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初中英语语法句子成分

初中英语语法句子成分
初中英语语法句子成分

句子成分:主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语

主要成分:主语和谓语

1、主语

是动作或状态的主语。主语的位置:一般位于句首

由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词和从句充当。

The school is far from here. 名词做主语

She goes to school by bike. 代词做主语

Eight is a lucky number. 数词做主语

Predicting the future is interesting.动名词做主语

To be a doctor is my dream.不定式短语做主语

What we shall do next is not yet decided. 从句充当主要

2、谓语

表示主语的动作或状态.

动词由动词或动词短语充当

谓语动词有人称、数、时态、语态的变化。

分析句子的主语和谓语

His parents are teachers. 系动词和表语构成谓语

Mr. Li teaches English. 行为动词做谓语

He can play the piano. 情态动词和行为动词构成谓语

We have finished reading the book. 助动词和实义动词构成谓语

3、宾语

是动作的对象或承受者。及物动词必须跟宾语. 对谓语对的进一步解释说明及物动词:直接接宾语的谓语动词.

不及物动词:不能直接带宾语的谓语动词.

宾语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句构成.

I saw a plane in the sky just now.名词做宾语

We often help him. 代词做宾语

He likes to play basketb all. 不定式做宾语

I want three.数词做宾语

I enjoy going shopping.动名词做宾语

He said that he felt sick.从句做宾语

4、表语

用来说明主语的身份、特征、性质、状态。

表语的位置: 动词be和系动词后。系表结构合起来共同组成谓语

I an a teacher.

The are on the playground now.

It sounds interesting.

Your pen is on the desk.

He got very angry.

My dream is to have a robot.

常见的系动词

1. be动词

2. 与感觉有关的动词look, sound, smell, taste, feel 等

3. 表示状态变化的动词,意为“变得” “变成” 如get, grow, turn等

上述两类词作连系动词时要用形容词作表语,千万不能用副词。

5、宾语补足语(宾补)

有些及物动词除了要有一个宾语之外, 还须加上一个补足语。

如果没有补足语(宾补), 有时候句子的意思就不完整。

充当宾补的有:

1. 形容词作宾语补足语

The sun keeps us warm.

2. 介词短语作宾语补足语:

I found her in the room.

3. 名词作宾语补足语。

We made him monitor of the class.

4. 动词不定式和分词也能用作宾语补足语。

I asked him to come.

6、定语

修饰名词或代词(即在汉语里的……的)

定语是用来修饰、限定人和事物的,动词不能有定语,形容词也没有

定语可以是一个词,也可以是几个词,或一词组,也可能是一个从句

1. 形容词作定语(一般放在被修饰语之前,修饰不定代词时放在后面)

They have a clever son.

I have something important to tell you.

2. 名词作定语:

名词作定语一般用单数形式, 如:

school bus, ticket office, paper flowers

但也有例外,如: sports meeting, clothes shop

man 和woman修饰的名词如果是复数,它们总以复数的形式作定语,如:

men drivers , women doctors

3.代词作定语:

This song is better than that one.

4. 数词作定语:

There are only thirty students in our class.

带有数字的复合形容词.当复合形容词用连字号连接时,其中的名词要用单数形式.

a two-day holiday a three-year-old boy

5. 副词作定语(放在被修饰词之后):

Do you know the young man over there?

6. 介词短语作定语(放在被修饰词之后):

The students in our class like swimming.

7、状语

说明动词、形容词、副词或整个句子等。

有的修饰全句, 用以说明地点、时间、方式、程度、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步位置比较灵活,句首、句中和句末。.

1. 副词作状语:

The old man is walking slowly.表方式

The boy is very clever.表程度

2. 介词短语作状语:

I have lived in Shanghai f or five years.表时间

3. 不定式作状语

I come here to see you.表目的

4. 现在分词作状语

The teacher came in, holding a book in his hand. 表方式

5. 状语从句

We’l l go shopping if it doesn’t rain tomorrow.

