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英语语法 2

英语语法 2
英语语法 2

英语语法——名词与冠词

来源:普特英语

名词

一.定义

什么是名词表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词,叫做名词。如:

baby 婴儿time 时间

pencil 铅笔socialism 社会主义

air 空气Shanghai 上海

二.名词的种类

英语名词可分为两大类:

1.普通名词(common noun)普通名词是某一类人、某一类事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名称。如:

soldier 士兵water 水

pupil 学生health 健康

machine 机器pleasure 快乐

2.专有名词(proper noun)专有名词是个别的人、团体、地方、机构或事物的名称。其中实词的第一个字母必须大写。如:

Lei Feng 雷锋Karl Marx 卡尔?马克思

London 伦敦China 中国

The Communist Party of China中国共产党

The Great Hall of the People人民大会堂

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs外交部

1.1普通名词的种类

普通名词可进一步分为:

1)类名词(class noun)类名词表示人或事物属于某一类。如:

tractor 拖拉机panda 熊猫

factory 工厂teacher 教员

2)集体名词(collective noun)集体名词是一些人或物的总称。如:

class 阶级,班herd 兽群

crowd 人群army 军队

3)物质名词(material noun)物质名词表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的实物。如:steel 钢gram 粮食

fire 火cotton 棉花

4)抽象名词(abstract noun)抽象名词表示动作、状态、品质或其他抽象概念。如:happiness 幸福life 生活

work 工作whiteness 白色

三.名词的数

名词又可分为可数名词(countable noun)与不可数名词(uncountable noun)。可数名词有单、复数之分,不可数名词一般不分单数和复数。类名词和集体名词一般是可数的;抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词一般是不可数的。有少数名词既可用作不可数名词,又可用作可数名词,但意义有所不同。如:

用作不可数名词用作可数名词

glass 玻璃玻璃杯

paper 纸报纸,文件

tin 锡罐头

copper 铜铜币

四.有关英语名词格的概述

格(case)是名词或代词具有的形式及其变化,表示与其它词的关系。

英语的名词有三个格:主格(nominative case)、宾语(objective case)和所有格(possessive case)。但英语的名词除所有格有形式的变化外,主格和宾格都没有形式变化。名词在句中是主格或是宾格,主要通过它在句中的作用和位置来确定。如:

My brother always misplaces his schoolbag.我弟弟常常乱放他的书包。

(brother是主语,故为主格;schoolbag是misplaces的宾语,故是宾格)

Every written sentence should begin with a capital letter.每个书写出来的句子开头都要用大写字母。(sentence在句中作主语,故是主格;letter是介词with的宾语,故是宾格)

表示有生命的东西的名词的所有格

表示有生命的东西的名词(人或动物)的末尾,加上's,即构成所有格,可放在另一名词之前,作定语用。如:

John's friend约翰的朋友

Xiao Wang's notebook小王的笔记本

children's books儿童读物

my father's room我父亲的房间

五.英语名词所有格与它所修饰的名词的逻辑关系

名词所有格在逻辑上可能是它所修饰的名词的主语,也可能是它所修饰的名词的宾语。

1)名词所有格是它所修饰的名词的逻辑主语。如:

the Party's concern of the younger generation党对年青一代的关怀

the hatred of the soldiers for the enemy士兵对敌人的仇恨

2)名词所有格是它所修饰的名词的逻辑宾语。如:

the reactionary rule's overthrow反动统治的被推翻

the occupation of the city by the enemy敌人对该城的占领

"of+名词所有格"

上面讲的两种所有格的形式可以结合起来,构成"of'+所有格"形式,表示部分观念或感情色彩。这种所有格叫做双重所有格。如:

1)表示部分观念:

a friend of my sister's (= one of my sister's friends)我妹妹的一个朋友;a picture of Mr. Wu's吴先生(具有的照片中)的一张照片(比较:a picture of Mr. Wu吴先生本人的照片,即照片上是吴

先生的像)。

2)表示感情色彩:

this lovely child of your aunt's你婶母的这个可爱的孩子

名词所有格所修饰的词的省略

名词所有格所修饰的词,如果前面已经提到,往往可以省略,以免重复。如:

