分词有现在分词（the Present Participle）和过去分词（the Past Participle），在句中充当定语、表语、补语和状语。
一、现在分词
主动语态被动语态
语态
时态
一般式doing being done
完成式having done having been done
其否定形式是在doing之前加上not
【随时练】
1). He ran back home at night, ______ (look) behind at times.
2). ______ (tell) many times, the old man forgot the name of the supermarket.
3). ______ (not get) well prepared, they decided to put off the meeting.
【答案】
1)looking 2)Having been told 3)Not having got
(二) 分词在句中所做成分
分词在句中可作定语、表语、状语、补足语等。
1、作定语
分词作定语有两种形式。它可以放在被修饰的名词之前，称为前置定语。有的放在被修饰的名词之后，称为后置定语。
1）前置定语
He is a promising young man. 他是一个有前途的年轻人。
Make less noise. There’s a sleeping child. 不要出太大声音，有个孩子在睡觉。
2）后置定语
The young man running after Jim was the winner in the last year race.
跟在吉姆身后跑的年轻人是去年比赛的冠军。
3）分词短语作定语必须置于被修饰词之后，相当于一个定语从句。如：
Those wishing to see the film star have been waiting for hours.
(=Those who wish to see the film star have been waiting for hours.)
想见那个电影明星的人已经等了几个小时。
4）完成体的分词一般不作定语，若要表达完成意义最好用定语从句。如：我们一般不说：The girl having passed the driving test is a friend of mine.
而常这样说：The girl who has passed the driving test is a friend of mine.
5）非限定性的完成体作定语或如果分词所修饰的词是泛指则没有这个限制。如：
Anyone having passed the test has got a prize. 任何通过考试的人都能得到一份奖品。
Charlie, having lived in Paris for years, decided to return to London.
在巴黎呆过多年，查理决定重返伦敦。
2、作表语
现在分词作表语表示主语的某种性质或状态。如：
What you said is really inspiring. 你所说的真令从鼓舞。
类似的现在分词还有：surprising, interesting, exciting, boring, disappointing, confusing, embarrassing, ect.
3、作宾语补足语
I oftentimes hear a girl singing downstairs. 我有时听到楼下有一个小姑娘在唱歌。
现在分词作宾语补足语常在以下情况中出现：
1）表示“致使”动词+宾语+现在分词,例如:
to set sb thinking
to keep sb waiting
to get the clock going
to start sb coughing
to have sb. crying
to leave sb. waiting
2) 表示“感觉”动词+宾语+现在分词,例如:
to smell sth. burning
to watch sb swimming
to find sb listening to the recorder
这样的动词还有see, hear, feel, notice, observe, look at, listen to等注意：表示“感觉”的动词,既可以用不带to 的不定式作宾语补足语,又可以用现在分词作宾语补足语,但两者有含义上的差别。现在分词作这些动词的宾语补足语,表示动作的进行。
4、作状语
分词在句中作状语，可以表示各种不同的语义内容。它可以表示时间、原因、让步、结果、方式、条件等。如：
1）表示时间
Getting into the train, I fell into sleep. 上了火车，我就睡着了。
表示与主句中谓语动词同时性的现在分词强调时间意义时，分词前可以加上while, when等从属连接
词，但as没有这种用法。如：
Don’t talk while having dinner. 吃饭时不要说话。
When crossing the street, do be careful. 过马路时要小心。
2）表示原因
表示原因的分词短语一般置于句首。
Having lived in London for years, I almost know every place quite well.
在伦敦住过多年，我几乎对每个地方都很熟悉。
3）表示结果
Football is played in more than 80 countries, making it a popular sport.
80多个国家都踢足球，因此足球成了一种很流行的运动。
4）表示方式
I stood by the door, not daring to look up. 我站在门旁，不敢抬头看。
5）表示条件
Once deciding which university to attend, you should find out the admission procedure.
一旦决定上哪所大学，你必须查明录取程序。
二、过去分词
（一）过去分词的基本用法
过去分词只有一种形式，也没有主动语态，它所表示的动作是一个被动的或是已完成的动作。
（二）过去分词在句中所作成分
过去分词在句中也可用作定语、表语、宾语或状语等成分。过去分词在句中作某种成分时，其逻辑主语一般为该分词所表示的动作的承受者，如：
1、作定语
过去分词作定语时，如果这个分词是一个单词，就位于其修饰的名词之前，如果是分词短语，就位于其修饰的名词之后。
如：The stolen painting was found by the police last week.