状语的位置

1. 在一般情况下,用于句末。

We like our school very much.

2.为了强调状语,可以把它放在句首.

I usually get up at six, but this morning I got up at eight.

3. 表频度的副词通常用于句中, 如always, usually, often, hardly, never,

行为动词前, be动词、助动词和情态动词后

I usually get up early.

He is often late.

一些副词, 如already, once, just, soon, yet, still, nearly, almost, really, suddenly, certainly等用法相似sometimes, now可以位于句首,句中或句末

only 在句中的位置比较灵活, 但位置不同, 意义也不同.

The actor only sang a song.

Only the actor sang a song.

The actor sang only one song.

两个或多个状语同时修饰时的顺序

1. 地点状语在前, 时间状语在后.

We will have a meeting in Room 202 tomorrow.

2. 较小单位的状语在前,由小到大

Mr. Li lives at 88 Chongwen Rd., Suzhou, Jiangsu.

3. 一个句子有几个不同种类的副词作状语, 其顺序大都是: 程度副词,方式副词, 地点副词, 时间副词She sang very well at the meeting last night.

时间和地点状语也可以位于句首, 表示强调或使上下文更为连贯

Usually I read the newspapers in the morning, but yesterday I read them in the evening.

动词-ed形式作定语,表语,宾语补足语和状语

一、动词-ed形式作定语

过去分词作定语往往与被修饰的词靠得很紧,渐渐地成为一个复合词。这种分词叫分词形容词(the Participle Adjective),实际上相当于一个单纯的形容词,除表示“完成”的动作之外,还表示“被动”的意义。如:

spoken English (英语口语);iced beer (冰冻啤酒);cooked food (熟食); fried chips (炸土豆条);

但要注意不及物动词的过去分词常表示“完成”的动作,而不表示“被动”意义。如: boiled water(开水); fallen leaves(落叶) ; the risen sun(升起的太阳)等。

(1)前置定语单个的动词-ed形式,一般放在被修饰的名词的前面,作前置定语。

The excited people rushed into building. 激动的人们冲进大楼。(=the people who were excited)

Lost time can never be found again.虚度的时光,无法挽回。(=time which is lost)

(2)后置定语①少数单个动词的-ed形式,如left等,只能作后置定语。

1. Everything used should be marked.所有用过的东西应该做好标记。

2. Among the invited were some ladies.被邀请的人中,有些是女士。

3. The books left are for my students.剩下的书是给我的学生的。

②动词-ed形式短语作定语时,通常要放在被修饰的名词的后面,在意思上相当于一个定语从句。及物动词的过去分词作定语用来表示被动,可改为带被动语态的定语从句;不及物动词的过去分词(仅限于单个过去分词,且不能后置)则表示完成,可改为带有完成时态的定语从句。

1. Is there anything planned for tonight? 今晚有什么活动吗? (=that has been planned for tonight)

2. The meeting, attended by a lot of people, was a success.这次会议有很多人出席,开得很成功。(=which was attended by a lot of people)

3.We drank some boiled water (=which had boiled )and went on with our work.我们喝了一些开水后就继续工作。

注意:这里的过去分词的逻辑主语应是被修饰的词,改为定语从句时关系代词应与之一致。

二、动词-ed形式作表语过去分词作表语并无“完成”或“被动”之意,而是表示主语的状态或思想感情等。如:He looked worried after reading the letter.看完信后,他显得很忧虑。

When we heard of it, we were deeply moved.当我们听到这件事时,被深深地感动了。

He seemed quite delighted at the idea.听到这个想法,他似乎很高兴。

常见的作表语的过去分词有:

amused(愉快的);broken(碎了的);closed(关闭的);astonished(吃惊的);crowded(拥挤的);experienced(有经验的); delighted(高兴的);lost(丢失的);gone(遗失的);disappointed(失望的);worried(担忧的);interested(感兴趣的) tired(疲劳的) pleased(高兴的);satisfied(满意的);surprised(吃惊的); married(已婚的);known(著名的) 等等三、动词-ed形式作宾语补足语

能用作宾语补足语的过去分词一般都是及物动词,表示被动意义或已完成意义,有时候两者兼而有之。作宾语补足语的过去分词与宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系,即宾语是过去分词动作的对象。

She found the door broken in when she came back.她回来时发现有人破门而人。

My grandfather had his old house rebuilt.我爷爷找人重修了一下他的旧房子。

少数不及物动词的过去分词用作宾补时,强调动作完成后的状态.

