Part One：English Poetry
1.William Shakespeare Sonnet 18
?Why does the poet compare `thee` to a summer’s day? And who could `thee` be?
Because summer’s day and thee both represent beauty . thee could be beauty, love.
?What picture have you got of English summer, and could you explain why?
Warm, beautiful, sunshine. Because summer is the best season of a year ,the most beautiful season. It is like our May.
?How does the poet answer the question he puts forth in the first line?
Thee is more beautiful than summer.
?What makes the poet think that “thou” can be more fair than summer and immortal?
Because humanism is more eternal than summer and immortal.
?What figures of speech are used in this poem?
Simile, metaphor, personification, oxymoron and so on .
?What is the theme of the poem?
Love conquers all, Beauty lives on.
2. Thomas Nashe Spring
?Read the poem carefully, pay attention to those image- bearing words, and see how many images the poet created in the poem and what sense impressions you can get from those images.
There is “Blooms each thing, maids dance in a ring, the pretty birds do sing, the palm and may make country houses gay, Lambs frisk' and play, the shepherds pipe all day, And we hear aye birds tune this merry lay, The fields breathe sweet, the daisies kiss our feet, Young lovers meet, old wives a-sunning sit, In every street these tunes bur ears do greet!”
The “Young lovers meet, old wives a-sunning sit，”impressions me most because of the harmony of the people’s relationship.
?Can you point out and explain the sound and their musical effect in the poem?
In the Poem, each section has four lines, each line has ten syllables ( five tone step ) . In order to give the reader a spring breeze , streams , flowers , winding , Song Xin texture of sound and light flavor, Naixi greater uses English word S , z , f , V , R , L , and θconsonants means. In Naixi's poem, the use of phonological is also very harmonious, very smooth , very mellow. Section I of the poetry has Three pairs [ ing ] , section II of the poem has three pairs [ ei ] and the third quarter has three pairs [ i : ].
3.John Donne A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning
?What is a “valediction” any way? Is the speaker in the poem about to die?
Why does the speaker forbid mourning?
No, it is about the lover s’separation. As the poem metaphors, the poet believed he and his wife’s love is sacred, he didn’t hope they cry when separation comes, let their love be stained by the ordinary and mundane.
In the first verse, the poet used virtuous men’s death metaphor for lovers’separation, in the third verse he used “moving of the earth” and “trepidation of the spheres” metaphor for lovers’ separation and the result of separation, in the last three verse he used stiff twin compasses’two legs metaphor for poet himself and his wife. All these metaphors show poet opinion that he will separate from his wife in peace, their love is a scared love, when they away from each other, they will not be hurt by the pain of the separation. He and his wife will not really separate. They care about each other and listen to the other one’s heart, their trust and loyalty makes their love perfect like the circle made by a twin compasses.
4.William Blake The Tiger
?What is the symbolic meaning of the tiger?
The symbol of the Tiger is unclear what it exactly symbolizes, but scholars have hypothesized that the Tiger could be inspiration, the divine, artistic creation, history, the sublime, or vision itself. The list is almost infinite. The point is, the Tiger is important, and Blake’s poem barely limits the possibilities.
Here are two major symbolisms:
The tiger is the embodiment of God's power in creation.
The tiger shows the force of French Revolution.
?What paradox can you find in the poem?
"Did he who made the Lamb make thee?" It challenges the one-track religious views of the 18’s century. The view only concluded that god create the lame, he is so kind a father. But it didn’t know god also create the tough tiger. He can also be very serious. The god is someone who can’t be truly understood by human beings.
5.Robert Burns A Red, Red Rose
?How dose the narrator in the love song express his love?
In stanza 1, the narrator presents two similes, the first comparing his love to a rose and the second comparing his love to a melody.
In stanza 2, the narrator addresses the young lady as bonnie. In the last line of the stanza, he presents hyperbole, a figure of speech that exaggerates.
In stanza 3, the man promises eternal love for her.
In stanza 4, the poet vows to love her however far he may go.
?Why is this poem so touching to the readers?
Because this poem professes the poet’s true love for his beloved girl, and uses the mentioned above to touch the readers.
6.William Wordsw orth I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud
?What does the poet see?
He sees some daffodils.
?What is the poet’s mood before he sees the daffodils?
Vacant and pensive.
?What is the poet’s mood after he sees the daffodils?
He is very pleasant.
?How does the magical change occur?
Those daffodils show a fantastic picture to the poet, and the poet has been deeply affected by the scene, and his mood changes.
?What is the theme of the poem? Or what does the poet want to tell you?
It shows the beauty of nature, and the nature’s beauty uplifts the human spirit, and the harmony between human and nature.
7.Robert Browning My Last Duchess
? 1. In this poem, who and on what occasion is speaking to whom?
The Duke is the speaker of the poem, and tells us he is entertaining an emissary who has come to negotiate the Duke’s marriage (he has recently been widowed) to the daughter of another powerful family.
?What sort of person is the Duke’s last Duchess?
She is kind, easy-going, innocent and lively.
?And what became of her in the end?
She became very upset and worrying. The duchess died under suspicious circumstances on April 21, 1561, just two years after he married her. She may have been poisoned.
? 2. What sort of person is the Duke?
He is outrageously arrogant, narrow-minded, selfish, hypocritical, cold-blooded, crucial, greedy and treacherous.
8.Walt Whitman O Captain! My Captain!
?Q:Walt Whitman’s poem “O Captain! My Captain!” is written in the form of an allegory. What is the overall connotative meaning in the poem?
A: Ship’s implied meaning is America; M y captain’ implied meaning is Abraham Lincoln who leaded America to triumph in American Civil War then;
our fearful trip’s implied meaning is American Civil War after which Lincoln was assassinated. In this poem author spoken highly of Linco ln’ contribution and expressed his sorrow for Lincoln’ death.
9.Emily Dickinson (1)Success is counted sweetest (67)
?According to the poem, who can understand success most? Do you agree or not with the poet’s view that “Success is counted sweetest by those who ne’er succeed”?
The person who best understands the meaning of success is the person who fails
?What sort of feelings does the poet show toward the victor and the defeated?
The poet shows her awareness of the complicated truths of human desire.
Success can be comprehended by someone who need it; the defeated, dying man understand victory more clearly than the victorious army does.
(2)Because I could not stop for Death (712)
?How many people are there in the carriage? And where are they going right now?
There are three in the carriage, the Poet, Death, and Immortality.
?Where did they pass? What can these places remind us of?
They passed the school, the fields of Gazing grain, the Setting Sun. It reminds us
of childhood, maturity and old age, the children are evident symbols of the beginning of things, the grain rip of the adulthood, and the sun setting of the rest of the days.
?What is the poet’s attitude toward death and life implied in the poem?
The poet’s attitude is that death is nothing to be forced since it is natural part of the endless cycle of nature, it’s only the beginning ;to die is to go on another journey, although death takes one away from the earthy world ;there is still something to look forward to when one dies, death means eternity.
10.Robert Frost Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
?Why did the speaker stop?
Literally he was fascinated by the beautiful night scene and stoped his horse to watch the woods fill up with the snow,it was also a little break for the long travel. But in fact,it's symbolism,the 'woods' stands for the nature,the 'village' stands for the human world, 'horse' for the animal world. The poem represents
a moment of relaxation from the burdensome journey of life, an almost
aesthetic enjoyment and appreciation of natural beauty which is wholesome and restorative against the chaotic existence of modern man.
?Why did he later decide to go?
As the last sentence said 'But I have promises to keep,And miles to go before I sleep.'
His 'horse' shake the bell to ask if they should go,which is actually a symbol of vitality, urges him to go. He lives in the real life, and he has his own obligation "promise to keep',he hasn't achieve it, so he must go on his trip,leave the beautiful scene.Though the scene is so amazing,he has to have the real life.
