毕业设计英文资料翻译
Translation of the English Documents for Graduation Design
课题名称
原文：
DOCTORAL FORUM
NA TIONAL JOURNAL FOR PUBLISHING AND MENTORING DOCTORAL STUDENT RESEARCH
VOLUME 7, NUMBER 1, 2010
Green buildings
Priscilla D. Johnson
PhD Student in Educational Leadership
Whitlowe R. Green College of Education
Prairie View A&M University
Prairie View, Texas
William Allan Kritsonis, PhD
Professor and Faculty Mentor
PhD Program in Educational Leadership
Whitlowe R. Green College of Education
Prairie View A&M University
Member of the Texas A&M University System
Prairie View, Texas
Hall of Honor (2008)
William H. Parker Leadership Academy, Graduate School
Prairie View A&M University
Member of the Texas A&M University System
Prairie View, Texas
Visiting Lecturer (2005)
Oxford Round Table
University of Oxford
Oxford, England
Distinguished Alumnus (2004)
College of Education and Professional Studies
Central Washington University
Ellensberg, Washington
Abstract: Green building refers to do its best to maximize conservation of resources (energy, land, water, and wood)，protecting the environment and reduce pollution in its life cycle. Provide people with healthy, appropriate and efficient use of space, and nature in harmony symbiosis buildings. I described more details of green building design’ notion, green building’ design, as well as the significance of the concept of green building and improve the effectiveness analysis of the external effects of green building measures,
Key words: green buildings; protect the ecology; signification ; analysing the effects
1 What is a green building
Green building refers to building life cycle, the maximum conservation of resources (energy, land, water and materials), protecting the environment and reduce pollution, provide people with health, application and efficient use of space, and nature harmony of the building. The so-called green building "green" does not mean a general sense of three-dimensional green, roof garden, but represents a concept or symbol, refers to building environmentally friendly, make full use of natural resources, environment and basic ecological damage to the environment without balance of a building under construction, but also known as sustainable building, eco-building, back into the wild construction, energy saving construction.
Green building interior layout is very reasonable, to minimize the use of synthetic materials, full use of the sun, saving energy for the residents Chuangzao almost-natural feeling.
People, architecture and the natural environment for the harmonious development goals, in the use of natural and artificial means to create good conditions and healthy living environment, as much as possible to control and reduce the use and destruction of the natural environment, to fully reflect the nature obtain and return balance.
2, the meaning of green building
The basic connotation of green building can be summarized as: to reduce the load on the environment architecture, which save energy and resources; provide a safe, healthy, comfortable living space with good; affinity with the natural environment, so that people and building a harmonious coexistence with the environment and sustainable development.
3 Development of the significance of green building rating system
Establish green building rating system is a revolution in the field of architecture and the Enlightenment, its far more than energy savings. It is innovative in many ways and organic synthesis, thereby building in harmony with nature, full utilization of resources and energy, create healthy, comfortable and beautiful living space. It's revolutionary for the field of architecture from the technical, social and economic angles.
3.1 Technical Significance
Green building study of early technical problems of individual-based, technology is isolated and one-sided, not formed an organic whole, the integration of design and economic study of
consciousness is far from the only strategy of economic analysis phase of the subsidiary's knowledge . However, individual technical research results of early modern green building techniques for the multi-dimensional development and systems integration will lay a solid foundation. Since the nineties of the 20th century, with the understanding of green building gradually deepen and mature, people give up way too utopian thinking He alone environmental consciousness and moral constraints and spontaneous green behavior, turned to explore more workable environmental philosophy, environmental and capital combined into the future world the new direction of development of environmental protection, green building has entered a result of ecological ethics from the practice of promoting ecological research to deepen the new stage. Green Building Technology takes on the natural sciences, social sciences, humanities, computer science, information science and other subjects the trend of integration of research results, making green building design into the multi-dimensional stage of development strategy study. The deepening of green building technology strategy and development in materials, equipment, morphology, etc various advanced fields, in technology development, technology and other design elements of the integration is also starting from the past the simple addition, more attention to the periphery of the retaining structure itself design technology and architecture to combine the overall system change, gradually becoming green building systems. Green building rating system was established green building technologies gradually improve and systematize the inevitable result, it is the organic integration of green building technology, a platform built to green building technology, information technology, computer technology and many other subjects can be a unified platform in their respective roles, the establishment of a comprehensive evaluation system for designers, planners, engineers and managers a more than ever, a more simple, Guizhangmingque green building assessment tools and design guidelines.
3.2 The social significance.
Green building rating system reflects the social significance of the main advocates of the new way of life, heightened awareness and public participation in the continuation of local culture are two aspects.
To promote a healthy lifestyle. Green building rating system, the social significance of the primary advocate a healthy lifestyle, which is based on the design and construction of green buildings as a community education process. The principles of green building rating system is the effective use of resources and ecological rules to follow, based on the health of building space to create and maintain sustainable development. The concept of the past to correct people's misconceptions about consumer lifestyles, that can not blindly pursue material luxury, but should keep the environment under the premise of sustainable use of modest comfort to pursue life. From the fundamental terms, construction is to meet human needs built up of material goods as people's Wenhuayishi Name and lifestyle is not sustainable when, the value of green building itself will be reduced, but only had a real social need When the requirements of sustainable development and way of life that matches the green building to achieve the best results.
Enhanced awareness of public participation. Green Building Rating system is not a monopoly for the design staff of professional tools, but for planners, designers, engineers, managers, developers, property owners, jointly owned by the public and other assessment
tools. It broke the previous professional development of the monopoly to encourage the participation of the public and other public officers. Through public participation, the introduction of architects and other building users, the construction of dialogue participants, making the original design process dominated by the architect becomes more open. Proved the involvement of various views and a good help to create a dynamic culture, embody social justice community.
3.3 The economic significance.
Green building rating system, the economic significance can be divided into macro and micro levels. At the macro level, the green building rating system from the system life-cycle perspective, the green building design integrated into the economic issues involved in the production from the building materials, design, construction, operation, resource use, waste disposal, recycling of demolition until the natural resources the whole process. Economic considerations of green building is no longer limited to the design process itself, while the policy extended to the design of the narrow role to play to support the policy level, including the establishment of "green labeling" system, improving the construction environmental audit and management system, increase and construction-related energy consumption, pollutant emissions and other acts of tax efforts, improve the legal system of environmental protection, from the increase in government construction projects on the sustainability of economic support and raise the cost to the construction of polluting the environment acts as the costs for green buildings design and construction to create a favorable external environment. This goal is not entirely the responsibility of government agencies, as the architects involved in design work as a sound system of responsibility for recommendations obligations, because only the most from the practice of the need is real and urgent. The related policy issues in green building design strategies, building a system to solve the economic problems facing the important aspects. At the micro level, the current from the economic point of Design Strategy is more fully consider the economic operation of the project, and specific technical strategies accordingly adjusted.