They found all the guests gone when they woke up.当他们醒来时,发现所有的客人都走了。

动词-ed形式作宾语补足语的基本用法

动词的-ed形式可以在“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型中充当宾语补足语。在这一结构中,动词-ed形式和它前面的宾语构成逻辑上的被动关系。如果这种句子改为被动语态,原来的宾语补足语变成了主语补足语。

1. I must get my bike repaired.我必须请人修理自行车。(宾语补足语)

2. The girl was found beaten black and blue.人们发现那女孩被打得青一块紫一块。(主语补足语)

(1)动词-ed形式可作表示感觉和心理状态的动词的宾语补足语,这类动词包括see, hear, watch, notice, feel, find, think, suppose, consider等。

We thought the game lost.我们认为球赛输了。

I have never heard him spoken ill of others.我从未听过有人说他的坏话。

They considered the matter settled.他们认为这问题解决了。

(2)动词-ed形式可作使役动词的宾语补足语,这类动词包括make, get, have, keep, leave, hold等。

I have my hair cut once a month.我每个月理一次发。

He was trying to make himself understood.他正努力使别人听懂自己。

“have+宾语+done”结构有三个含义:

①(请人)把某事做完。She had her house repaired.她请人把屋子修好了。

Where did you have your hair cut?你在哪儿理的发?

②遭遇某种意外情况。He had his hat blown away on his way home.在回家的路上他的帽子被吹掉了。

She had her wallet stolen yesterday.昨天她的钱包被偷了。

③完成某事(自己也可能参与)。I have had all my spelling mistakes corrected.我把所有的拼写错误都改正了。

He has had one thousand yuan saved this year.他今年已存了1000元。

(3)动词-ed形式可作表示希望、要求、命令等动词的宾语补足语,这类动词包括like,want, wish, expect, order等”这一类动词的后面作宾语补足语。

He won’t lik e such questions discussed at the meeting.他不喜欢在会议上讨论这样的问题。

The students wish the TV serial plays continued.学生们希望电视连续剧继续播下去。

(4)过去分词用在“with+宾语+宾补”这一结构中,过去分词与宾语之间是动宾关系。

The thief was brought in with his hands tied behind his back.小偷被带进来了,双手被反绑在后面。

四,过去分词作状语

1.过去分词作状语表示被动或完成,但有些过去分词(短语)因来源于系表结构,作状语时不表动作而表状态。这样的过去分词(短语)常见的有: lost (迷路); seated (坐); absorbed in (全神贯注于); dressed in (穿着); tired of (厌烦)等。如:

Absorbed in deep thought, he didn’t hear the sound.因为沉浸在思考之中,所以他没听到那个声音。

2.过去分词作状语来源于状语从句,在句中一般能作五种状语,即时间、原因、条件、让步和方式状语。如:Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet.因为淋了一场大雨,所以他全身湿透了。

(Caught in a heavy rain相当于原因状语从句Because he was caught in a heavy rain)

Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast.如果种在肥沃的土壤里,这些种子能长得很快。

(Grown in rich soil相当于条件状语从句If these seeds are grown in rich soil)

注意:

①当从句的主语与主句的主语一致时,才可以把从句的主语省略,且省略掉的主语与其逻辑谓语是被动关系或如第一段中所讲的表示状态。

②把状语从句改为过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词,构成“连词+过去分词”结构作状语,即“while (when, once, until, if, though等连词)+过去分词”结构。如:

When given a medical examination, you should keep calm.当你做体格检查时要保持镇定。

Though beaten by the opposite team, the players didn’t lose heart.

