第一讲：定语从句
一．真题自测
【2013北京】27. Many countries are now setting up national parks animals and plants can be protected. A. when B. which C. whose D. where
【2013福建】27. The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those _______ lives were affected.
A. whose
B. that
C. who
D. which
【2013湖南】21. Happiness and success often come to those ________ are good at recognizing their own strengths.
A. whom
B. who
C. what
D. which
【2013江苏】32. The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China , he remembers starting as early as his childhood.
A. where
B. which
C. what
D. when
【2013江西】33. He wrote a letter ______ he explains what had happened in the accident.
A. what
B. which
C. where
D. how
【2013辽宁】34. He may win the competition, _____ he is likely to get into the national team. A. in which case B. in that case C. in what case D. in whose case
【2013山东】31. There is no simple answer, _____ is often the case in science.
A. as
B. that
C. when
D. where
【2013山东】35. Finally he reached a lonely island _________ was completely cut off from the outside world.
A. when
B. where
C. which
D. whom
【2013陕西】16. is often the case with children, Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived.
A. It
B. That
C. What
D. As
【2013四川】9. Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment ______ they live.
A. what
B. which
C. when
D. where
二．考点讲义
（一）定语从句一般由关系代词和关系副词引导
1、关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that, as
2、关系副词：when, where, why
关系代词和关系副词必须位于从句之首，主句先行词之后，起着连接先行词和从句的作用，同时在从句中又充当句子成分。
e.g. She is the girl who sings best of all.（关系代词who在从句中作主语）
The comrade with whom I came knows French.（whom在从句中作介词with的宾语）
3、关系代词和关系副词的用法：1）当先行词为人时用who 作主语，whom作宾语；2）当先行词为物或整个句子时用which ，可作主语或宾语；3）先行词为人、物时用that ，可作主语或宾语；4）whose用作定语，可指人或物；5）关系副词when（指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语，where（指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语），why（指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语）。
（二）限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
1、限制性定语从句：从句与主句关系密切，去掉从句，主句意义不完整，甚至不合逻辑。
e.g. I was the only person in our office who was invited.（去掉定语从句，意思就不完整）
2、非限制性定语从句：从句对先行词关系不密切，去掉定从句，意思仍然完整。形式上用逗号隔开，不能that用引导。
e.g. Tom’s father, who is over sixty, still works hard day and night.（who引导非限制性定语从句，整个句子可分成两句来翻译）
（三）使用定语从句时特别注意的几个问题
1、that与which的区别。
1）用that而不用which的情况：①先行词为不定代词all, anything, nothing, …；②先行词有最高级修饰，有序数词修饰；③先行词有only, very, any等词修饰；④先行词既有人又有物时。
e.g. There is nothing that can prevent him from doing it. 没有什么能阻止他不干那件事。
The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill. 在桂林他们所参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。
This is the best film that I have ever seen. 这部电影是我看过的最好的一部。
Mr Smith is the only foreigner that he knows. 史密斯先生是他认识的唯一的外国人。
2）用which而不用that的情况：①引导非限制性定语从句；②代表整个主句的意思；
③介词+ 关系代词。
e.g. He had failed in the maths exam, which made his father very angry. 他数学考试没有及格，这使他的父亲很生气。
This is the room in which my father lived last year. 这是父亲去年居住过的房子。
3）as引导定语从句时的用法
①as引导限制性定语从句通常用于the same … as, such … as结构中。
e.g. I want the same shirt as my friend’s. 我要一件跟我朋友一样的衬衫。
Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China. 我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。
②as引导非限制性定语从句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用来修饰整个句子。通常用下列句型：as is known to all, as is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as I expect 等。
e.g. As I expected, he got the first place again in this mid-term examination. 正如我所预料的那样，他在这次期中考试中又获得了第一名。
3）as 引导非限制性定语从句时与which的区别
①当主句和从句语义一致时，用as；反之，用which来引导非限制性定语从句。
e.g. He made a long speech, as we expected.
He made a long speech, which was unexpected.
②当非限制定语从句为否定时，常用which引导。
e.g. Tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesn’t like at all.
2. 关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词单数还是用复数应由先行词决定。
e.g. The man who lives downstairs speaks English fluently. 住在楼下的那个人英语说得很流利。
The students who are in Grade Three are going to climb the hill tomorrow.
3. 定语从句有时不直接紧靠先行词，中间由一个定语、状语或谓语隔开。
e.g. There is an expression in his eyes that I can’t understand.
4. 引导定语从句的关系副词有时可以用“介词+ which”来代替。
e.g. October 1, 1949 was the day on which ( = when ) the People’s Republic of China was founded.
5. 当定语从句中谓语动词是带介词或副词的固定短语动词时，短语动词的各个固定部分不要拆开。
e.g. The sick man whom she is looking after is her father.
6. 介词在关系代词前，只能用which和whom，且不能省略；介词在句尾，关系代词可有which, that, whom, 口语中也可用who，且可省略。
e.g. The man (whom/ who/ that) you were talking about has come to school.
二．考点强化
【2013天津】6. We have launched another man-made satellite, is announced in today’s newspaper.