2、作表语
过去分词作表语时，表示其逻辑主语所处的状态，其逻辑主语就是句中的主语，如：The window was broken.这个窗户是破的。
注：过去分词作表语时，和动词的被动语态结构相似，但两者表达的意义不同，如：The window was broken by my little brother.这个玻璃杯是被我小弟弟打破的。
作表语用的过去分词在许多词典中已列为形容词，如：crowded, devoted, discouraged, done, dressed, drunk, experienced, frightened, gone, hurt, interested, killed, known, learned, lost, pleased, satisfied, shut, surprised, tired, undressed, worried, astonished, broken, completed, covered等。
3、作宾语补足语
过去分词作宾语补足语时，句中的宾语就是其逻辑主语，如：
When I opened the door, I found the ground covered by fallen leaves. 打开门我发现，地面被落叶覆盖着。
I had my bike repaired yesterday. 昨天我（找别人）把我的自行车给修了。
注：动词have后的复合宾语中，宾语补足语如为过去分词，常表示该分词所表示的动作是由别人来执行的而不是句中主语自己来执行的。
4、作状语
过去分词作状语时，相当于一个状语从句，该结构的逻辑主语一般都是主句的主语，是过去分词所表示意义的逻辑宾语。为了使作状语的过去分词意义更加明确，常在分词前加when, if, while, though, as等连词，如：
Seen from the hill/ When seen from the hill, our town looks beautiful.
Given more time/ If given more time, we could have done it better.（we是该结构的逻辑主语，是give的逻辑宾语。）
巩固练习
1. The Olympic Games, ______ in 776 B.C, didn’t include women players until 1919.
A. first playing
B. to be first played
C. first played
D. to be first playing
2. European football is played in 80 countries, ______ it the most popular sport in the
world.
A. making
B. makes
C. made
D. to make
3. Little Jim should love ______ to the theatre this evening.
A. to be taken
B. to take
C. being taken
D. taking
4.______ a reply, he decided to write again.
A. Not receiving
B. Receiving not
C. Not having received
D. Having not received
5. Most of the artists ______ to the party were from South Africa.
A. invited
B. to invite
C. being invited
D. had been invited
答案：
CAACA
动词-ing 形式 动词-ing形式由动词加-ing变化而成, 它同时具有名词和动词的特征, 在句中可以作主语、宾语、定语、宾语补足语及状语。 动词-ing形式不能单独作谓语,有时态和语态的变化。 主动形式被动形式 一般式doing being done 完成式having done having been done 否定形式: not+ -ing 构成 一、动词-ing形式作主语 1. 表示经常的、习惯性的动作或状态, 谓语动词通常用单数。如： Walking is a good form of exercise for both young and old. 无论对年轻人和老年人来讲, 走路是一种很好的锻炼。 Watching news on TV has become a routine for me. 在电视上看新闻已经成了我的一种日常习惯。Asking a woman’s age is impolite in some countries.在一些国家问一个女人的年龄是不礼貌的。 2. -ing形式作主语时常后置, 此时须用it作形式主语。如：It is no use / no good / fun / hard work / a hard (difficult) job / a waste of time / dangerous / worthwhile / useless + doing。如: It’s no use making an excuse for this. 为这件事找借口是没有用的。 It is no good waiting for other people to make decisions for you. 等别人替你做决定是没有用的。It’s a waste of time talking about such a useless thing. 谈论这样无用的事情简直是浪费时间。 二、动词-ing用作宾语 1. 只能后接动名词作宾语的动词, 常见的有：finish, enjoy, avoid, admit, keep, mind, imagine, risk, practice, appreciate, consider, escape, miss, suggest, can’t stand, can’t help, give up, feel like, put off, permit等。 2. 既可接动名词又可接不定式作宾语的动词, 意义差别不大的动词，常见的有: like, love, hate, prefer, begin, start, continue等。 3. 既可接动名词又可接不定式作宾语的动词, 但意义完全不一样的，常见的有：forget, remember, mean, regret, stop, try等。 4. 动词-ing形式作介词的宾语。devote to, look forward to, stick to, be used to, object to(反对), pay attention to, get down to, lead to, be crazy about, be tired of, succeed in, have difficulty in等。 三、-ing形式作定语 1. 单个动词的-ing形式作定语位于被修饰名词的前面, 既可以表示被修饰者的作用或功能, 也可以表示被修饰者的动作或状态。如： printing factory = a factory for printing; the shopping center = the center for shopping; tiring music = music that is tiring; a surprising result = a result that is surprising 2. –ing 形式短语作定语时, 放在所修饰的名词之后, 并且在意思上相当于一个定语从句。如： They lived in a room facing the street. = They lived in a room that faces the street. 他们住在一间面朝街的房子。 The man standing there is Peter’s father. = The man who is standing there is Peter’s father. 站在那儿的那个人是彼得的父亲。 Anybody swimming in this river will be fined. = Anybody who is swimming in this river will be fined. 在这条河里游泳的任何一个人都会被罚款。 The building being built now is our new library. 现在正在建造的这栋楼房室我们的新图书馆。 