Though the real life is so hard,he must back to it,and reach his goal. One leaves no regrets after he dies, as long as one has reached his goal.
?What is your understanding of “promises to keep”?
“The promise” could be an obligation or a go al. One cannot die before fulfilling one’s dream. The poet uses “sleep” to represent death, just as we usually do. People have their own dream or goal,it's also the duty for us to finish, we live for ourselves and we make life wonderful by keeping on reaching our goal,no regrets leaves as long as we have reached our goals. 11. Ezra Pound In a Station of the Metro
Part Two: English Fiction
12. Jonathan Swift Gulliver’s Travels
●In this chapter, Swift describes the smallness of the Lilliputians. What does
t his “smallness” imply in the author’s satire of the aristocratic bourgeois society of the time?
Key: The Lilliput scene depicted in the first volume of the novel is a microcosm of the British Empire. The perennial endless struggle between UK Tories and Whigs and external war are essentially just politicians intrigue in the section has nothing to do with the national economy and the people's livelihood. The “smallness” imply that …
●What is the cause of the civil strife and war between Lilliput and the
neighb ouring empire of Blefuscu? What is the target of the author’s satire? (1)Key: The parties are divided as high-heeled party and low-heeled party according
to the height of the heel. The relationship between parties is irreconcilable;
Neighboring countries not only want to conquer and enslave the other, but also argue about trifles such as which head we should knock when we will eat eggs . (2) Key: The author uses irony and innuendo tactics to reflect the British social contradictions among first half of the 18th century, to criticize the British parliamentary politics and reactionary religious forces, to expose the corruption and evil of the ruling clique, and to criticize the hazards of a war of aggression and colonialism.
13Jane Austen Pride and Prejudice
1.Do you agree with the statement “it is truth universally acknowledged that a single
man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife”? What is the relationship between money and marriage?
Key: (1) I agree with this statement. In my view, a bachelor who has lots of money is supposed to have a wife to company him. The amount of money demonstrates the ability of a person. The beauties and the wits should come together.
(2) First, the relationship between marriage and money is very close; we can say that the money is the basis of marriage. This is just from the material conditions of life. However, the amount of money can’t measure the quality of marriage. A determinant of marriage is the couple's feelings, and if the lack of the feelings, life is not a happy marriage even though has more money.
2.What do you think of Mrs. Bennet? How can you characterize her?
Key: (1) Mrs. Bennet - a foolish, noisy woman whose only goal in life is to see her daughters married. Because of her low breeding and often unbecoming behavior, Mrs. Bennet often repels the very suitors whom she tries to attract for her daughters.
(2) Mrs. Bennet is a miraculously tiresome character, who is noisy and foolish. And Mrs. Bennet is totally obedient and submissive in her marriage. Mrs. Bennet is a self-centered woman with the attitude that what is good enough for her is good enough for her children.
14. Emily Bronte Wuthering Heights
1.What is the main plot of the whole novel? What causes the tragic ending of the
love between Heathcliff and Catherine? Would it have been possible, under the circumstances, for the victimized lovers to find a way out?
Key: Novel’s theme is vengeance. Katherine's character flaws is the root causes of the tragedy, Heathcliff to lost love human distortion conducted a series of revenge activities, the capitalist society for the generation of tragedy provides fertile soil. If Heathcliff get marry with Katherine, they’ll be happiness.
2.Is Heathcliff’s revenge upon the Earnshaw and Linton families justifiable? What
is the author’s attitude toward Heathcliff, judging from the final futility of the revenge?
Key: For the vengeance of the people is right .but it’s wrong in law. It’s love, but Heathcliff’s love is crazy.
15. Kate Chopin The Story of an Hour
?What kind of character is Louise Mallard?
Key: Mrs. Mallard is a sympathetic character with strength and insight.
?What are the themes of this short story?
Key: It’s mainly about the awakening of feminine awareness and the fruitless struggle of women for freedom in a man-centered world. It is about marriage bondages and celibacy freedom.
?What do “heart trouble” and “the open window” symbolize?
Key: (1) heart trouble symbolizes
(2) the open window symbolizes
16. Earnest Hemingway Hills like White Elephants
?1. What is a “white elephant ” according to the dictionary definition? What does a “white elephant” symbolize in the story?
(1) Key:a: a property requiring much care and expense and yielding little
profit
b : an object no longer of value to its owner but of value to others
c : something of little or no value
(2)Key: The woman is pregnant, and the White Elephant is a hint of the body of
the women. The fact that the two. This matter becomes a heavy burden for the two people.
? 2. List the evidence that tells what kind of operation Jig is confronting.
How risky is it physically and emotionally?
(1) evidence:
1.'It's really an awfully simple operation, Jig,' the man said. 'It's not really an
operation at all.'
2. 'I know you wouldn't mind it, Jig. It's really not anything. It's just to let the
air in.'
3. 'They just let the air in and then it's all perfectly natural.'
4. 'I know we will. Yon don't have to be afraid. I've known lots of people that have done it.'
5. 'But I know it's perfectly simple.'
(2) Key:
1. Do affect her health, result that the body is badly weakened and be reduced
immunity in the aspect of physical.
2. Do be Frustrated, empty and depressed mood which leads to that she can
not be quiet in the aspect of emotion.
? 3. Has Jig made up her mind to do the operation?
Key: The question about whether to do an abortion, the article comes a stop suddenly at the end. So we can’t make sure whether Jig has made up her mind to do the operation.
? 4. If the operation is something already decided on, then what upsets Jig?
What is the real conflict between the couple?
Key: (1) She worries that she could not get happiness as before with the man. She upsets that he would leave her for ever.
(2) The real conflict between the couple is that whether the man likes the
women from the deep heart and their attitudes towards life.
? 5. What kind of girl is Jig? How is their relation like? Does the American love Jig?
Key: (1) She is restless and confused and longing for the deeper love from the man.
(2) There could be many situations: first, a married man compels his lover
to have a abortion; second, as a bachelor, he worries the baby would make his life be complex and so on.
(3) Because of the various situations, we could not make an accurate
conclusion that the man loves Jig. However, on some degree the man loves the woman by analyzing the conversation between them.
? 6. What is Hemingway’s style?
Key: Hemingway’s style is laconic. The characteristic is reflected in that
When writing, he is very clear what kind of content could pit one against ten. It is both an immediate situation and also containing other deeper meanings, which can be informed in the way of exploring something by the readers.
17.William Faulkner A Rose for Emily
? 1. What is the meaning of the title?
Key: A rose is a funeral flower. It’s author’s tribute to Emily, and also to south, Emily is the symbol. And it has an ironic meaning to this story.
? 2. What kind of woman is Miss Emily?
Key: She is embodiment of south, the old and traditional, also obstinate, resists to change anything ,a determined，dignified, valiant and literate woman.
? 3. How did the townspeople think of her?
Key: The townspeople had mixed feelings—she was “dear inescapable, impervious, tranquil”, and perverse. Also she was always expected to bring honor to the town and set a good example for the young.
? 4. What is the symbolic meaning of Emily’s house?
Key: Emily’s house, like Emily herself, is a monument, the only remaining emblem of a dying world of southern aristocracy, also represents alienation and death.
? 5. What is special about the narration of this story?
Key: The writing style of the novel is using flashbacks and narration interspersed with flashbacks. The author let us know the independent but closely related events skillfully under the premise of being not exposed the true intentions, which makes us draw attention to the development of the plot without boring.
Part Three: English Drama
18. William Shakespeare Hamlet, Prince of Denmark
? 1. Why does sleep appear to be so fearful for Hamlet even though it can put an end to the numerous headaches in our life?