The dictionary is not mine, but Xiao Wang's.这本词典不是我的,是小王的。

名词所有格后面指地点等的名词,有的习惯上可省去不用。如:

I met him at the Johnson's (shop).我在约翰逊商店遇见了他。

I went to my uncle's (house) yesterday.我昨天到我叔叔家去。

冠词

一.概说

冠词分不定冠词(indefinite article)和定冠词(definite article)两种,一般无句子重音。

1)不定冠词a,an

a) a和an均用在单数名词之前,表示某一类人或事物中的"一个",相当于汉语的"一",但不强调数目观念。

b) a用在辅音之前,an用在元音之前。如:a notebook一个笔记本,a cigarette一支香烟,an old man一位老人,an English class一堂英语课。

字母u读作[ju:]时,由于第一个音[j]是辅音,故前面用a,不用an。如:a useful book一本有用的书,a university一所大学。字母h如不发音,第一个音又是元音,前面用an而不用a,如an hour一小时,an honest person一个诚实的人。

c) a和an在句中分别弱读作[E]和[En]。

2)定冠词the

a)表示某一类人或事物中的"某一个"或"某一些",相当于汉语的"这"或"那"。

b)不论单数名词或复数名词,也不论可数名词或不可数名词,前面都可以用the。

c)在元音前读[i],辅音前读[e]。如the evening (傍晚),the car(汽车);在元音字母u发[ju:]和半元音字母。y发[j]时,仍读[j]。如the unit [ju:nit] (单位),the yard [ja:d] (院子)。

二.用法

1.英语中不定冠词a (an)的用法

1)指一个人、动物或一件事物属于某一类。如:

Xiao Xu's father is a miner.小徐的父亲是矿工。(而不是其他工种)

Give me a ballpen , please.请给我一支圆珠笔。(而不是钢笔或其他种类)

2)指任何一个人、动物或一件事物。如:

A steel worker makes steel.钢铁工人炼钢。(意即任何一个钢铁工人都炼钢)

A triangle has three angles.三角形有三个角。(意即任何一个三角形都有三个角)

3)指某人或某物,但不具体说明何人或何物。如:

He comes from a firm in Beijing.他来自北京某一家公司。

A young man wants to see you.有个青年人要见你。

A car stopped in front of the gate.一辆汽车停在大门前。

4)不定冠词还可指"事物的单位",如"每日"、"每斤"等。如:

Butter is 4 yuan a kilo.黄油四元钱一公斤。

He drove the car at 18 miles an hour.他行车速度为每小时十八英里。

The Chinese Export Commodities Fair is held in Guangzhou twice a year.中国出口商品交易会每年在广州举行两次。

The doctor told him to take the medicine three times a day. 医生叫他一天吃三次药。

2.定冠词the 的用法

1)特指某(些)人或某(些)事物。如:

This is the house where Lu Xun once lived.这是鲁迅曾经住过的房子。(以别于其他房子)

The book on the desk is an English dictionary.书桌上的那本书是一本英语词典。(特指桌上的那本书。注意名词book被on the desk短语所限定。)

Cairo is the capital of Egypt.开罗是埃及的首都。

We plan to cut the wheat in these fields in three days' time.我们计划三天后割这些地的小麦。(特指这些地里的小麦)

2)指说话人与听话人彼此所熟悉的人或事物。如:

Open the door, please.请开门。(双方都知道指的是哪一个门)

The Manager is in his office.经理在他的办公室里。(双方都知道指的是哪个经理)

Let's meet at the railway station.我们在火车站碰头吧。(双方都知道指的是哪一个火车站)

3)复述上文提过的人或事物。如:

Last week I read a story and a play. The story is about the Second World War and the play about the life of university students.上周我读了一篇故事和一个剧本。那篇故事是关于第二次世界大战的,剧本是关于大学生生活的。

4)表示在世界上独一无二的事物,如the sun太阳,the moon月亮,the earth地球,the sky 天空,the world世界。

5)定冠词the用于单数可数名词之前,表示某一类人或事物。如:

The Chinese student of English is apt to make such mistakes.中国学英语的学生容易犯这样的错误。.