3. -ing形式短语也可以用作非限制定语, 相当于一个非限制性定语从句, 这时, 它与句子其他部分用逗号分开。如： His brother, working as a teacher, lives in Beijing. = His brother, who is working as a teacher, lives in Beijing. 他那个当教师的哥哥住在北京。 四、-ing形式作宾语补足语 1. 动词-ing形式作宾语补足语常放在宾语后面, 表示一个正在进行的主动性的动作, 强调一个过程或一种状态。如： When we returned to the school, we found a stranger standing at the entrance. 当我们回到学校时, 发现一个陌生人站在大门口。 2. 能用-ing 形式作宾语补足语的几类动词： 1）、表示感觉和心理状态的动词：see, watch, smell, feel, hear, find, notice, observe, catch, look at, listen to等。2）、表示指使意义的动词：have, leave, set, keep, get 等。 五、-ing形式作状语 -ing作状语时, 其逻辑主语必须是句子的主语。 现在分词在句中作状语,表示动作发生的原因、时间、方式、结果、条件、伴随状况等。 1.–ing 形式作时间状语 Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. While walking along the road, Cruse caught sight of a poor dog. Having finished the work, they went out for a walk. 2.–ing 形式作原因状语
过去分词 1．______ twice，the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog. A．Being bitten B．Bitten C．Having bitten D．To b e bitten 2．Passengers on board aren’t allowed ______ calls during take-off. A．making or receiving B．to make or receive C．to have made or received D．having made or received 3．Is there any possibility of this product ______ in Paris or New York market? A．trying out B．to try out C．being tried out D．tried out 4．Mr Jones，a professor，______ for his excellent lectures，is popular with his students. A．known B．knowing C．to be known D．having known 5．—Why are the students working so hard these days? — ______ ready for the coming entrance examination. A．To get B．Get C．Getting D．Got 6．In 2010，China enjoyed its best Winter Olympic Games results，______ 11 medals in Vancouver—five gold included. A．to collect B．collected C．being collected D．collecting 7．The girl glanced over her shoulder and found herself ______ by a young man in black. A．was followed B．followed C．following D．had been followed 8．An air France jet is reported ______ in the Atlantic Ocean with 228 people aboard，the airline’s worst disaster in its 75-year history. A．to have crashed B．to have been crashed C．having crashed D．having bee n crashed 9．Alcohol is classified as a downer，and although it is legal，it can damage the liver and do great harm if ______ in large quantities. A．consume B．to consume C．consuming D．consumed 10．______ in the leg made it impossible for me to walk as fast as usual. A．Being injured B．To be injured C．Having injured D．Injured 11．Misunderstandings ____ from l ack of social communication，unless ____ properly，may lead to serious problems. A．arisen；handling B．arising；handled C．rising；handled D．risen；handling 12．______ by a greater demand for green products，the food company has set higher standards to ensure the quality. A．Driven B．Being driven C．To drive D．Having driven 13．—Will the match be cancelle d because of the bad weather? —No.Rain or shine，the match will be held as______. A．schedule B．scheduling C．scheduled D．to schedule 14．Subway Line 4，______ into use in September，has made traveling in Beijing easier. A．having been put B．putting C．being put D．put 15．On the bank of the river，we found him ______ on a beach，with his eyes ______ on a kite in the sky. A．seated；fixing B．sitting；fixing C．seated；being fixed D．sitting；fixed 16．Tsinghua University，______ in 1911，is home to a great number of outstanding figures. A．found B．found ing C．founded D．to be founded 17．Th e players ______ from the whole country are expected to bring us honor in this summer game. A．selecting B．to select C．selected D．having selected 18．The island，______ to the mainland by a bridge，is easy to go to. A．joining B．to join C．joined D．having joined 19．Michael put up a picture of Yao Ming beside the bed to keep himself ______ of his own dreams. A．reminding B．to remind C．r eminded D．remind 20．______ an important role in a new movie，Andy has got a chance to become famous. A．