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2017年成人高考专升本生态学基础真题试卷及答案

2017年成人高考专升本生态学基础真题试卷及答案
2017年成人高考专升本生态学基础真题试卷及答案

2017年成人高等学校招生全国统一考试

生态学基础(专升本)试题

第一部分选择题(40分)

一、选择题(1~20小题,每小题2分,共40分。在每小题给出的四个选项中,选出一项符合题目要求的)

1.最先使用“生物学多层蛋糕”这一提法的生态学家是( )

A.埃尔顿B.谢尔福德

C.奥德姆D.苏卡乔夫

2.难降解的有毒物质在沿食物链传递过程中,其浓度的变化趋势是 ( )

A.升高B.降低

C.不变D.不确定

3.一定时间和空间内同种生物个体的集合称为( )

A.种群B.物种

C.群落D.生态系统

4.我国土壤酸碱度分为( )

A.3级B.4级

C.5级D.6级

5.下列生态系统中,食物网结构最简单的是( )

A.荒漠B.湿地

C.草原D.森林

6.下列不属于自然生态系统的是( )

A.冻原B.河流

C.果园D.荒漠

7.与水生植物相比,陆生植物通气组织和机械组织的特点依次是( )

A.发达,不发达B.发达,发达

C.不发达,发达D.不发达,不发达

8.在群落调查中,包含某物种个体的样方数占全部样方数的百分比为该物种的( )

A.多度B.密度

C.频度D.盖度

9.在资源有限条件下,连续种群的增长曲线呈( )

A.U型B.S型

C.J型D.V型

10.根据生态位理论,在一个群落中,生态位分化的各种群对环境资源的利用( ) A.趋于互补,利用率低B.趋于互补,利用率高

C.趋于竞争,利用率高D.趋于竞争,利用率低

11.与阴性植物(如人参)相比,阳性植物(如蒲公英)的特点是( )

A.光补偿点较高,适于生长在强光照环境

B.光补偿点较高,适于生长在荫蔽环境

C.光补偿点较低,适于生长在强光照环境

D.光补偿点较低,适于生长在荫蔽环境

12.按演替发生的起始条件分类,退耕还林的过程属于( )

A.循环演替B.次生演替

C.进展演替D.逆行演替

13.若某种群的年龄锥体呈金字塔形,则该种群数量的变动趋势是( )

A.衰退B.稳定

C.增长D.不确定

14.下列属于热带雨林特点的是( )

A.种类组成极力丰富B.生态位分化不明显

C.季相交替非常明显D.藤本植物极为罕见

15.在有效积温法则公式K=N(T-C)中,代表生物学零度的是( )

A.K B.Ⅳ

C.T D.C

16.坡向不同,其温度和湿度也不同。与阴坡相比,阳坡的( )

A.温度较高,相对湿度较大

B.温度较高,相对湿度较小

C.温度较低,相对湿度较大

D.温度较低,相对湿度较小

17.在食物链中,生物量最高的是( )

A.顶级消费者B.次级消费者

C.初级消费者D.生产者

18.下列种间关系属于偏利共生的是( )

A.附生的兰花与被附生的树木B.兔子与草

C.地衣中的藻类与真菌D.豆科植物与根瘤菌

19.如果要统计湖泊中某种鱼的种群数量,最简单、便捷的方法是( )

A.样方法B.样带法

C.标志重捕法D.整体捕捞法

20.恒温动物的外耳在低温环境下有变小的趋势,这种现象符合( )

A.贝格曼规律B.阿伦规律

C.耐受性定律D.最小因子定律

第二部分非选择题(110分)

二、填空题(21~ 40小题,每小题2分,共40分)

