.
随后降雪会停止。
Most parts of China will have a cold wet day.
中国大部分地区会出现冷湿天气。
The temperature will be 1 to 5℃.
气温是1到5摄氏度。
How cold it is today!
今天好冷！
相关词汇积累
season 季节 weather 天气
climate 气候 temperature 温度
cold 寒冷的 cool 凉爽的
wet 湿的dry 干燥的
sunny 晴rain 雨
snow 雪 wind 风
cloud 云 fog 雾
shower 阵雨 thunder 雷
lightning 闪电weather report 天气预报
听力强化训练
Ⅰ. 听句子，选出句子中所包含的信息。（读一遍）
( ) 1. A. A bad cold. B. A cold day. C. A cold seat.
( ) 2. A. The village. B. The town. C. The city.
( ) 3. A. Weather. B. Either. C. Neither.
( ) 4. A. Same. B. Him. C. Them.
( ) 5. A. Safe. B. Life. C. Off.
Ⅱ. 听句子，选答语。（读一遍）
( ) 1. A. It is warm. B. It will be sunny. C. It was hot.
( ) 2. A. The radio says it’s windy.
B. It’s very hot here in summer.
C. I’d like to swim tomorrow.
( ) 3. A. That’s too bad. B. Right, why not? C. What a bad radio!
( ) 4. A. A good idea. B. Enjoy yourself. C. I think so.
( ) 5. A. You are too young.
B. Better wait until spring.
C. You need more exercise.
Ⅲ. 听对话及对话后的问题，选出问题的正确答案。（读一遍）
( ) 1. A. 18℃. B. 30℃ C. 38℃
( ) 2. A. The water. B. The weather. C. The trip.
( ) 3. A. It will be sunny. B. It will be cloudy. C. It will be rainy. ( ) 4. A. It’s snowing. B. It’s raining. C. It’s blowing strongly.
( ) 5. A. It’s cloudy. B. It’s rainy. C. It’s windy. ( ) 6. A. Sorry, I don’t know. B. It’s fine. C. It’s like the sun.
Ⅳ. 听对话，完成表格。（读两遍）
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Ⅴ. 听短文，回答问题。（读两遍）
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
Ⅵ. 听短文，短文后面有几个问题，根据短文内容，选出问题的正确答案。（读两遍）
( ) 1. What helps the scientists see the weather of any part of the world?
A. Weather report.
B. Weather stations.
C. Satellite photos. ( ) 2. Why do the satellites take photos of the atmosphere?
A. Because the weather forms there.
B. Because there is a weather station.
C. Because there are many clouds.
( ) 3. From the photos, what do scientists see?
A. Where a plane is flying.
B. How many people are in weather stations.
C. How the weather will change.
( ) 4. How many weather stations receive satellite photos today?
A. 500.
B. 60.
C. 600.
( ) 5. How many days could the scientists forecast for before satellites were invented?
A. One or two day.
B. Two or three days.
C. Three or four days.
趣味小知识
A Fox and a Cock
One day, a fox sees a cock in the tree. He wants to eat the cock. So he says, “My dear cock, I hear you are very beautiful. Can you come down and let me see clearly?” The cock is very happy. He comes down and goes to the fox. The fox catches him quickly and goes away.
狐狸与公鸡
一天，一只狐狸看见一只公鸡在树上，他想吃掉公鸡。于是他说：“我亲爱的公鸡，我听说你非常美丽，你能下来让我看清楚吗？”公鸡非常高兴，他下来走向狐狸。狐狸飞快地抓住他跑了。
听力原文：
Ⅰ. 听句子，选出句子中所包含的信息。（读一遍）
1. What a cold day it is today!
2. I thought the city was a sunny coastal city.
3. I read the weather map in yesterday’s paper.
4. I think everyday weather forecast is almost the same.
5. I’ve never felt so cold in my life as I have in December.
Ⅱ. 听句子，选答语。（读一遍）
1. How was the weather yesterday?
2. What’s the weather like tomorrow?
3. The radio says the rain will last a few more days.
4. It’s sunny today; what about going ou t for a walk?
5. I often have a cold when winter is coming.
Ⅲ. 听对话及对话后的问题，选出问题的正确答案。（读一遍）
1. W : Oh, it’s too hot today.
M: Yes, the radio says it’s 38℃.
Q: What’s the temperature today?
2. W: The radio says it will rain heavily tomorrow.
M: Oh, really? I t’s terrible!