Offer B．Off erring C．Offered D．To offer 21．The rare fish，______ from the cooking pot，has been returned to the sea. A．saved B．saving C．to be saved D．having saved 22．Even the best writers sometimes find themselves ______ for words. A．lose B．lost C．to lose D．having lost 23．______ into English，the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order. A．Translating B．Translated C．To translate D．Having translated 24．I’m calling to enquire about the position______ in yesterday’s China Daily. A．advertised B．to be advertised C．advert ising D．having advertised
现在分词和过去分词的用法及实例分析 现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于：现在分词表示“主动和进行”，过去分词表示“被动和完成”(不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动，只表示完成)。分词可以有自己的状语、宾语或逻辑主语等。 1)分词作状语分词在句子中作状语，可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。分词做状语时，它的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。作状语的分词相当于一个状语从句。 【例如】 Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. Using what you know of word stems and word formations, you can make a guess at the meaning of a new word. The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking. Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station.Given better attention, the plants could grow better. He looked tired and depressed, visibly disturbed by the news of his mother's illness. 分词在句子中作状语，使用何种分词，要取决于分词与句子主语的关系：主谓关系用现在分词，动宾或被动关系用过去分词。 【例如】 Not having enough hands, we turned to them for help. (We don't have enough hands). Taught by mistakes and setbacks, we have become wiser and handled our affairs better. (we are taught/teach us) .Inspired by the International, the working people of all countries have been fighting for their final liberation. (the working people were inspired/ inspire the working people)____the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge. (CET-4 1996,6) A) Having believed B) Believing C) Believed D) Being believed 本句意思为：相信地球是平的，许多人担心哥伦布会从边上掉下去。许多人与相信之间是主谓关系，及分词与主语之间为主谓关系。因此，应用现在分词，答案为B. No matter how frequently ____, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences. (CET-4 1995,6) A) performing B) performed C) to be performed D) being performed 本句中贝多芬的作品被反复表演，可见分词与句子的主语之间是被动关系，应该用过去分词，故答案为B.
高考英语非谓语动词之分词 一、分词的时态与语态 1、现在分词的时态语语态 主动形式：一般式：完成式： 被动式：完成式： 其否定形式在分词前加not 2、过去分词： 1）（be）a student, she was interested in her study. 2) (study) in the university for three years, he knows it very well. 3) The building (build) now is our teaching building. 4) (criticize) by his teacher, Li Ming gave up smoking. 5) This is the book (write) by a famous writer. 6) (not know) how to handle the problem, she decided to turn to his teacher for help. 二、分词的用法（高考考点透析） 1.分词作 1）There are two roads before us, one (lead) to the beach, the other to the park. 2) The conference (hold) now is about world environment protection. 3) The conference (hold) last week is about world environment protection. 4) walked hard on the ground (cover) by/with snow. 5) The trees in the storm have been moved off the road.(湖南卷) A. being blown B. blown down C. blowing down D. to blow down 现在分词作定语表示 过去分词作定语表示 2.分词作 1）The old man passed away, (leave) his son nothing but debts. 作状语 2) （hear）the disappointing news, he felt down. 作状语 3) The girl is leaning against the tree, (sing) a song. 作状语 4) (tell) me something about the matter, he left hurriedly. 作状语 5) (tell) many times, he didn’t make the same mistake again. 作状语现在分词的一般式做状语，即doing 形式，用法是 现在分词的完成式做状语，即having done形式，用法是 3.做补语（参见五·三P91非谓语动词作感官动词、使役动词 1）A cook will be fired if he is caught in the kitchen.(高考题) A. smoke B. smoked C. smoking D. to smoke 2）When I looked back in the supermarket, I suddenly found someone (smoke). 3) I’m delighted to see the project (perform) by the government.