尽管这些球员被对方球队打败了,但他们并没有灰心。

[练一练] I.用所给词的适当形式填空,并与A-D的汉语翻译相匹配。

impress; pour; speak 1. Once ______, a word becomes a promise.

2. Once ______, water cannot be taken back again.

3. ______ by the beautiful scenery, I forgot to go back home in time.

A.覆水难收

B.流连忘返

C.一言既出,驷马难追

II.用所给词的适当形式填空。

1. ______ (see) from the top of the hill, the city looks beautiful to us.

2. ______ (give) time, he’ll make a first class tennis player.

3. ______ (look) out of the window, I found many children playing on the playground.

III.将下列句子翻译成英语。1.由于被妈妈所说的话所感动,我忍不住哭了起来。

2.如果给我们一个机会,我们将给大家一个非常好的表演。

3.当问到他出生在哪里时,约翰说他是纽约人。

Key: I. 1. spoken; C 2. poured; A 3. Impressed; B

II. 1. Seen 2. Given 3. Loo king III. 1. Moved by what my mother said, I couldn’t help crying.

2. Given a chance, we could give a good performance.

3. When asked where he was born, John said he was a New Yorker

(一). 指出下列句中主语的中心词

(七) 挑出下列句中的状语

① There was a big smile on her face.

A B C D

② Every night he heard the noise upstairs.

A B C D

③ He began to learn English when he was eleven.

A B C D

④ The man on the motorbike was travelling to fast.

A B C D

⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.

A B C D

⑥ She loves the library because she loves books.

A B C D

⑦ I am afraid that if you've lost it, you must pay for it.

A B C D

⑧ The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.

A B C D

初中英语语法——句子成分及其他

句子的成分 组成句子的各个部分叫作句子的成分。句子的成分有主语、谓语、宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。其中主语和谓语是句子的主体,表语、宾语和宾语补足语是谓语的组成部分,其他成分如定语和状语是句子的次要部分。 1)主语表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”,通常用名词、代词、数词,不定式,动名词或从句担任。主语要放在句首,还可用“It”作形式主语(如主语从句) 2)谓语起着说明主语的动作、特征或状态的作用,必须用动词表示。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面要一致,通常在主语之后。 谓语可分为两大类:简单谓语和复合谓语。凡是由一个动词或短语动词构成的谓语,不管什么时态,语态,语气,都是简单谓语。复合谓语一般由两部分构成:一是带不定式的复合结构;一是带表语的复合结构。 3)表语用于说明主语的性质、特征、身份或状态,可以由名词、代词,数词,形容词、副词、介词,介词短语,不定式,动词的—ed形式或动词的—ing形式或从句来担任,表语要放在连系动词之后。4)宾语是及物动词所示动作的对象或介词的对象,由名词、代词、数词,名词化的形容词,名词化的分词,不定式,动名词,从句都可以担任作宾语。宾语要放在谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后。 ①某些及物动词之后要求有双宾语(即直接宾语和间接宾语),直接宾语指物,间接宾语指人。这一类动词有:bring, give, pass,tell, hand, show, s end, read, leave, teach, find, buy, make, do, get, order, play, sing, pay 等。宾语要放在谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后。 ②在需要的情况下,间接宾语也可以位于直接宾语之后,但此时间接宾语之前需要加介词“ to”或“for”。 ③有些及物动词的后面,其宾语还需要有一个补足语,才能表达完整的意思。这样的宾语和宾语补足语称为复合宾语。名词、形容词、不定式或介词短语都可以作宾语补足语。 5)状语用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。通常表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等。状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式,形容词短语。名词短语来担当。其位置一般放在句末,但也可放在句首或句中。 6)定语用于修饰名词或代词。可以担任定语的有形容词、代词、名词、数词、名词所有格、副词、不定式、分词和分词短语、介词短语及从句等等。定语的位置很灵活,凡有名词和代词的地方都可以有定语。 7)同位语是对句子的某一成分作进一步解释,说明,与前面名词在语法上处于同等地位。同位语常常置于被说明的词的后面。可以作同位语的有名词,代词,数词和从句等。 8)句子成分巧划分:主在前,谓在中,宾状后面冲。短语定语主宾后,形、代定语主宾前。间宾直宾紧相依,直、间之间to、for连,宾补位于宾语后,地状常在时状前。 第一讲主语 【语法讲解】 主语的位置通常在句首,一般不省略。它是句子所要说明的人或事物,是谓语动词所表示动作的发出者。例如: 1) The question is difficult. 2) She is difficult to understand. 3) is difficult to remember. 4) To understand his words is difficult. 5) Thinking in such a noise is difficult. 6) That they will leave ahead of time is difficult. 上述的六个例句分别说明了主语的位置、特点及能够担当主语的成分。可以担当主语的有名词(例如1)、代词(例如2)、数词(例如3)、动词不定式(例如4)、动名词(例如5)和主语从句(例如6)。 注:当动词不定式做主语时,往往放在谓语动词的后面,而用it做形式主语放在谓语动词的前面。例如上述例句4还可以改写为:It is difficult to understand his words.其中,it是形式主语,真正的主语是动词不定式to understand his words.