Q: What are they talking about?
3. M: What bad weather! I don’t like the rain!
W: The rain won’t last long. The radio says it will be fine later on.
Q: What will the weather be like?
4. M: Look at the rain! It’s really heavy!
W: You can’t play football today, I’m afraid.
Q: How is the weather today?
5. M: The sky is covered with dark clouds, it’s going to rain.
You’d better take an umbrella.
W: OK, I will.
Q: What’s the weather like?
6. W: What beautiful sunshine we have today!
M: Right. It’s wonderful, isn’t it?
Q: What’s the weather like today?
Ⅳ. 听对话，完成表格。（读两遍）
M: What a beautiful day, isn’t it?
W: Yes, it is. But what’s the weather like tomorrow?
M: Look at the newspaper. Here is the weather report for China for tomorrow.
W: Can you read i t for me? I’m busy.
M: Certainly. In Beijing, the temperature will be 22℃ to 25℃, and there will be a heavy rain. In Tianjin, it will be 19℃ to 27℃. It will be rainy. In Shanghai, the high temperature will be 34℃ and the low temperature will be 27℃. It will be cloudy. In Harbin the temperature will be 17℃ to 30℃, and it will be sunny. In Chengdu there will be light rain. The temperature will be 21℃ to 27℃. In Wuhan, it will be 29℃ to 37℃ , and cloudy. In Xi’an, it will be 24℃ to 32℃. It will be cloudy, too.
W: Thank you.
Ⅴ. 听短文，回答问题。（读两遍）
The snow lasted three days and it stopped last night. There was a lot of snow on the roads this morning. But we saw the sun again. I went into the bank at five to eight. Nobody came into our small bank from Monday to Thursday and we had nothing to do. We were sure we were going to be busy today. But to our surprise, we met nobody here. We talked about everything in the warm office, drinking hot tea.
It’s three o’clock and it’s time to go home. The manager came in and asked, “Who’s on duty?” Nobody answered.
“But who was yesterday, then?”
“I was, sir,” Miss King said.
“It’s your turn today, Mr. Hunt!”said the manager. “Go and close the gate.”
After a minute, the man came back and said with a red face, “I’m sorry, Mr. Turner. I forgot to open it this morning.”
Questions:
1. What’s the weather like today?
2. What day is it today?
3. Who was on duty on Thursday?
4. How long is the bank open every day?
5. Why did nobody come into the bank?
Ⅵ. 听短文，短文后面有几个问题，根据短文内容，选出问题的正确答案。（读两遍）Now satellites are helping to forecast the weather. They are in space, and they can reach any part of the world. The satellites take photos to the weather stations. So scientists can see the weather of any part of the world. From the photos, the scientists can often say how the weather will change. Today nearly five hundred weather stations in sixty countries receive satellite photos. The weather satellites are also used for other work. So satellites are of great help to the scientists. Before satellites were invented, the scientists could forecast for about 24 or 48 hours. Now they can make good forecast for three or five days. Soon, perhaps they will be able to forecast the weather for a week or more ahead.
参考答案：
Ⅰ. 1. B 2. C 3. A 4. A 5. B
Ⅱ. 1. C 2. A 3. A 4. A 5. C
Ⅲ. 1. C 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. A 6. B
Ⅳ. 1. 29~37 2. Cloudy 3. 24~32 4. 21~27 5. Sunny
Ⅴ. 1. It’s a fine day today. 2. It is Friday today.