现在分词和过去分词主要的区别表现在语态和时间关系上。 1)语态上不同：现在分词表示主动的意思，而过去分词多由及物动词变来，表示被动的意思。试比较： surprising 使人感到惊讶的(主动) surprised 自己感到惊讶的(被动，即被惊讶的) an exciting story 一个令人兴奋的故事(主动) excited spectators 激动的观众(被动，即被引起激动的) a moving film 一部感动人的影片。 A moved audience 受感动的观众 A tiring journey 累人的旅行 A tired football player 累了的足球运动员 He told us many interesting things last night.他昨夜告诉我们许多有趣的事情。 She is interested in astronomy. 她对天文学有兴趣。 也有一些过去分词是由不及物动词变来的，它们只表示一个动作已完成，没有被动的意味。如：the risen sun 升起的太阳 fallen leaves 落叶 the exploded bomb 已爆炸了的炸弹 a retired miner 退休矿工 returned students 归国留学生 2)时间关系上不同：一般说来，现在分词所表示的动作往往正在进行，而过去分词所表示的动作，往往已经完成。试比较： the changing world 正在变化着的世界 the changed world 已经起了变化的世界 boiling water 正在开的水 boiled water 已经煮开过的水(可能是凉开水) developing countries 发展中国家 developed countries 发达国家 分词和分词短语的用法 1) 作定语作定语用的分词如果是单词，一般放在它所修饰的名词之前。如： I’m reading a very interesting book.我在读一本很有趣的书。 He likes to drink cold boiled water. 他喜欢喝凉开水。 分词短语作定语用时，一般皆放在它所修饰的名词的后面。它的功用相当于定语从句。如：China is a developing socialist country belonging to the Third world.中国是一个发展中的社会主义国家，属于第三世界。 (= which belongs to the Third World) The man sitting in the corner is my brother.坐在角落里的那个人是我的兄弟。(= who is sitting in the comer) Most of the people invited to the party did not come.被邀请参加晚会的人多数没有来。(= who were invited to the party.) 2)作表语 The opera is very moving and instructive. 这个歌剧很动人，且有教育意义。 The cups are broken. 这些杯子是破的。 He is married.他已经结婚了。 [注] 分词作表语用时，相当于形容词，不可与进行时态和被动语态中的分词混淆起来。它们的
非谓语动词(一)——现在分词 考点一：现在分词作状语。 A、做时间状语 1. _____________________，he looked for them everywhere.(hold) （2011湖北卷） 他把钥匙握在手上，到处寻找. 2. _____________________to this area，the storm left .(cause) 暴风雨给这个地区造成巨大灾害后离开了。 B、做原因状语： 3. _____________________the programme , they have to stay there for another two weeks .(complete) 没有完成节目，他们不得不再呆两星期。 4.Accustomed to _____________________by others , the little boy likes ti be his own listener .(look) 习惯了被瞧人看不起，这个小男孩喜欢自己做自己的听众。 C、做条件状语 5. _____________________ ，We will visit you . (come) 如果我们来这个城市，我们会去拜访你的。 比较： 6. _____________________ ，We will start at six this afternoon .(permit) 天气允许的话，我们将今天下午六点出发。 D、做让步状语 7．_____________________,he still reapted the same mistakes .(tell) 虽然告诉了他很多次，可他仍然重复着同样的错误。 E、做伴随状语 8. The lady walked around the shops, _____________________bargains.（keep）(2010江西卷) 这位女士在商场转悠着，留意着里面的减价商品 9．The lawyer listened with full attention ,____________________any point . (try) (2010四川卷) 律师专注地听着，努力不错过任何要点。 F、做结果状语 10.More highways have been built in China,___________ for people to travel from one place to another. (make) (2011陕西卷) 更多的高速公路建造起来了，使人们更容易从一个地方旅行到另一个地方。 考点二：现在分词作定语 11.A medical team ____________________will come to our school tomorrow .(consist ) 由三人组成的医疗队明天回来我们学校。 考点三：现在分词做补足语 12.They use computers to keep the traffic __________________(smoothly) (2009全国卷2) 他们用电脑来保持交通运行顺利 考点四：现在分词做表语： 13.The day was so _________________(charm) 考点五：用在with复合结构中 14.With the boy ___________________, we had no difficulty in finding his house . (lead) 有这个孩子带路我们找到他的房子毫无困难。