21.根据生物的____________分类,生态学可分为动物生态学、植物生态学等分支学科。

22。生境是指特定生物生活的具体场所,又称为____。

23.能被植物叶片中的____________吸收用于光合作用的太阳辐射称为生理有效辐射。

24.有些植物通常需要日照时间短于一定数值才开花,这种现象属于____________现象。

25.湖泊中氮和____两种非金属元素增多会导致水体的富营养化。

26.厦映特定环境可承载特定生物种群最大数量的生态学概念是____。

27.种群的三种内分布型包括随机型、均匀型和____。

28.土壤满足植物对水、肥、气、热要求的能力叫_________。

29.关于植物密度效应的两个基本规律是____________法则和“-3/2自疏法则”。

30.我国亚热带地区的地带性森林植被为____________。

31.群落交错区内物种的数目及一些种的密度增大的趋势称为____。

32.森林群落的分层现象主要与植物对____________的利用有关。

33.反映物种在生态系统中功能和地位的生态学概念是____。

34.生态系统初级生产以外的生物有机体的生产称为____________生产,或称为第二性生产。

35.地质大循环和生物小循环构成了____________ 循环。

36.在某时刻测得的单位面积上积存的有机物质总量称为____________。

37.生态系统中的____________作用是碎裂、异化和淋溶三个过程的综合。

38.陆地生态系统中不可缺少的生物组分是生产者和 ____________。

39.物种多样性具有两方面的含义,一是种的数目,二是种内个体的____。

40. pH低于5.6的降水称为____________。

三、判断题(41~50小题,每小题2分,共20分。判断下列各题的正误,正确的画“√”,错误的画“×”)

41.生物对环境的趋异适应使同种生物形成不同生态型。( )

42.引起歇地现象是他感作用的生态意义之一。( )

43.荒漠生态系统中生物种类少,无生物多样性。( )

44.光照强度及其变化对植物育影响,对动物没有影响。( )

45.绿色植物能够将简单的无机物转化成有机物,是自养生物。( )

46.种间竞争减弱引起生态位扩展的现象称为生态释放。( )

47.始于动物尸体或粪便的食物链属于碎屑食物链。( )

48.生态系统中的分解者包括细菌、真菌和苔藓。( )

49.大气中CO

,浓度的升高是导致温室效应加剧的主要原因。( )

2

50.湿地仅包括沼泽和湖泊。( )

四、简答题(51- 53小题,每小题10分,共30分)

51.简述生态因子的作用规律。

52.什么叫演替?按基质的性质,演替分为哪几个类型?

53.简述氮循环包括的主要生物化学过程。

五、论述题(54小题,20分)

54.r对策者和K对策者各有哪些特点?请依据K对策者种群增长曲线的特点,论述K对策濒危物种的保护策略。

参考答案

一、选择题

1.C 2.A 3.A 4.C 5.A

6.C 7.C 8.C 9.B 10.B

11.A 12.B 13.C 14.A 15.D

16.B 17.D 18.A 19.C 20.B

二、填空题

21.类群

22.栖息地

23.叶绿素

24.光周期

25.磷

26.环境容量

27.集群型

28.土壤肥力

29.最后产量恒值

30.常绿阔叶林

31.边缘效应

32.光

33.生态位

34.次级

35.生物地球化学

36.生物量

37.分解

38.分解者

39.均匀度

40.酸雨

三、判断题

41.、√42.、√43.×44.×45.、√

46.、√47.、√48.×49.、√50.×

四、简答题

51.答案要点:

(1)综合作用。

(2)主导因子作用。

(3)阶段性作用。

(4)不可代替性和补偿作用。

(5)限制性作用及生物的耐受性。

52.答案要点:

(1)演替是指在一定地段上,一个群落被性质上不同的另一个群落所替代的过程。

(2)类型:旱生演替、水生演替。

53.答案要点:

(1)固氮作用。

(2)硝化作用。

(3)反硝化作用(或脱氮作用)。

(4)氨化作用。

五、论述题

54.答案要点:

(1)特点:

CDr对策者:增殖率高,发育快,个体小,世代周期短,竞争力弱,适应不稳定环境。

②K对策者:增殖率低,发育慢,个体较大,世代周期长,竞争力强,适应稳定环境。

(2)策略:

①K对策者的种群增长曲线既有平衡点,也有灭绝点;种群数量低于灭绝点,种群会走向灭亡。(2JK对策濒危物种一旦受到危害导致其数量下降到灭绝点以下,种群数量将极难恢复。因此,在濒危物种保护中,应维持种群数量在灭绝点以上。

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