3. Miss King was on duty.
4. It works seven hours a day.
5. Because they forgot to open the gate.
Ⅵ. 1. C 2. A 3. C 4. A 5. A
初中英语语法综合练习题单项选择 1、The boy likes________questions. A．a s k B．a n s w e r C．t o a s k 2、We'll try________there on time. A．to get B．getting C．got 3、They hoped________their mother soon. A．to see B．saw C．seeing 4、I'm glad________you again. A．meet B．met C．to meet 5、He often helps me_________my bike. A．mending B．to mend C．to mended 6、I heard Alice __________in the next door. A．sings B．sang C．sing 7、The work is easy. Let him ______________it by himself. A．do B．to do C．doing 8、He saw Dick___________in and take a book away. A．came B．coming C．come 9、Does Jack want___________ a writer? A．be B．is C．to be 10、The boss had them___________from morning to night. A．worked B．working C．work 11、It's time___________home. A．to go B．went C．going 12、Tom is kind. He would like___________you. A．to help B．help C．helped 13、Don't forget___________your books to school. A．bring B．to bring C．brought 14、I don't know___________ . A．where does he live B．what is he doing C．where he lives D．what he is dring it 15、Ask him how much___________ . A．did it cost B．cost it C．it costed D．it costs 16、I wonder___________used for. A．what was this room B．which was this room C．what this room was D．that this room was 17、I really don't know___________ . A．where he was born B．where he is born C．where was he born D．where is he born 18、We have no idea___________ . A．how worried was he B．how worried he was C．that was he worried D．what was he worried 19、He wanted to know___________there. A．how long time I had been B．how long had I been C．how long I had been D．how long I was 20、My mother wants to know___________ . A．how is Tom getting along B．how he is getting along C．what is he getting along D．what he is getting along 21、What shall we do___________it rains tomorrow? A．if B．when C．since 22、The doctor didn't have a rest ___________the operation was over.
关于天气预报的初中英语作文5篇 天气与我们的生活息息相关，下面为大家分享几篇关于天气的英语作文，一起来看看吧。 Let's take a look at the weather in Shanxi Province for the next 24 hours. Taiyuan would be cloudy at the time with the temperature from eighteen to twenty-eight. A strong wind would reach Datong, which could cause much rain, The temperature would be sixteen to twenty-six. Yangquan would be sunny with the highest temperature of thirty degree. Linfen would be windy and its temperature would be twenty-three to thirty-two. We would have a sunny and hot day in Yuncheng. Its temperature would stay between twenty-eight to thirty-four. 参考翻译： 让我们看一下山西省的天气，接下来的24小时。太原将会多云，气温从十八到二十八。强风会到达大同，可能会造成很多雨，温度将是十六到二十六。阳泉的日照温度最高，达到30度。临汾会有风，它的温度是23比32。我们将在运城有一个阳光灿烂的日子。 它的温度将保持在28到34之间。
初中语文优秀说课稿《爸爸的花儿落了》 教师资格证考试说课一定要事先做好充分的准备，把自己的上课思路理清楚，下面是教师资格初中英语语法说课稿范文，欢迎借鉴! 【说教材】 《爸爸的花儿落了》是现代女作家林海音的《城南旧事》中的第五篇。本文是人教版新教材第一单元的第二篇。新课程标准中说起课程目标中提到：具有独立阅读的能力，注重情感体验，有较丰富的积累，形成良好的语感。能初步理解、鉴赏文学作品，受到高尚情操与趣味的熏陶，发展个性，丰富自己的精神世界。 【说教学目标】 1、理解文中父亲朴实的语言中所包含的生活哲理，理解长辈对自己的严格要求的必要性。 2、把握文中父亲的思想性格。 (为后文作伏笔，作者认真考证仆碑上的文字，探究事物的本源，充分体现了“求思之深”的探索精神，这也是“深思慎取”的依据。) 3、理解标题的双关意义。 4、学习记叙中运用插叙的叙事方法。 【说教法学法】
为完成本课的教学目标，击破重点，宜将采用学生自己查找资料，提问、讨论、解答的方法为主，教师点拨为辅的方法进行教学。对难点的处理则可利用课件辅助进行。 提早一星期要求学生课外查阅贝多芬的有关资料，获得对贝多芬的整体印象。推荐书本：罗曼。罗兰写的《贝多芬传》、《约翰。克利斯朵夫》，丰子恺的《关于贝多芬》。 加强对学生的学习指导和学法指导，是语文教学的重要任务。初一的学生应该学习一定的自学方法，因此，与上述教法相配合，引导学生掌握：“读→思→议→读”的学习方法。通过读，初步感知课文内容;通过思，即根据教师提出的问题认真思考，并且自己对文章提出问题，从深层次上进一步认识课文内容和写作方法;通过议，进行信息反馈和交流，检验读和思的效果;再通过反复诵读(高声朗读，以畅其气，低声漫吟，以玩其味。)使感情进一步升华，进而加深对课文内容的领会，达到提高兴趣之效果。 【说教学程序】 研究教法和学法是搞好教学的前提和基础，而合理安排教学程序，则是教学成功的关键一环。以求达到事半功倍之效，使学生学有所获，我根据本课教材的特点以及我班学生的实际水平，将本课划分成以下环节： 教学的第二步，便是与学生一起完成对课文中两则寓言故事的学习。我以一个语文活动中心和交际主体的身份参与
初中英语语法综合练习题 单项选择 1、The boy likes questions. A．ask B．answer C．to ask 2、We'll try there on time. A．to get B．getting C．got 3、They hoped their mother soon. A．to see B．saw C．seeing ' 4、I'm glad you again. A．meet B．met C．to meet 5、He often helps me my bike. A．mending B．to mend C．to mended 6、I heard Alice in the next door. A．sings B．sang C．sing \ 7、The work is easy. Let him it by himself. A．do B．to do C．doing
8、He saw Dick in and take a book away. A．came B．coming C．come 9、Does Jack want a writer A．be B．is C．to be 10、The boss had them from morning to night. A．worked B．working C．work 《 11、It's time home. A．to go B．went C．going 12、Tom is kind. He would like you. A．to help B．help C．helped 13、Don't forget your books to school.… A．bring B．to bring C．brought 14、I don't know .