A. that
B. which
C. who
D. what
【2013新课标II卷】4. When I arrived, Bryan took me to see the house_ I would be staying.
A. what
B. when
C. where
D. which
【2013新课标I卷】33.”You can’t judge a book by its cover,”.
A. as the saying goes old
B. goes as the old saying
C. as the old saying goes
D. goes as old the saying
【2013浙江】5. The children, ______ had played the whole day long, were worn out.
A. all of what
B. all of which
C. all of them
D. all of whom
【2013浙江】13. The museum will open in the spring with an exhibition and a viewing platform ______ visitors can watch the big glasshouses being built.
A. what
B. where
C. when
D. why
【2013重庆】24. John invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of are family members.
A them B. that C. which D. whom
【2013安徽】29. Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012, made
one of the Chinese people’s long-held dreams come true.
A. it
B. that
C. what
D. which
2012年高考全国英语试题语法-定语性从句
【2012全国卷II】⒏ That evening, ___ I will tell you more about later, I ended up
working very late.
A. that
B. which
C. what
D. when
【2012安徽】29. Ａlot of language learning, has been discovered, is happening
in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that
period.
A. as
B. it
C. which
D. this
【2012重庆】29. Sales director is a position ______communication ability is just as important as sales skills.
A. which
B. that
C. when
D. where
【2012北京】26. When deeply absorbed in work, ______ he often was，he would
forget all about eating or sleeping.
A. that
B. which
C. where
D. when
【2012福建】23. The air quality in the city, _____ is shown in the report, has improved over the past two months.
A. that
B. it
C. as
D. what
【2012陕西】14. It is the third time that she has won the race, ____ has surprised us all.
A. that
B. where
C. which
D. what
【2012山东】23. Maria has written two novels, both of ___ have been made into television series.
A. them
B. that
C. which
D. what
【2012湖南】34. Care of the soul is a gradual process ____ even the small details of life should be considered.
A. what
B. in what
C. which
D. in which
【2012天津】7. I wish to thank Professor Smith, without ____ help I would never have got this far.
A. who
B. whose
C. whom
D. which
【2012江西】28. By 16:30, ____ was almost closing time, nearly all the paintings had been sold.
A. which
B. when
C. what
D. that
【2012四川】13. In our class there are 46 students, _____ half wear glasses.
A. in whom
B. in them
C. of whom
D. of them
【2012浙江】9. We live in an age ______ more information is available with greater ease than ever before.
A. why
B. when
C. to whom
D. on which
【2012浙江】17. Ellen was a painter of birds and of nature, _____, for some reason, had withdrawn from all human society.
A. which
B. who
C. where
D. whom
【2012江苏】22. After the flooding, people were suffering in that area, ____ urgently needed clean water, medicine and shelter to survive.
A. which
B. who
C. where
D. what
2011 定语从句
1.（2011·天津卷）10. The days are gone ________ physical strength was all you needed to make
a living.
A. when
B. that
C. where
D. which
2.（2011·江西卷）34.She showed he visitors around the museum, the construction______ has taken more than three years.
A. for which
B.with which
C. of which
D.to which
3.（2011·四川卷）17.The school shop, customers are mainly students,is closed few the holidays.
A.which
B.whose
C.when
D.where
4.（2011·北京卷）26. Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others, , of course, made all the others upset.
A. who
B. which
C. what
D. that
5.（2011·陕西卷）11.I walked up to the top of the hill with my friend, we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake
A.which
B. where
C. who
D.that
6.（2011·全国II）
7. Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a T-shirt,______is
a stupid thing to do in such weather.
A. this
B. that
C. what
D. which
7.（2011·江苏卷）24．Between the two parts of the concert is an interval, __________ the audience can buy ice-cream.
A．When B．Where C．that D．which
8.（2011·全国新课标卷）31．The prize will go to the writer story shows the most imagination.
A. that
B. which
C. whose
D. what
9.（2011·浙江卷）8.English is a language shared by several diverse cultures ,each of____ uses it somewhat differently .
A. which
B. what
C. them
D. those
10.（2011·浙江卷）10.A bank is the place ____they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain .
A. when
B. that
C. where
D. there
四．句子翻译练习
1．我喜欢在森林里漫步和亲近自然的感觉。(get close to)
2．法国以其精美的食品和葡萄酒驰名。(be famous for)
3．你应该提前定火车票，这样你就可以节省一些钱。( in advance；so)
4．学校为学生提供了现代化的教学设施。(provide sth. for sb.; teaching facilities) 5．维护我们的环境其实要比修复它更加的经济也更加容易。(preserve)
6．不论发生什么事情，我将永远都不会放弃。 (No matter…)
7．他因为迟到向老师道歉，老师一句话没说就接受了他的道歉。
（make an apology to sb for…; without doing …）
8．莎士比亚不仅是个有名的剧作家也是个非常优秀的演员。（Not only句
首…but also…）
9．有些学生喜欢和朋友一起学习，其他学生喜欢独自学习。（some…, others …）
10．他的工作时间表如此繁忙，难怪他这么疲惫。（with + 名词作状语，
it is no wonder(主句)
五．完成句子
11.__________________________ (是传统风俗)to sing “Auld Lang Syne” on New Year’s Eve in the west countries. （tradition）
12. Sometimes _________________________________（几句安慰的话）to someone who has just failed may encourage him to stand up and even try to make a comeback. (comfortable)
13.______________________ (除非控制不了), a certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation and challenge. (control)
14. The forest guards often find campfires that ________________________.(没有完全熄灭) (put)
15. I have been working for others for all these years. I’m hoping (自己创业)some day. (set)
16. After he retired from office, Roger_____________________________(画了一段时间的画), but soon lost interest. (take )
17. We didn’t plan our art exhibition like that but it__________________________________(结果却非常好). (work)
18. She _______________________(对外公开)that she was going to be married next month. (give)
19. We thought of selling this old furniture, but we’ve
decided_________________________________ (保留)it. It might be valuable. (hold)
20. He accidently _____________________ (泄漏) that he had quarreled with his wife and that he hadn’t been home for a couple of weeks. (let)
六．单词拼写
1.You’ll started to learn a_________________(高等) mathematics when you go to college.
1.The boy is interested in b_________________(生物), isn’t he?
2.Lucy is said to be a girl of a firm c________________(性格).
3.We should e_________________(鼓励) a student when he meets with difficulties.
4.She got up and drew the c________________(窗帘) aside.
5.–What’s your f________________ sport? -- Football, of course.
6.The party cares for us y_________________, as we all know.
7.December is the t_______________ month of the year.
8.Without quantity there can be no q_______________. Is that so?
9.The students saw lots of works of art at the e__________________.
七．词汇回顾
重点单词
1. major adj. 较大的;较多的;主要的
2. majority n.
3. local adj.地方的;当地的;乡土的
4. represent n.代表;表现;描绘
5. curious adj. 好奇的;求知的;古怪的
6. curiosity n.
7. Introduce v.介绍;引进
8. Introduction n.
9. approach v. 接近;靠近n.接近;方法;途径
10. Stranger v. 陌生人;门外人
11. Spoken
12. express
13. action
14. likely
15. nod
16. general
17. avoid
18. comedy
19. misunderstand
20. Similar
21. agreement
22. adult
23. punish
punishment
重点短语
1. Be likely to 很可能…
2. At ease 舒适
3. Neither nor 既不…也不…
4. Up and down 上上下下
5. Tend to 趋向
6. Close to
7. Look sb in the eyes
8. Watch out
9. Prevent from ..
10. Introduce…to…
11. Be similar to
12. Take action
13. Show respect for
14. Be willing to do
八．写作
文明礼仪话题作文
请根据下列提示用英语在校园网站上报道该校即将举行的一次主题演讲活动。
主题：文明校园，我的责任
时间：本周六上午
地点：学校操场
演讲者：各年级演讲前两名获胜者
出席人员：全体师生
主要内容：不乱扔废弃物，保持校园清洁;
爱护花草、树木，让校园充满绿色;
不追逐打闹，文明举止;
关爱他人，让校园充满爱。
参考词汇：文明civilize
There will be a speech on our school playground this Saturday afternoon, whose theme i s “To civilize schoolyard is my responsibility”. Al l the teachers and students are required to attend. In the activity, the first two winners in each grade will give such valuable advice as follows: we should not litter anywhere in order to keep our campus clean; we should love flowers, grass and trees so that everyone can enjoy the greenness; we should behave well instead of running after one another, quarreling and fighting noisily; we should care for others so that our school will be full of love. We believe our school will become more and more beautiful and peaceful.
例2：
假设你是李明，最近你校的一份英语报纸正在校园出现的“涂鸦”现象开展讨论。请你根据以下要点写一封信给报纸编辑，发表你的看法。
(1)“涂鸦”丑陋难看。
(2)公共建筑物不是表达观点、感情的地方。
(3)禁止“涂鸦”。
参考词汇：graffiti 涂鸦，(在墙上的)乱涂乱写
vandalism 对公共财物的有意破坏
Dear Editor,
Recently graffiti has become more noticeable in my college. I feel quite annoyed at them, especially when some of my classmates praise them as a kind of so-cal led art. Confronted with this impolite phenomenon, I can't help asking myself: what is wrong with today's teenagers?
In my opinion, graffiti is a form of vandalism. They are a mess and are ugly to look at. Meanwhile, walls are public places, and they should not be used to express personal views and fee lings.
I really think vandalism should be stopped, and those who refuse to stop this bad practice should be punished. We should clear away these ugly expressions and drawings so that our college may return to its true self--a clean, quiet place for study, teaching and research.