The favourite fast food in the United States is the hamburger.美国最为人所爱吃的快餐是汉堡包。

The compass was invented in ancient China.古代中国发明了指南针。

演奏乐器时,乐器的名称前也常用定冠词the。如:

At the Children's Palace,some children learn to play the piano,others learn to play the violin.在少年宫里,有的小孩学弹钢琴,有的学拉小提琴。

注一:语法书中的the verb(动词)和动植物学书中的the elephant(象)和the rose(玫瑰)等,都属于这一类。

注二:马是有用的动物"有下面三种说法,如:

A horse is a useful animal.

The horse is a useful animal.

Horses are useful animals.

6)表示阶级、党派的名词前必须用"the"。如the Chinese Communist Party中国共产党,the working class工人阶级,the bourgeoisie资产阶级,the Labour Party(英国)工党

7)定冠词还可与某些形容词连用,使形容词名词化,代表某一类人或物。如the poor穷人,the rich富人,the wounded伤员,the sick病号,the beautiful美丽的事物。

8)在序数词、形容词最高级和表示方位的名词前,常用定冠词the。如:

Shanghai is the biggest city in China.上海是中国最大的城市。

January is the first month of the year.元月是一年中的第一个月份。

The sun rises in the east.日出东方。

9)下面一些说法中习惯上须用定冠词the。如:

in the morning在早上或上午

in the afternoon在下午

in the evening在晚上

to go to the theatre(cinema)到剧院(电影院)去看戏(电影)

3.专有名词前冠词的用法

专有名词前一般不用冠词,如Shanghai上海,Britain英国,Edgar Snow埃德加?斯诺。但在下列几种场合中,却经常要用定冠词。

1)在江河、海洋、山脉、群岛的名称前。如:

the Yellow River黄河,the Baltic(Sea)波罗的海,the Pacific (Ocean)太平洋,the Atlantic(Ocean)大西洋,the Xisha islands西沙群岛,the Tianshan Mountains天山,the Himalayas 喜马拉雅山。

2)在含有普通名词的专有名词前。如:

a)某些国名前:

the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国,the United States of America美国(有些国名并不含有普通名词,但也用定冠词,如:the Philippines菲律宾,the Sudan苏丹。)

b)某些机关团体等组织名称前:

the National People's Congress全国人民代表大会,the State Council国务院,the United Nations 联合国

c)朝代、时代的名称前:

the Tang dynasty唐朝,the Warring States period战国时代。

3)在某些建筑物的名称前。如:

the National Art Gallery国家美术馆,the Great Wall长城,the Peking Zoo北京动物园,the

British Museum大英博物馆。

4)在报纸、杂志、旅馆等名称前。如:

the People's Daily《人民日报》,the Reader's Digest读者文摘,the Being Hotel北京饭店。

5)在姓名复数形式前,指一家人。如:

The Lius have moved to Tianjin.刘家已经搬到天津去了,

The Greens came to China for a visit last year.格林一家去年来中国访问过。

4.抽象名词和物质名词前冠词的用法

1)抽象名词和物质名词表示一般概念时,前面通常不用冠词,但特指时,则须用定冠词。试比较:

War is the continuation of politics.战争是政治的继续。

Our battalion fought north and south during the Anti - Japanese War.

我们这个营在抗日战争时期转战南北。

He is fond of music.他喜欢音乐。

Did you like the music of the film?你喜欢这个影片的音乐吗?

Science is making rapid progress in China.中国科学正在飞速发展。

Physics is the science of matter and energy.物理学是研究物质和能量的科学。

China is rich in oil. 中国石油丰富。

The oil produced in Dagang is of first-rate quality.大港油田生产的石油质量是头等的。

2)抽象名词和物质名词如果具体化,表示一个具体情况或动作或某一类物质时,前面可用不定冠词。如:

It is a great joy to live in New China.生活在新中国真幸福。

Liu Hulan has an ardent love for the people and a deep hatred for the enemy.刘胡兰热爱人民,痛恨敌人。

Mao-tai is a famous Chinese liquor.茅台是一种中国的名酒。

She built a fire.她生了个火。

-Have a smoke?

