翻译的定义：美国翻译理论家奈达说，翻译就是在译入语中用最切近而又自然的对应信息再现原语的信息，首先是在意义上，其次是在文体上，他还说翻译不止是一门科学，而且说到底完美的翻译永远是一种艺术。翻译的标准，严复的信、达、雅。鲁迅认为：凡是翻译，必须兼顾着两面，一当然力求其易解，一则保存着原作的风姿。
翻译的分类：就所涉及的语言来分可分为语内翻译和语外翻译。就操作方式而言，可分为口译，笔译，机器翻译。就翻译的文体而言，可分为实用文体和文学文体。就翻译的活动的处理方式而言，可分为全译，编译，节译，摘译等。结构对比：汉语意合重于形合，英语形合生于意合。英语句子多前重心，汉语句子多后重心，英语有少用动词或使用其他手段表示动作意义的自然倾向，而汉语则有动辄使用动词的固有习惯。英语的物称倾向十分明显。英语被动语态的使用频率很高。英语句子常常是环扣相嵌，盘根错节，句中有句，而汉语结构相对比较简单，多用积累式分句或独立的单句。
句子（根据环境译）英语表达习惯
1、always remember you 永远记住你
2、it’s a shame/that’s too bad 真遗憾
3、mind the steps 小心台阶
4、请勿疲劳驾驶do not fatigue driving
5、我感到很痛I feel great pain .I am painful
6、亚洲四小龙the four little tigers of Asia
7、百里挑一one in a thousand
8、干杯（一饮而尽）cheers! Bottom up.
9、不许动（警察或劫匪的吆喝语）Freeze!
10、到此为止吧，不必多说了period！
11、时间到Time’s over /Game is over /Game!
12、谢天谢地Amen！
13、别紧张relax！
14、我们吹了we’re though 完了，没戏了I’m though
15、他活不长（生命受到威胁）he’s history
16、没什么好紧张的（没什么大不了的）No sweat
17、(从前)海边住着一个渔夫At the seaside lived a fisherman.
A fisherman lived at the seaside.
There lived a fisherman at the seaside
18、随后跳舞开始了Then they danced./Then then dance began 到时间了。
Then they began to dance./Then dancing began.人们兴致来了。
19、我老公他看你下岗了，舍不得花钱，就自己跑到电影院买了两张票，今天晚上请你们两个人去看电影。
My husband has bought two film tickets for us tonight, because you’re laid off and have to cat your expenses.
翻译：语言、文化、社会（中文修养）
Scope of translation:
语言分类：语内、语际活动形式：口语、笔译、同声、连续
translation is a kind of science.an art and a craft(技能)
严复：three character guide :信、达、雅
faithfulness、expressiveness、elegance
－“I don’t know what you do with you brass(黄铜).”said Mr scurridge.
－“I spend it on you ,”she said ,“Always a good table ,you must have. Never nothing short.”“不知道你掖着臭钱干什么”史卡力先生问。
“供你吃喝呀！”她回答到“你总是一定要好吃好喝，缺一点也不行”。
3、Non-linguistic context 非语言环境
It’s freezing cold here.这里冷的要死
We excel at making a living but often fall in making a life he good at.我们善于谋生，却往往不会营造生活。
I have read your work.
我拜读了你的大作
He was on his way to China again.
他踏上了去中国的旅程。
He sold hard-to get items.
他兜售紧消商品。
人大代表一行五人于春节前观察了这个福利中心。
：A group of five NPC representatives inspected this welfare center on the eve of spring festival.
香港总督尤德爵士今晨北京逝世。
：Sir Edward Y oude, Governor of Hong Kong, passed away in Beijing this morning.
我不善于讲话，也不习惯发表演说，我一生没做过教室。
译文1: I am not good at talking, and I’m not used to giving lectures ,I have never done any teaching either.口语
译文2：Taking is not my province, nor is lecturing, never have I taken up teaching as my professing, either.书面
己所不欲，勿施于人
：Don’t do unto others, what you don’t want to be done by.(1.0)
瞧，你像只落汤鸡！Look! Y ou are wet through!
劳驾，去市场街怎么走?
：Excuse me, but could you show me the way to Market Street.
骄阳之下，柳树上，回答他的是一片“知了，知了”的声音。
：Under the scorching sun, from the willow tree, came the confirming reply of the cicada’s chirrup:“see, see……”.(
昨奉大函，诵悉一是，尊稿极佳；唯篇幅甚长，本志地位有限，故不克刊登，良用歉意（主要表达歉意）
：I received your letter yesterday. I read it and noted it contents. Y our article is very good. But it’s very long. This magazine has limited space. Therefore, I can’t publish your article, I’m very sorry.
English/Chinese
一、直线型与螺旋型
二、分析性/综合性
As it’s too late for you to go home n ow, you had better stay overnight at this space.
今晚太晚了，你最好在休息一晚。（无关联词）
三、抽象性与形象型
四、客观性与主观性
五、前重心与后重心
六、竹节句法与流水句法七、理解型与绘画型八、语义对应与非对应
1知己知彼，百战不殆
Know the enemy and know yourself, and you can win a hundred battles.
2有时候一名诗人命中注定只有在一只脚踏进坟墓的时候才会成功。
It is sometimes the fate of a poet to succeed, only when he has one foot in the grave.
一目了然see with half an eye
一模一样as alike as two peas
三言两语in a few words; in one or two words
三心二意to be in two minds
三思而后行look before you leap
三三两两by ones and twos
四面八方all directions; all around; all quarters; far and near
七嘴八舌all talking at once
半斤八两six of one and half-a-dozen of the other
十之八九ten to one
十全十美be perfect in every way: be out of this world; to be nines
同舟共济to be in the same boat 处境相同
亡羊补牢lock the stable door after the horse has been stolen 未晚/晚
怒发冲冠make one’s hair stand on end
见面是寒暄，寒暄之后说我胖了，说我胖了之后大骂其新党。After exchanging a few polite remarks when we met, he deserved that I liked “fat”, and having made that complimentary remark he started a violent attack on the revolutionaries.
文法、逻辑、修辞与翻译
1、文法与翻译
a)他和以为百万富翁的女儿结了婚
He married the daughter of a millionaire.
b)借你的电话用好吗？
May I use your telephone?
c)计算机软件的设计由她负责
She is in charge of writing computer programs.
d)坐在花园的篱笆上，一只黄蜂刺了我一下
Sitting on a fence in my garden, I was stung by a wasp.
e)聚也不已，散也不易
It’s not easy to gather, nor is it to leave each other.
f)饭前洗手，睡前洗脚
Wash your hands before meals, and your feet before going to bad.
g)他一把抓住我的手
He caught me by the hand.
h)我怀疑真有这事
I doubt whether it is true./I suspect that it might be true.
i)骄傲不好，会使你失去群众
It’s not good to be proud, it will deprive you of the trust of the people.
j)昨晚他们家被偷了
Their house was robbed last night.
We were about to set out when the telephone bell rang.
我们正要出发，电话铃响了。
The governments at all levels are so competent, economical and efficient that nobody falls to speak well of them.
各级政府胜任工作，讲求经济，重视效率，大家无不交口称赞。
Tell him that he shall be punished if he does not take himself away.
告诉他，再不走开，就要受惩罚了。
Basic education is the key area where according to a study of 30 countries by an outstanding economist the return is 30%.
基础教育是一个关键领域；据一位著名经济学家对30个国家的研究，其收益为30%。
The director insists on turning out 2000 trucks which he knows here no buyers for the time being.
厂长执意要生产2000辆卡车，虽然暂时没有找到买家。
In December 1980,two bronze carriage, each with a driver and four horse, were found near a big tomb.
1980年10月，在一座大墓附近发现了两辆青铜马车，每辆配有一名车手，四匹骏马。
Last decade witnessed a fairly rapid development of agriculture in China.
过去十年中，中国农业有了相当迅速的发展/中国农业发展相当迅速。
The world of today stands on the pedestal of extreme contrasts, where affluence is confronted by **
extreme poverty, knowledge by rampant ignorance, enlightenment by darkness, health and prosperity by disease, want and hunger.
今日世界建立在两级差别悬殊的现实基础知识；高度富裕与极度贫困对立，真知灼见与愚昧无知并存，文明与黑暗同在；一方面是健康和繁荣，另一方面是病疾、匮乏和饥饿。
In countries around the world, women toil from dawn to dusk in their homes serving their families and in the fields helping in what is often a harsh struggle for survival.
在全世界各国，妇女终日劳动，在家要服侍老小，在地里，为了生存还要协助从事劳动It takes two to tango. 一个巴掌拍不响。
My wife and I are longing to see yan’an-Meccar in our minds.
我和妻子渴望去看看心中的麦加－延安。
Let every Tom, Kick and Harry in on election.
让张三李四人人都参加选举。
at sixes and sevens 乱七八糟
add a finishing touch 画龙点睛
as strong as a horse 力大如牛
travel allowance 车马费
play eleven 踢足球
He took the machine to pieces to try and find out how it operated.
他把机器拆开，想看看机器是怎么运转的。
If there’s an electrical failure, it’s possible to operate the life manually.