Key: As described in the text, Hamlet thinks that sleep is different from death. Death means the end of life, you may go to the unknown world and you can’t comeback. If he dies, Hamlet can’t realize his will. Sleep can’t end the heartache and the thousand natural shocks. He can’t revenge and get relief through this way. He is frightened by
the possible suffering in the long “dream”. He can’t predict what will happen in the sleep, may be good or evil.
? 2. Why would most people prefer to bear all the sufferings in life rather than choose death as a means to end them?
Key: 1. As it goes that ‘Adversity makes growth’, by solving the problems we can acknowledge plenty of skills and overcome the sufferings in life. If we choose death as a means to end them, it is too passive for us to face the obstacles in life, which will lead to the failure in life.
2. Because people hold the same idea "to grunt and sweat under a weary life, but
that the dread of something after death-the undiscovered country, form whose bourn no traveler returns-puzzle the will, and make us rather bear those ills we have than fly to others that we don’t know.”People also are frightened by the myths in another world after death.
Romeo and Juliet
?What does it mean when Juliet says “That which we call a rose / By my other name would smell as sweet”?
Key:In Shakespeare's time, name on behalf of their family, and his family represents the social status. And personal just only on behalf of their inner identity.And Juliet says strongly reflects her humanist outlook on life and the concept of the ideal.
19. Oscar Wilde The Importance of Being Earnest
1.How do you understand the title of the play? What is your impression of
Gwendolen? What are the most striking traits in Lady Bracknell’s character? (1) Key: Here is a pun. It’s important to be a serious man. And the author wants to satirize the triviality with which it treats institutions as serious as marriage, and the resulting satire of Victorian ways.
(2) Key: She advocates sincere, do be intelligent and friendly, and is able to forgive the mistakes of others. She do be a earnest person.
(3) Key: Lady Bracknell embodies the stereotype of the Victorian English aristocrat woman. She belongs to aristocratic society and is a typical Victorian snob, who is arrogant, formal and concerned with money. She is interested only in a materialistic world.
20. Eugene O’Neill The Hairy Ape
1.Yank assumes more than once the posture of Rodin’s “The Thinker” in the play.
What does it have to do with the play’s motif and tone? What are the major images and symbols employed in the play to dramatize the theme?
(1) Key: 1. The themes of this article are modern man loses his sense of belonging under technological progress and humanity is in a predicament by creating a world he does not belong to.
2. The Thinker is often painful, which demonstrates the profoundly tragic matter of modern people like Yank: he is thinking and looks forward to a better life, but he doesn’t find the answer. In O'Neill’s opinion, there exists no answer. Therefore, he is destined to be a loser.
3. In summary, the description of his behavior makes the theme more significant.
《研究生英语英美文学欣赏》课程简介 课程编号： 课程名称：研究生英语英美文学欣赏 学时与学分：34学时/1学分 时间：2013-2 ---- 2013-7 教学对象：全日制非英语专业研究生 教师：刘晓燕等 课程描叙 一、课程性质和任务 本课程的目的是为培养理解和鉴赏英国和美国文学原著的能力而设置一门选修课程，旨在使学生掌握英国和美国文学源流和发展的基础上，通过阅读代表性的英国和美国文学作品，理解作品的内容，学会分析作品的艺术特色，并努力掌握正确评价文学作品的标准和方法，增强对作品中表现的社会生活和人物感情的理解，提高语言基本功和阅读文学作品的能力和鉴赏水平，提升整体人文素质。本课程的主要内容包括英国和美国文学史上代表作家的简要介绍和作品选读，结合英国和美国文学各个历史断代的主要历史背景，文学文化思潮和流派，社会政治、经济、文化等对英国和美国文学史上最具有影响、最具有代表性的作家的作品中的艺术特色、主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格和思想意义等进行深入地分析。 本课程主要为英美文学欣赏课，课堂讲授与研讨相结合。教师布置学生课前对作家生平、历史背景、和阅读材料进行研究，课堂上进行重点阅读和分析。本课程要求学生大量阅读，结合课堂上所讲授的英美文学的基本知识点和文学理论批评方法，体会经典文学作品的语言精妙之处、人物塑造方法、情节架构、文学修辞手法、写作技巧等等，并进而了解历史时代背景、文化知识、社会政经形势等。此外，本课程还要求学生能积极参与课堂讨论，鼓励新观点和新视角，能运用文学理论批评方法研究作品，学期中将不定期地布置相关作业，学期末将以学术论文的形式考查学习效果。 二、课程的教学内容及学时分配 第1学时英国文艺复兴时期简介 重点：文艺复兴；人文主义；主要作家和艺术特色 第2-3学时莎士比亚（I）（II） 重点：要重点理解莎士比亚思想和创作风格的变化，了解莎士比亚十四行诗的特点，品味莎士比亚作品的特色，能够对莎士比亚部分作品进行现代阐释。 第4学时弗朗西斯·培根和约翰·多恩 重点：理解培根的“论学习”的主要内容和修辞手法的运用；理解玄学派诗歌在16、17世纪的发展，其文艺宗旨与当时的文艺思潮的区别。