3.4 Ethical Significance.
Green building rating system, the theoretical basis of the concept of sustainable development, therefore, whether the evaluation system of each country how much difference in structure, they all have one thing in common: reduce the burden of ecological environment, improve construction quality of the environment for future generations to remain the development of there is room. This radically change the long-sought human blindly to the natural attitude, reflecting people's understanding of the relationship between man and nature by the opposition to the uniform change. According to the current global energy reserves and resources distribution, the Earth's natural environment is also far from the edge of exhaustion, enough people enjoy the luxury of contemporary material life. But now we have to consume a resource, it means that future generations will be less of a living space. More importantly, if we consume the natural environment more than it can limit self-renewal, then the future of the younger generation is facing the planet's ecosystems can not recover the risk into a real crisis. Therefore we can say, the development of green buildings and their corresponding evaluation system, for more contemporary people is the responsibility and obligations. For more the interests of future generations and advantages. 4 green building design
Green building design include the following:
Saving energy: full use of solar energy, using energy-efficient building envelope and heating and air conditioning, reducing heating and air conditioning use. Set according to the principle of natural ventilation cooling system that allows efficient use of building to the dominant wind direction in summer. Adapted to local climatic conditions, building use form and general layout of the plane.
Resource conservation: in the building design, construction and selection of construction materials, are considered fair use and disposal of resources. To reduce the use of resources, strive to make the use of renewable resources. Conserve water resources, including water conservation and greening.
Return to Nature: Green Building exterior to emphasize integration with the surrounding environment, harmony, movement complement each other so that the protection of natural ecological environment.
5 Effect of green building
5.1 Effect of the composition of green building
Effect of green building, including internal effects and external effects, direct benefits and direct costs as the internal effect, known as the indirect benefits and indirect costs of external effects, according to engineering economics point of view: the internal effects can be financial evaluation, external effects should be economic evaluation, economic evaluation is based on the so-called rational allocation of scarce resources and socio-economic principles of sustainable development, from the perspective of the overall national economy, study projects spending of social resources and contributions to the community to evaluate the project's economic and reasonable and external effects generally include Industry Effects, environmental and ecological effects, technology diffusion effect, the external effect will cause the private costs (internal costs or indirect costs) and social costs inconsistent, leading to the actual price is different from the best price. From the perspective of sustainable development, green building assessment effects of the main indicators of external effects.
Since beginning the development of green building, unity of quantitative indicators system is still not established, I believe that the following aspects should be analyzed: (1) strictly control the construction industry, size, limit the number of employees. Extensive growth model epitomized by the struggle over the construction project, the construction process using human wave tactics, once the state limit the scale of construction, will form the "adequate", which will not reduce the degree of mechanization, labor, the low level. (2) more investments in technology, upgrade technology, establish and perfect the mechanism for scientific and technical equipment. Focus on the development and application of building technology, combined with the project, the characteristics of future construction, a planned way scientific and technological research and development of new machinery, new processes, new materials, and actively introduce, absorb and assimilate the advanced scientific and technological achievements of science and technology to improve the level of mechanization.
(3) in urban planning, survey and design through the "green building" ideas. Family housing and urban construction or alteration must remain in the room, from lighting, ventilation, drainage and so control the damage to the environment. (4) construction work, reduced resource consumption, the production process in construction, energy saving measures
should be adopted to prevent the excessive consumption of land resources, water resources, power resources.
5.2 External effects of the challenges to building the economy
Under the control of the government's intervention, to a certain extent on the efficient allocation of resources to strengthen the implementation of energy conservation mandatory standards for construction supervision. To further improve the building energy monitoring system, and strengthen the mandatory building energy efficiency standards in order to carry out the implementation of the project as the main content of the whole process of monitoring, particularly for large public buildings to enhance the building energy regulation, reflected in the project cost on the part of the Waibu costs into internal costs, making the "non-green building" project's internal costs, internal efficiency and reduce the external costs of green building, the external efficiency increase, so that effective economic resources to the rational flow of green building.
6 to improve the external effects of green building measures
Enterprise architecture in the new economy to obtain a competitive advantage, improve the external effects only continually tap the ways and means to improve the external efficiency, reduce external costs, the basic ideas and principles: (1) Construction of natural resources in the life cycle and minimize energy consumption; (2) reducing building life cycle emissions; (3) protect the ecological (natural) environment; (4) to form a healthy, comfortable and safe indoor space; (5) the quality of construction, functionality, performance and environmental unity.
Summary
described above, the meaning of green building design and analysis of its effectiveness and improve the external effects of green building measures. But how does the future design of green buildings need a degree in practice we try to figure out, I believe that green building will become the future construction of a trend.