Yours,
Li Ming
2020考研语法指导：定语从句详解 定语从句是英语学习的难点，也是考研英语考查的重点。掌握考研英语的定语从句需要掌握以下几个方面： 一、定义 定语从句是指在句中做定语作用，修饰句中的名词或代词的从句，其中被修饰的名词或代词为先行词。当关系代词作定语从句的主语时，其后的谓语动词的人称和数取决于先行词的人称和数。 二、定语从句的结构 定语从句一般位于先行词的后面，定语从句由关系代词who, whom, whose, that, which , that, as 和关系副词when, where, why 等引导。 一）关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中做主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 1） who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中做主语和宾语。例如：Is he the m an who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中做主语） He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中做宾语） （2） whose用作关系词表示所属格，也可看作是关系形容词，因 为它后面必须接一个名词连用。不能单独使用。例如:
? They rushed over to help the man whose car had broke n down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。 (3) which, that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可做主语、宾语等。作宾语时常可省略。例如： ? A prosperitywhich / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside? 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that在句中作宾语) 二)关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。 (1)关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词+ which ”结构，所以常常和“介词+ which ”结构交替使用。例如： There are occasionswhen (on which )one must yield? 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 Beijing is the placewhere in which ) I was born?北京是我的出生地。 Is this the reason why ( for which )he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们协助他的理由吗？ (2)that代替关系副词，能够用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和“介词+ which ”引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略。例如：
定语从句 一、that引导的定语从句 1. that指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which。 在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。 He is the man that/who lives next door.他就是住在隔壁的那个人。 Where is the man(that/whom) I saw this morning? 我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿？The person (that/whom) you introduced to me is very kind. 你介绍给我的那个人很友好。The season that/which comes after spring is summer.春天之后的季节是夏季。 I don’t like stories that/which have unhappy endings. 我不喜欢结尾悲伤的故事。 The dress(that/which) Ann bought doesn’t fit her very well.安买的衣服不太合身。 2.限制性定语从句中只能用that引导定语从句的情况 （1）当先行词为all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, few, some, the one等词时。 Everything that he said was true. 他所说的一切都是真的。 There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. 对他来说似乎世界上没有什么不可能的事。 Is there anything that I can do for you? 有我能为你效劳的事吗？ That’s all that I know. 我知道的就这么多。 （2）当先行词被the very（恰恰,正好）the only, any, few, little, no, all修饰时。 This is the very grammar book (that) I want to buy. 这正是我要买的语法书。 The only thing that is constant is change. 唯一不变的是变化。 There was little that we could do to help her. 我们没有什么能帮助她的。 （3）当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。 This is the best that has been used against pollution.这是曾经用过的最好的抗污染的办法。This is the most interesting film that I've ever seen. 这是我看过的最有趣的电影。 （4）当先行词是first，last，next等序数词或被序数词修饰时。 The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。 What is the first American film that you have seen? 你看过的第一部美国电影是什么？（5）当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。 Who that has common sense will believe such nonsense? 有常识的人谁会相信这种无聊的
高中英语语法定语从句总复习 郴州资兴三中李俊才 定义：用来说明主句中某一名词或代词（有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分）而起定语作用的句子叫 作定语从句。 一、关系带词引导的定语从句 1. 关系代词用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词 句子成分用于限制从句或非限制性从句只用于限制性从句 代替人代替物代替人或物主语Who which 主语Whom which that 宾语Whose (=of whom) Whose (=of which) that 例１：This is the detective who came from London. 例２：The book which I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy. ２．关系代词的用法 (1) 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。例如： All the people that are burst into tears.（所有人都迸出眼泪。） (2) 如果先行词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, most, no, some, very等词修饰，关系代词常用that,不用which, who，或whom。 (3) 非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。 There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom、are well educated. (4) which还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分 概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与and this 相似，并可以指人。例如： He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy. (5) that可指人或物，在从句中作表语，（指人作主语时多用who）仅用于限制性定语从句中。
英语语法讲解之定语从句 时间：2016-08-12作者：来源：学习方法网 一．几个基本概念 1.定语从句的定义：用作定语的从句叫定语从句。 2.先行词：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。 3.定语从句的位置：紧跟先行词(名词或代词)之后。 4.引导词：引导定语从句的词(包括关系代词和关系副词)。 ﹙1﹚关系代词：that/who/whom/which/as ﹙2﹚关系副词：when/where/why 5.引导词的位置：位于定语从句之前(先行词之后)。【as除外】 6.引导词的功能(作用)： ﹙1﹚连接先行词和定语从句。 ﹙2﹚在定语从句中充当一定的成分(关系代词充当主语或宾语，关系副词充当状语)。 7.定语从句的类型： ﹙1﹚限定性定语从句(主句和定语从句之间无逗号)。 ①直接由引导词引导定语从句 The man who you’re talking to is my friend. ②由介词+关系代词(whom/which)引导 The man to whom you’re talking is my friend. I need a pen with which I can write a letter.