如果电梯停了，可由人力开动电梯。
Changes are being introduced to make the department operate more efficiently.
变革正在进行，以提高部门的工作效率。
Specially equipped troops are operating under cover activities in the hills.
专门部队在山上进行训练。
We have representatives operating in most countries.
我们在许多国家都有代理开展业务。
Exchange rates are currently operating to the advantage of exports.
目前的汇率走势对出口有力。
Destructive forces are clearly operating within the community.
显然在社区内有破坏势力在活动。
Development is the absolute/cardinal/primary principle.
发展是硬道理。
He reached his hand out for the book I offered him.
他伸出手来接我给他的书。
We tried to reach them by cable.
我们试图用电报和他们联络。
She reached up and picked a peer off a branch.
她抬起手从一根枝上摘下一只梨
i. The interest rates have see-sawed between 10 and 15percent.
利率一直在10%到15%之间不断
ii. Brain drain has been kangding’s No.1 concern; as a matter of fact, it has been an epidemic in this area.
人才流失一直都是康定的头号问题，实际上，它已经成为那一地区带普遍性的严峻问题。iii. There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists.
帝国主义者的性格既残暴又狡猾。
iv. Every life has its roses and throns.
每个人的生活都有苦有甜。
v. Tony is only nineteen and the baby of our crew.
托尼只有九岁，是我们机组里的小字辈。
vi. He had lived all his life in desert where every capital of water might be a matter of life and death.
他一直在沙漠中生活，这地方每一杯水都得精打细算地用，一杯水可能是生死攸关的事情。vii. Indeed, an assassin’s ballet erased in the minds of American’s any fault he had.
事实正好相反，一个刺客的暗杀行为反而使美国人忘却了他所有毛病。
i. He has a man of high renown.
他是个有名望的人。（褒）
ii. He adoption of new policies will surely lead to some striking results.
采取各项新政策必将带来显著成果。
iii. There would have been more painful result but for the drastic measures.
落不是采取了严厉的措施，那将会出现更痛苦的结果。
iv. As a demanding boss, he excepted total loyalty and dedication from his employees.
他是个苛刻的老板，要求手下的人对他忠心耿耿，鞠躬尽瘁。
v. The popularity of television and the difficulty of financing plays have helped to close many threatens. But now it seems the threaten is about to pick up again after a period of decline.
电视普及，加上戏剧筹资困难，许多剧院被迫关门，然而经过一段时间的衰落后，现在的剧院似乎又将从新焕发生机。
vi. There who do not remember the past are condemned to relive it?
凡是忘掉过去的人注定要重蹈覆辙。
vii. He was polite and always gave advice willing she recalled.
他回忆说：“他彬彬有礼，总是诲人不倦。”
1) 集中精力把经济建设搞上去
go all out for economic development
2) 坚持对话，不搞对抗
persist in dialogue, refrain from confrontation
3) 不搞劳民伤财的“形象工程”
refrain from building “vanity projects” that waste both money and man powder
4) 对内搞活，对外开放
revitalize domestic economy, open up to the outside world
5) 恶搞spoof
6) 搞花架子do something superficial
7) 搞活国营中小型企业
invigorate large and medium-sized state-owned enterprise
8) 更加注重搞好宏观调控
pay more attention to exercising macro control
9) 开放搞活open up and enliven the economy
10) 靠扩大财政赤字搞建设
increase the deficit to spend more on development
11) 假日外出旅游，成为国人最风行的节目
Traveling on holidays has become an activity popular with Chinese people.
Traveling on holidays is most popular with Chinese people.
12) 企业经济效益显著改善
The economic performance of enterprises improved markedly
13) 生产生活条件明显改善
Production and living conditions have remarkably improved
14) 中国加入世贸组织以后，人才市场会出现新的潮流
There will be new trends in the personnel market after China’s entry into the WTO.
15) 大力加强社会主义精神文明建设
We should vig orously “promote socialist cultural and ethnic progress.
2. 词语的搭配
1) 电脑的普及为网络走进千家万户创造了条件
The popularization of computer has paved the way for internet’s entry into average families.
2) 新形势、新趋势、新技术促进了生产的发展；促进了创造力的发挥，促进了各国之间的交流与合作。
The new development, trends and technologies have helped expand productive forces, give full play to creativity, and enhance exchange and cooperation among countries.
3) 我们要维护人民的权利
We should maintain the people’s rights.
维护：维护统一uphold unity
维护独立主权independence and sovereignty
维护国家主权defend state sovereignty
维护人民利益safeguard the people’s interests
维护自尊safeguard one’s self respect
维护世界和平和安全maintain/safeguard world peace and security
4) 积极开展资源回收利用，大力提高资源综合利用
We need to increase our recycling of resources in order to unutilized our resources more effectively.
5) 积极推动信息技术在各行业的广泛应用
We need to extensively apply IT in enterprises in all industries.
6) 我们将积极调整，发展第三产业
We will be working vigorously/energetically to restructure and develop tertiary industries.
7) 工业结构调整取得积极进展
Significant progress was made in industrial structural adjustment.
8) 东部地区要积极支持中西部地区发展
The eastern region should actively support the development of the central and western regions. 9) 积极发展各项社会事业
We will energetically/make great efforts to develop all social undertakings.
3. 词语的引申
1) 中国经济取得巨大发展，中国人名终于扬眉吐气了。
Chinese people feel proud and elated for the great economic development in China.
2) “五一”假期，火车票十分紧俏，人们提前十天订票。
Train tickets during the Labor Day holidays were in short supply, and people flocked to book tickets ten days in advance.
3) 中国是一个发展中国家，消除贫困任道重远。
China is a developing country, and it has a long way to go to shake off poverty.
China is a developing country, and it is an urduous task to eradicate poverty.
4) 家用电器和艺术品很受俄国商人的欢迎，但服装和纺织品却吃了闭门羹。
Electric appliances and handicrafts are popular among Russian businessmen, but clothes and textile products are given to a cold shoulder.
5) 台湾当局应审时度势，顺应民意，走和平统一的光明大道。
The Taiwan authorities should size up the situa tion and go with the people’s voice and go with the people’s voice to get on the right way of peaceful reunification.
4. 原文用肯定语气，译文用否定语气。
1) Y ou have roused my curiosity, and now you must gratify it.
你既然激起我的好奇心，就别卖关子/吊我的胃口了/遮遮掩掩。
2) Appearances are after deceptive. 外表往往是不可靠的。
3) She was irritated at being denied the opportunity to get pay rise.
她没有得到涨工资的机会，非常生气。
He denied her nothing. 他对她百依百顺。
He denied himself nothing. 对自己及其放纵。
4) She is the last person to trust with a secret. 她是最不能保守秘密的人。
Sb be the last person to do sth. 最不可能/合适的
5) It escapes your notice that she has changed so much.
你没注意到变化那么大。escape以物做主语，没有逃避的意识
6) The computer is beyond repair, you might as well as buy a new one.
这台电脑修不好了，你不如买台新的算了。beyond one’s praise 无法用语言表扬你。
7) Women who do house work by the hour may make (nearly as much) public school teachers, if they work the same m=number of hours.
做家务的钟点女工在同样的时间里，不比公立学校的老师挣得少。
8) The accepted the peace proposal(with dignity)
他们不失体面地接受了这项和平方案。
9) With she liked his works, she pointed out great where improvement was possible.
尽管她喜欢他的作品，但仍指出不足之处。
10) She seemed pale from the absence of all cosmetics.
他因为没有化妆，她看上去脸色苍白。
11) At the news of his father’s death, he remained quiet for several days.
得知父亲过世的消息，他好几天都一言不发。
12) Before too many passed, corner gasoline station maybe replaced by battery-recharging terminals.
用不了多少年，街头加油站就可能被蓄电池充电站代替。
13) Decision has to come. 决定还没有做出。
14) He was 75, but he carried his years lightly.
他75岁，但并不显老。
5. 原文肯定，译文否定
1) The hotel staff spared no pains to ensure that our stay was enjoyable as possible.
旅馆工作人员竭尽全力让我们住的舒服些。
2) Nothing but a miracle would prevent the company from going bankrupt.
只有奇迹发生，这家公司才能免于破产。
3) Y our negligence was nothing less than criminal.
你的疏忽简直是犯罪。
4) She couldn’t find anywhere to live, though not for w ait of trying.
他四下里寻找住处，但是仍没有找到。
5) Don’t lose time in handing in the exercise books.
立即把作业交上来。
6) If all three of you take part in it, there can be no further questioning of your courage.
要是你三位都参加，那就足以证明你们勇气可嘉。
7) We could not be more mistaken. 我们大错特错了。
8) Y ou can’t be too careful in proofreading. 校对时越仔细越好。
9) I couldn’t agree with you more. 我完全同意。
I couldn’t feel better today. 今天感觉在好不过了。
10) Anybody less like a dictator they would not find.
他是他们见到的最霸道的人了
1. Such a chance denied me.
我没有得到这样一个机会。
2 .The doubt was still unsolved after his repeated explanations.
虽然他一再解释，疑团仍然存在。
3. “Don’t unstring your shoes ,Rody.”she said .
她说：“把鞋带系上，罗迪”
4，Many agreed that the Prime Minister had in effect given up his position dishonorably.