Unit 3 What would you like? B Read and write Robin will cook today. Changgang Primary School Xu Jing Ⅰ.The analysis of teaching contents: This topic is from the third unit of PEP English book 5. Wu Yifan and his grandpa left 2 notes to Robin. Ss will know how to describe What they like and what they don’t like on the basis of the knowledge they have learned before. And they will learn more about how to write a note. Ⅱ.The analysis of Students: The Ss are in grade 5.They have learnd English for 2 years, and they are active and interested in learning English. Food is one of the most interesting topic for them, and they are interested in some other delicious food. They want to express the food what they like and what they don’t like, So they will have more interested in this class. Ⅲ. Teaching aims: A. Knowledge aims: Ss will understand and say the words of food. Ss will understand and say the sentences : I don’t like …but …is OK./ I like …but not… B. Skill aims: To develop Ss’abilities of reading ,cooperations and
现在完成时说课稿 一.教材分析 （一）内容分析 现在完成时是课程标准要求学生重点掌握的语法项目，也是初中英语语法的重点和难点之一。语法现象较为复杂，难度较大，是中考重点考查的内容之一。8B的一二单元的重点语法。其考点主要体现在：1. 基本用法。2. have gone to / have been to/ have been in 的区别。3. 延续性动词和费延续性动词在现在完成时中的应用。4.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别。根据以上考点的分析和发展学生的综合运用语言的能力为宗旨制定一下教学目标 （二）教学目标： 1.知识与能力：通过复习使学生巩固现在完成时和一般过去时的有关知识，能够运用所学知识解决时态的题目。 2.过程与方法：通过复习提高学生综合运用所学知识解决问题的能力。 3.情感态度：通过复习使学生树立较强的自信心，形成克服困难的意志。 （三）教学重难点 由于英语和汉语两种语言对“完成”和“过去”概念定义的差异，学生往往对两种时态的含义和用法产生混淆，同时两种时态既有联系又有区别，因此，正确理解现在完成时和一般过去时的用法及区别，正确使用现在完成时和一般过去时解决有关时态的题目既是本节课的重点，又是本节课的难点。 二．教学对象 学生基础比较薄弱，对于现在完成时和一般过去式概念比较模糊，由于9AU5要涉及到过去完成时，所以在此之前对现在完成时和一般过去时进行复习，防止学生出现时态混淆，学生对于现在完成时和一般过去时有一定的认识，但是在做题时往往找时间状语把握不清，对于延续性动词和短暂性动词之间的转换模糊。三．教法学法分析 说教法：结合教材和复习课的特点，采用讲授和练习相结合的教学方法。精讲巧练，循序渐进地深化教学内容。展开以教师为主导，以学生为主体的师生双边活动。 说学法：结合教学内容，在课堂上指导学生使用了比较归纳、分析概括的方法，这样不仅有利于学生更好地从整体上理解和把握知识的结构和体系，更有利于发展学生求同辩异的思维能力，培养学生的自学能力。四．教学过程分析 第一步：复习导入，向学生出示两个表格：1）、英语中的8种时态（2）、历年中考试题中时态的考查。通过这些表格使学生认识到本节课的重要性，从而在听课过程中能够主动而有目的的完成本节课的教学目标，使本节课的教学思路和内容更清晰。
Good afternoon, everyone. I’m Zhou Yan. I’m an English teacher from Experimental School of Suqian. Now I’ll say Sample A of Lesson Six in Book One. I’ll prepare to say the lesson from four parts. Part One Analysis of the Teaching Material (一) STATUS AND FUNCTION is an important lesson in Book One. From this lesson, it starts asking the Ss to grasp contents of each Sample. To attain “four skills” request of listening, speaking, reading and writing. To start listing “Word Bank” and tell the Ss to remember the new words. To start asking the Ss to write English sentences well. Therefore this lesson is in the important position of the teaching material. lesson is the first one of Unit if the Ss can learn it well, it will be helpful to make the Ss learn the rest of this unit. a topic is related to daily life, so it is helpful to raise learning interests of students and it will be also helpful to improve their spoken English. (二)ANALYSIS OF THE STUDENTS The Ss has learned English for about one month so far. They can understand some words and some simple sentences. The Ss have taken a great interest in English now. (三)TEACHING AIMS AND DEMANDS The teaching aim's basis is established according to Junior School English syllabus' provision. objects (1) To make the Ss know how to use the affirmative sentence “This is. . . .” and the negative sentence “This is not….”Everyday expressions for “Apologies”“I\'m sorry”“That\'s all right”. (2) To study the new words “six, hey, sorry, it’s, that’s”, etc. by learning the dialogue of this lesson. (3) To finish some exercises. objects (1) To develop the Ss’ abilities of listening, speaking, reading and writing. (2) To train the Ss’ ability of working in pairs. (3) To develop the Ss’ abilities of c ommunication by learning the useful structures. objects (1) To enable the Ss to be polite and love life. (2) To enable the Ss to look after their things well. (四)TEACHING KEY AND DIFFICULT POINTS The teaching key and difficult points’ basis is establ ished according to Sample A of Lesson Six in the teaching material\'s position and function. points: (1).To help the Ss to communicate with each other.
初中英语语法专项练习九——连词 1. He can speak English_______ Chinese. A. but B. also C. so D. and 2. Physics is not so easy, _______I like it very much. A. but B. or C. since D. because 3. Will Tom wait for her at home ______ at the library? A. or B. as C. so that D. both 4. She has a son _______ a https://www.doczj.com/doc/1712875618.html,/babf2bcbb7f67468081b60340.html. A. but B. and C. so D. or 5. I'll give her the gift ______ she arrives. A. so B. before C. as soon as D. since
6. Tom was ____ill that we had to send for a doctor. A. so B. very C. and D. too 7. The woman was____ angry_____ she couldn't speak anything. A. neither…nor B. either…or C. both…and D. so…that 8. ______we got home it was very late. A. When B. While C. Because D. As 9. We heard clearly_____ she said. A. what B. which C. before D. because 10. I can't sleep well at night, ______I often feel very tired in the day. A. so B. because C. and D. or 11. When you're learning a foreign language, use it, ______ you will lose it.
本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！ == 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ == 初中英语语法说课稿 在初中的同学学习语法十分重要，那么应该如何做好相关的说课稿呢？ 下面是小编分享给大家的初中英语语法说课稿，希望对大家有帮助。 一、教学目标 学习反意疑问句 二、教学重点 通过教学使学生掌握反意疑问句的基本句型结构和回答。 三、教学难点 1．主句谓语是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine等引导的宾 语从句，就从句部分提问。 2。陈述句部分主语是不定代词everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等，疑问部分常用复数they，有时也用单数he。 教学程序如下： 初二下学期第十单元安排了学习反意疑问句的教学内容， 一、说教学程序：导入——新知识的学习 说设计这个教学程序的基本思路和根据。就初二学生来说他们学习了以下 语法项目：be动词（包括be 动词的过去时）； There be句型；行为动词 的一般现在时；行为动词的一般过去时；一般将来时；（包括There be句型的一般将来时）；现在完成时；现在完成进行时；情态动词和祈使句。因此，我 在讲授反意疑问句时，仅仅围绕学生学过的以上语法项目进行反意疑问句的教 学并进行反复练习。具体练习作业本（上、下）、典中点中的练习都有，另外，再补充一些总结性的有关反意疑问句的专项练习加以巩固。 二、说练习和作业的设计。
检测训练——总结巩固。通过做作业本（上、下）中的练习、典中点中的练习进行训练，再补充一些总结性的有关反意疑问句的专项练习进行检测加以巩固。 三、说板书设计： 通过课件展示教学内容（以下各项教学内容） 以下分为十一个部分进行讲解。 反意疑问句 反意疑问句是由两部分组成的，前一部分是对事物的陈述（即陈述句），后一部分是简短的提问（即简短疑问句），中间用逗号隔开。如果前一部分用肯定句，后一部分就用否定疑问句；如果前一部分用否定句，后一部分就用肯定疑问句。两部分的人称和时态要一致。其回答是用yes或no来表示。 一、含be(is, are, was, were)动词的反意疑问句 其句型是：句型1:主语+ be+其它，isn’t(aren’t, wasn’t, weren’t)+ 主语? 句型2:主语+ be not+其它，is(are, was, were) + 主语? ① You are from America, aren’t you? Yes, I am. No, I’m not. ② It isn’t very cold today, is it? Yes, it is.No, it isn’t. ③ Tom was away yesterday, wasn’t he? Yes, he was. No, he wasn’t. ④ The Green weren’t at home last night, were they? Yes, they were. No, they weren’t. ⑤ Mary is reading English now, isn’t she? Yes, she is. No, she isn’t. ⑥ Your parents aren’t going to have a party this Sunday, are they? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t. ⑦ The girls were singing when the teacher came in, weren’t they? Yes, they were. No, they weren’t.