译文：
博士生论坛
国家期刊出版和指导博士生研究
第7卷，第1号，2010
绿色建筑
Priscilla D. Johnson
博士生教育领导
Whitlowe R.绿色教育学院
普雷里维尤A＆M大学
普雷里维尤，德州
William Allan Kritsonis博士——
教授和教师导师
博士课程教育领导
Whitlowe R.绿色教育学院
普雷里维尤A＆M大学
会员德克萨斯州A＆M大学
普雷里维尤，德州
荣誉殿堂（2008）
威廉H. Parker的领导学院，研究生院
普雷里维尤A＆M大学
会员德克萨斯州A＆M大学
普雷里维尤，德州
客座讲师（2005年）
牛津圆桌会议
牛津大学
英国牛津
杰出校友（2004）
教育学院及专业课程
中央华盛顿大学
埃伦斯堡，华盛顿
摘要:绿色建筑是指尽力最大限度地节约资源(能源、土地、水、木)、保护环境,减少污染在它的生命周期。为人们提供健康、适当、有效利用空间,与自然和谐共生的建筑物。我所说的那样,绿色建筑设计的更多细节的概念,绿色建筑的设计,以及概念的意义,绿色建筑和改善效能分析的绿色建筑的外部效应的措施。
关键词:绿色建筑,保护生态,意义;分析其影响
1什么是绿色建筑
绿色建筑是指建造生命周期,最大限度地节约资源(能源、土地、水及材料),保护环境,减少污染,为人们提供健康、应用和有效利用空间,与自然和谐的建筑。所谓的绿色建筑的“绿色”并不意味着一般意义的三维绿色屋顶花园,但是表现一个概念或符号,是指建设环境友好,充分利用自然资源、环境和生态破坏环境的基本不平衡的一座正在建设,但也被称为可持续发展建筑,eco-building,回到野外施工、节能建筑。
绿色建筑内部布局是很合理的,以尽量减少使用合成材料、充分利用太阳、节约能源为居民创造自然的感觉。
人、建筑与自然环境和谐发展的目标,在利用天然和人工手段来创造了良好的条件及健康生活环境的前提下,尽可能多地控制和减少使用和破坏自然环境,充分体现了回归大自然获取和平衡。
2、绿色建筑的意义
绿色建筑的基本内涵可以概括为:为减少负载对环境的建筑中,节约能源和资源,提供一个安全、健康、舒适的居住空间,具有亲和力和良好的自然环境,使人们和建筑与自然环境和谐共生的可持续发展。
3发展绿色建筑评级的意义系统
绿色建筑评价指标体系建立的一场革命,在这一领域的建筑及其启示,它远比节能技术。在许多方面,这是创新和有机合成,从而建筑与自然和谐共处、充分利用资源和能源,创造健康、舒适、优美的生活空间。这是该领域的技术、社会和经济角度的革命性的架构。
3.1技术意义
绿色建筑的研究早期出现的技术问题,技术是孤立的和片面的,没有形成一个有机的整体,一体化的设计和经济研究的意识是远离唯一的策略的经济分析阶段的子公司的知识。然而,个人技术研究成果的早期现代绿色建筑技术的多维发展和系统集成打下坚实的基础。20世纪90年代以来,随着逐渐加深理解绿色建筑和成熟,人们放弃他独自思考方式过于理想化道德约束和环境意识和行为,转向自发的绿色环境哲学探索更多的可操作、环境和资本结合成未来世界发展的新方向的环保、绿色建筑的生态伦理思想的输入结果从实践的深化促进生态研究的新阶段。绿色建筑技术呈现出自然科学、社会科学、人文科学、计算机科学、信息科学和其他学科的研究成果一体化的趋势,使绿色建筑设计的多维阶段的发展战略研究。绿色建筑技术的深入发展战略、形态、材料、设备等领域,在各类先进的技术开发、技术和其他设计元素的集成也从过去的简单相加,更多地关注的周边围护结构本身设计技术与建筑结合的整体系统的变化,逐渐成为绿色建筑体系。绿色建筑评级系统建立起了绿色建筑技术逐步改善、系统化的必然结果,是绿色建筑技术的有机结合,一个平台建造绿色建筑技术、信息技术、计算机技术和许多其他的学科可以统一平台在他们各自的角色,建立了综合评价指标体系的基础上,为设计师、规划师、工程师和管理者提供一个比以往任何时候都更简单,规章明确的绿色建筑评估。
3.2的社会意义
绿色建筑评级制度反映了社会意义的主要倡导者的新的生活方式,增加了知识和公众参与当地文化的延续的两个方面。
提倡健康的生活方式。绿色建筑评级制度,对社会发展的意义主要倡导健康的生活方式,它是基于设计、施工的绿色建筑作为社区教育的过程。原则的绿色建筑评价指标体系的有效利用资源和生态的规则可循,基于健康的建筑空间创造和保持可持续发展。在过去的概念来纠正人们的误解,消费者的生活方式,不能一味追求物质奢侈,但是应该保持环境的可持续利用的前提下追求生活的舒适。谦虚从建设的基本条件,是为了满足人类的需要建立人民的物质资料和生活方式、文化意识名字是不能持久的价值时,绿色建筑本身将会减轻,但只有一个真正的社会时需要可持续发展的要求和生活方式符合绿色建筑取得最好的结果。
提高公众参与意识。绿色建筑评级制度不是垄断为设计人员所专业的工具,但是规划师,设计师,工程师,经理,发展商、,共同拥有的公共和其他的评估工具。它打破了先前的专业化发展垄断企业,鼓励了公众的参与和其他的政府官员的欺
压。通过引入公众参与、及其他建筑使用者的建筑师、建设对话参与者,使得原有设计过程主要由建筑师越来越开放。证明了各种各样的视图的介入和良好的帮助来创建一个动态的文化,体现社会公平的社区。
3．3的经济意义
绿色建筑评级制度,经济意义可分为宏观和微观两个层面。从宏观层面上,绿色建筑评级系统的生命周期的角度,从系统的绿色环保建筑的设计融入经济议题涉及生产从建筑材料、设计、施工、运营、资源使用、废弃物排放、废物循环利用的自然资源的拆除,直到整个过程。经济因素的绿色建筑已不再局限于设计过程本身,而政策一直延伸到设计的狭小的作用,来支持政策层面上,包括建立“绿色标签”制度,提高施工环境审计和管理体制,加大和实施能源消耗,污染物排放税和其他行为的努力,提高环境保护的法律制度,从增加政府建设项目的可持续性经济上的支持和提高商品的成本,不污染环境的建设起到了成本,为绿色建筑设计和建设创造一个良好的外部环境。这一目标是不完全的责任的政府机构,作为建筑师参与设计工作是一个声音的义务责任制度的建议,因为只有最实践需要的是真实的而且迫在眉睫。在相关的政策议题在绿色建筑设计策略、建筑系统解决的经济问题面临的重要方面。在微观层面上,当前从经济的角度设计策略是更为充分考虑经济的项目运作,并确定了具体的设计策略和相应调整。
3.4伦理意蕴
绿色建筑评级制度,其理论基础的可持续发展的理念,因此,是否每个国家的评价体系在结构上有多大的不同,他们都有一个共同点:减轻负担的生态环境,提高施工质量环境,为未来几代人的发展,仍有足够的空间。这从根本上改变人类的自然景观,突然盲目的态度,反映着人们的关系的认识人与自然之间的反对党统一的变化。根据当前的全球能源储备和资源分布、地球上的自然环境也是远离边缘的疲惫,足够的人享受的奢侈生活现代材料。但是现在我们必须消耗资源,这意味着将来的人会更少的生活空间。更重要的是,如果我们吃了自然环境超过可限制自强,那么未来的年轻一代正在面临着地球的生态系统不能收回的风险成为一个真正的危机。因此我们可以说,绿色建筑的发展及其相应的评价体系,是为了更多的当代人们的责任和义务；为更多的利益和未来世代的发展利益。
4、绿色建筑的设计
绿色建筑设计包括以下几点:
节能:充分利用太阳能、使用节能建筑的信封和暖气和空调、减少暖气和空调的使用。按设定的原则,自然通风冷却系统,允许高效地利用建筑对主导风向在夏天，建筑结构形式和总体布局适应当地的气候条件。
节约资源:在建筑设计、施工和选择的建筑材料,被认为是合理使用和处理的资源。减少使用的资源,力求利用可再生资源。节约水资源,包括水土保持和绿化。
回归自然:绿色建筑外观强调与周围环境、和谐、运动的整合,与自然生态环境的保护是相辅相成的。
5绿色建筑的效果
5.1绿色建筑的效果
绿色建筑的影响包括内部和外部的影响效应,直接的好处和直接成本作为内部的效果,如大家知道的间接利益和间接成本的外部效应,根据工程经济学的角度来看:内部效果得到财务评价、外部效果要经济评价、经济评价是基于所谓的稀缺资源的合理配置和社会经济的可持续发展原则,从整体的角度,研究国民经济的项目支出的社会资源和贡献给社会带来的评估项目的经济合理性,通常包括
行业外部效应的影响,环境与生态的影响、技术扩散效应、外部效应将导致私人成本(内部成本或间接成本和社会成本的不一致)的实际价格,导致不同于最优惠的价格。从可持续发展的视角,绿色建筑评价效果的主要指标是外部性效果。