许多人认为首相辞职很丢面子。
5. We may safely say so.
我们这样说万无一失。
6. The explanation is pretty thin.
这个解释相当不充分。
7. His refusal is not final .
他的拒绝并非不可改变。
8. He was an indecisive sort of person and always inconstant.
他这个人优柔寡断，而且总是反复无常。
9. Miss Smith kept to her room all day.
史小组终日足不出户。
10. Y ou should seize the opportunity at any moment to put in a good word for me .
你应不失时机的为我说说情。
11. The examination left no doubt that the patient had died of cancer.
调查结果清清楚楚说明病人死于癌症。
12. Students with no exception , are to hand in their papers this afternoon. 今天下午学生统统要交书面作业。
13. Jim was no end upset because he couldn’t go swimming .
吉姆非常沮丧，因为他不能去游泳。
14. If it worked once , it can work twice.
一次得手，再次不愁。
15. Let begones be begones .
既往不咎。
16. He was not going lose sight of me.
他一直在监视我的行踪。
1. Since the first test of the atomic bomb the world has learnt that the atom can be split and its power used. （power后省略了can be）
自从第一颗原子弹试验以来，全世界都已知道，原子可以分裂，原子能可以利用。
2. A fool and his words are soon parted; a man of genius and his money.（money后省略了are soon parted）
愚人会很快忘记说过的话，智者会很快放弃手里的钱。
3. Both human and cow milk are naturally spiced with a small amount of morphine.（human后省略了milk）
人乳与牛乳均含有少量吗啡。
4. So-called convenience and frozen foods are now as popular in Europe as they are in America.
如今，所谓的方便食品和速冻食品风靡欧洲，就像在美国一样大众化。
5. The heart is slightly bigger than a fist, and lies between the lungs.
心脏略大于一个拳头，位于两肺之间。
6. Women have outgrown the jumping-on-chair-at –the-sight-of-a-mouse era, but he says that they have not.
女性已经不再像从前那样一见到老鼠就吓得跳到椅子上；而他则认为，今天的女性还没有取得这样的进步。
7. Population increase and decrease relatively not only to one another, but also to natural
resources.
人口的增减不仅彼此有相对关系，而且也和自然资源有相对关系。
8. Without a sense of your fault, how can repentance and amendment be expected?
如果对自己的错误都不能认识到，怎么能指望你会悔改呢？
9. Since air has weight, it exerts force on any object immersed in it.
因为空气具有重量，所以处在空气中的任一物体都会受到空气的作用力。
II．增加意义上或修辞上的需要的部分
1. He left without a word.
他一句话也不说就走了。
2. What a leader he was!
他真是一个出类拔萃的领袖啊。
3. Personal tragedy haunted his entire life, in the deaths of loved ones.
亲人的相继离世是他的一生充满了个人悲剧。
4. Disappearances occurred with apparently increasing frequency.
失踪事件接二连三地发生，显然越来越频繁。
5. She warmly welcomed her guests in and brought them a cup of tea.
她热情地将客人们迎进来，然后给他们各端了一杯茶。
6. Aunt Harriet used to entertain lavishly.
哈丽特阿姨时常慷慨地款待客人。
7. They wanted to ease the tension in the Middle East.
他们试图缓解中东的紧张局势。
8. There were rows of houses which he had never seen before.
一排排的房子，都是他从来没有见过的。
9. Day after day he came to his work --- sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning.
他每天来干活------扫地，擦地板，收拾房间。
The thesis summed up the new achievements made in computers, artificial satellites and rockets.
该论文总结了计算机、人造卫星和火箭三方面的最新成就。
1、增加动词
1). Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.
读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,笔记（写作）使人准确。
2) . We don’t regret, we never have and never will.
我们不会后悔，我们从来没有后悔过，我们将来也不会后悔。
3). After the basketball, he still has an important conference.
看完篮球比赛之后，他还有一个重要会议要参加。
4). He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech.
他没有致闭幕词就宣布结束会议。
5). Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. （compare this with S1)
读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞使人善辩。
2. 增加形容词或副词
1). With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building socialism!
中国人民正以多么高的热情建设社会主义啊！
2). The crowds melted away.
人群渐渐散开了。
3). As he sat down and began talking, words poured out.
他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地讲个没完。
4). She lingered long over his letter.
她反反复复地回味着他的来信。
5). In the films of those days, all too often it was the same one: boy tractor driver meets girl tractor driver; they fall in love and drive tractor together.
在那时候的电影里，总是老一套：男拖拉机手和女拖拉机手始而相遇，继而相爱，终而并肩开拖拉机了。
3. 增加名词
To do some shopping 买东西
To do some washing 洗衣服
1). First you borrow, then you beg.
头一遭借钱，下一遭就讨饭。
2). Mary washed for a living after her husband died of cancer.
玛丽的丈夫癌症去世后，就靠洗衣服维持生活。
3). He ate and drank, for he was exhausted.
他吃了点东西，喝了点酒，因为他疲惫不堪了。
4). The development of economy remains one of the priorities of the Chinese Government.
发展经济仍然是中国政府的首要课题/任务之一。
5). That black jacket is indeed cheap and fine.
那件黑夹克真是价廉物美。
6). He was wrinkled and black, with scant gray hair.
他满脸皱纹，皮肤黝黑，头发灰白稀疏。
7). A new kind of car—small, cheap—is attracting increasing attention.
一种新型轿车正越来越引起人们的注意——这种轿车体积小，价钱便宜。
8). His arrogance made everyone dislike him.
他的傲慢态度使谁也不喜欢他。
9). After all preparations were made, the planes were flown across the U.S. to San Francisco.
一切准备工作就绪以后，飞机就飞越美国去了旧金山。
1). Don’t get angry. I’m just making fun of you.
不要生气嘛！我不过开开玩笑罢了。
2). As for me, I didn’t agree from the very beginning.
我呢，从一开始就不赞成。
3). They (the eyes) were the same colour as the sea, cheerful and undefeated.
那双眼睛啊，像海水一样的蓝，令人愉快，毫不沮丧
4). A red sun is rising slowly on the horizon.
一轮红日正从地平线上冉冉升起。
5). A stream was winding its way through the valley in into the Dadu river.
一弯溪水蜿蜒流过山谷，汇合到大渡河去了。
6）This too was a complicate lie.
这也纯粹是一派胡言。
7). Once, they had a quarrel.
有一次，他们争吵了一番。
8). Seeing is believing.
百闻不如一见。
9). The essence remains its identity while appearances may vary.
万变不离其宗。
10）Man, was, is and always will be trying to improve his living conditions.
人类过去、现在而且将来总是在尽力改善生活条件。
（二）汉译英常用的增益法
A．增词明确原意
1. 我早晨起床后的第一件事是收拾房间。
The first thing I do when I get up in the morning is to tidy up the room.
2. 意大利著名旅行家马可?波罗曾这样叙述他印象中的杭州：……
A famous ancient Italian traveler, Marco Polo, once described his impressions of Hangzhou like this: ……
3. 台湾是中国的领土。
Taiwan is part of Chinese territory.
4. 饭店现有三个餐厅和一个贵宾间、240个座位。
The restaurant now has three dining rooms and a VIP room with a total of 240 seats.
5. 狠抓管理，安全生产。
We should improve management and ensure safe production.
6. 月亮升得高高的，明亮犹如银盘。
The moon rose high, shining as brightly as a silver plate.
7. 突然电话铃响了。母亲让我回去送弟弟去医院看病。
Suddenly the telephone rang. It was my mother calling me. She wanted me to go home and take my brother to hospital.
8. 对确有困难的中西部地区和老工业基地，中央财政将继续给予支持。
In the case of the enterprises of western and central China and old industrial bases that are in real financial difficulties, the central government will continue to offer financial help.
9. 有条件的地方要率先实现现代化。
The areas with suitable conditions must take the lead in achieving modernization.
10. 该公司的主要经营范围包括：……
The business scope of the company covers the following areas: … …
B．增词使结构完整
1. 收效可能来得慢，但是有把握，而且是巨大的。
The rewards may come slowly, but they are sure and tremendous.
2. 我们应当逐步消灭城乡差别。
We should gradually eliminate the difference between city and country.
3. 我吃得不多，睡得不好。
I am unable to eat much or sleep soundly.
4. 他生来富于同情心，总是乐于帮助别人。
She is sympathetic by nature and is always ready to help others.
5. 新婚夫妇有数十位宾客陪同，坐着汽车到新房去了。
The newly wedded couple, accompanied by dozens of guests, went to their chamber by car.
6. 全国人民总体上实现了由温饱向小康的跨越。
The Chinese people nationwide have developed from the stage of having enough to eat and
wear to that of living a better-off life.
7. 明朝的时候，这座城市成了一个繁荣的港口。
In the Ming Dynasty the city became a flourishing port.
8. 沿着南京路向东走，走到尽头，是靠黄浦江江岸的一个很美的地区。
Walking eastward along Nanjing Road, one finally comes to a very beautiful area bordering the bank of the Huangpu River.
C. 增加代词
1). 小不忍则乱大谋。
If one is not patient in small thing, one will never be able to control great ventures.