=I need a piece of paper on which I can write a letter. 介词的选用可根据从句中的相关词组确定，该介词通常可以放在关系代词之前，也可放在从句之尾。例如： The man (who/whom/that) I talked about at the meeting is from Beijing University. =The man about whom I talked at the meeting is from Beijing University. The palace (which/that) I often pay a visit to was built in the 17th century. =The palace to which I often pay a visit was built in the 17th century. ﹙2﹚非限定性定语从句(主句和定语从句之间用逗号隔开)。 ①直接由引导词引导定语从句。 ②由介词+关系代词(whom/which)引导。 I live in a house far away from the city，in front of which is a big tree. There is an apple tree standing at the gate，on which are many apples. This is the man to whom I gave the book. ③由“代词/名词+of+whom/which”或“of which/ whom +名词/代词”(先行词指 人用whom，指物用which)引导。One，some，any，none，all，both，several，many，most，neither，either等词、数词、分数或百分比与of whom或of which连用。 He has five children，two of whom are abroad. (比较：He has five children，and two of them are abroad.) We have three books，none of which is/are interesting. (比较：We have three books，but none of them is/are interesting.) 除why和that不能引导非限定性定语从句外，其余引导词都可以，用法同限定性定语从句一样。但要注意以下区别。
高中英语定语从句详解 Ⅰ、概念: (１) 定语从句:在主从复合句中用作定语得从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧接在先行词（antｅcedｅｎt)后面。 (2) 先行词:被定语从句修饰得成份。先行词可以为一个词,短语，或整个主句。 (3)引导定语从句得词叫关系词,分为关系代词与关系副词。 关系词得作用: 1) 引导定语从句，连接主句与从句,相当于一个连词; ２) 必在从句中作某个句子成份(可以做主语,宾语,表语,定语，状语) 常用得关系代词: ｔhat、wｈｉcｈ、wｈo、whom、wｈosｅ,当关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时，关系代词可以省略。 常用得关系副词(在从句中只作状语): when(时间状语）、why(原因状语)、wｈe ｒｅ（地点状语） 可以修饰人得关系代词:thａt, ｗho，wｈｏｍ,whosｅ 可以修饰事得关系代词:tｈat, whｉcｈ, as，whose, The studeｎt who answerｅd ｔhe ｑuestion was John、 Ｉkｎow thｅｒeasoｎwhy he wａｓso angｒy、 The bｏy （wｈom) ｙou are taｌkｉnｇｔo is myｂrotｈｅｒ、 Ｉ'd likｅ a ｒoｏｍwhose window fａｃesｔｈe sea、 定语从句三步： 第一找出先行词; 第二瞧先行词在定语从句中得语法功能（做主语、宾语、表语或状语); 第三选择合适得关系词。 Ⅱ、几个关系代词得基本用法: ●tｈat:可指人或物；在定语从句中作主语,宾语,表语。(指人时,相当于whｏ或wｈｏｍ;指物时,相当于whiｃh)（一般不用于非限制性定语从句；不可置于介词后作宾语) 如: 1、A lｅtteｒthaｔ／which is wrｉtｔen in peｎcｉl is diffiｃult ｔo ｒead、（主语) 2、Do yｏu kｎｏw tｈe gentleman ｔhａｔ/ｗｈｏspoke just ｎｏw? 3、Ｙou can takｅａnything ( ｔhat)you like、(宾语) 4、Whaｔｉs thｅquestiｏｎ(ｔhat/whｉｃh) they aｒｅｔalｋing about? 5、Hｅreｉs theｍan （wｈo／whom/ｔhat) yｏu want tｏsee、 6、Ｓhe＇s no longeｒthe girl( that) sｈeｕsｅd to ｂe befｏre、（表语） 7、Ｏuｒhometｏwn iｓno ｌonger ｔhｅoｎe (thａt)it usｅｄto ｂe、(=Ｏｕr homeｔｏｗn iｓｎot tｈe sａｍe as it uｓed tｏｂe、 = Our hｏmｅtｏwn is diffeｒenｔfrom what iｔｕｓｅｄtｏｂe。 =Ouｒhometｏｗn ｉs notｗhａt it uｓed to ｂe、) ●which：指物;在定语从句中作主语,宾语。如： 1、Thｅboｏk which/thａｔwas ｏn the ｄeｓkｗａsｂought bｙｍy fatｈer、(主语) 2、Tｈｅboｏk(whiｃh/tｈaｔ) Ｉｂｏught yesteｒdaｙｉs very
语法2 定语从句 名词或代词由一个从句来修饰，该从句即定语从句。定语从句一般后置，但as引导的修饰全句的定语从句可以前置。 引导定语从句的词有关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as等以及关系副词when, where, why等。关系代词或关系副词放在被修饰的名词或代词（又叫做先行词）和定语从句之间起联系作用，同时又作定语从句中的一个成份。 1、that和which的用法区别（很重要！） （1）只用that的情况： ①先行词由最高级修饰时，如the best、the most ②先行词由序数词（first、second、third）修饰时 ③先行词由the last, the only, the same, the very等修饰时。 ④先行词是不定代词all, anything, everything, little, much, nobody, nothing时 ⑤先行词有any, no, all等限定词时 ⑥先行词为词组，该词组既含人又含物时，如the city and the people that I visited. （2）只用which的情况： ①在非限定性定语从句中（用逗号隔开，指代前面整句话的内容） He suddenly became wealthy, which changed his whole mode of life. 他忽然变得富有了，这改变了他整个的生活方式。 ②介词后。 形式：名词或代词＋介词＋which（that不能放在介词后） 常见的词组形式有by which means, during which time, in which case, for which mistake, for which reason等等。 Tom spent four years in college, during which time he learned French. 汤姆在大学上了四年学，在这段时间里，他学会了法语。 He was educated at the local grammar school, after which he went on to Cambridge. 当在当地的一所中学上学，此后就去上了剑桥大学。 请看that和which的使用例句： He is the last person that you would suspect. 人们最不可能怀疑他。（不是最后一个！） Man is the only creature that is gifted with speech. 只有人类具有语言的天赋。 All that glitters is not gold. 闪光的并不都是金子。 There’s still much that is to be done. 仍然有很多事要做。 I still can’t forget the places and the people that I visited during last summer vacation. 我仍然难以忘怀去年暑假我见到的地方和人。