自始自终的发展绿色建筑的统一的量化指标体系还没有建立起来,我认为应该从以下几个方面应分析:(1)严格控制建筑行业、规模、限制员工数量。粗放型的增长模型的斗争,集中建设方案,施工过程中利用人类的波的战术,一旦国家限定公司经营规模的建筑,甚至会形成“适当”,这也不会降低机械化程度、劳动、较低的水平。(2)更多投资于技术,更新技术,建立和完善机制,科学、技术设备。把注意力集中在建筑技术的发展和应用,结合工程的特点,今后的建设,有计划的科学技术研究开发的新机器、新工艺、新材料,积极引进、吸收国内外同行业先进的科技成果的科学和技术,提高水平的机械化。(三)在城市规划、勘察、设计通过“绿色建筑”的想法。家庭住房和城市建设或者变更必须呆在房间里,从照明、通风、排水等控制对环境的损害。(4)建设工作中减少资源消耗、生产过程,对施工过程中应采取节能措施,以防止过度消耗土地资源、水资源、电力资源。
5.2的外部效应对建设经济的挑战
受政府控制的干预,在一定程度上对有效的资源配置,加强节能强制性标准的实施对工程建设监理。要进一步提高建筑能源监测体系,加强建筑节能标准的强制为了落实项目实施为主要内容的整个过程的监控,特别是对于大型公共建筑,提高建筑能源监管,体现在工程造价方面的外部成本成为内部成本,使"非绿色建设”项目的内部成本,内部效率和减少外部成本的绿色建筑,外部效率的提高,以
便有效的使经济资源的合理流动的绿色建筑。
6提高绿色建筑的外部效应的措施
在新经济时代企业架构来获得竞争优势,提高外部效果只有不断开发的方法和手段,提高效率,降低成本外,外部的基本思想和原则:(1)建设对自然资源的生命周期和能源消耗最小;(2)减少建造生命周期的排放量;(3)保护生态(天然)环境;(4)形成一种健康、舒适、安全的室内空间;(5)建筑的施工质量、功能、性能和环境的统一。
总结：
上面所描述的是绿色建筑的设计与分析其有效性和提高绿色建筑的外部效应的措施。但如何设计绿色建筑的未来需要某种程度的实践来让我们试图理解,我相信绿色建筑将成为未来建设的一种趋势。
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文对照外文翻译 基于拉格朗日乘数法的框架结构合理线刚度比的研究 【摘要】框架结构是一种常见的多层高层建筑结构；列的合理线刚度比研究是框架结构优化设计中的一个重要方面。本论文研究合理线刚度比时，框架梁、柱的
侧移刚度根据拉格朗日乘数法结构优化的理论和在框架梁、柱的总物质的量一定的前提下，取得最高值。与传统的估计方法和试算梁柱截面尺寸不同，梁、柱的合理的截面尺寸可以在初步设计阶段由派生的公式计算。这种方法不仅作为计算框架梁、柱的截面尺寸基础，确认初步设计阶，而且也被用做类似的结构梁柱合理线刚度比研究的参考。此外，在调整帧梁、柱的截面尺寸的方法的基础上，降低柱的轴向的压缩比，从而达到剪切压缩比和提高结构的延展性。 【关键词】拉格朗日数乘法框架结构刚度比截面尺寸 1 引言 在混凝土框架结构初步设计的期间，通常，框架梁截面高度通过跨度来估算，和截面宽度根据高宽比估算; 框架柱的截面尺寸是根据柱轴压缩的支持柱的面积的比率估算[1]。然而，在估计过程中，初步设计阶段中的一个重要的链，未考虑到柱侧移刚度的影响[2]。列侧移刚度越大，结构层间位的刚度越大，剪切型框架结构的层间位移将越较小。所以，总结构越小的侧向位移将减少地震灾害[3] 所造成的损失。论文的核心是如何得到列侧移刚度的最大值。 同时，列侧移刚度的值与框架梁-柱线刚度直接相关。本论文的目的是为了得到一个合理的框架梁 - 柱的线刚度比，在某个控制范围内获得列侧移刚度的最大值。 计算列横向位移的方法有两种方法：刚度拐点点法和修改拐点法。拐点的方法假定关节的旋转角度为0（当梁柱线性刚度比是大于或等于3时，柱的上端和下端的关节的旋转角度可以取为0，因为它实际上是相当小），即梁的弯曲刚性被视为无穷大。拐点的方法主要是应用于具有比较少层的框架结构。但对于多层、高层框架结构，增加柱截面会导致梁柱线刚度比小于3，在水平荷载作用下，框架结构的所有关节的旋转角度的横向位移会发生不可忽视。因此，一位日本教授武藤提出修改拐点法[4]，即D-值方法。本文采用D-值列侧移刚度的计算法，因为它着重于多层、高层框架结构。 少数在国内外对框架梁柱合理线刚度比的研究，只有梁七黹，源于列侧移刚度的计算方法，比D-值法更加应用广泛；申得氏指出在多层、高层框架结构的柱侧向刚度计算中存在的问题，补充和修改底部和顶部层的列侧向刚度计算公式;
理工学院 毕业设计外文资料翻译 专业：计算机科学与技术 姓名：马艳丽 学号： 12L0752218 外文出处：The Design and Implementation of 3D Electronic Map of Campus Based on WEBGIS 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 基于WebGIS的校园三维电子地图的设计与实现 一．导言 如今，数字化和信息化是当今时代的主题。随着信息革命和计算机科学的发展，计算机技术已经渗透到科学的各个领域，并引起了许多革命性的变化，在这些科目，古代制图学也不例外。随着技术和文化的不断进步，地图变化的形式和内容也随之更新。在计算机图形学中，地理信息系统（GIS）不断应用到Web，制作和演示的传统方式经历了巨大的变化，由于先进的信息技术的发展，地图的应用已经大大延长。在这些情况下，绘图将面临广阔的发展前景。电子地图是随之应运而生的产品之一。随着计算机技术，计算机图形学理论，遥感技术，航空摄影测量技术和其他相关技术的飞速发展。用户需要的三维可视化，动态的交互性和展示自己的各种地理相关的数据处理和分析，如此多的关注应支付的研究三维地图。东北石油大学及其周边地区的基础上本文设计并建立三维电子地图。 二．系统设计 基于WebGIS的校园三维电子地图系统的具有普通地图的一般特性。通过按键盘上的箭头键（上，下，左，右），可以使地图向相应的方向移动。通过拖动鼠标，可以查看感兴趣的任何一个地方。使用鼠标滚轮，可以控制地图的大小，根据用户的需求来查看不同缩放级别的地图。在地图的左下角会显示当前鼠标的坐标。在一个div层，我们描绘了一个新建筑物的热点，这层可以根据不同的地图图层的显示，它也可以自动调整。通过点击热点，它可以显示热点的具体信息。也可以输入到查询的信息，根据自己的需要，并得到一些相关的信息。此外，通过点击鼠标，人们可以选择检查的三维地图和卫星地图。 主要功能包括： ?用户信息管理：检查用户名和密码，根据权限设置级别的认证，允许不同权限的用户通过互联网登录系统。 ?位置信息查询：系统可以为用户提供模糊查询和快速定位。
forced concrete structure reinforced with an overviewRein Since the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance. Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency. 1、steel mechanical link 1.1 radial squeeze link Will be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linked Characteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.
随着我国经济的发展,建筑行业已经朝着多元化方向发展,建筑行业在我国经济发展中起着非常重要的作用。而建筑工程管理工作直接关系到工程的质量、成本管理、人员的安全、企业的经营效益,甚至关系到企业的生死存亡,但是我国建筑工程管理在现阶段存在许多的不足:管理体制不健全。我国大部分的建筑工程为了节约人员开支,减少了建筑工程管理机构的人员数量和质量。管理制度深入性不足。建筑行业的相关管理制度都是由一些著名的建筑行业专家等共同研究制定的,但是在各建筑单位中就只是一张纸,他们也都只是为了应付上级的检查,并不能应用到建筑工程管理上。 在我国建筑工程管理工作中,难以全面确立我国建筑工程管理思路体系,主要是因为我国缺乏管理理论和经验。建立建筑工程管理思路体系是专业性较强的问题,其实施必须由资深的建筑学科专家和具有丰富工作经验的管理人员来组织,只有这样才能实现。国外建筑行业无论是技术还是理论都比较先进,因此我国在建筑工程管理思路体系的建立过程中,必须借鉴国外的先进理念,另外,还必须吸取先进的建筑工程管理方法,并对各方面的资料加以综合和整体。总之,要想确保我国建筑工程管理工作的有序进行,必须以健全的工程管理思路体系作为建筑工程总体管理水平提升的基本保障。加强施工质量管理,建立合理可行的质量保证体系,将工程的质量工作落到实处。工程施工企业要根据质量保证体系,形成行之有效的质量保证系统,树立质量方针,从而让其更加有指令性、系统性及可操作