一、名词解释： 渊源学： 渊源学又称为源流学，属于影响研究的畴。从接受者的角度，即从作为“终点”的接受者出发，往往是在起点不明确或不清楚之时，由终点出发去探求作为“出发点”的放送者，细密地考察一个作家或一部作品所曾吸取和改造的外来因素，揭示出接收者和放送者之间的某种因果关系，是一种典型的影响研究的方法，是一种对跨国影响渊源的实证和研究。在西方被普遍使用，且成就很大。例: 悟空、十四行诗、西来东去的“志怪”和“加帆车”。影响研究： 影响是指一国文学在另一国文学中的传播，接收并产生某种结果（积极或消极） 朗松《试论影响的概念》中关于“影响”的定义：真正的影响是当一国文学的突变无法用该国以往的文学传统和各个作家的独创性来加以解释时，在该国文学中所呈现的情状。 （北大资料版）影响研究是比较文学学科中最早的研究方法。它奠定了比较文学的作为一门独立学科的理论与研究的基础，主要采用历时性的考证法考察国际文学之间文学交流中的事实。在追根溯源的过程中，不仅要发现文学联系的事实，更重要的是分析这些联系，并将分析的结果上升到理论的高度，以便得出更为普遍的具有文化意义的结论。它把两种或两种以上的民族文学，包括作品、作家、文学思潮等的相互作用、相互联系作为研究的中心。它是法国学派主要采用的研究方法。它以实证主义的方法，作为主要的研究手段，探究文学现象之间事实上的联系。 （ppt版）影响研究的定义：比较文学的基本研究类型之一，早期实践中的唯一类型，以一种强烈的历时意识通过广泛搜集材料，对事实和进行严密考据、分析、归纳，来研究各民族文学之间建立在事实基础上的、超越国界的相互联系和相互影响，包含着对艺术创作活动本质的理解。例：元杂剧《氏孤儿》与伏尔泰的《中国孤儿》、中国古典诗歌对美国意象派诗歌的影响、美国意象派诗歌对中国新诗的影响、拜伦在中国、村上春树在中国、西方“现代派”文学与中国新时期文学。 文类学： 文类学就是研究文学的种类和类型，也就是研究文学的题材，它可以研究没有事实联系的同一题材在不同民族文学中的发展过程及其共同规律和特点，也可以研究某些文学类型，产生于一个民族文学之中，又流传到其他民族文学的历史背景以及变化发展过程。它以跨越性的宏阔视野研究如何按照文学本身的特点来对文学进行分类，研究各种文类的特征及其在发展中的相互影响与演变。 文类是对文学作品的表现形式进行分类的结果；文类学（Genology）是专门针对文学的类别及其风格、体式与形制等进行的研究。而在比较文学畴，文学类型学则是针对时空不一的文学现象在诗学品格上的类似、遥契、相近和相合进行的研究。 文类学是对于文学形式的各个种类和类型以及文学风格的比较研究，通过历时的和共识的方法，了解文类发展的历史和基本特征，认识作家的独创和文学的民族传统、民族特征。文类学的研究围和对象大致可以分为五个方面：一是文学的分类研究；二是文学体裁研究；三是文类理论批评；四是文类实用批评；五是文学风格的研究。 套话： 美国学者瓦尔特·利普曼在《公众舆论》分析套话是“是我们头脑中存在的形象”在形象学中，套话是指一个民族在长时间反复使用、用来描写异国或异国人的约定俗成的词组。也由学者译为“滞定型”，或把套话描述为“我们头脑中已有的先入之见”。“套话”也是自我关于“他者”的社会集体想象物，是他者形象在文本中的最小单位，是在民族心理定势推动下一种不由分说的表述，标志着对“他者”的凝固看法。 套话，又称惯用语，是不同民族文学中经常出现的习惯性的称谓、表述等等。如西方文
中国古代文学试题库（一） 一、填空（15分） 1．秦代唯一的作家是，今所传秦代民间歌谣仅首。 2．司马迁的现存作品，除《史记》外，还有《》、《》这两个单篇。《史记》是一部“究天人之际，通古今之变，”（司马迁语）的伟大著作，所以历来为人们所推重。 3．从西汉后期到东汉中期，汉赋的创作进入了时期，代表作家是、。 4．建安“七子”的名称来源于《》，被称为“七子之冠冕”的是。 5．在南北朝诗人中，大量创作山水诗的是，推动七言诗体发展的是，集六朝之大成的是。 6．南北朝时期的散文代表作，有北魏的《水经注》和北齐杨衒之的《》。 二、解释加点的词（15分） 1．此所谓藉．寇兵而赍．盗粮者也。 2．大钧 ．．播物兮，坱圠无垠．。 3．谚曰：“桃李不言，下自成蹊．。”此言虽小，可以谕．大也。 4．杖．汉节牧羊，卧起操持，节旄尽落。 5．人情同于怀土．兮，岂穷．达而异心！ 6．云无心以出岫．，鸟倦飞而知还。景翳翳以将入，抚孤松而盘桓 ．．。 7．薄．霄槐云浮，栖川怍．渊沉。 8．暧暧 ．．远人村，依依 ．．墟里烟。 三、默写（10分）： 1．《短歌行》（对酒当歌）： 2．《拟行路难》（泻水置平地）： 四、简述题（20分） 1．概述乐府的多重涵义。
2．“伊洛广且深，欲济川无梁。泛舟越洪涛，怨彼东路长”（《赠白马王彪》）四句，表达了诗人何种思想感情？在艺术上有何特色？ 3．略述魏晋南北朝小说的类型，代表作家及其代表作。五、论述题（40分）： 1．以《李将军列传》和《苏武传》为例，谈谈《史记》和《汉书》人物塑造的共同特色。 2．根据你对魏晋南北朝诗歌史的了解，试对这一时期文人诗歌创作的特点作一综述。
第四部分明清文学试题库 一、填空 1.被正史推为明代“开国文臣之首”的文学家是宋濂。 2.刘基寓言体散文集集名是《郁离子》。 3.刘基的散文体裁多样，而最出色的是寓言体散文。 4.明初诗坛并称的“吴中四杰”指高启、杨基、徐贲、张羽。 5.明初“吴中四杰”中，以高启、杨基的诗成就最高。 6.被清赵翼推为明代“开国诗人第一”的诗人是高启。 7.“青丘子”是高启的自号。 8.“袁白燕”指明初诗人袁凯。 9.明弘治年间茶陵诗派的领袖人物是李东阳。 13.“前七子”以李梦阳、何景明为首；“后七子”以李攀龙、王世贞为代表。 14.明中叶《唐宋八大家文钞》的编选者是茅坤。 15.归有光的文集是《震川集》。 16.明中叶取得重大成果的散文流派是唐宋派。 17.“童心说”的提出者是李贽。 18.明后期思想与文学革新的旗手是李贽。 19.“公安三袁”指明代湖北公安县诗人袁宗道、袁宏道和袁中道兄弟。 20.公安派在诗歌理论上提出的核心口号是“独抒性灵，不拘格套”。 21.公安派诗歌理论核心口号的提出者是袁宏道。 22.竟陵派诗人大力提倡的诗歌风格是“幽深孤峭”。 23.“竟陵派”诗人的代表人物是钟惺、谭元春。 24.公安派中，小品文成就最高的作家是袁宏道。 25.晚明小品的集大成者是张岱。 26.明末复社最主要的领袖是张溥，其散文的代表作是《七录斋集》。 27.大抵论明诗者，都推陈子龙为明代最后一位大诗人。 28.明末小品文《西湖七月半》的作者是张岱。 29.《三国演义》今存最早的刊本的书名是《三国志通俗演义》，刻于明嘉靖壬午年。 30.最早径称书名为《三国演义》的修订评点者是毛纶、毛宗岗。 31.受《三国演义》的影响，明代代表性的历史演义小说还有《列国志传》。 32.《水浒传》初刻全名《忠义水浒传》。 33.《水浒传》今存最早的刊本是清康熙五年石渠阁补修的万历己丑天都外臣序100回本。 34.受《水浒传》的影响，明代代表性的英雄传奇小说还有《北宋志传》或《杨家府演义》。 35.《西游记》今见最早的刊本是万历二十年金陵世德堂刊本《新刻出像官版大字西游记》20卷100回。 36.《西游记》影响下产生的续补之作有《续西游记》、《西游补或后西游记》等。 37.受《西游记》的影响，最出名的神魔小说还有《封神演义》。 38.《金瓶梅词话》的作者署名为兰陵笑笑生。 39.明代“四大奇书”指《三国演义》、《水浒传》、《西游记》、《金瓶梅》。
英美文学阅读与鉴赏 When you are old By William Butler Yeats
When you are old W hen you are old and grey and full of sleep. And nodding by the fire, take down this book. And slowly read, and dream of the soft look Your eyes had once, and of their shadows deep. How many loved your moments of glad grace. And loved your beauty with love false or true. But one man loved the pilgrim soul in you. And loved the sorrows of your changing face; And bending down beside the glowing bars, Murmur, a little sadly, how Love fled. And paced upon the mountains overhead And hid his face amid a crowd of stars. Yeats pain and misfortune hopeless for Mao De Gang love, prompting Yeats to write down a lot for Mao De Gang poetry, in dozens of years, from various angles, Mao De Gang Yeats continue to inspire creative inspiration;