英语语法归纳之非谓语动词（动名词） 敬告： 以下内容，不参加高考等有语法题（语法单选、语法填空、短文改错等）考试的应用类学员无须深究，知道该语法结构的存在，及其充当的句子成分和功能即可，应多花时间练习听说读写，否则就背离了语言学习真正目的。应试类学员有时间可以比较分析，基本搞懂。 过去分词长什么样？规则的情况下与动词过去式相同，当然有不规则的情况；过去分词可以充当定语、状语、补语、定语，不可能充当主语、宾语； 过去分词不像现在分词有多种体现时态和语态的形式，只有一种形式done表示。 1、过去分词可以充当主谓宾补句型中的宾语补语；它与宾语是被动关系，或者说它与宾语是动宾关系。 (1) We found the fish eaten by our cat. (2) I can’t make myself understood because of my poor English. 2、过去分词可以充当定语；充当定语当然是修饰主语、宾语等名性的结构；表达过去分词的动作是被动的或完成，或即被动又完成的。 (1) The party had last night (which was had last night) was very cheerful. (2) USA is a developed country (a country which has been developed). (3) A great number of students questioned (who had been questioned) said they were forced to practice the piano. 3、过分词可以充当状语，它与主句主语是被动关系，或者说它与主句的主语是动宾关系； 过去分词一般只强调被动动作而不强调时间，多用于条件和原因状语；(1) Taken in time, the medicine will turn out to be very effective. If the medicine is taken in time, it will turn out to be very effective. (2) Offered an important role in a new movie, Andy has a chance to become famous.
非谓语动词之现在分词和动名词 今天我们来学习另外两种非谓语动词形式—现在分词和动名词。 现在分词和动名词的形式是一样的，都是doing，但它们的含义和用法存在很大差别，即便都可以做表语、定语，其含义也是大不相同的。 希望同学们通过今天的学习，能够真正领悟它们的用法和区别。 一.现在分词（The Present Participle）: doing 1、现在分词由动词加“ing”构成，表示主动或正在进行，主要起形容词、副词和动词的作用，可在句中作表语、定语、状语、宾补等成份。 （1）作表语。（与主语存在主动的逻辑关系） The news is exciting. 这个消息令人兴奋。
The result is amazing. 这个结果令人惊异。 （2）作定语。（与被修饰词之间存在主动的逻辑关系） Do you know the young man standing under the tree? 你认识站在树下的年轻人吗？ The woman wearing a red coat is my aunt. 穿红外套的女人是我的阿姨。 （3）作状语。（与句子主语存在主动逻辑关系，并且与谓语动作同时发生） Passing by the house, he saw a girl playing the piano .（时间状语） 经过这所房子的时候，他看到一个女孩正在弹钢琴。
A lot of land has gone with the trees, leaving only sand.(结果状语) 大量的土地已经与树木一起消失了，只留下了沙子。 They wake up their parents , calling “Merry Christmas”（伴随状语）他们弄醒了他们的父母，喊着“圣诞节快乐”。 （4）作宾补。（与宾语存在主动逻辑关系，并且与谓语动作同时发生） I hear a girl singing in the next room. 我听到一个女孩正在隔壁唱歌。 2、现在分词的否定式：not doing Not knowing where he is, she is feeling anxious. 不知道他在哪里，她感到非常焦急。
非谓语动词之过去分词专项练习 姓名_________ 学号_________ 专项训练1： 1. ___ poor at English, I'm afraid I can't make myself ___. A. To be;understand B. I'm ;to understand C. Being ;understanding D. Being;understood 2. I have had my bike ___ ,and I'm going to have somebody ___ my radio tomorrow. A. repair;to repair B. repairing;to be repaired C. repaired;repair D. to repair;repairing 3. You must get the work ___ before Friday. A. do B. to do C. doing D. done 4. ___ the room,the nurse found the tape-re corder ___. A. Entering;stealing B. Entering;gone C. To have entered; being stolen D. Having entered;to be stolen 5.We are pleased to see the problem ___ so quickly. A. settled B. having been settled C. be s ettled D. settling 6. Mrs. Brown was much disappointed to see the washing machine she had had ____ went wrong again. (上海1999） A. it B. it repaired C. repaired D. to be repaired 7. It is wise to have some money ___ for old age. (NMET1996) A. put away B. keep up C. give away D. laid up 8. I don't want the children ___ out in such weather. A. take B. to take C. taken D. taking 9. I'm afraid that I can't make myself ___ be cause of my poor English. A. understand B. understanding C. to understand D. understood 10. The murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back. A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied [来源:学科网]8. 