性。要将人、材料和机械各个要素有效结合起来。 首先,人是质量控制的核心,要把人作为控制的推动力,充分调动人的积极性,树立工程质量第一的观念。其次,施工材料作为建筑产品的主体,对材料质量的控制是工程质量控制的关键。最后,工程施工的机械是进行施工机械化的主要标志,对现代化项目施工起到不可缺少的作用,它直接影响了施工项目的进度和质量,所以,选好用好工程机械设备非常重要。所以,应该根据工程项目的具体特点,综合考虑各种环境因素,实施有效的施工现场控制,为保证施工质量及安全创造良好的外部条件。 现阶段建筑工程管理越来越受到人们的重视,项目成本管理是工程管理不可或缺的内容。工程管理本质特征可以由项目成本管理体现出来。首先,建立项目成本管理责任制。项目管理人员的成本责任,不同于工作责任,工作责任完成不等于成本责任完成。在完成工作责任的同时,还应考虑成本责任的实施,进一步明确成本管理责任,使每个管理者都有成本管理意识,做到精打细算。其次,对施工队实行分包成本控制。项目部与施工队之间建立特定劳务合同关系,项目部有权对施工队的进度、质量、安全和现场管理标准进行监督管理,同时按合同支付劳务费用。再次,施工队成本的控制,由施工队自身管理,项目部不应该过多干预。 为了保证政府监督工作的有效性和权威性,应该提高监督队伍的整体素质。因此,加强建筑工程质量监督机构的质量管理的学习,从而使得监督队伍的业务素质得以提高。另外,质量监督手段也要不断进行完善,增加检测设备,使得监督工作具有较大科技的含量,实现监督工作的现代化。从建设市场的整体来看,市场运行的规则不够完善。执法不严,违法不究的现象常常会出现。工程质量受到危害在很大程度上都是由于建设市场的混乱所造成的。因此,政府必须建立健全的运行规则,保证这些规则能够真正落实处。
框架结构毕业设计任务书和指导书 1 2020年4月19日
毕业设计基本要求 1目的 （1）综合运用所学专业理论知识与设计技能，处理建筑设计中有关方针、政策、功能、经济、安全、美观等方面的问题。解决总体、单体、空间等关系，以创造富有时代气息的优美建筑形象与环境。依据建筑设计完成结构体系的布置、结构在各种荷载工况下的计算、构造和施工图。 （2）掌握一般建筑工程的设计思路，进而举一反三熟悉有关建筑工程的设计、施工、预算等建设过程。为即将走上工作岗位奠定基础。 （3）学以致用，学习科学技术和技能的目的是应用。一个工程师在设计、建设实际工程中应具备的知识，都是我们在毕业设计中应予以加强的。因此深切领悟总体概念设计、掌握具体理论设计和实际工程技术处理措施的结合作为重点来训练。 （4）树立正确的设计思想，全面对待建筑与结构的关系， 2 2020年4月19日
培养勤奋、严谨、认真的工作作风及分析解决一般工程技术问题的能力。 （5）掌握调查研究、理论联系实际的学习方法，养成既能独立思考，又能相互配合密切合作的工作态度。 （6）使学生对一般工业与民用建筑的土建设计的内容和构成有比较全面的了解，并熟悉有关设计标准、规范、手册和工具书，增强毕业后到生产第一线工作的适应能力。 2成果形式及要求 （1）计算书和说明书： 字数应不少于1万字，书写要工整，字迹要清楚，可采用计算机打印。计算书内容要阐明设计依据或标准，方案构思、特点、必要的经济指标，结构选型、构造处理、材料特点及计算上的主要问题，还应包括结构计算全过程，计算要正确、完整、思路清晰、简图明了。计算书格式：应严格按照毕业设计手册中的要求。 （2）图纸： 3 2020年4月19日
本科毕业设计（外文翻译） 题目居住区交往空间规划与设计 院（系部）xxx学院 专业名称xx 年级班级xx 学生姓名xx 指导教师xx xx 年xx 月x 日 Planning and Design of Association Space of residential District
Xia dong liang 【Abstract】:The association space refers to the indoor and outdoor space for communication between residents.The article presents an overall discussion of the necessity，hierarchy and functionality of association space,with a wish to create positive and healthy association atmosphere and stimulate good communication among residents so that the residential area can become a homeland full of love and harmony． 【Keyword】:residential area；association space；necessity；hierarchy；Functionality 【Foreword】：As the housing system reform and the rapid development of real estate, urban residential areas large urban settlements have emerged on the layout of residential buildings, public buildings, public green space, life and living facilities such as roads, to provide urban residents live in the community and The establishment, is an integral part of the city. Exchanges between the living room area residents is to communicate and exchange of indoor and outdoor space. At this stage, people's living standards greatly improved the living environment of continuous improvement district. Developers should not only focus on residential construction and the reasonable comfort, paying greater attention to the construction of residential environment. However, the current environment in the construction of residential areas, they are often the natural ecology of greening the environment is much more to consider, and the promotion of exchanges between the residents of the space environment to consider less, environmental construction can not meet the occupants of the psychological characteristics and needs. From the basic physiological needs gradually to meet the psychological and cultural fields of promoting a higher level, the residential area is not only the function of living, but also people's thinking and feelings of the local exchange. Therefore, the strengthening of exchanges between the residential areas of space construction, increase residential neighbourhood affinity, should be developed in the planning and construction of residential areas should also consider the issue. How to conduct exchanges between the residential areas of space planning and design, improve people's quality of life, the author of his own real estate development