1、比较文学的定义： ①性质：是文学研究的一支，是一门独立的学科 ②研究对象：跨民族、跨语言、跨文化和跨学科的各种文学关系 ③研究理论和方法：具有比较自觉的自觉意识和兼容并包的特色。 ④特征：开放性、宏观性 2、比较文学三派及其观点、代表人物代表作 在20世纪50年代，法美两派论战 法国学派：主影响研究。 ①比较文学是文学史的一支，偏重于从文学史的角度给比较文学下定义。 ②研究国际间、跨民族、跨语言、跨国界的作家与作品间相互影响的文体史实。 （就是探求不同民族不同国家文学之间的影响，寻找一种文学现象的渊源和亲缘 关系。） ③强调事实联系的实据考证的方法。 ④观点不足：拒绝把美学作为方法论带入比较文学研究，研究视域较小 ⑤法国派代表人物及其作品： a巴尔登斯伯格: 法国派第一位代表人物，作品《歌德在法国》《文学史研究》 《巴尔扎克作品中的外国倾向》； b梵第根：法国第一个系统、全面阐述法国学派的观点，作品《比较文学论》 （1937戴望舒中译本） c卡雷和基亚：继承和发展梵第根的理论并确立法国学派体系， 卡雷代表作《歌德在英国》 基亚代表作《比较文学》 ⑥优点：1)为比较文学学科的建立和发展作出了开创性的重大贡献。2)严谨的定 义，材料的确凿，为比较文学学科的地位，奠定了坚实的理论基础，建立了严 密的方法体系。3)影响研究仍是今天比较文学研究的重要手段。 美国学派：主平行研究。 ①比较文学是文学研究，指向文学批评和文学理论， ②研究围是超一国围之的，多国的 ③采用大规模结合比较和审美批评的方法，进行无事实联系的文学关系的研究 ④把比较文学研究的界限延展到其他相关的学科去，提出跨学科的研究。（与法 最大不同：跨学科） ⑤美国派代表人物及其作品： a韦勒克《文学理论》（与沃伦合著）、《比较文学的概念》、《比较文学的名称 和实质》，教堂山会议上宣读了一篇题为《比较文学的危机》的论文,揭开两个学 派论战，被看做美国学派的宣言。教堂山会议是比较文学发展史上的一个转折点。 b雷马克《比较文学的定义和功用》 c列文对“主题学”的界定和实践 ⑥缺点：1)美国学派的理论不够严密，容易产生牵强附会的比附。2)跨学科比 较有可能使思想史、文化交流史的研究也成为比较文学，最终使比较文学的 独立性消亡。 中国学派：以跨异质文明研究为基本特征，主双向阐发研究。最先由我国学者提出，包括用外来的（本民族的）文学理论来阐发本民族的（外来的）文学作品和文学现象、不同民族文学理论的相互阐发和别的学科及理论来对文学进行阐发、解释文学现象。是一种双向的、相互的阐发，通过具体的、细微的研究来说明基本道理。
中国古代文学考研试题汇总 北京大学2009年中国古代文学考研试题 古代文学专业 一、名词解释： 《庄子·天下》丁卯集弹词“新文体” 二、解释诗歌划线的句子并赏析（两首诗选一） 泛颍苏轼 我性喜临水，得颍意甚奇。到官十日来，九日河之湄。 吏民笑相语，使君老而痴。使君实不痴，流水有令姿。 绕郡十余里，不驶亦不迟。上流直而清，下流曲而漪。 画船俯明镜，笑问汝为谁。忽然生鳞甲，乱我须与眉。 散为百东坡，顷刻复在兹。此岂水薄相，与我相娱嬉。 声色与臭味，颠倒眩小儿。等是儿戏物，水中少磷淄。 赵陈两欧阳，同参天人师。观妙各有得，共赋泛颍诗。 过白岸亭诗谢灵运 拂衣遵沙垣，缓步入蓬屋。近涧涓密石，远山映疏木。 空翠难强名，渔钓易为曲。援萝临青崖，春心自相属。 交交止栩黄，呦呦食萍鹿。伤彼人百哀，嘉尔承筐乐。 荣悴迭去来，穷通成休慽。未若长疏散，万事恒抱朴。 三、“诗三百”的抒情艺术。 四、建安诗风对唐代诗人影响的具体表现。 五、比较《西厢记》中崔莺莺和《牡丹亭》中杜丽娘的形象。 六、《水浒传》的叙事艺术。 古代文学专业基础 第一部分 25个填空 班固的汉书里，史记的别称是（）。 九歌有（）篇，最后一篇是（），是送神的曲。 介子推和传统节日（）有关。 “时有古今，地有南北，字有变革，音有转移”是（）在（）书里说的。山海经属于四部中的（）部（）类。 25个选择（题目太多，没记得下来几个，故略之，见谅） 下列哪个学说与柏拉图无关（） 模仿；灵感；形象；-- 下列哪个属于康德的三大理性批判（） 绝对理性；判断力；历史理性；纯粹理性 下列哪个不属于吴方言区（） 上海；苏州；昆山；南京 08年去世的王元化先生在哪部著作里进行了中西--的比较（） 文心雕龙创作论；--；--；--
【关键字】历史、政治、情况、道路、方法、条件、成就、传统、认识、矛盾、体制、大力、密切、充分、整体、和谐、透明、健康、合作、配合、提升、统一、发展、建设、提出、发现、研究、规律、特点、突出、情绪、理想、思想、力量、成果、地位、精神、要素、基础、环境、体系、制度、特色、标准、结构、主体、秩序、反映、力度、关系、分析、提倡、包容、倡导、形成、丰富、坚持、创新、提高、转变、深化、规范、多方面、规范化 古代文学史（二）复习资料 名词解释： 建安七子：曹丕《典论·论文》称孔融、陈琳、王粲、徐幹、阮瑀、应玚、刘桢为“七子”。 竹林七贤：三国时期曹魏正始年间(240-249)，嵇康、阮籍、山涛、向秀、刘伶、王戎及阮咸七人，常在当时的山阳县(今河南辉县、修武一带)竹林之下，喝酒、纵歌，肆意酣畅，世谓竹林七贤。 建安风骨：建安文学基本上继承了汉乐府和古诗十九首直抒胸臆、言情务尽的传统，但许多诗中又采用了比兴手法，是诗歌形象鲜明又耐人寻味，有强烈的艺术感染力，正因为建安文学有这些特点，在整体上呈现出了一种刚健悲凉、清峻通脱的格调，后人称之为建安风骨。正始之音：指魏晋玄谈风气。出现于三国魏正始年间。当时以何晏、王弼为首，以老庄思想糅合儒家经义，谈玄析理，放达不羁；名士风流，盛于雒下。世称正始之音。正始之音是正始时期的诗人，政治理想落潮，普遍出现危机感和幻灭感。 三曹：曹操、曹丕、曹植。曹操古直悲凉，曹丕便娟婉约，曹植文采气骨兼备。 永明体：魏晋以来，中国音韵学有了新的发展，在南朝永明年间，周颙发现汉字有平、上、去、入四种声调，同时对音韵很有研究的学者沈约用四声叠韵的原理来研究诗歌中的音韵配合，指出八种声病必须
英美文学欣赏知识点100句 1.The work that presented,for the first time in English literature,a comprehensive realistic picture of the medieval English society and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life is Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales. 首次在英国文学，中世纪英国社会的全面逼真的画面，创造了从各行各业生动的人物整体画廊是杰弗里·乔叟的坎特伯雷故事集。 2. Geoffrey Chaucer is regarded as the father of English poetry. 乔叟被看作是英国诗歌之父。 3. The verse form of heroic couplet was introduced into English poetry and employed in the poem with true ease and charm for the first time in the history of English literature by Geoffrey Chaucer. 3.英雄对联的诗体被引入英国诗歌和诗与真正的轻松和魅力，第一次在英国文学的杰弗里·乔叟的历史就业。 4. The Canterbury Tales presents a whole gallery of vivid characters,the team of pilgrims,people from all walks of life,including 31 members altogether. 4.坎特伯雷故事呈现生动的人物整体画廊，朝圣者的队伍，来自各行各业，其中包括31名成员共有人。 5. Generally,Renaissance refers to the intellectual movement during the period between 14th and mid-17th centuries,its essence was humanism. 5.一般来说，文艺复兴是指智力运动在14和中17世纪之间的时期，它的本质是人文精神。 6. English Renaissance Period was an age of poetry and drama.