--No,thanks. I gave Up smoking long ago.

--抽支烟吧?

--谢谢,我早戒烟了。

5.不用冠词的场合

1)专有名词、抽象名词和物质名词前,一般不用冠词。如:

Canada加拿大,Japanese日语,love爱,hatred恨,glass玻璃,water水。

2)名词前已有作定语用的this,that,my,your,whose,some,any,no,each,every等代词时,不用冠词。如:

That is my cap.那是我的帽子。

I enjoyed every minute of it.我自始至终都玩得痛快。

I want this book, not that one.我要这本书,不要那本书。

3)季节、月份、星期几等名称前,一般不用冠词。如:

Spring has come.春天来了。

Winter is the best time for skating.冬天是溜冰的最好季节。

Her little daughter was born in April 1987.她的小女儿于1987年4月出生。

We have mathematics on Monday.我们星期一有数学课。

注:季节前有时也用冠词。如in the spring在春季。当然也可以说in spring。

4)复数名词表示某一类人或事物时,不用冠词。如:

I don't approve of cousins marrying.我不赞成表兄妹结婚。

Books are my best friends.书是我最好的朋友。

5)称呼语前面不用冠词,表示头衔和职务(这种职务一般只由一人担任)的名词的前面也常不用冠词。如:

What does this word mean, Father?这个词是什么意思,爸爸?

Mrs. Johnson is director of the office.约翰逊太太是办公室主任。

6)在某些固定词组里,名词之前常不用冠词。如:

by air乘飞机,at night夜间,in fact事实上,in danger在危险中,after school放学后,at home 在家中,in town在城里,to go to school上学去,to go to bed去睡觉,to go to class去上课,from door to door挨门挨户,from morning till night从早到晚。

7)三餐饭的名称前,常不用冠词。如:

Have you had breakfast?你吃过早饭了吗?

After lunch we usually have a nap.午饭后我们一般都睡午觉。

What did you have for supper?你晚饭吃什么了?

注:但指一特定的餐食时则须用定冠词,如Come on, or the dinner will be getting cold.(快来,要不饭就凉了)。

8)球类运动、棋类游戏等名词前不用冠词。如:

My younger brother likes to play table tennis.我弟弟喜欢打乒乓球。

Let's go and watch them play chess.让我们去看他们下棋去。

9)节日、假日等名称之前不用冠词。如:

New Year's Day元旦National Day国庆节

May Day五一劳动节Children's Day儿童节

Christmas Day圣诞节

10)报纸和文章的标题常常省去冠词。如:

Letter from Beijing: Women in Capital Cotton Mill 《北京来信:首都棉纺厂的妇女》(文章标题,letter之前省去了不定冠词a。)

Bosses Force Deadlock on Pay Increase Talks老板们使要求增加工资的谈判陷于僵局。(报纸标题,bosses前省去the,deadlock前省去a, pay increase talks前省去the。)

高中英语语法系统全解【珍藏版】

高中英语语法系统全解 第一章动词时态 在英语中,不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态,要用不同的动词形式来表示,这就叫做动词的时态。一、一般时 一般时包括一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时和一般过去将来时。 A.一般现在时 1.一般现在时的构成 一般现在时主要用动词原形来表示。主语是第三人称单数时,动词后面要加-s 或-es。 They want good jobs. 他们想要好的工作。 The coat matches the dress. 外衣和裙子很相配。 This work does not satisfy me. 这项工作我不满意。 Do you understand? 你懂了吗? 2.一般现在时的用法 ①一般现在时的基本用法 a. 表示现在习惯性的动作或存在状态 He always takes a walk after supper. 晚饭后他总是散散步。 Everyone is in high spirits now. 现在大家都情绪高涨。 b. 表示客观事实或普遍真理 The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 太阳从东方升起在西方落下。 Sound travels faster through water than it does through air. 声音在水中的传播速度要比在空气中快。