外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华
外文资料名称： Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处：Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文
应用旋风技术真空吸尘器的设计和性能介绍 吉尔泰金，洪城铱昌，宰瑾李， 刘链柱译 摘要：旋风型分离器技术用于真空吸尘器 - 轴向进流旋风和切向进气道流旋风有效地收集粉尘和降低压力降已被实验研究。优化设计等因素作为集尘效率，压降，并切成尺寸被粒度对应于分级收集的50％的效率进行了研究。颗粒切成大小降低入口面积，体直径，减小涡取景器直径的旋风。切向入口的双流量气旋具有良好的性能考虑的350毫米汞柱的低压降和为1.5μm的质量中位直径在1米3的流量的截止尺寸。一使用切向入口的双流量旋风吸尘器示出了势是一种有效的方法，用于收集在家庭中产生的粉尘。 摘要及关键词：吸尘器; 粉尘; 旋风分离器 引言 我们这个时代的很大一部分都花在了房子，工作场所，或其他建筑，因此，室内空间应该是既舒适情绪和卫生。但室内空气中含有超过室外空气因气密性的二次污染物，毒物，食品气味。这是通过使用产生在建筑中的新材料和设备。真空吸尘器为代表的家电去除有害物质从地板到地毯所用的商用真空吸尘器房子由纸过滤，预过滤器和排气过滤器通过洁净的空气排放到大气中。虽然真空吸尘器是方便在使用中，吸入压力下降说唱空转成比例地清洗的时间，以及纸过滤器也应定期更换，由于压力下降，气味和细菌通过纸过滤器内的残留粉尘。 图1示出了大气气溶胶的粒度分布通常是双峰形，在粗颗粒（>2.0微米）模式为主要的外部来源，如风吹尘，海盐喷雾，火山，从工厂直接排放和车辆废气排放，以及那些在细颗粒模式包括燃烧或光化学反应。表1显示模式，典型的大气航空的直径和质量浓度溶胶被许多研究者测量。精细模式在0.18?0.36 在5.7到25微米尺寸范围微米尺寸范围。质量浓度为2?205微克，可直接在大气气溶胶和 3.85至36.3μg/m3柴油气溶胶。
多层混凝土框架结构设计 1.前言 随着社会的发展,钢筋混凝土框架结构的建筑物越来越普遍.由于钢筋混凝土结构与砌体结构相比较具有承载力大、结构自重轻、抗震性能好、建造的工业化程度高等优点；与钢结构相比又具有造价低、材料来源广泛、耐火性好、结构刚度大、使用维修费用低等优点。因此，在我国钢筋混凝土结构是多层框架最常用的结构型式。近年来，世界各地的钢筋混凝土多层框架结构的发展很快，应用很多。 一般框架结构是由楼板、梁、柱及基础4种承重构件组成的，由主梁、柱与基础构成平面框架，各平面框架再由连续梁连接起来而形成的空间结构体系。文献[1]认为，在合理的高度和层数的情况下，框架结构能够提供较大的建筑空间，其平面布置比较的灵活，可适合多种工艺与使用功能的要求。 多层钢筋混凝土框架结构设计可以分为四个阶段：一是方案设计，二是结构分析，三是构件设计，四是绘施工图。结构分析和构件设计是结构设计中的计算阶段，在现代，已由电子计算机承担这一工作，常采用PKPM建模计算。但是，结构的计算并不能代替结构的设计。文献[2]中认为：良好的结构设计的重要前提，应该是合理组织与综合解决结构的传力系统、传力方式，良好的结构方案是良好结构设计的重要前提。2.关于框架结构设计文献回顾 2.1框架结构的优缺点 框架结构体系是由横梁与柱子连接而成.梁柱连接处(称为节点)一般为刚性连接,有时为便于施工和其他构造要求,也可以将部分节点做成铰接或者半铰接.柱支座一般为固定支座,必要时也可以设计成铰支座.框架结构可以分为现浇整体式,装配式,现浇装配式. 文献[3]中提到:框架结构的布置灵活,容易满足建筑功能和生工艺的多种要求.同时,经过合理设计,框架结构可以具有较好的延性和抗震性能.但是,框架结构承受水平力(如风荷载和水平地震作用)的能力较小.当层树较多或水平力较大时,水平位移较大,在强烈地震作用下往往由于变形过大而引起非结构构件(如填充墙)的破坏.因此,为了满足承载力和侧向刚度的要求,柱子的截面往往较大,既耗费建筑材料,又减少使用面积.这就使框架结构的建筑高度受到一定的限制.目前,框架结构一般用于多层建筑和不考虑抗震设防,层数较少的的高层建筑(比如,层数为10层或高度为30米以下) 2.3框架结构的布置 多层框架结构的平面布置形式非常的灵活，文献[4]中将框架结构按照承重方式的不同分为以下三类：(1)横向框架承重方案,以框架横梁作为楼盖的主梁,楼面荷载主要由横向框架承担.由于横向框架数往往较少,主梁沿横向布置有利于增强房屋的横向刚度.同时,主梁沿横向布置还有利于建筑物的通风和采光.但由于主梁截面尺寸较大,当房屋需要大空间时,净空较小,且不利于布置纵向管道. (2)纵向框架承重方案以框架纵梁作为楼盖的主梁,楼面荷载由框架纵梁承担.由于横梁截面尺寸较小,有
毕业设计（论文） 外文翻译 题目西安市水源工程中的 水电站设计 专业水利水电工程 班级 学生 指导教师 2016年
研究钢弧形闸门的动态稳定性 牛志国 河海大学水利水电工程学院，中国南京，邮编210098 nzg_197901@https://www.doczj.com/doc/14644669.html,，niuzhiguo@https://www.doczj.com/doc/14644669.html, 李同春 河海大学水利水电工程学院，中国南京，邮编210098 ltchhu@https://www.doczj.com/doc/14644669.html, 摘要 由于钢弧形闸门的结构特征和弹力，调查对参数共振的弧形闸门的臂一直是研究领域的热点话题弧形弧形闸门的动力稳定性。在这个论文中，简化空间框架作为分析模型，根据弹性体薄壁结构的扰动方程和梁单元模型和薄壁结构的梁单元模型，动态不稳定区域的弧形闸门可以通过有限元的方法，应用有限元的方法计算动态不稳定性的主要区域的弧形弧形闸门工作。此外，结合物理和数值模型，对识别新方法的参数共振钢弧形闸门提出了调查，本文不仅是重要的改进弧形闸门的参数振动的计算方法，但也为进一步研究弧形弧形闸门结构的动态稳定性打下了坚实的基础。 简介 低举升力，没有门槽，好流型，和操作方便等优点，使钢弧形闸门已经广泛应用于水工建筑物。弧形闸门的结构特点是液压完全作用于弧形闸门，通过门叶和主大梁，所以弧形闸门臂是主要的组件确保弧形闸门安全操作。如果周期性轴向载荷作用于手臂，手臂的不稳定是在一定条件下可能发生。调查指出:在弧形闸门的20次事故中，除了极特殊的破坏情况下，弧形闸门的破坏的原因是弧形闸门臂的不稳定;此外，明显的动态作用下发生破坏。例如:张山闸，位于中国的江苏省，包括36个弧形闸门。当一个弧形闸门打开放水时，门被破坏了，而其他弧形闸门则关闭，受到静态静水压力仍然是一样的，很明显，一个动态的加载是造成的弧形闸门破坏一个主要因素。因此弧形闸门臂的动态不稳定是造成弧形闸门(特别是低水头的弧形闸门)破坏的主要原是毫无疑问。