比较文学论文范文精选范文2篇 比较文学论文范文一：瑶族文学植入比较文学教学思路 [摘要]比较文学课程的教学，离不开丰富的跨文化、跨语言、跨区域的实例。将当代广东瑶族文学植入比较文学的教学中，既能形成较有岭南特色的少数民族比较文学教学，又能彰显教学改革实践中比较文学课程的民族文化资源整合特色。本文就此展开教学实例研究，以期实现比较文学特色教学的目标。 [关键词]比较文学教学;瑶族文学;实例研究 比较文学课程是当代高校中文系课程中较为重要的一环。比较文学相对其他分门别类的文学课程而言，其最鲜明的课程特色是跨文化、跨语言、跨国别、跨区域，这一课程特色决定了在教学过程中的通识指向，区域特色资源整合利用到比较文学的教学之中，有着事半功倍的效果。在广东高校的比较文学教学中，将瑶族文学植入比较文学的课程实践，有着广泛的学科基础和地缘优势。从教学对象来看，学生中的少数民族学生群体，大多来自广东省连南、乳源等瑶族自治县的瑶族学生，其对民族文学加入教学内容的接受也更为清晰。因此在比较文学课程中，结合少数民族文学、尤其是当代瑶族文学与文化的内容，是可行而且必要的。本文试图从教学目的、教学内容、教学方法三个方面全方位展示比较文学教学与当代广东瑶族文学相结合的教学实例研究。 一、教学目标
无论在以文学文科为主的高等院校，还是师范类高等院校，以及综合类普通本科院校，比较文学课程的教学目的始终有着通识教育的帽子。因此教学目的并非功利，也并不明确具体。本人在教授比较文学的课程中，既经历过作为选修课的比较文学教学，也经历过作为必修课的比较文学教学。中文专业本科和中文师范专业本科的课程设置有所不同，虽然都有比较文学的课程，但前者是作为必修课程设置，而后者是作为选修课程设置，因此教学目标也因课程设置的差异而有所不同。本人曾经参考了部分高校比较文学教学的实例，力图克服学生因教学目标不甚明确而产生的学习难题。比较文学是一门新兴学科，学生在学习过程中，常常反馈该如何看待这门学科的意见。不仅是教材五花八门，而且类似于古代文学教学纲要的材料也良莠不齐。由于没有明确的教学目标，学生的疑虑随比较文学课程设置之初就存在。本人在实际教学过程中，力求培养学生对于文学的比较意识，对于不同文化的宽容接受，以及在日后科研过程中较为敏感的思维方式。相对于集中讲解枯燥理论和单纯灌输西方文化的单调性，本人发现，从区域特色出发，加入少数民族文学文化的内容，显然更能提高学生对于比较文学的兴趣和学习的效率。在参考其他民族类院校比较文学的课程中，本人发现，以罗庆春教授为主导的西南民族大学的比较文学课程研究较有特色。西南民族大学在比较文学教学中，将“中国少数民族文学置于全球化的文化语境中与外国文学进行比较研究,特别是与境外少数族裔文学如拉美文学、印第安文学、黑人文学、亚洲各国文学等的比较研究,致力于通过对民族文学作品和文学理论的挖掘、整理和研究,推动中外文化的平等对
名词解释 一、建安风骨：即建安时期文学的基本特点，它真实反映现实的动乱和人民的苦难，抒发建功立业的理想和积极进取的精神，同时也流露出人生短暂、壮志难酬的悲凉情感。在艺术精神上继承汉乐府的现实主义传统，带有鲜明的民歌风调。作品内容充实，意境宏大，笔调明畅，具有鲜明时代特征，个性特征，形成了宏建深沉、慷慨悲凉的艺术风格，文学史上称为“建安风骨”或“汉魏风骨”。 二，竹林七贤：指魏晋南北朝的阮籍，嵇康，山涛，刘伶，阮成，向秀，王戎，他们实际上市个名士集团，山涛，王戎，后来投靠司马氏，其余人都崇尚老庄，任性嗜酒，寄情山水，反对礼教名教。对司马氏的篡权夺位不满，其中阮籍和嵇康代表正始文学的最高成就。 三、永明体：永明是齐武帝的年号，永明年间，沈约、谢朓等诗人创造了一种跟古体诗不同的新体诗，史称“永明体”。其主要特征是讲究声律和对偶。永明体对“近体诗”的形成奠定基础。 四、宫体诗指南朝梁简文帝萧纲为太子是的东宫以及陈后主、隋炀帝、唐太宗等几个宫廷为中心的诗歌。萧纲为太子时，常与文人墨客在东宫相互唱和。其内容多是宫廷生活及男女私情，形式上则追求词藻靡丽，对称，“宫体”，后来称艳情诗为宫体诗。 五、上官体：上官仪是贞观后期的重要诗人。他的五言诗“倚错婉媚”，讲究对仗，追求诗歌的声辞之美，体物图貌，笔法精细，时人谓之“上官体”。上官体代表当时宫廷诗人创作最高水平的典型范式，但其内容主要是宫廷文学中的应制咏物，诗歌的变革只能由处于社会中下层人即初唐四杰来承担。 六、初唐四杰指初唐王勃、杨炯、卢照邻、骆宾王四人。《旧唐书·杨炯传》炯与王勃、卢照邻、骆宾王以文词齐名，海内称“王杨卢骆”，亦号为“四杰”。四杰官小而才人，位卑而名高。他们有变革文风的自觉意识，反对纤巧绮靡，提倡刚健骨气，在诗歌的题材、风格、形式上都有新的开拓和贡献。 七、新乐府运动：由白居易、元稹倡导的一场诗歌革新运动。主张是自创新题，咏写时事，不以入乐与否为衡量标准。新乐府运动体现汉乐府是现实主义精神。 八、古文运动：指唐代韩愈、柳宗元等人倡导的文体改革运动。“古文”是韩愈开始提出的，指的是上继三代两汉的质朴自由，以散行单句为主的散文，与六朝以来流行的“今文”，即骈文相对立。韩愈及其追随者仍大力提倡这种文体，后又得柳宗元积极支持与配合，形成了社会风尚，即所谓“古文运动”。他们主张文道合一、文以载道，强调文以字顺、自创新词，推动了古代散文的发展。 九、唐传奇：晚唐时裴铏写了一部小说集《传奇》，后人就以唐传奇作为古代小说的统称。唐传奇是在六朝志怪小说的基础上发展起来的，大多取材于现实生活。唐传奇的出现是中国小说史上的一次大飞跃，它标志着中国古典小说进入成熟阶段。 十、变文：变文文称敦煌变文，指在敦煌发现的唐代俗讲僧和民间艺人讲说故事的底本。变文采用诗文相间、有说有唱得形式。散文部分是口述，韵文部分是吟唱，有的还配合着图画，
Part One：English Poetry 1.William Shakespeare Sonnet 18 ?Why does the poet compare `thee` to a summer?s day? And who could `thee` be? Because summer?s day and thee both represent beauty . thee could be beauty, love. ?What picture have you got of English summer, and could you explain why? Warm, beautiful, sunshine. Because summer is the best season of a year ,the most beautiful season. It is like our May. ?How does the poet answer the question he puts forth in the first line? Thee is more beautiful than summer. ?What makes the poet think that “thou” can be more fair than summer and immortal? Because humanism is more eternal than summer and immortal. ?What figures of speech are used in this poem? Simile, metaphor, personification, oxymoron and so on . ?What is the theme of the poem? Love conquers all, Beauty lives on. 2. Thomas Nashe Spring ?Read the poem carefully, pay attention to those image- bearing words, and see how many images the poet created in the poem and what sense impressions you can get from those images. There is “Blooms each thing, maids dance in a ring, the pretty birds do sing, the palm and may make country houses gay, Lambs frisk' and play, the shepherds pipe all day, And we hear aye birds tune this merry lay, The fields breathe sweet, the daisies kiss our feet, Young lovers meet, old wives a-sunning sit, In every street these tunes bur ears do greet!” The “Young lovers meet, old wives a-sunning sit，”impressions me most because of the harmony of the people?s relationship. ?Can you point out and explain the sound and their musical effect in the poem? In the Poem, each section has four lines, each line has ten syllables ( five tone step ) . In order to give the reader a spring breeze , streams , flowers , winding , Song Xin texture of sound and light flavor, Naixi greater uses English word S , z , f , V , R , L , and θconsonants means. In Naixi's poem, the use of phonological is also very harmonious, very smooth , very mellow. Section I of the poetry has Three pairs [ ing ] , section II of the poem has three pairs [ ei ] and the third quarter has three pairs [ i : ]. 3.John Donne A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning ?What is a “valediction” any way? Is the speaker in the poem about to die? Why does the speaker forbid mourning? No, it is about the lover s?separation. As the poem metaphors, the poet believed he and his wife?s love is sacred, he didn?t hope they cry when separation comes, let their love be stained by the ordinary and mundane.