Time and tide wait for no man. 时间不等人。 c. 表示主语的特征、能力和状态 This cloth feels soft. 这布摸上去很软。 I love classical music. 我喜欢古典音乐。 The President still seems able to find time to go fishing. 看来总统仍能有时间去钓鱼。 d. 表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作 The meeting begins at 7:00. 会议七点钟开始。 We leave here at 8:00 sharp. 我们八点整离开这里。 e. 在时间、条件、让步状语从句中表示将来动作 When you come next time, bring me some magazines. 你下次来时,给我带几本杂志。 If time allows, we shall go there tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话,我们明天去那里。 Whether he agrees or not, I will stay at home. 不管他同意与否,我都会待在家里。 ②一般现在时的特殊用法 a. 用于新闻标题或图片说明中 China Declares Manned Spaceflight Successful 中国宣布载人航天飞行圆满成功 Laura Bush Arrives in Moscow 劳拉·布什抵达莫斯科 b. 用于体育运动、表演等实况报道中 Francis slips past, passes the ball to Yao Ming, who jumps, catches and shoots it into the basket.

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常用的情态动词有:can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would这九大情态动词;其他的还有ought to, need, dare 等 二、情态动词表示“可能”或“预测” (can, could, will, would, shall, should, must, ought to (1)can 和 could 用于表示“可能”或“预测”:1. He can't be at home.他不可能在家。 2. Can the news be true? (can 置于主语 the news 前就成疑问句) 这消息可能是真的吗? 3. Anybody can make mistake. (只表示理论上的可能性) 任何人都可能犯错误。 (2)may 和 might 用于表示“事实上的可能性”或“预测”: 1. It may rain tomorrow可能会发生) 明天可能会下雨。 2. It may snow later this afternoon. (表示预测) 今天下午可能会下雪。 3. You might be right. (表示有可能) 你可能是对的。 (3)will 和 would 用于表示“预测”或“习惯性”: 1. I think he will be all right now. (will be 表示一定会) 我想他现在一定好了 2. That would be his mother.(would be 表示肯定是) 那肯定是他母亲。 3. He will sit there hour after hour looking at the river.(will 表示经常的) 他经常一连几个小时坐在那儿看着河水。 4)shall 和 should 用于表示“必定”: 1. I shall be rich one day. (shall be ) 总有一天我会发达的。 2. That should be Sam and his mother. (should be) 那准是Sam 和他的母亲。 2. That would be his mother.(would be 表示肯定是) 那肯定是他母亲。 3. He will sit there hour after hour looking at the river.(will 表示经常的) 他经常一连几个小时坐在那儿看着河水。 (4)shall 和 should 用于表示“必定”: 1. I shall be rich one day. (shall be ) 总有一天我会发达的。 2. That should be Sam and his mother. (should be) 那准是Sam 和他的母亲。 (5)must 用于表示“必定”,“必会”: 1. This must be good for you.(must be 肯定) 这肯定对你是有益的。 2. All mankind must die.(表示必然会发生的事) 所有的人一定会死的。 3. Mustn't there be a mistake? (mustn't 多用于疑问句) 那肯定会有错误吗? 三、情态动词表示“许可”、“请求” (can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, might, must) (1)can 和 could 用于表示“许可”、“请求”: (2) 1. Can I go with you? (请求) 我能跟你一起走吗? 2. Father said I could go to cinema. (表示过去的许可) 爸爸说我可以去看电影。 3. Could I ask you something ? (请求,用 could 比 can 更婉转) 我可以问你一件事吗? (2)will 和 would 用于表示“请求” 1. Will you kindly tell me the way to the post office? (表示客气请求) 请问到邮局怎么走? 2. Would you give me your address? (用 would 比 will 表示更客气)请你告诉我你的地址好吗3)shall 和 should 用于第一人称,表示征求对方的意见 1. Shall we talk? 我们谈谈好吗? 2. What should we do next? (用should 比 shall 表示更客气) 下一步我们该怎么做? 3. Shall he come to see you? (用于第三人称疑问句) 要不要他来看你? (4)may 和 might 用于表示“许可”(口语中多用 can ) 1. You may take a walk. (表示给予许可) 你可以散散步。 2. You might read the story for me. (比may更婉转) 是否请给我读一读这故事。 3.May I make a suggestion? 我可以提个建议吗?

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