毕业设计英文资料翻译 Tran slati on ofthe En glish Docume nts for Graduati on Desig n 课题名称_____________________________________ 院< 系）_____________________________________ 专业 _____________________________________ 姓名 _____________________________________ 学号 _____________________________________ 起讫日期 _____________________________________ 指导教师 _____________________________________ 2018 年2月25日 原文: Abstract：Gree n buildi ng refers to do its best to maximize con servati on of resources (en ergy, land, water, and wood> , protecti ng the environment and reduce polluti on in its life cycle. Provide people with healthy, appropriate and efficient use of space, and nature in harmony symbiosis buildings. Idescribed more details of green building design ' notion, green building ' design, as well as the sig ni fica nee of the con
- - -. 毕业设计（论文） 开题报告 题目XX雅筑地产中天锦庭6号住宅楼设计 专业土木工程 班级 学生 指导教师教授 讲师
一、毕业设计(论文)课题来源、类型 本论文课题来源于XX雅筑地产中天锦庭6号住宅楼设计，本设计来自工程实际，结构类型为钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构。该建筑分十三层，耐火等级为一级，主体结构为二级耐久年限，抗震设防为八级。二、选题的目的及意义 随着我国经济发展和城市化进程，人们对住宅的需求量逐渐增多，住宅物业管理日益为人们所关注。住宅小区已经成为人们安家置业的首选，几十万到几百万的小区住宅比比皆是。尤其近几年，高层小高层已然成为现代开发商与消费者选择的主流。这是由高层和小高层的特点所决定的，高层建筑可节约城市用地，缩短公用设施和市政管网的开发周期。人们花的钱越多，不但对住宅的本身的美观质量要求越来越高，同时对物业小区的服务和管理也要求越来越高，比如对小区的绿化，保安，停车场，维修甚至对各项投诉的要求小区管理者做的好。信息时代的今天，住宅小区的硬件设施也必须跟得上时代的步伐，对现代化住宅小区建设的要求越来越高。小区楼的艺术美更要符合现代人的需求，此外还必须有较高的实用性、经济性。住宅小区的居住环境安全与否，是小区居民极其关心的问题，要创建一个安全的居住环境不仅要有科学的小区管理制度，而且在很大程度上也依赖于小区规划的安全性，这其中涉及到居民的生理、心理安全和社会安全等因素。在住宅小区的规划设计中应充分考虑居民的有效防X行为，通过控制小区和组团入口、明确划分空间领域等措施来提高小区的安全防卫能力。一是在小区和组团的入口处设置明显标志，使住宅小区具有较强的领域性和归属性。二是注重院落空间的强化，使居民之间既有充分了解和相互熟悉的机会，又可以使住户视线能够触及到住宅入口，便于对陌生人进行观察、监视。三是注重小区交通网络的合理组织。在小区主干道的规划设计上要做到“顺而不穿，通而不畅”，减少交通环境的混乱交杂，提高安全系数，在小区级道路的规划上尽量作曲形设计，限制车辆穿行的速度，达到安全与降低噪音的目的。同时，规划时应尽量减少组团的出入口，一般设置两个即可，以便有效控制外来行人任意穿行，从而起到安全防卫的作用。我这次选择的是高层住宅楼的设计，目的就是为了设计一栋满足居住需求和美观要求的住宅楼。并且也可以通过这次的毕业设计，把以前学习的专业课的知识运用到实践中，以及对它们更加深入的学习和系统化的总结。在这个过程中需要查阅、搜集许多的资料，将提高我运用图书馆的资料文献和互联网上大量信息的能力。office办公软件的综合运用使我的电脑基本功有了很大的提高。从建筑设计到结构的计算设计都是由自己单独完成，这就培养了我们独立解决设计中的问题以及娴熟使用auto CAD和PKPM系列软件的能力。综合性地运用几年内所学知识去分析、解决一个问题，在作毕业设计的过程中，所学知识得到疏理和运用，它既是一次检阅，又是一次锻炼。
xxxxxxxxx 毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译 （本科学生用） 题目：Poduct Line Engineering: The State of the Practice 生产线工程：实践的形态 学生姓名：学号： 学部（系）: 专业年级: 指导教师：职称或学位： 2011年3月10日
外文文献翻译（译成中文1000字左右）： 【主要阅读文献不少于5篇，译文后附注文献信息，包括：作者、书名（或论文题目）、出版社（或刊物名称）、出版时间（或刊号）、页码。提供所译外文资料附件（印刷类含封面、封底、目录、翻译部分的复印件等，网站类的请附网址及原文】 Requirements engineering practices A precise requirements engineering process— a main driver for successful software development —is even more important for product line engineering. Usually, the product line’s scope addresses various domains simultaneously. This makes requirements engineering more complex. Furthermore, SPL development involves more tasks than single-product development. Many product line requirements are complex, interlinked, and divided into common and product-specific requirements. So, several requirements engineering practices are important specifically in SPL development: ? Domain identification and modeling, as well as commonalities and variations across product instances Separate specification and verification for platform and product requirements ? Management of integrating future requirements into the platform and products ? Identification, modeling, and management of requirement dependencies The first two practices are specific to SPL engineering. The latter two are common to software development but have much higher importance for SPLs. Issues with performing these additional activities can severely affect the product line’s long-term success. During the investigation, we found that most organizations today apply organizational and procedural measures to master these challenges. The applicability of more formal requirements engineering techniques and tools appeared rather limited, partly because such techniques are not yet designed to cope with product line evelopment’s inherent complexities. The investigation determined that the following three SPL requirements