中国古代文学史试题及答案(三) 一、单项选择题(本大题共30小题，每小题1分，共30分)在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个符合题目要求的。请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。错选、多选或未选均无分。 1.《尚书》中 关于原始初民模仿动物而歌唱的记载是( ) A.贲如，皤如，白马翰如 B.士刲羊，无血 C.予击石拊石，百兽率舞 D.三人操牛尾，投足以歌八阀 2.《诗经·七月》是( ) A.爱情诗 B.战争诗 C.农事诗 D.怨刺诗 3.《春秋》的编纂体例是( ) A.国别体 B.纪传体 C.编年体 D.纪事本末体 4.《左传》的风格特色是( ) A.佶屈聱牙 B.情韵并美 C.辩丽恣肆 D.质朴平实 5.下列寓言出自《战国策》的是( ) A.处女遇盗 B.郢书燕读 C.刻舟求剑 D.狡兔三窟 6.《九章》大多数作品的体式是( ) A.论体 B.赋体 C.骚体 D.七体 7.晁错主张劝农务本的名篇，一篇是《守边劝农疏》，另一篇是( ) A.《论贵粟疏》 B.《论积贮疏》 C.《至言》 D.《陈政事疏》 8.造成《汉书》、《史记》写作思想和特色不同的主要原因是( ) A.作者的思想差异和具体写作环境的不同 B.作者对历史著作性质功能的认识不同 C.作者具有“颂世”和“刺世”的不同主张 D.作者对历史著作“实录”标准的认识不同 9.最早以“赋”作为文体名称的作品是( ) A.《高唐赋》 B.《吊屈原赋》 C.《柳赋》 D.《赋篇》 10.东汉赋体文学创作的发展趋势是( ) A.由骚体赋向大赋转变 B.由小赋向京都赋转变 C.由大赋向抒情小赋转变 D.由大赋向骚体赋转变 11.在《乐府诗集》的以下类目中，保存两汉乐府民歌最多的是( ) A.《鼓吹曲辞》 B.《杂曲歌辞》 C.《相和歌辞》 D.《杂歌谣辞》 12.最早载录《古诗十九首》的古代典籍是( ) A.《玉台新咏》 B.《文选》 C.《乐府诗集》 D.《古诗纪》 13.曹植诗歌创作中成就最高的诗体是( ) A.四言诗 B.五言诗 C.七言诗 D.杂言诗14.正始诗人阮籍最著名的诗作是( ) A.咏怀诗B.幽愤诗C.拟古诗D.悼亡诗 15.西晋诗风的特点是( ) A.沉痛委曲，意蕴深沉 B.梗概多气，志深笔长 C.理过其辞，淡乎寡味 D.结藻清英，流韵绮靡 1、C 2、C 3、C 4、B 5、D 6、C 7、A 8、A 9、D 10、C 11、C 12、B 13、B 14、A 15、D 16.刘琨诗歌的风格是( ) A.笔力雄迈，文典以怨 B.英雄失路，万绪悲凉 C.坎土禀咏怀，彪炳可玩 D.平淡自然，韵味醇厚 17.晋代诗人郭璞最著名的诗作类型是( ) A.咏史诗 B.游仙诗 C.玄言诗 D.田园诗
填空： 1.诗经是西周至春秋的诗歌总集。 2.现今所见《诗经》共305篇 3.诗经的流传：（三家诗）汉代鲁人申培所传的《鲁诗》，齐人辕固生所传的《齐诗》和燕人韩婴所传的《韩诗》古文学派毛亨传的《毛诗》，流传至今的为《毛诗》。 4.《毛诗序》说：“故诗有六义焉，一曰风，二曰赋，三曰比，四曰兴，五曰雅，六曰颂。” 5.西周前期的作品最值得重视的是五篇歌咏周族始祖和先公先王的诗：《大雅》的《生民》《公刘》《绵》《皇矣》《大明》。 6.《国语》以记言为主。 7.《孟子》为语录体散文。其文学成分表现在叙事和抒情两个方面。 8.《赋篇》的作者是荀子. 宋玉有《九辩》一篇 9.屈原的作品有：《离骚》《九歌》《天问》《九章》《远游》《卜居》《渔父》。 10.九歌的篇目和祭祀的对象：《东皇太一》（天神）、《云中君》（云神）、《湘君》、《湘夫人》（湘水之神）、《东君》（日神）、《大司命》（掌管寿命的神）、《少司命》（掌握子嗣的神）、《河伯》（河神）、《山鬼》（山中之鬼）、《国殇》（阵亡将士之魂）和《礼魂》（送神总曲）。 11.五四运动以后的研究者常称这些西周以前的诗为周族的史诗. 12.《春秋左氏传》，简称《左传》。它与《春秋公羊传》，《春秋谷梁传》统称“春秋三传” 13.汉代文学领域得到了大规模拓展，最引人注目的是赋。赋分为抒情小赋和体物大赋两类 14.司马相如《上林赋》《子虚赋》班固《两都赋》张衡《二京赋》 15.汉代文学在诗歌上的进展最重要的是五言诗的兴起和叙事诗的产生、发展 16.现存汉代最早的抒情赋是贾谊的《吊屈原赋》 17.汉武帝的《秋风辞》是第一篇中国文学史上抒写人生的本然情绪 18.枚乘《七发》大赋的开始 19.西汉中期的体物大赋作家除了司马相如外，最值得注意的是王褒。他的《洞箫赋》是我国历史上第一篇专写音乐的作品 20.贾谊最著名的是《过秦论》和《论治安策》 21.晁乘的政论文《论贵粟疏》 22.《史记》是我国第一部纪传体通史，上到传说中的黄帝，下至汉武帝时期，共十二本纪，十表，八书，三十世家，七十列传，总共一百三十篇。本纪是全书的大纲。指导思想是黄老思想《史记》的写作目的是“究天人之际，通古今之变，成一家之言”
古代文学考研试题汇总 一、名词解释和填空 1、九辩(人大古代文学00) 2、九歌(人大古代文学00) 3、淝水之战(北大古代文学9x) 4、《天问》的作者是()(南开大学文学综合00) 5、春秋三传(徐州师大古代文学03，南京师大古代文学02、03) 6、孔子有关 诗乐的主张有()()()(浙大古代文学05) 7、孟子的论文主张是()()(浙大古代文学05) 8、《楚辞》的主要作者是()()(浙大古代文学05) 9、"齐人有一妻一妾"故事 出自()(复旦大学古代文学05) 10、《诗三百》，一言以蔽之，曰()(复旦大学古 代文学05) 11、尚书(南大古代文学03、04，四川大学古代文学02) 12、楚辞先 秦(北师大古代文学93) 13、四家诗(四川大学古代文学03) 14、"阳春白雪"的典故出自于()的《对楚王问》(四川大学古代文学02) 15、 汉人传授《诗经》，有古今文之分，"毛诗"为古文经，今文经有"鲁诗""齐诗"与()(四川大学古代文学02) 16、《老子》又名《道德经》，由()与()两部分组成。(四川大学古代文学02) 17、三家诗(北大古代文学04) 18、变风变雅(苏州大学古代文学04) 19、春秋笔法(苏州大学古代文学04) 20、比兴(华东师大中文03) 21、春秋内外传(湖南师大古代文学xx)