初中英语语法综合练习题 1、The boy likes questions. A．ask B．an swer C．to ask 2、We'll try there on time. A．to get B．getting C．got 3、They hoped their mother soon. A．to see B．saw C．seeing 4、I'm glad you again. A．meet B．met C．to meet 5、He often helps me my bike. A．mending B．to mend C．to mended 6、I heard Alice in the next door. A．sings B．sang C．sing
7、The work is easy. Let him it by himself. A．do B．to do C．doing 8、He saw Dick in and take a book away. A．came B．coming C．come 9、Does Jack want a writer? A．be B ．is C．to be 10、The boss had them from morning to night. A．worked B．working C．work 11、It's time home. A．to go B．went C．going 12、Tom is kind. He would like you. A．to help B．help C．helped 13、Don't forget your books to school.
第五章天气形势预报 在日常的天气预报业务工作中，预报员通过分析天气图、卫星云图，雷达回波等气象资料，就会发现大气中存在着各种天气系统。天气系统是按照气象要素的空间分布而划分的具有典型特征的大气运动系统。通常指气压空间分布所组成的系统有高压、低压、高压脊，低压槽等；指风分布的系统有气旋环流、反气旋环流、切变线等。指温度分布的系统有高温区、低温区、锋区等；指天气现象分布的系统有热带云团等。各种天气系统都有特定的天气现象的分布和演变，都有一定的结构特征。常见的地面天气尺度的天气系统有冷高压、温带气旋、锋面、热低压与干槽、热带气旋、热带辐合带、地面倒槽等。在高空图上常见的天气尺度的天气系统有低压槽与高压脊、阻塞高压与切变低压、槽线与切变线、低涡、东风波等。 各种天气系统在一定的条件下有机地共存于大气之中，互相影响，互相制约，不停地运动着。它们在运动中又会在一定条件下发生变化。有的系统强度减弱，乃至消亡。有的系统强度增强，有时还有新的系统生成。天气系统不仅强度发生变化，而且常从一个地区移动到另一个地区。 实践证明，一个地方的气象要素和天气现象的变化，一次大范围的天气过程都是和整个天气形势的变化分不开的。 因此，要预报某地天气的变化，就要预报出影响该地区的天气系统的变化及天气系统的空间配置。形势预报是预报未来某时段内各种天气系统的生消、移动和强度的变化，它是气象要素预报的基础。 §5.1制作天气预报总的程序和基本思路 §5.1.1制作天气预报总的程序 制作天气预报通常是按“先形势，后要素”；“先高空，后地面”；“先强度，后移动”的程序进行的。 1
一、“先形势，后要素” 指的是先制作天气形势的预报，然后再制作气象要素的预报。 天气形势也就是指天气系统的空间分布及其显示的大气运动状态。着眼于流场的称环流形势，着眼于气压场的称气压形势。一般指大范围地区的天气形势，如北半球天气形势、欧亚天气形势等。天气形势在地面上的表现称为地面天气形势；在高空的表现称为高空天气形势。 天气形势的基本特征及其变化主要取决于行星尺度的环流和系统。按大范围流场特征可概括为纬向环流型、经向环流型和阻塞环流型等。每种环流型大体都有对应的天气过程和天气分布。一种天气形势稳定维持时，相似的天气变化过程将会反复出现；天气形势发生显著变化或突然调整时，天气将随之发生变化，甚至剧烈变化。对天气形势的分析和预报是制作短、中期天气预报的重要依据。 气象要素是指大气的特征量：云、风向风速、能见度、气温、天气现象等。 为什么要先制作天气形势预报，然后再制作气象要素的预报呢?这是因为天气形势预报是气象要素预报的基础，一定的天气形势配置着一定的气象要素，气象要素的变化都是随着天气形势的变化而变化的，气象要素对天气形势虽然也有影响，但没有天气形势对气象要素那样明显。知道了未来的天气形势就可以根据这样的形势推测未来的气象要素。 二、“先高空，后地面” 指的是先预报高空的天气形势，然后再预报地面天气形势。 为什么要按这样一个顺序进行呢?这是因为： 1、地面天气形势受下垫面影响大，多闭合系统，系统显得凌乱，而高空天气形势如700hPa、50OhPa受下垫面影响小，空气运动具有准地转的性质，系统又比较完整，这样便于人们掌握系统的主次。 2、高空天气形势对地面天气形势和天气现象影响大，有牵制作用。 3、高空天气形势对人们通常关心的天气现象(如云和降水)具有很大的相关性，天气现 1