engineering practices were most important to SPL success. Domain analysis and domain description. Before starting SPL development, organizations should perform a thorough domain analysis. A well-understood domain is a prerequisite for defining a suitable scope for the product line. It’s the foundation for efficiently identifying and distinguishing platform and product requirements. Among the five participants in our investigation, three explicitly modeled the product line requirements. The others used experienced architects and domain experts to develop the SPL core assets without extensive requirements elicitation. Two organizations from the first group established a continuous requirements management that maintained links between product line and product instance requirements. The three other organizations managed their core assets’ evolution using change management procedures and versioning concepts. Their business did not force them to maintain more detailed links between the requirements on core assets and product instances. The impact of architectural decisions on requirements negotiations. A stable but flexible architecture is important for SPL development. However, focusing SPL evolution too much on architectural issues will lead to shallow or even incorrect specifications. It can cause core assets to ignore important SPL requirements so that the core assets lose relevance for SPL development. Organizations can avoid this problem by establishing clear responsibilities for requirements management in addition to architectural roles. The work group participants reported that a suitable organizational tool for balancing requirements and architecture is roundtable meetings in which requirements engineers,
外文文献： Risk Analysis of the International Construction Project By: Paul Stanford Kupakuwana Cost Engineering Vol. 51/No. 9 September 2009 ABSTRACT This analysis used a case study methodology to analyse the issues surrounding the partial collapse of the roof of a building housing the headquarters of the Standards Association of Zimbabwe (SAZ). In particular, it examined the prior roles played by the team of construction professionals. The analysis revealed that the SAZ’s traditional construction project was generally characterized by high risk. There was a clear indication of the failure of a contractor and architects in preventing and/or mitigating potential construction problems as alleged by the plaintiff. It was reasonable to conclude that between them the defects should have been detected earlier and rectified in good time before the partial roof failure. It appeared justified for the plaintiff to have brought a negligence claim against both the contractor and the architects. The risk analysis facilitated, through its multi-dimensional approach to a critical examination of a construction problem, the identification of an effective risk management strategy for future construction projects. It further served to emphasize the point that clients are becoming more demanding, more discerning, and less willing to accept risk without recompense. Clients do not want surprise, and are more likely to engage in litigation when things go wrong. KEY WORDS:Arbitration, claims, construction, contracts, litigation, project and risk The structural design of the reinforced concrete elements was done by consulting engineers Knight Piesold (KP). Quantity surveying services were provided by Hawkins, Leshnick & Bath (HLB). The contract was awarded to Central African Building Corporation (CABCO) who was also responsible for the provision of a specialist roof structure using patented “gang nail” roof