22、风雅颂(北大文学史04) 23、〈庄子?内篇〉(苏州大学03) 24、笙诗 二、简答 1、《蒹葭》的章法特点是什么，有什么作用。(徐州师大古代文学03) 3、《诗经》的编定成书有哪几种说法?其各自的依据是什么?《诗经》在汉代的流传情况如何?(徐州师大古代文学05) 4、简论〈离骚〉对〈诗经〉比兴手法的开拓。(苏州大学古代文学03) 5、与《诗经》相比，《楚辞》在艺术表现方面有哪些特色。(苏州大学古代文学04) 6、你是怎样看待《诗经》艺术成就及其影响的。(南京师大古代文学03) 7、《庄子?养生主》中文惠君曰:"吾闻庖丁之言，得养生焉。"请问梁惠王从庖丁之言者体会到的究竟是何养生之道。(南京师大古代文学04) 8、简述《诗经》"六义"中的风、雅、颂的主要内容。(南大古代文学05) 9、《孟子》艺术特点。(南大古代文学04) 10、《诗经》中"赋"和"比"的异同。(北师大古代文学03) 11、简析《离骚》中的抒情主人公形象。(北师大古代文学02) 、举例说明《诗经》的赋比兴手法。(北师大古代文学01) 12 13、简述庄子文章对后世的影响。(北师大古代文学00) 14、简述庄子散文的艺术成就。(北师大古代文学96) 15、距离说明庄子散文中的寓言的特点。(北师大古代文学96) 16、简述先秦诸子散文对后世的影响。(北师大古代文学99) 17、简述《左传》《国语》和《战国策》的编写体制。(北师大古代文学 94)
先秦文学 1、先秦历史散文发展分三个时期：初期以《尚书》、《春秋》为代表；第二时期以《左传》、《国语》为代表；第三时期代表作为《战国策》。 2、先秦诸子散文的发展可分三个时期：第一期以《论语》、《老子》、《墨子》为代表；第二期以《庄子》。《孟子》为代表；第三期以《韩非子》、《荀子》为代表。 3.《诗经》是我国第一部诗歌总集。分风、雅、颂三部分。风包括十五国风，160 篇；雅分大雅、小雅，105 篇；颂（王室宗庙祭祀舞曲）包括周颂，鲁颂，商颂，共40篇。总305篇，创作的时代跨越了西周初年到春秋中叶约五百年的时间 4《诗经》的艺术成就赋（记叙、描写）、比（比喻、比拟）、兴手法的普遍采用；现实主义精神；重章复沓的章法；词汇丰富，韵律和谐。 5.《诗经》根据音乐曲调的不同可以分为风雅颂，主要运用的艺术手法是赋比兴。 一、《诗经.蒹葭》中心思想：这是一首爱情诗，诗中主人公对意中人即伊人痴情追求，却求之不行。 5.简析重章叠句结构形式及其一唱三叹的艺术效果 此诗三章运用了重章叠句的结构形式，后两章是第一章的重章反复，只是在第一章的基础上更换了个别的词。这样全诗重章叠句，回环复沓，一唱三叹，一意三叠，余音绕梁，极具感染力。强化了抒情效果。各章字句略有变化，有层层递进之妙。蒹葭从苍苍到凄凄到采采，声情转向低沉，凄婉之意自然流露。白露从为霜到未晞到未已，表示时间的推移，说明主人公始终徘徊追索。道阻且长到且跻到且右，表示路途遥远崎岖迂曲，而主人公不避艰险，深情求之。伊人在水一方到在水之湄到在水之涘，从宛在水中央到宛在水中坻到宛在水中沚，似乎愈来愈清晰，但却是可望而不可即。 二、《氓》 1.《氓》选自《诗经。卫风》，属弃妇诗，即弃妇的怨诗。也可视为叙事诗。它通过一位弃妇的自述，激昂，生动描写了她和氓恋爱、结婚、受虐、被弃的过程，表达了她悔恨的心情与决绝的态度。 2.氓：民。诗中指弃妇过去的丈夫：“送子涉淇，至于顿丘”中的“淇”指淇水，在今河南省。全诗叙事清晰，层次分明。 3. 理解识记下列诗句： （1）反映当时的婚姻习俗：“尔卜尔筮(是），体无咎言”。（根据卜筮的卦象，没有不吉利的言辞） （2）具有告诚意味的诗句是“于嗟鸠兮，无食桑葚”。 （3）表现女主人公婚后辛勤操劳的诗句是“夙兴夜寐，靡有朝矣”。（早起晚睡，没有一日不如此） （4）表现女主人公被弃后绝决之情的诗句是“反是不思，亦已焉哉”。 （5）“总角之宴”含有未成年女子的欢乐。 4.《氓》的思想：反映当时社会男女不平等的婚姻制度对女子的压迫与损害。 5.分析《氓》的比兴手法及其喻意：本诗成功运用了比兴的艺术手法，增强了诗意的表达效果；用“桑之未落，其叶沃若”，“桑之落矣，其黄而陨”比喻两人之间感情的前后变化；用“于嗟鸠兮，无食桑葚”比喻女子不可沉湎于爱情；用“淇则有岸，隰（习）则有泮”反喻自己的痛苦没有边际，这些比喻不仅生动形象。而且切合人物所在环境，富有生活气息。 6.《氓》以对比手法刻画人物性格的特点： （1）对比的焦点一是双方对对方不同的态度，二是两个人物本身思想行为的前后变化。 （2）通过前后对比、相互映衬，显出两个人的善恶美丑及彼此间的强烈反差。 （3）以被弃为界，分析《氓》的女主人公形象：以结婚为界，分析氓的形象： 首先是淳朴热情，女主人公阅世未深，天真单纯，未能识破氓忠厚的假象，错误的把他的虚假情意当作真心实意，把他的急躁暴怒当成是求婚心切，因而竟不顾父母之命，媒妁之言的约束，放弃了明媒正娶的要求，勇敢的许下了秋以为期的诺言，轻率地把自己的宝贵爱情投资在了一个骗子身上。其次是勤劳善良，勤劳善良，是中国妇女的传统美德，诗中的女主人公在成家以后就陶醉在自己的幸福之中。再次诗歌还体现了女主人公坚强刚毅敢于反抗的精神，这是女主人公的一个突出的性格特征，他深深的爱着她的忙，可一旦看透，忙的是新闻系，就深深地追悔自己当初的选择，用吁嗟鸠兮无食桑葚，吁嗟女兮无与士耽，对同命运的姐妹们提出警告。 男主人公的形象:自从女子嫁给了他，每天都是早起晚睡，把家里的所有劳苦活都干完了，但是还常年过着贫困的生活，这样的一个女子堪称贤妻，但是男子的行为却前后反差太大了，男子不仅开始三心二意，在外面沾花惹草，还对女子非常凶恶起来，他早已不念少年时的旧情了，曾经真诚诚恳的誓言也早已被他抛在脑后，从男子的感情变化来看，这样的一个冷酷无情，奸诈虚伪，变化无常的形象就非常的明显。