Unit 9语法导学案：定语从句专题讲解 基本概念: 在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句 Do you know the man who spoke at the meeting just now? That is th^ouse where h e lived ten years ago. 定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词；定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来引导，关系词放在先 二、定语从句的关系词 引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that，which，who （宾格whom，所有格whose）等，关系畐寸词包括where, when，why 等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语 从句的重要成分。定语从句的谓语动词由先行词来决定。 三、定语从句的分类 根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性 定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去，非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。 四、关系代词的用法 时不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如： Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。（that 作主语）The coat （that）I put on the desk is blue我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。 （that作宾语） 2. which用于指物，在句中作主语或宾语，作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如： The buildi ng which sta nds n ear the train stati on is a supermarkets 于火车站附近的那
一、选择题 1．The foreigner teaches English in our school is from England. A．what B．which C．who 2．Do you know the girl_______ is drawing a picture? A．when B．whose C．which D．who 3．-- Class, you should be thankful to those people _______ helped and supported you. -- We will. Miss Chen. A．which B．whom C．who D．whose 4．The TV play is about a true story_______ happened in a small village a few years ago. A．what B．when C．where D．that 5．After retiring, my teacher Mr. Dai moved to the village he was born sixty years ago. A．when B．which C．where D．what 6．Mrs. Green is proud of her daughter, a nurse ______________is hard-working and looks after patients well. A．who B．whose C．whom 7．The film _____________ I like best is Frozen. A．who B．where C．which 8．Yuan Longping is a Chinese scientist __________ is leading a research to develop sea rice. A．whose B．which C．who 9．— Have you heard of the famous Huawei company? —Sure. It’s one of the greatest companies ________ make us Chinese proud. A．which B．that C．what D．who 10．A detective is someone ____________looks for clues to something important. A．whom B．who C．what D．which 11．Yang Liwei is the first Chinese astronaut ___________went into space. A．which B．who C．whose D．whom 12．—Yesterday was my birthday. My father sent me a CD _____was made by TF Boys. —You must be very happy to receive it. A．who B．whom C．which D．what 13．-Linda, can you tell me something about Mo Yan? -Sure. He is the writer _____________won the Nobel Literature Prize. A．which B．whose C．who D．whom 14．That ________ does not kill us makes us stronger. A．that B．what C．who D．which 15．Please remember to bring the clothes_________you bought yesterday.
定语从句专题复习 定语从句（AttributiveClauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词有：who,whom,whose(一般指人),that（指人或物）,which(指物)等。 关系副词有：when（时间）,where(地点),why（原因）等。 （1）关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 ①who,whom,that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下： Ishethemanwho/that wantstosee you 他就是你想见的人吗（who/that在从句中作主语） Heistheman(whom/that)I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/who/that在从句中作saw的宾语,可以省略） ②whose用来指人或物，（只用作定语，若指物，它还可以同ofwhich互换），例如：Theyrushedovertohelpthemanwhosecarhadbrokendown. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。 Pleasepassmethebookwhose/ofwhichcover（封面）isgreen. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。 ③which,that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：Rosalikesmusicthat/whichisquiteandgentle.（which/that在句中作宾语） Thisisthebook(that/which)I'mlookingfor.（which/that在句中作lookfor的宾语） （2）关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。 ①when,where,why 关系副词when,where,why的含义相当于“介词+which”结构，因此常常和“介词+which”结构交替使用，例如： Doyouremembertheday when Isawyou(你还记得我见到你的那一天吗) Beijingistheplace where（inwhich）Iwasborn.北京是我的出生地。 Isthisthereason why（forwhich）herefusedouroffer 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗 ②that代替关系副词 that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when,where,why和“介词+which”引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如： Hisfatherdiedtheyear（that/when/inwhich）hewasborn. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。 Heisunlikelytofindtheplace（that/where/inwhich）helivedfortyyearsago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。 （3）判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一：用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：