2). 交出翻译之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方，这样你才能把工作做好。
Before handing in your translation, you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected or improved. Only thus can you do your work well.
3). 没有调查就没有发言权。
He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak.
又如：“又要马儿跑得快, 又要马儿不吃草, 简直可笑。”
Y ou want t he horse to run fast and yet you don’t let it graze. Isn’t it ridiculous!
4). 别把手搁在口袋里。
Don’t put your hands in your pockets.
5). 一天天冷起来了。
It is getting colder day by day.
6) 尝试而失败还是比不尝试好。
It is better to try and fail than never try at all.
7). 你三星期完成这项设计不容易。
It was not easy for you to finish this design in three weeks.
8). 把钟拆开比把它装起来容易。
It is easier to take a clock apart than to put it together again.
Omission (省略法)
Opposite to the principle of amplification, omission is however not contradictory to it. On contrary, omission supplementary to amplification, omits what is considered necessary and indispensable in English may be deemed useless, superfluous and even encumbrance. This principal makes the version brief, concise and clear.
1). A book is useful.
书（是）有用（的）。
2). The earth goes around the sun.
地球绕太阳转。
3). On Sundays we have no school.
礼拜天我们不上课。
4）由于时间仓促，作者水平有限，书中疏漏在所难免，欢迎广大读者批评指正。
Any advice and criticism is warmly welcome about this book.
（一）英译汉时常用的省略
I．从语法角度来看
1. 省略代词
1).He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable.
他消瘦而憔悴，看上去一副可怜相。
2). We live and learn.
活到老，学到老。
3). Everywhere you can find new types of men and objects in new Campus.
新校区处处可以看到新人、新事物。
4). If you give him an inch, he will take a mile.
得寸进尺。
5). I have received your letter and read it with delight.
我收到了你的信，愉快地读了。
6) When conditions exist, go ahead; when they don’t, create them and go ahead.
有条件要上；没有条件，创造条件也要上。
7). I wash my face in the morning.
我早上洗脸。
8). He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing.
他耸耸肩，摇摇头，两眼看天，一句话不说。
9）The significance of a man is not in what he attained but rather in what he longs to attain.
人生的意义不在于已经获取的，而在于渴望得到什么样的东西。
10) The more he tried to hide his mistakes, the more he revealed them.
他越是想要掩盖他的错误，就越是容易暴露。
11) I saw her waving her hand and smiling sadly at me.
我看见她挥着手，对我忧愁地微笑着。
12) It took me a long time to reach the hospital.
我花了很长时间才到了医院。
2. 省略连词
1). He looked gloomy and troubled.
他看上去有些忧愁不安。
2). As the temperature increase, the volume of water becomes greater.
温度升高，水的体积就增大。
3). We knew winter vocation was coming as (because) we had seen the big stone in the River.
（我们）看见了河里大石头，就知道寒假要来了。
4). If winter comes, can spring be far behind?
冬天来了，春天还会远吗？
5). When it is dark in the east, it is light in the west; when things are dark in the south there is still light in the north.
东方不亮西方亮，黑了南方有北方。
6) She won't be coming, as we didn't invite her。
我们没邀请她，她不回来的。
7) My heart bleeds when I recall the scene --- my teacher moved with difficulty out the room, with tears in his eyes.
回想起老师眼含泪水艰难地走出教室的情景，我心里悲痛极了。
3. 省略前置词（介词）
1). The People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949.
一九四九年中华人民共和国成立。
2). In July, 1956, Egypt had seized the Suez Canal.
一九五六年七月，埃及占领了苏伊士运河。
3). And on July 1st, 1999, I graduated from university.
一九九九年七月一日，我大学毕业了。
4). Smoking is prohibited in public places.
公共场所不准吸烟。
5) On the morning of the exam day I woke up early.
考试的那天早上，我醒得很早。
6) It is really a tough job --- there is no help for it.
这真是件棘手的事，毫无法子可想。
4. 省略冠词
1). A book is useful.
书（是）有用（的）。
2). The moon was slowly rising above the sea.）
月亮从海面上慢慢升起。
3). A teacher should have patience in his work.
当教员的应当有耐心。
4). The girl standing at the window is his girlfriend.
站在窗口的（那个）女孩是他女朋友。
5). Milk is sold by the pound.
牛奶按磅计价。
6). He left without a word.
他一句话不说就走了。
7). The children are of an age.
这些孩子都是同岁的。
8）A boy is always a boy
孩子终归是孩子。
9）Winter is the best time to study the growth of trees. Although the leaves are gone and the branches are bare, the trees themselves are beautiful.
冬天是研究树木生长的最好季节，虽则树叶落了，树枝光了，但树木本身却是美丽的。
1) When the pressure gets low, the boiling-point becomes low.
气压低，沸点就低。
2) European habits have changed much along with the increase in supermarkets and shopping centers, the number of cars, and the modernization of housing.
欧洲人的习惯随着超市、购物中心和小汽车的增多，以及住房的现代化而发生了变化。II、从修辞角度看
A．省略重复短语
1）University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not.
报考大学的人，有工作经验的优先录取。
2）Neither party shall cancel the contract without sufficient cause or reason.
双方均不得无故解除合同。
B．省略某些多余的或违背汉语语言习惯的词组。
1) There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead.
没有下雪，但叶落草枯。
2) V oting ballots are unsigned and marked by the voters in private booths so that no one else can find out for whom a citizen is voting.
选票不记名，由选民在隔离的投票站内填写，这样就不会知道选民投了谁的票。
3) Matters in the world should be handled by the government and people of all countries through consultations on the basis of equality.
世界上的事情应由各国政府和人民平等协商。
1．我们说，长征是历史记录上的第一次，长征是宣言书，长征是宣传队，长征是播种机。We declare that, the Long March is the first of its kind in the annals of history, that it is a manifesto, a propaganda force, a seeding machine
2. 科学技术突飞猛进，给亚洲的发展带来新的机遇，也带来新的挑战。
The rapid advance of science and technology has presented both new opportunities and challenges to the development of Asia.
3. 新形势、新趋势、新技术，促进了生产力的发展。
The new development, trends and technologies have helped expand productive forces.
4. 他们为国家作的贡献比我们所作的贡献要大的多。
They have done much more contributions for the state than we have.
B. 省略汉语的范畴词
1. 中东有些地区仍未结束社会动荡和纷扰不安的局面。
The social unrest and upheaval has not been put an end to in some regions in the Mid-East. 2. 师生关系愈好，就愈有利于教学水平的提高。
The better/ closer relations between teachers and students, the more chances for improving teaching.
3. 迅速改变我国贫穷落后的面貌，是我国各族人民的强烈愿望。
It is the burning desire of all the people to end our country’s poverty and backwardness quickly.
4. 世界各地举行了许多盛大的庆祝活动。
Many grand new-year celebrations are held in the world.
5) 没有和平，没有稳定的政治局面，就谈不上经济发展。
Without peace or political stability, there would be no economic growth.
C. 汉语中动词的使用频率远高于英语，所以在翻译成英语时，根据情况省略某些动词不译。1）在出席会议前，我有些急事要处理。
I have some urgent business on hand before (attending) the meeting. .
2）他没有致闭幕词就宣布会议结束了。
He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech.
3) 她连续讲了两个小时的法语，没有出现任何错误。
She has been talking in French for two hours without any mistakes.
4）十万元以下的轿车的出现，激起了更多人购买私家车的热情。
The appearance of cars priced at less than 100,000 yuan aroused the enthusiasm of more people for private cars.
D. 汉语意义重复时，应减词英译。
1) 中国人民为此进行了长期不懈的努力。
The Chinese people have made unremitting efforts to that end.
2) 为了保卫国家安全，维护祖国统一，我们必须不断增强国防实力。
We must build up our defense capability with a view to safeguarding our State security and
national unity.
3) 科学技术在一些领域取得重大突破。
Breakthroughs were made in some areas of science and technology.
4) 各项社会事业全面进步。
All social undertakings developed. /The social undertakings developed in an all-round way.
5) 我们要进一步开创外交工作的新局面。
We shall open up new vista in diplomatic work.
6)我们要加强与世界各国在经济、文化等领域的交往。
We must enhance our economic and cultural exchange with other countries.
7) 市场商品供应丰富多彩。
The market had an adequate supply of commodities.
E. 省略汉语修辞的词语
1) 科学技术日新月异。
Science and technology are advancing /developing rapidly.
2) 大学校园文化包罗万象，其主流是“青春、浪漫、激扬”的。
The campus culture in universities are all-inclusive, with the main stream of “youth, romance and enthusiasm”.
3) 各级党组织和领导干部都要旗帜鲜明地反对腐败。
Party organizations and leading cadres at all levels must take a clear stand to oppose corruption.
4) 我们满怀信心、昂首阔步迈向21世纪。
We are advancing confidently forwards to the 21st century.
1．V ietnamese War is a drain on American resources.