关于天气的英语句子it looks like rain [raining]. 看来要下雨了。 it looks as if it’s going to rain. 像要下雨了。 it’s going to rain. 要下雨了。 it’s beginning to rain. 开始下雨了。 it’s clearing up. 天放晴了。 it’s going to be fine tomorrow. 明天将是个晴天。 it seems to be clearing up. 天似乎要转晴了。 it’s getting warmer (and warmer). 天气越来越暖和了。 i think there’ll be a storm soon. 我看很快就会有场暴风雨。 i don’t think the rain would last long. 我看这雨不会下很久的。 i think the rain is going to last all day. 我看这雨会下个整天了。we’re going to have a snowfall today. 今天会下雪了。 the rain is setting in. 雨下起来了。 i’m so glad it has turned out fine. 我真高兴结果是个好天。
i’m so sorry it has turned out wet. 真遗憾结果是个下雨天。 i hope it will keep fine. 我希望天会一直晴下去。 i hope the weather stays this way. 我希望天气总是这么好。 i hope it won’t rain. 我希望天不会下雨。 the rain has stopped. 雨停了。 lovely day [weather], isn’t it? 天气真好，是吗? nice and warm today, isn’t it? 今天挺暖和的，是吗? very hot today, isn’t it? 今天很热,是吗? rather cold today, isn’t it? 今天很冷，是吗? terrible weather, isn’t it? 天气真糟，是吗? pretty warm, isn’t it? 挺暖和的，是吗? isn’t it lovely weather? 天气真好。 isn’t it a lovely day? 天气真好。 it’s raining heavily. 雨下得真大。 it’s much colder than (it was) yesterday. 今天比昨天冷多了。
初中英语语法梳理和提高23综合练习 2009-06-11 09:57:29 来源：英语教师网网友评论0条初中英语语法梳理和提高23综合练习综合练习一、用所给词的适当形式填空： 1.Please make ______for my bike.(room) 2.The beautiful scenery of Qingdao ______a large number of people to visit every year.(attract) 3.Our room is on the eleventh floor. What about ______? (you) 4.Summer is the ______ season of the year. (hot) 5.We must ______our classroom clean and tidy every day.(keep) 6. ______of Chinese are looking for ways to learn English well before Beijing 2008 Olympic.(thousand) 7.The book is rather interesting. It's ______reading again.（worth）8.Thank you for ______me your dictionary. I'll return it to you soon.(lend) 9.Hard work brings ______.(successful) 10.We should do something to stop waste water from ______rivers and seas.（pollute）11.The old man put on his sweater and ______out alone.(go) 12.One of the ______comes from South Africa.（science）13.I think I can do ______in French this year than last year. （well） 14.After three ______study, we worked out the physics
第4卷 第4期 1999年12月气 候 与 环 境 研 究Climatic and Environmental Research Vol.4, No.4Dec . 1999 中期数值天气预报的集合预报试验 蔡其发 张立凤 张 铭 (空军气象学院,南京 211101) 摘 要 利用中国科学院大气物理研究所研制的T42L9谱模式,在中期数值预报领域中引 入集合预报的概念和方法,初始扰动场取为T42L9谱模式24小时预报误差的平均均方差乘 随机数,再综合利用蒙特卡洛预报(MCF)和落后平均预报(LAF)两种方法作集合预报试 验,试验结果表明:各成员预报的等权平均或不等权平均的集合预报明显优于单一的控制预 报;不等权平均与等权平均的集合预报结果相比较,不等权平均的集合预报优势较明显;在 不等权平均的集合预报中,区域性不等权平均又比全球性不等权平均的预报稍好。 关键词 中期数值天气预报 集合预报 试验 1 引言 数值预报是以某个初始场为基础,通过逐日积分来做预报的,因而初始场具有极端重要的意义。但是初始场又不可避免地带有一定的误差,即有某种不确定性,因此数值预报就有一定的随机性,特别是对短期气侯预测而言。