定 语 从 句 关联词 指代范围 在定语从句中充当的成分 用法 人 物 主语 宾语 表语 定语 who √ √ √(限) 先行词1.是one,ones,anyone,those,all,people,-body,-one 2.当先行词有较长的后置定语时 3.一个句中 带有两个定语从句时，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that 时 4.在there be 结构中，先行词指人时 5.当先行词是一个指人的集合名词，着眼于各个成员时 6.在分裂式定语从句中 whom √ √ 介词后 whose √ √ √ Whose +n which √ √ √ √ （非限） 1.在限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句中 2.当先行词后有插入语时 3.当先行词本身是that 时 4.当先行词前有介词时 5.对主句内容起消极作用或用于否定句 6.当谓语是一个复合结构时 7.which to do 等于定语从句 8. the + n +of which =of which+the+n. 9.既可作系动词的主语，也可作实义动词的主动语态的主语 10.prep.+which +n. = prep.+this/that/these/those +n 11. 多用于句型：S+V+O(+OC) that(限定) √ √ √ √ √ 1. 当先行词1）all, few,little,much,none,some,-thing 等不定代词 2）疑问代词 、最高级、序数词 2. 当先行词被形容词最高级、序数词所修饰时 3. 当先行词被only,few,little, no,right ，any,all, one of,the same,the very 等修饰时 4. 先行词既有人又有物时 5. 当先行词在主句中作表语，而关 系代词在从句中也作表语时 6.有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which 7.主句是there be 结构 8.主句是以who,which 开头的疑问句 9.time 作先行词，前有序数词或last 修饰时 as √ √ √ √ √ 1.as 引导的定语从句可以位于句首、句中或句末； 2.常用于the same … as, such …as, such as 的结构中 3.当as 在从句中作主语，后面常接行为动词的被动语态 4.当从句和主句语义一致时 5.“如……那样” 6.可作系动词的主语 7.用在下列结构中：as(it)seems likely, as(it)often happens,as(it)appears … when 时间 状语 = 介词+ which in which the way ｛ that 不填 where 地点、空间 why 原因reason that 时间、地点、原因=when,where,why 作关系副词，往往省略，先行词多为way, day, time, moment 等 定语从句其他用法要点：4.短语动词不拆开。 1. 关系代词作主语，定语从句中的谓语动词与先行词保持一致 1) one of +复数名词+关系代词+复数谓语； 2) the (only) ，the (just)one of+复数名词+关系代词+单数谓语； 2.关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，不可省略 3.介词+关系代词，介词的选用要根据介词与从句中形容词、动词、 及先行词的关系，表示部分与整体的关系用of ，根据意思。 限定性定语从句 非限定性定语从句 形式上 不用逗号“ ，”与主句隔开 用逗号“ ，”与主句隔开 意义上 是先行词不可缺少的定语 只是对先行词的补充说明 译法上 译成先行词的定语：“…的 ” 通常译成主句的并列句 关系词 可用that ，作宾语时可省略，可用who 代替whom 不用that ，不可用who 代替whom 用for which 代替why
Unit 9 语法导学案：定语从句专题讲解 一、基本概念： 在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。 Do you know the man who spoke at the meeting just now? That is thehouse where h e lived ten years ago. 定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词；定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来引导，关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作从句中的一个成分。引导定语从句的关系代词有： that, who, whom, whose, which， as 关系副词有： when, where, why. 二、定语从句的关系词 引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括 that，which，who（宾格 whom，所有格 whose）等，关系副词包括 where，when，why 等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从 句的重要成分。定语从句的谓语动词由先行词来决定。三、定语从句的分类 根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定 语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去，非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍 完整。 四、关系代词的用法 关系代词指代在定语从句中的作用that既指人，也指物主语、宾语 which指物（相当于 that）主语、宾语 who指人（相当于 that）主语 whom指人宾语 whose既指人，也指物定语 1.that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语，作主语 时不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如： Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle玛.丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。（ that 作主语）The coat （that） I put on the desk is blue我.放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。（that 作宾语）
2016年必考英语语法——限定性定语从句 1.that即可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that 在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置 2.which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢 3.代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括all, anything, much等，这时的that常被省略 4.who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语 5.where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句 6.when引导定语从句表示时间 〔注〕值得一提的是，表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导 By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc. 7.whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格