越南战争不断地消耗美国的资源。
2. His very appearance at any affair proclaims it a triumph.
无论什么事情，只要他一露面，就算是成功了。
3. An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of translation.
读一点世界史，对学习翻译是有帮助的。
4. A view of Mt. E-mei can be obtained from here.
从这儿可以看到峨嵋山。
5．The American airline industry has enjoyed significant expansion in the last twenty years. 过去的20年里，美国的航空工业突飞猛进。
6. The growing concentration of wealth in the hands of a few people raised social and political issues.
财富逐渐集中在少数人手中，引发了许多社会问题和政治问题。
B. 英语中加后缀-er, -or 的名词，在句中并不表身份和职业，而是含有较强的动作意义。
7. He is no smoker, but his father is a chain-smoker.
他倒是不抽烟，但他的爸爸却一支接一支地抽（是个老烟枪）。
8. He was a regular visitor. 他经常来。
9. What kind of sailor are you? (a bad sailor or a good sailor?) 你晕不晕船？
10．We cannot become participants in the war, but nor must we be mere spectators.
我们不能参与战争，但也不能袖手旁观。
11. Americans are great joiners, as the huge number of organizations available in the United States attests.
美国人热衷于参加各种活动，看看不胜枚举的各种组织就足以证明这一点。
C. 前置词转换为动词
12. “Coming!” A way she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.
“来啊!”她转身蹦着跳着地跑了, 越过草地, 跑上小径,跨上台阶, 穿过凉台,进了门廊。13. Jones opened the windows to let fresh air in.
琼斯把窗子打开,让新鲜空气进来.
14. That day she was up before sunrise.
那天她在日出前就起来了.
15．The Statue of Liberty was a gift to USA from France in 1886 as a mark of friendship and also in memory of the aid France gave the Americans during the American Revolution.
自由女神像由法国于1886年赠给美国，作为友谊的象征，并纪念美国独立战争期间法国给予的援助。
2. 转译成名词
A. V erbs-Nouns
英语中有许多由名词派生的动词，以及由名词转用的动词，在汉语中往往不易找到相应的动词，这时可将其转译成汉语的名词。如：
1. She behaves as if she were a child.
她的举止跟一个孩子一样。
2. A well-dressed man, who looked and talked like an American, got into the car.
一个衣着讲究的人上了车，他的言谈举止酷似美国人。
3．Population grew both as a result of natural increase and of continued immigration.
人口的增长是自然增长和不断移民的结果。
4. The American economy is organized in single-owner businesses, partnerships and corporations. 美国经济的组织方式是个人所有制、合伙制和公司制。
5．White policemen are now careful of how they speak and behave towards their fellow black citizens.
白人警察现在十分注意自己及对黑人公民的言行举止。
B. Adjectives-Nouns
1.They did their best to help the sick and the wounded.
他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。
2. Robin Hood and his merry men hated the rich and loved and protected the poor.
罗宾汉和他的同伴们痛恨阔人，热爱并保护穷人。
3. Stevenson was eloquent and elegant—but soft.
史蒂文森有口才、有风度，但很软弱。
4. This problem is no less important than that one.
这个问题的重要性不亚于那个问题。
5. Glass is more transparent than plastic cloth.
玻璃的透明度比塑料布要好。
C. Adverbs—Nouns
1. It is editorially said that…
社论说……
2. He is strong physically, but weak mentally.
他体力很强，可智力很弱。
3. The new type of machine is shown schematically in Figure 1.
图一所示是这种新型机器的简图。
3. 转译成形容词
A. Nouns—Adjectives
I can note the grace of her gesture.
我可以看到她优雅的举止。
2. We have seen the beauty of Mt. Tai.
我们看到了美丽的泰山。
3. Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.
独立思考是学习所绝对必要的。
B. Adverbs—Adjectives
4. The English language has changed subtly and pervasively.
英语的变化很敏感，很普遍。
5. She looked at me expectantly.
她用期待的眼光看着我。
6. Hopefully, it will be done early next month.
下月初完成这项工作是大有希望的。
7．V ariety is a key characteristic of the United States, both geographically and culturally.
多姿多彩是美国地理和文化的主要特征。
4. 转译成副词
A. Nouns—Adverbs
1. The man nodded with satisfaction.
那人满意地点了点头。
2. He had the honor to attend the congress.
他荣幸地出席了代表大会。
B. Adjectives—Adverbs
3. He had a careful study of the map before he started off.
他在出发前仔细地看了看地图。
4. Can you give an accurate translation of the sentence?
你能准确地把这句话译出来吗？
II．汉译英中常用的词类转换
A．动词的转译（译成名词、介词短语、形容词等）
1. 中国政府承诺不对无核国家使用核武器。
(1) The Chinese Government commits itself to non-use of nuclear weapons against non-nuclear countries.
(2) The Chinese Government undertakes not to use nuclear weapons against non-nuclear countries.
2．我们要确保更有效地利用外资。
(1) We shall ensure that foreign capital is more effectively utilized.
(2) We shall ensure more effective utilization of foreign capital.
3．那个国家片面地注重工业，忽视农业和轻工业，因而市场上货物不够，货币不稳定。That country’s lopsided stress on heavy industry to the neglect of agriculture and light industry results in a shortage of goods on the market and an unstable currency.
4. 这次国际会议开得好。
The recent international conference was a success.
5. 中国在发展经济的过程中，逐步改善了人民的生活条件。
The economic growth in China has been accompanied by the improvement of the people’s living conditions.
6. 当今中国，电脑使用已经普及，上网人数与日俱增。
Nowadays, with the wide use / application of computers in China, more and more people have access to the Internet.
7. 中国仅有美国一半的可耕地，却负担为美国人口四倍的人民的吃饭问题。
China supports a population four times that of the United States with the arable land only half that of the US.
8. 他们不顾一切困难挫折，坚持创业。
They kept on their enterprise in spite of all difficulties and setbacks.
9．他不懂知足常乐的道理，对现有的一切还不满足。
He never understands that happiness lies in contentment, so he isn’t content with what he has already had.
10. 得知台湾地震，全国人民深表关切。
The people in the mainland are all deeply concerned at the news that Taiwan has been struck by an earthquake.
11. 证人不敢肯定命案发生时他不在场。
The witness isn’t sure that he has an alibi for the time death took place.
B. 名词的转译
1. 国民经济出现了重要转机。
The national economy has improved significantly.
2. 去年中国出口总额为1873亿美元。
China’s export totaled US$183.7 billion last year.
3. 专家认为，肥胖人口增长的主要原因是人们的运动量减少。
The experts attribute the increasing number of obese people to the decrease in the physical exercises.
4. 许多家用电器都是在中国制造的，这些家用电器性能可靠，操作方便。
A lot of household appliances are made in China, which (and they) are reliable in performance and easy in operation.