专项训练2： 1. We found her greatly ___. A. improving B. changed C. to help D. having disturbed 2. Jane got her bad tooth ___ at the dentist's. A. to put in B. pulled out C. pushed out D. drawing out 3. When ____,the museum will be open to the public next year. (上海2002) https://www.doczj.com/doc/156922684.html,pleted B. completing C. being completed D. to be completed
现在分词和过去分词的用法区别 （一）分词的作用 ·现在分词可用于： ·①构成进行时。e.g. We are studying English. ·②当副词作状语。e.g. The children came, singing and dancing. ·③当形容词作定语、宾补和表语。 ·e.g. Falling leaves danced in the air. ·I saw many birds flying along the river. ·The story is very moving. ·过去分词可用于： ·①构成完成时。 e.g. The play had begun when we arrived there. ·②构成被动语态。e.g. English is widely spoken in the world. ·③当副词作状语。e.g. Seen here, the city looks more beautiful. ·④当形容词作定语、宾补和表语。 ·e.g. a boy named Tom ·I saw the girl killed with my own eyes. ·I’m interested in English. （二）现在分词与过去分词的两大差别 1.在语态上：现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动。 2.在时态上：现在分词表进行，过去分词表完成。 （三）确定分词的使用的具体步骤 （1）根据句子结构确定分词的语法成分 （2）找准逻辑主语 （3）判断主、被动关系 （4）选定现在或过去分词 1. There was a terrible noise ____ the sudden burst of light. A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed 2. The Olympic Games, ____ in 776 B. C., didn’t include women until 1912. A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be playing 3. What’s the language ____ in Germany? A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak 4. Most of the people ____ to the party were famous scientists. A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. inviting 5. The first textbooks ____ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
非谓语动词 非谓语动词包括不定式(to do)、动名词(－ing)、现在分词(－ing)与过去分词(－ed)。它们不受主语人称和数的限制，在句子中不能充当谓语，但可以充当句子的其他成分，并且有时态和语态的变化。 动词-ing形式的要点 1．-ing的形式 2.-ing形式的基本用法 (1)作主语：Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。 (2)作表语：Her job is washing and cooking. (3)作宾语：①作及物动词的宾语。She likes drawing very much. ②作某些短语动词的宾语。 Mary is thinking of going back to New York. ③ do＋限定词(my, some, any, the等)＋v.-ing，表示“做…事”之如 do some cleaning打扫卫生do some shopping购物
④作介词的宾语：Her sister is good at learning physics. ⑤作形容词worth, busy等的宾语： This book is well worth reading. 只接动词-ing形式而不接不定式作宾语的动词有： admit 承认appreciate 感激avoid 避免put off 推迟keep 保持consider 考虑delay/ postpone 耽搁dislike 嫌恶resist 抵制mention 提及enjoy 喜欢escape 避免excuse 原谅practice 练习mind介意fancy想不到feel like 意欲finish 完成risk 冒险include 包括forgive 原谅give up 放弃suggest 建议miss 逃过imagine 想象can’t help 情不自禁involve 需要can’t stand无法忍受understand 理解 常见的带介词to的短语： be used to 习惯be related to 与……有关get down to 着手做contribute to 贡献put one’s mind to全神贯注于give rise to 引起 be equal to 胜任devote oneself to 献身于lead to 导致be opposed to 反对 look forward to 盼望object to 反对stick to 坚持pay attention to 注意 (4)作定语：The sleeping child is only five years old. (5)作宾语补足语：We can see steam rising from the wet clothes.