为了克服这个问题,Leith [1]提出了一种随机动力预报方法,建议用多个预报的集合来计算统计平均。集合预报方法从提出至今,主要是用于短期气侯预测领域,如:Miyakoda 等[2] 首先用大气环流模式做了30天平均的有意义的动力预报。Murphy 等[3]也证实了用大气环流模式能较好的制作经过时间或空间滤波的具有使用价值的预报。胡增臻等[4]利用动力、统计方法相结合,建立了一个带随机初值和随机强迫的简单动力模式作集合预报试验,获得了比单纯的动力模式或随机模式更好的结果。Baumhefner [5]利用低分辨率的气候模式,应用集合预报技巧制作10～30天的动力延伸预报,获得了与高分辨率气候模式预报质量相当的预报结果。1992年美国国家气象中心在中期数值业务预报中引进了集合预报方法[6],但目前的中国尚未见到将集合预报方法引入中期数值预报领域的报道。 集合预报的常用做法有两种:一种是在某个时刻的观测初始状态(初始场)上叠加或扣除不同的随机扰动场,从而得到多个带有不同的随机扰动的初始场,再由这些不同的初始场分别作预报,然后把这些不同的预报结果求平均,这种方法称为蒙特卡洛预报(Monte Carlo Forecast ,简写为M CF),也有人称做随机扰动预报(Random Perturbation Prediction);另一种集合预报方法是Hoffman 和Kalnay [7]提出来的,这种方法是用相距6小时或12小时的不同时刻初始场分别作预报,然后把相同时刻的预报结果求平均,称为落后平均预报(Lagged Average Forecast ,简写为LAF )。具体做法又可分为两种,即不加权(L F)和加权(L F),加权时权重系数根据预报误差 35收到,56收到修改稿 本工作得到国家重点基础研究发展规划项目“我国重大气候灾害的形成机理和预测理论的研究”的资助a A t A 1998-0-21998-0-2
UNIT 4 学案 1．come about 常用于疑问句或否定句中。 How did these differences come about? How did it come about that the sculptures appealed to you? This has not come about overnight.冰冻三尺，非一日之寒 梳理：1) Tell me how the car accident came about. 2) Did you hear what happened to her? 3) Great changes have taken place in our city in the last few years. 4) A fire broke out during the night. _____ 事件的发生有某种原因或事先的安排：_______偶然或突发性事件：______ 发生或想到，突然想起，意为发生时=happen: what has occurred? I occurred to me that she didn’t know I had moved into the new house. Come about 事情发生了，但还不知道为什么。常用于否定和疑问When mother woke up, she didn’t know what had come about. ________ 常指战争灾难疾病争吵事件的发生 练习：It’s already 10:00. I wonder how it ___ that she was two hours late on such a short trip. A. came over B. came about C. come about D. came up 2. quantity 数量 Changing in quantity leads to changing in quality. 1) Quantities of food /books were sent to the earthquake area. 2) A large quantity of food/ books was/were sent to the earthquake area. 梳理：a quantity of 可接_____和_______，作主语时谓语动词的数以___________而定。 quantities of可接______和_______, 作主语时谓语___________。 3.result in 导致 1) Stress and tiredness often result in a lack of concentration. 2) The accident resulted in the death of two people. 梳理: result in:“导致”前____后____同义短语_________ result from:由...产生;由...导致；前_____后_____ as a result 因此; 结果as a result of作为...的结果;由于 without result 无效地, 毫无结果地；联想：consequence 4. tend vt. 趋向, 往往是；照管, 护理 tendency n. 趋向，倾向（常与to/towards连用） 1) Most of boys tend to enjoy playing basketball. 2) A team of medical workers were sent to tend the survivors of Whenchuan