定语从句（1） 概念引入： She is the girl who sings best of all. 她是所有人中唱得最好的。 This is the best film that I have ever seen. 这部电影是我看过的最好的一部。 He had failed in the maths exam, which made his father very angry. 他数学考试没有及格，这使他的父亲很生气。 Give me the book whose cover is green. 把那本儿绿皮儿的书给我。 定语从句是我们初中学过的一项语法，上面这些句子与你初中学的有差别吗？是不是有点不同呢？从这个单元开始，我们将学习定语从句的升级版，但还是从头开始学哟。 语法点拨【高清课堂：定语从句一P1】， 定语从句的定义 Do you know the girl who came here yesterday? 你认识昨天来的那个女孩吗？ The book which he bought the day before yesterday is very good. 他前天买的那本书很棒。 He is the man whom we should learn from. 他就是我们应该学习的人。 Her friend whose home is very far came to see her. 她的那位家很远的朋友来看她了。 其中粗体的部分就是定语从句，划横线的部分叫做先行词，也就是被定语从句修饰的词。 定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。 先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。 关系词：上面例子中的关系代词who, whom, which, that是用来引导定语从句的连接词。这些连接词代替先行词在从句中担任一个成分，如主语、宾语或表语。例如：Those students who study in this school are good at football. （who代替先行词students在从句中充当主语） There is still much homework which we must finish. （which代替先行词homework在从句中充当宾语） 关系代词引导的定语从句 I. who和whom 1. who和whom代表人, 当先行词在从句中作主语时用who引导，作宾语时用whom引导。The girl who is singing is my best friend. 正在唱歌的女孩是我最好的朋友。 （who代替先行词the girl在从句中作主语） His friend who works as a doctor is very interesting. 他那当医生的朋友很有趣。
第 11 章定语从句 第 11 章 ...................................... 1．先行词和关系词 ................................. 2．定语从句的种类 ................................. 3．关系代词如何引导定语从句 ....................... 4．各种关系代词的使用方法 ......................... 5．关系代词与介词·关系代词的省略 ................. 6．非限定性定语从句中的关系代词 ................... 7．关系副词的定义与用法 ........................... 8． as 引导的定语从句 .............................. 9．定语从句中需注意事项 ........................... 10．定语从句和同位语从句的区别 .................... 定语可以由形容词、代词、数词、名词、分词、副词、不定式、介 词短语等来担任，如果是一个句子担任定语，那么这个句子就叫做定语 从句，因为主要由形容词担任定语，所以也可以称它为形容词性从句。 定语从句可以修饰名词或代词，还能修饰整个主句或主句的一部分。 第一个来的人是迈克。 你给我的毛巾不干净。 我父亲每天做早操，这点对他的身体有好处。 这就是我去年住过的房子。 1 先行词和关系词 （关系代词和关系副词的定义与作用） 1 定语从句的构成 （爱冒险的青年人） 被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系 词一般紧跟在先行词之后引导定语从句。定语从句都在它所修饰的先行 词的后面（后置）。（这一点和汉语不同，汉语中的定语都放在被修饰 的名词或代词的前面。） 2 关系词的作用 两个简单句 Thank you for the record.+You gave me the record. 主从复合句 谢谢你给我的录音机。 Thank you for the record that/which you gave me the record.… (× ) Thank you for the record that/which you gave it to me.… (× ) 关系代词起着代词和连词的作用。关系副词起着副词或介词短语和 连词的作用。 在从句中它们既代替前面的先行词在句子里担任一定的成分，又把 两个句子连接起来构成一个带有定语从句的主从复合句。请看上面例句。说明 关系代词 that/which 紧跟在先行词 record 的后面引导定语从句。 关系代词 that/which 在从句中既代替先行词 record 在句子里担任宾语，（该定语从句原应为 You gave me the record.）又起着连词的作用把两
定语从句 1.1 定语从句的两个重要概念：先行词和关系词： 先行词：被定语从句所修饰的对象称为先行词。 关系词：重复指代先行词，起连接主句和从句的作用，并且在定语从句中充当一定成分的连接词称为关系词。关系词有两个作用： 1.代词的作用：重复指代先行词并且在定语从句中充当一定成分，比如I don’t like people who never keep their word.中的who指代people并且作从句的主语。 2.连接作用：即连接主句和从句，如上句who起着连接主句I don’t like people和从句who never keep their word 的作用 1.2 关系词在定语从句充当的成分 在上一节中，在谈到关系词的“代词作用”时，提到它“重复指代先行词并且在定语从句中充当一定的成分”。因此接下来的分析思路是，以关系词为出发点，从两个角度来谈定语从句：一是关系词在从句中所能充当的各种不同成分；二是关系词与先行词的对应关系，即不同的先行词要由不同的关系词来指代。 1.2.1 关系词用作从句的主语 1. I like guys and they have a good sense of humor. ↓ 2. I like guys w h o have a good sense of humor. 点睛：这里的关系词who取代and they，来引导定语从句who have a good sense of humor,修饰名词guys。这个guys就是先行词。 翻译：我喜欢有幽默感的男生。 3. Anger is a thief who steals away the nice moments. 翻译：愤怒就如同一个窃贼，盗取了我们的幸福时光。 4. He who is not handsome at twenty, nor strong at thirty, nor rich at forty, nor wise at fifty, will never be handsome, rich or wise. 翻译：一个人若在20岁时不俊美，30岁不健康，40岁不富有，50岁时不明智，那么他将永远不会拥有这些。 5. There is this difference between happiness and wisdom: the person who thinks himself the happiest man really is so ; but the person who thinks himself the wisest is generally the greatest fool. 翻译：幸福与智慧区别于此：认为自己是最幸福的，他真的就是最幸福的；而认为自己是最有智慧的，他却往往是最大的傻瓜。 6. Of course I am not talking about easy-come-easy-go friendship. I’m talking about friends who care deeply about each other, who support each other, who make life worth living. 翻译：当然了，我这里所说的的友谊不是那种“来的快去的也快”的泛泛之交，而是那种彼此之间能真正互相关心的朋友，就能够互相支持的朋友，能够让你的人生更有意义的朋友。 1.2.2 关系词用作从句动词的宾语（relative pronoun as object of verb） 关系词除了像上面讨论的在定语从句中作主语外，还可以在从句中作宾语。