C．形容词和副词的转译
1．水资源稀缺，是我国经济和社会发展的严重制约因素。
Lack of water resources is a serious limitation on the economic and social development of our country. (adj转成n)
2. 所有单位必须搞好卫生，清除混乱和不文明现象。
All the organization must clear up, and banish disarray and discourtesy. (adj转成n)
3. 亚洲依然是世界上最具经济活力的地区。
Economically, Asia is still the most dynamic region in the world. (adj转成adv)
4. 一切形式的恐怖行为都严重威胁着所有人民、所有国家的和平、繁荣和安全。
Terrorist acts in all forms and manifestations are a profound threat to the peace, prosperity and security of all people and of all nations. (adv成adj)
5. 他慢条斯理地点了一两下头说：“是的。”
2019考研英语一真题翻译参考答案及解析 考研历年真题一定要用好，研究好。结合大纲和真题来选择辅导用书是最明智的。本文带大家回顾2019考研英语一真题翻译参考答案及解析： Part C Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was. I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia. (46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms. Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it. What is important is not truth, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: (47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number. (48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity int o the assessment of an applicant’s papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. (49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours. Boiling down an individual’s o utput to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great. (50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science. 46-50参考答案及解析：
北外英语专业超全面翻译笔记（近10万 字）
第一部分：数词的译法 一、数字增减的译法： 1.句式特征：by＋名词＋比较级＋than The wire is by three inches longer than that one.这根导线比那根长3英寸。 2.句式特征：表示增减意义的动词＋to+n.译为：增加到。。。。或减少到。。。。 Metal cutting machines have been decreased to 50.金属切割机已经减少到50台。 二、百分数增减的表示法与译法 1.句式特征：表示增减意义的动词＋％ The output value has increased 35%.产值增加了35％ 2.句式特征：表示增减意义的动词＋by＋％ Retail salses should rise by 8%商品零售额应增加3％ The prime cost decreased by 60%.主要成本减少60％ 3.句式特征：表示减少意义的动词＋to+%表示减少后剩余的数量 By using this new-process the loss of metal was reduced to 20%.采用这种新工艺，铁的损失量减少到20％ 4.句式特征：％＋比较级＋than表示净增减的数量 Retail sales are expected to be nine percent higher than last year.今年零售额与去年相比，有望增加9％。 5.句式特征：％＋比较级＋名词表示净减数 The new-type machine wasted 10 percent engergy supplied. 新型机械能耗量净减10％ 6.句式特征：a + % + increase表示净增数 There is a 20% increase of steel as compared with last year.与去年相比，今年钢产量净增20％ 7.句式特征：％+ (of) 名词（代词）表示净减数，数字n照译 The production cost is about 60 percent that of last year.今年产值仅为去年的60％8.句式特征：%＋up on 或over表示净增数 The grain output of last year in this province was 20% percent up on that of 1978.去年粮食产量比1978年净增20％。 第二部分倍数增加的表示法及译法 汉语表示“增加了几倍”时，英语的倍数表示倍数需减一，译成“增加了n-1倍”以表示净增加数。如果译成“增加到n倍”或“为原来的n倍”，则照译不误。 1.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词＋n times“表示成倍地增长，译成”增加到N倍“或”增加n-1倍“ 注：1倍 once; 2倍twice（或double）；3倍thrice（或three times） 2.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词＋ｂｙ＋ n times，该句式与上述相同 3.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词＋to＋ n times表示增加到N倍，译成”增加了n-1倍“
翻译硕士考研英语翻译历年常考单词 丰富的词汇量会让我们在英语考试中占得优势，小编整理2011-2014年考研英语中真题中的常用词汇，希望大家认真背诵，集中记忆，相信会对大家的考研有很大帮助，也预祝大家考研成功。 2014年 1) articulate 清晰的表达， 2) by all accounts根据、根据报道;byone’s own account根据某人自己所说，letalone更别提， 3) intensity紧张，abruptly突然地，sudden突然，soft柔和的，passage段落，rarely很少、几乎不，composer作曲家，compose作曲、编写, 4) associate联系， 5) suffer遭受, inevitable不可避免, render转换、使变成; 2013年 1) strike打、震撼，for all尽管，style风格，urge需求、督促、鼓励，decoration装饰， 2)sacred神圣的，crude原始、粗糙，as opposed to与相反，shelter避难所， 3) ineffect实际上，urban城市，discernible容易看出的，discern看出、识别， 4)blame批评， 5)implicit隐含的，explicit明确的，reference谈到、提及、参考，synthetic人造的; 2012年 1) impulse冲动，unification统一、一致，generative生产的、生成的，generate产生， 2) constrain力劝、强迫、限制，constraint限制， 3) filter过滤, cognitive认知的， 4) empirical实证的、根据经验得到的,bias偏见， 5) track跟踪; 2011年 1) erroneous错误的，error错误， 2) sustain支持、维持，illusion幻觉，conscious有意识的， 3) justification合理，借口，justify证明是公正的，rationalization合理，exploitation剥削、开发, bottom底， 4) circumstance环境， 5) upside积极的、正面的，contain包含，be up to取决于，array展示、陈列、一系列; 丰富的词汇量会让我们在英语考试中占得优势，小编整理2006-2010年考研英语中真题中的常用词汇，希望大家认真背诵，集中记忆，相信会对大家的考研有很大帮助，也预祝大家考研成功。 2010年 1)rescue拯救，to the effect that大意是说，failed to不能， 2)intrinsic内在的、固有的，regardlessof不管，presence出席，absence缺席， 3)creature生物，species物种，
2010考研翻译笔记（主讲：唐静） 一、考研翻译的三大基本问题 （一）考研翻译的解题“奥秘” 做真题，而不是看翻译 做翻译＝写汉字 （二）考研翻译的题型、命题原则和考试容 1、题型 ①大的方面：主观题——汉字书写工整 ②小的方面：阅读题 没有必要通读全文 有些情况下，需要阅读划线句子的上下文 划线句子有代词，需要读上下文 2、命题原则 ①体裁偏向学术文献，比较抽象 ②题材偏向文科领域（1998年理科的） ③划线的句子长30个字左右，为长难句 3、考试容=考点 1）考察专有名词、词组和多义词的解释 （1）专有名词 人名、地名、国家名称、术语、组织机构名称（2）专业术语 Big Bang大爆炸理论 inflationary universe theory宇宙膨胀理论（3）学科术语 anthropoloist人类学家 anthropological人类学的 inflationary universe theory宇宙膨胀理论 SARS非典 （4）词组 as……as by means of home appliances家用电器die out灭绝 （5）多义词： school 学派before以前serve起作用 life 生命、生活 （6）熟词生义 set （成套）设备；集、集合 offend 冒犯；排污超标；污染超标particle 粒子（7）生词：超纲词 2）考察一般性翻译技巧，包括词序调整、词义选择 A、词序调整：即改变英语单词在汉语译文中的先后顺序 46)Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed—and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. 在联系不同民族和国家方面，电视也许以前没有像在最近欧洲事件中起如此重大的作用。 例如：I studied very hard in the classroom at 6 every morning. 我每天早晨六点钟在教室认真学习。 B、词义选择：即选择一个单词的意思来翻译，解决单词问题（单词不认识怎么办） 词义选择的方法： a、分析词根、词缀 multimedia 多媒体，传媒determinism 决定论methodology 方法论anthropological 人类学的 b、分析上下文来翻译： ①借生词的上下文来造句 人类有能力______环境（改造/征服/适应）Television is one of the meas.（电视是一种工具/方式/媒介）②借助上下文或根据汉语习惯做同义替换 aspect方面 P1-74) However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects. deal with 处理，解决aspect在这里为“问题” P10-50) In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “Unit ed we stand, divided we fall” 处理挑战？deal with在这里为“应对/解决” 在应对（面对/解决）如此大规模的挑战的时候，… P1-74) However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects. 优雅的系统？elegant“完善的、完美的、优良的”3）考察具体句型的翻译 包括定语从句、状语从句、被动结构 （三）考研翻译的方法 直译为主，适当意译直译不等于死译 考研翻译的标准和步骤： 1、标准：准确、通顺、完整；严复：信、达、雅 傅雷：神似；钱钟书：化境 2、衡量的方式：读 3、翻译步骤： 第一步：通读全句、查找连接 第二步：分析成分、划分意群 第三步：选择词义、表达贴切 第四步：适当调整、书写译文 考研翻译步骤例题：P7 61）One difficulty is that / almost all of what is called behavioral science / continues to trace behavior to / states of mind ,feelings ,traits of character ,human nature ,and so on. 第一步：通读全句、查找连接 第二步：分析全句，划分译群 主语：one difficulty 谓语：is that引导的表语从句从句的主语：almost all of what is called behavioral science（被动）谓语：continues 第一个to：不定式的符号第二个to：介词的符号，后接名词4个名词：states of mind ,feelings ,traits of character ,human nature作并列宾语 第三步：选择词义表达 1、one 一个difficulty 困难is 是that almost 几乎all 所有what is called 被称之为behavioral science 行为科学continue 继续trace sth. to sth. ;trace:追踪、跟踪behavior 行为第二个to 到states of mind 心理状态feelings感觉、感情、情感character 性格train 特征human 人类nature大自然；本性and so on 等等 第四步：适当调整、书写译文 2、one 一个difficulty 困难is 是→在于that almost 几乎all 所有what is called 被称之为→所谓的behavioral science 行为科学……（不通顺） 3、one 一个 is 是→在于that almost 几乎what is called 被称之为→所谓的行为科学……（不通顺） 4、将all放在behavioral science 后：一个困难在于所谓的行为科学几乎全部都（加上）continue继续trace sth. to sth. ;trace:追踪、跟踪behavior 行为第二个to 到……（不对劲） 5、第二个to 到换为根据：一个困难在于所谓的行为科学几乎全部都continue继续trace sth. to sth. ;trace:追踪、跟踪behavior 行为第二个to 根据……（还不对劲） 6、第二个to 根据放到trace跟踪前：一个困难在于所谓的行为科学几乎全部都根据心理状态情感性
2020年考研英语一翻译真题及答案解析 2017年考研英语考试已经结束!出国留学考研网在考后第一时间 为大家提供2017年考研英语一翻译真题及答案解析，更多考研资讯 请关注我们网站的更新! 2017年考研英语一翻译真题及答案解析 英语1文章明显偏学术，今年考察英语语言发展情况，文章选的英国文化教育协会，是雅思出题组织者。它的主席叫大卫格兰多的 一本书，叫《英语下一步》，他讲到整本书意思是英语将走向何处。 很有意思的是主席曾经这本书里说到了中文将以后成为世界语言。英语1考题作为序言部分作为考题。 今年英语1总体难度和去年相比，刚刚过去2016年考研题稳中 有一点点上升，没有任何难句出现，只是长句。我认为稳中上升。 第一句话有一个单词难一点，(英文)，英语全球性主导地位。翻译里没有考过。(英文)主导地位考过，但是是阅读里经常出现，翻 译都是可以的。这句话基本意思说到了，说英语的人进一步扩大， 这是一个(英文)状语从句。后面跟着有迹象表明，是主句，表明的 迹象是什么呢?从句，英语全球性主导地位在可预见地位将减弱。 fade(英文)略微有难度。我对考研阅读没有那么熟，但是2000 年出现过。如果按照新东方老师关注的精读方法来学习有很好的效果。 第二句话讲到了大卫这个人分析，会终结一些人的(英文)，他们或许会认为英语全球性地位是如此稳定。他们有一次词，是(英语) 如此稳定，英国年轻一代不需要额外学习其他的语言能力。但是会 终结年轻一代的能力。 但是组织的时候要注意一下，有些人认为英语语言地位如此稳定，英国年轻人没有必要学习什么，但是大卫的观点会终结这些人的想法。语序颠倒一下会更好。
考博英语翻译笔记 倒装和分割结构 为了强调句子的某些部分，或是为了保持句子平衡，英语中常常使用倒装。大体说来，倒装可以分为主谓倒装和非主谓倒装。主谓倒装里又分为完全倒装和部分倒装。在翻译的时候，既可以按照主谓语的顺序翻译，也可以按照字面意思翻译。非主谓倒装只是将强调部分前置，以保持句子平衡或是起强调作用。翻译时可以采用顺序译法或是倒序译法。 1. For example, they do not compensate for social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. 分析：本句中had he grown up under more favorable circumstances 属于部分倒装。正常语序为：if he had grown up under more favorable circumstances 。在正式文体中，可以将虚拟条件句中的if 省略，并将助动词提前。 译文：例如，它们(指测试)并不弥补社会的不公，因此不能说明一个贫困青年，要是在比较有利的境况下长大，会有多大才干。 2. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday's “baby boom ” generation reached its child-bearing years. 分析：该句中so did bigger crops of babies 属于语法倒装。用so 来代替前述肯定句谓语部分所说情况。 译文：不间断的移民浪潮也起了作用——而且随着昔日在“ 生育高峰期” 出生的 一代人达到生育年龄，婴儿的出生数量增加了，这同样起了作用。 3. Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her in thoroughness, whatever the job. 分析：该句的Much as I have traveled 是一个由as 引导的让步状语从句。相当于though I have traveled much ，但语气要比后者强。这种结构要求部分倒装。 译文：我虽然见多识广，但还从未见过比她细心的人，不管什么职业 4. Only when you have acquired a good knowledge of grammar can you write correctly. 分析：相信大家对这种结构都不陌生。Only 后加副词、介词、状语从句时要用部分倒装。但是要注意的是，如果only 修饰的不是状语，则不用倒装。 译文：只有很好地掌握了语法知识，写出来的东西才会正确。 5. Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West . 分析：当句首是否定副词或含有否定词的词语时，一般要部分倒装。 译文：1980 年哪里的人口普查统计资料也不如远西地区的更能生动地说明美国人对宽敞的生活环境的追求。 6. Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him. 分析：hardly…when的结构表示“冈U…就…”。含有这种结构的句子常将hardly 置于句首，而采用部分倒装的语序。此外，hardly分句中一般采用过去完成时，而when (或before )分句中使用过去时。还有，与hardly…when… 结构类似的用法还有barely (scarcely)…whe n … 译文：他刚开始讲，听众就打断了他的话。 7. To such length did she go in rehearsal that two actors walked out.