初中英语语法大全知识点总结

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3)表延续的动词: remain, keep, hold, stay, rest等。 5、定语:对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子。 The black bike is mine.(形容词) The boy in blue is Jim.(介词短语) I have nothing to do today.(动词不定式) 注意:1) 当定语修饰不定代词如:nothing , anything , everything , something等时,定语要放在其后作后置定语。例如: I tell him something interesting. 2) 不定式、短语或从句作定语时,也放在被修饰的名词之后。 例如:The boys who are in the room are playing games. 6、状语:用以修饰adj. /v. /adv.及全句,位置灵活。 1、修饰形容词或副词时,通常位于被修饰的词之前; I am very sorry. 2、表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头,强调时放在句首。In order to cheer him up, I told him the truth. They are writing English in the classroom. 3、一些表示不确定时间(如:often)或程度(如:almost)的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后,动词之前。 We often help him.

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2. 疑问句

3. 常用的特殊疑问句

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How clever a boy he is! How lovely the baby is! What noise they are making! What a clever boy he is! What wonderful ideas (we have)! What cold weather it is! 感叹句的省略形式为: What a clever boy (he is)! 典型例题 1)___ food you've cooked! A. How a nice B. What a nice C. How nice D. What nice 答案D. 由于How 修饰形容词,副词;what修饰名词。且food为不可数名词,因此A,B 排除。C How + adj. 后面不能再加名词,因此只有D正确,其句型为What + adj. +n. (不可数) 2)___terrible weather we've been having these days! A. What B. What a C. How D. How a 答案A. weather为不可数名词,B,D排除。C为how + adj. 后面不应有名词。只有A,符合句型What +形容词+不可数名词。 3) --- _____ I had! --- You really suffered a lot. A. What a time B. What time C. How a time D. how time 答案A. 感叹句分两类: 1:What + n.+主谓部分 2:How + adj. / adv. / v.+主谓部分。本题属第一种,但省略了bad,相对于 What a bad time I had! 这是个习惯用语。 三、句子的种类 句子的种类 (一)按使用目的可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。 1)陈述句(Declarative Sentences):说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。 Light travels faster than sound. 光比声速度快。(说明事实) The film is rather boring. 这部电影很乏味。 (说明看法) 2)疑问句(Interrogative Sentences):提出问题。有以下四种: a. 一般疑问句(General Questions): Can you finish the work in time 你能按时完成工作吗 b. 特殊疑问句(W Questions; H Questions): Where do you live 你住那儿 How do you know that 你怎么知道那件事

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