考研英语翻译的基本方 法版 文档编制序号：[KK8UY-LL9IO69-TTO6M3-MTOL89-FTT688]
2013年考研英语翻译的基本方法（7月 版） 在解答考生关于考研英语真题学习中的具体问题时，我们发现，很多考生对英汉翻译所懂甚少。长期以来，一直有考生提问诸如“老师，这句英文中这个短语怎么没有翻译出来？”、“这半句汉语是从那里来的，英语中怎么没有对应语句？”以及“这个句子为什么翻译成汉语时，添加了否定词？”等等的问题。在很多时候，我们只能很笼统的告诉考生：基于英汉文化的差异，在翻译的过程中需要考虑语言模式的差异。在很多时候，英译汉必须按照汉语思维模式以及语境的需要，去增添或者省略一些信息、调整一下语序、转换表达方式。 为了让考生更深入地了解英译汉，我们选用一些真题中的句子，来做先关探讨。在此之前，我们先简单地阐述一下翻译的标准和过程。 翻译标准 在我国近现代，最有影响的翻译标准是严复的“信、达、雅”。就考研英语翻译而言，由于文章的题材大多是有关、经济、文化、教育、科普以及社会生活等方面的内容，并且文体以议论文为主，说明文为辅，结构严谨，逻辑性强，我们很难在“雅”这一标准上做文章。“达”，即通顺，译文必须通顺且符合汉语的语言习惯，这是一个重要的评分标准。“信”，即忠于原文，是翻译的最高标准。由于要翻译的5个句子
是从一篇文章中截取出来的，因而译文必须和上下文表达的意思一致。如果歪曲了原文的意思，那么该句的得分就会很低。 因此，翻译不能违背原文本身，这是考研翻译的最基本标准。 翻译过程 翻译一般分三个阶段：①找核心句；②译核心句；③译其修饰限定补充的句子。由于考研英语翻译大部分句型都是长难句，这一过程显得尤为重要。简而言之，考生首先要找出句子的主干，然后再处理其余的细枝末节，如修饰成分等。考试中，考生应该先通读全文，从大处着手，通篇把握文意，然后分析需要翻译的句子，找出主干，理分支，并翻译。最后是检查书写以及时态。 翻译策略 1．直译和意译 直译，既忠于原文意思又保留原文形式的翻译；意译，不受原文词语的限制，不拘泥于原文句子的结构，用不同于原文的表达方式，把原文意思表达出来。在考研英语翻译中，我们应遵循的方法是：尽量采用直译，不能直译才采用意译，必要时直译与意译相结合。 （1）能直译就直译
英语专业研究生考试笔记，英汉翻译笔记:6.词组的翻译 英语专业研究生考试笔记，英汉翻译笔记： 第六部分词组的翻译 1.all＋抽象名词/抽象名词＋itself ＝very + adj. He was all gentleness to her.他对她非常温存。 To his superiors, he is humility itself。对于长辈，他极为谦逊。 分析：该结构原来是表示某种性质达到极点的一种说法，有“非常”、“尽管”、“一味”、“尽”的含义，有时甚至可以译为“。。。。的化身”、“。。。。的具体化”。普通复数名词用于“all”之后，也是表达这种概念。 He is all smiles.他一味地笑。 She is all eyes.她盯着看。 I am all anxiety.我真担心。 He is all attention.他全神贯注地听着。 2.Something (much) of / nothing (little) of Mr.Li is something of a philospher.李先生略具哲学家风范。 Mr. Wu is nothing of a musician.吴先生全无音乐家的风味。 Mr. Lu is very much of a poet.陆先生大有诗人气派。 Mr.Liu is little of a scholar.刘先生几无学者风度。 分析：此为表示“程度”的形容词短语，有时可以当作副词翻译。 Something of ＝to some extent（某程度），在问句和条件句中则用anyting of（略有、多少）。nothing of译作“全无、毫无”。 相类似的情况： to be something of = to have something of + 名词＋in ＋代名词 He is nothing in ability of an orator = He has nothing of an orator in his ability.他毫无演说家的才能。 这类名词的用法，可以处理为副词。 He has seen something of life.他略具阅历。他稍阅世。 Something of 与something like区别：程度上有差异。 something like ＝something approximateing in character or amount指数量或性质略同的事物，又作somewhat(似乎、略微)解释。 This is something like a pudding.此物略似布丁。 It shaped something like a cigar.其形状略似雪茄 英语专业考研笔记:英汉翻译:5.同系宾语的英语翻译 英语专业研究生入学考试笔记：英语翻译：第五部分同系宾语 1. I dreamed a strange dream. 2.He slept the sleep that knows no waking. 3.I have fought a good fight. 一、在同系宾语上附有修饰形容词时，通常可换成态度副词。
2020年考研《英语一》翻译真题答案(跨考版) 文章来源于An Outline of American History，《美国历史纲要》，是一本历史学方面的专著。 46 We don’t have to learn how to be mentally healthy; it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend a broken bone. 【句子结构】分号连接的两个并列句，第一个并列句主干是 We don’t have to learn ，how引导宾语从句做learn的宾语，第二个 并列句主干是it is built into us in the same way，that引导定 语从句修饰先行词way，that定语从句中主干是our bodies know，how引导宾语从句做know的宾语。 【参考译文】我们无需刻意去了解学习才能让心理更健康，它正 如我们的身体知道怎样让伤口愈合和修复骨折一样，是根植于我们体 内的/是我们与生俱来的水平。 47 Our mental health doesn’t really go anywhere; like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant. 【句子结构】分号连接的两个并列句, 第一个并列句主谓结构， 很简单，第二个并列句中，like the sun behind a cloud是状语， but 连接两个并列分句，包括短语be hidden from 和be capable of. 涉及被动语态的翻译方法。 【参考译文】我们的心理健康并不是真的消失不见，就像云朵背 后的太阳，它也许暂时被遮挡，但是它也能够在瞬间重焕光芒。 48 Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles, with kindness if they are in pain, and with unconditional love no matter who they are.
考研翻译重点词汇 Abstract n.摘要，概要，抽象 adj.抽象的，深奥的，理论的 Accelerate vt.&vi.（使）加快，（使）增速， n.接受速成教育的学生 Account (1)看法,认识 (2)解释,说明 Account for 占…(多大)比重; 解释, 说明 Achievement n.成就；成绩；功绩，达到；完成 Acquire vt.得到，养成，vt 获得；招致，学得（知识等），求得，养成（习惯等），捕获， Action n.作用，动[操]作，行动，机械装置[作用]，（小说等中的）情节 Activity n.活动，活动的事物，活动性，机能，功能 Actually adv.现实的，实际的；目前的；明确的，有效的 Additional adj.增加的，额外的，另外的 Advance vt.&vi.（使）前进，（使）发展；促进， vt.提出 Advantage n.利益，便利，有利方面，有利条件；优点；优势， （网球等）打成平手（deuce ）而延长比赛后一方先得的一分（攻方所得称 advantage in ，守方所得则称 advantage out ） Agree vi.一致；相合同意，赞成约定，允诺，答应，相宜，调和，符合，和睦相处 Almost adv.几乎，差不多，差一点；将近 Amount n.量，数量，数额，总额，总数 vi.合计，共计 An immense amount of … 大量 An amount of … 一些 A certain amount of … 某些 Analogous 与…类似, 与…相似 And 而, 然而 Apply … to … ≈ lie with 存在于,发生于 Approach vt.&vi.接近，走近，靠近； vt.接洽，交涉；着手处理； n.靠近，接近，临近 Appropriate adj.适当的，恰当的； vt.挪用；占用；盗用 Argue vt.&vi.争吵，辩论； vt.坚决主张，提出理由证明，说服，劝说 Arise vi.&link v.呈现；出现；发生； vi.起身，起来，起立 As 译为 (1) 像, 如 ; (2) 作为 As … as (比较的两者要一致) = not so … as 译成:“… 和 … 一样 ” As is mentioned above 如上所述, (如上所示,如图所示---作文可以写) Aspect n.方面，方位，朝向 Assert vt.声称，断言，维护，坚持 Assume vt.假设，认定, 臆断，猜想，假装，担，担任，就职 Attempt n.尝试，企图vt.尝试，企图 Augment vt.增加，提高，扩大； n.增加，提高，扩大 Availability n.可用性，有效性，实用性 Base n.基础，底座，基地，根据地 vt.把…建立在，以…为基础 Behavioral adj.动作的，行为方面的 Big bang 大爆炸理论 Branch n.树枝，枝条，支，分科，分系； vi.出枝，树叉 Breakthrough : 突破 Break prison (监狱)越狱 Break out v. 爆发 Out break: n. 爆发
2017考研英语一翻译真题解析 跨考教育英语教研室—王坤2017年考研英语一的翻译题型部分，整体来说难度不大，与2016年难度基本持平，考察的是英语语言发展情况，文章选自英国文化教育协会的一本书，叫《英语下一步》。英语一的考题是此书的序言部分。下面就是跨考英语教研室的英语老师对2017年考研英语一翻译真题的最新解析和参考译文。 (46)But even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future. 参考译文：但是，尽管使用英语者的人数在不断增加/说英语的人越来越多，却仍然有迹象表明，英语语言的全球主导地位在不久的将来/可预见的未来也许会慢慢衰退。 句子解析：本句很简单，主句是there be 结构，主句前是让步状语，signs 后面是that引导的同位语从句，对signs进行进一步的补充说明。同位语从句中是主谓结构，the global predominance of the language 是主语，may fade 是谓语，within结构是时间状语。expands的词义不应该选择常用的“扩展”意思，而应该结合前面和它搭配的number，而选择“增加”的意思。 (47)His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generation of the United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities.
河海大学2015年1月份研究生英语一试卷结构 一、听力20分（10+3+3+4） 10条短对话+3篇小短文；听力用书原文，答案选项会乱序，有篇小短文的选项内容可能会变动，就比如这次的一篇关于熊猫的就变了，本来“吃得又慢又多”改成“吃得又快又多”，但仔细分析下选项还是可以判断出正确选项的。 二、词汇10分（5+5） 10题填空+10题划线同义词；课后练习原题。 三、完型15分 15个填空；这次是来自Unit 6 How to Read Body Language段落节选句子拼在一起；还有部分也出现在词汇练习里面。 四、阅读20分（5×4） 2篇课后阅读原文原题（P27 passage2，P58 passage 1）+2篇课外阅读 五、翻译20分（10+10） 第一道英译汉：来自Unit 5 Take a Lesson from the Economists 段落节选句子拼成一段Economics is the dismal science: so say the large number of people who heap scorn on the intellectural merits of the discipline.（第一段） Due to the general measurement difficulties, as well as unforeseen events such as wars or natural disasters, economic forecasts are almost always wrong, sometimes by wide margins. （第三段）
第一单元 “一年365 天，一周7 天，一天24 小时，生意始终在进行，那意味着一年365 天，一周7 天，一天24 小时，竞争也同样在进行，”豪特说，“公司取胜的方法之一就是要更快地到达‘目的地’！这就是说，你不仅要把所有能支持公司快速运转的功能都调动起来，而且还得知道如何决定‘目的地’是哪里。这样，不仅对那些行动快速的人们，也对那些思维敏捷，并有勇气按自己的想法行事的人们都提出了要求。这需要全公司各部门的运作，而不仅仅是管理部门的工作。 “Business happens 24/7/365, which means that competition happens 24/7/365, as well,” says Haut. “One way that companies win is by getting …there? faster, which means that you not only have to mobilize all of the functions that support a business to move q uickly, but you have to know how t o decide where …there? is! This creates a requirement not only for people who can act quickly, but for those who can think fast with the courage to act on their convictions. This needs to run throughout an organization and is not exclusive to management.” 最后，职业地位包含对职业标准的遵守。很多律师通过在行业内外把自己塑造成一个具有良好职业道德的典范来找到自我价值。对那些在所有职业行为中都表现出极度正直和谦逊有礼的律师们来说，当管理阶层对他们理应受到的特别尊重表示肯定时，便又获得了另一种形式的精神报酬。 Lastly, professional status encompasses adherence to ethical standards. Most lawyers find self worth in setting an example—both within the profession and within the larger society—as ethical actors. When management affirms the special respect due to lawyers who act with the utmost integrity and civility in all of their professional dealings, it provides yet another form of compensation. 第四单元 很多研究发现婴儿获得关爱的质量会影响到他们以后的交友，在学校的表现，如何应对陌生的或可能充满压力的情况，以及他们成年后如何建立并且维系情感连系。正是因为这些原因，人们与家庭成员的早期亲密关系才如此至关重要。在人情冷漠的环境中(如孤儿院，某些寄养家庭，或缺乏关爱的家庭)长大的孩子会出现情感和社会性发育不良，语言和运动技能迟缓，以及精神健康问题。Much research shows that the quality of care infants receive affects how they later get along with friends, how well they do in school, how they react to new and possibly stressful situations, and how they form and maintain loving relationships as adults. It is for these reasons thatpeople's early intimate relationships within their family of origin1 are so critical. Children who are raised in impersonal environments (orphanage, some foster homes, or unloving families) show emotional and social underdevelopment, language and motor skills retardation, and mental health problems. 一开始让人相互吸引的是什么?许多人相信“世上有一个人是你为之而生的”，而且命运会将你俩带到一起。这样的想法很浪漫却不现实。实证研究发现，是文化标准和价值观而非命运，将人们连系在一起。我们错过了成千上万的可能的爱人，因为他们早就被正式的或非正式的挑选理想爱人的准则筛选出局，这些准则包括年龄、种族、地域、社会阶层、宗教、性倾向、健康状况或外表。 What attracts individuals to each other in the first place? Many people believe that "there's one person out there that one is meant for" and that destiny will bring them together. Such beliefs are romantic but unrealistic. Empirical studies show that cultural norms and values, not fate, bring people together We will never meet millions of potential lovers because they are "filtered out" by formal or informal rules on partner eligibility due ton factors such as age, race, distance, Social class, religion, sexual orientation, health, or physical appearanc e. 第五单元 做瑜伽没有场地的限制，一套瑜伽动作通常需要20 分钟到两个小时或者更多的时间，而一个小时左右的时间则是一系列动作和冥想的最佳选择。根据瑜伽师和学派的不同，一些瑜伽动作做起来辛苦异常，而另一些却只是在呼吸和心跳平稳的情况下调整和伸展肢体。每天练习瑜伽会达到最好的效果，随着动作越来越熟练，你就可以加大强度和难度这样瑜伽就能成为你相伴终生的日常锻炼方式了。练习基础的瑜伽动作即可收到增强力量，改善柔韧性并使人感到舒适的效果，但要想达到完美和高深的境界还是需要日积月累的练习，这也是瑜伽吸引人的地方之一。 Yoga routines can take anywhere from 20 minutes to two or more hours, with one hour being a good time investment to perform a sequence of postures and a meditation. Some yoga routines, depending on the teacher and school, can be as strenuous as the most difficult workout, and some routines merely stretch and align the body while the breath and heart rate are kept slow and steady. Yoga achieves its best results when it is practiced as a daily discipline, and yoga can be a life-long exercise routine, offering deeper and more challenging positions as a practitioner becomes more adept. The basic positions can increase a person?s strength, flexibility and sense of well-being almost immediately, but it can take years to perfect and deepen them, which is an appealing and stimulating aspect of yoga for many. 第七单元 人性的恒定性是众所周知的，因为没有人相信一个人能够从根本上改变他的本性。这就是为什么一个恶名远扬的人很难重建公众对他的信心。人们凭经验知道某一年中表现出无赖性格的人不太可能在第二年有任何改观。小偷也不会变成值得信赖的员工。吝