四级全真试题2009
TIME LIMIT: 135 MIN
PART I DICTATION Listen to the following passage. Altogether the passage will be read to you four times. During the first reading, which will be done at normal speed, listen and try to understand the meaning. For the second and third readings, the passage will be read sentence by sentence, or phrase by phrase, with intervals of 15 seconds. The last reading will be done at normal speed again and during this time you should check your work. You will then be given 2 minutes to check through your work once more.
参考答案：
New Year’s Eve
For many people in the west, New Year’s Eve is the biggest party of the year. / It’s a time to get together with friends or family / a nd welcome the coming year. / New Year’s parties can take place in different places. / Some people hold a house party; others attend street parties, / while some just go for a few drinks with their friends. / Big cities have large and spectacular fireworks displays. / There is one thing that all New Year’s Eve parties have in common — / the countdown to midnight. / When the clock strikes twelve, people give a loud cheer and sing songs. / It’s also popular to make a promise in the new year. / This is called a new year’s resolution. / Typical resolutions include giving up smoking and keeping fit. / However, the promise is often broken quite quickly / and people are back into their bad habits within weeks or days. /
PART II LISTENING COMPREHENSION
In Sections A, B and C you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow.
SECTION A CONVERSATIONS
In this section you will hear several conversations. Listen to the conversations carefully and then answer the questions that follow.
Questions 1 to 3 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now, listen to the conversation.
1. Mark is unhappy because of _______.
A. his Chemistry homework
B. a girl in his class
C. Linda’s words
D. Friday night's party
参考答案：B
TIP：对话中Mark提到I am already fed up, Linda. It's Jane. 可见他是为了一个女孩子而烦恼。
下文Well, the thing is that I just don't know how to make her notice me. 提示他的问题在于不知如何吸引那个女孩的注意力，故选B。
2. Which of the following is CORRECT?
A. Linda is Jane’s friend.
B. Mark is Jane’s boyfriend.
C. John is Jane's boyfriend.
D. Mark and John are good friends.
参考答案：C
TIP：根据对话结尾处Just another small problem. John's her boyfriend. 可知正确答案是C。
3. Did Mark eventually ta ke Linda’s advice?
A. No.
B. Partly.
C. Completely.
D. Not mentioned.
参考答案：A
TIP：问题是Mark是否接受了Linda的建议，根据对话中内容可知，Linda让Mark辅导Jane 做化学作业，但是Jane的化学比Mark还好；Linda又让Mark邀请Jane去John的舞会，但问题是，John是Jane的男朋友。可见Mark无法采纳Linda的建议。
SCRIPT:
W: Hi, Mark, how are you?
M: Actually, I am already fed up, Linda. It’s Jane.
W: Jane? Who’s Jane?
M: Oh, nobody really. Just a most stunningly attractive girl in my year at school.
W: Oh, is that all? So what’s the problem?
M: Well, the thing is that I just don’t know how to make her notice me. Or …
W: Wait a minute. I’ve got a brilliant idea. Why don’t you try talking to her?
M: But I wouldn’t know what to say. I …
W: Look. She is in your chemistry class, isn’t she? You are good at chemistry.
You could offer to help her with her chemistry homework. How about that?
M: Not bad. Just one problem.
W: What?
M: She is better than me at chemistry.
W: Ok, then. Well, there is that party at John’s on Friday night. You could invite her.
M: Just another small problem. John’s her boyfriend.
Questions 4 to 7 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions. Now, listen to the conversation.
4. About the scratch on the product, the shop assistant thinks that _______.
A. the customer made it himself
B. there was definitely not one then
C. the customer should have checked
D. the customer was making trouble
参考答案：C
TIP：根据原文but it's really your responsibility to check the goods when you buy them
可见售货员认为顾客应当在购买时自己检查货品。
5. The customer was ______ when told he might not have worn the headphones
properly.
A. annoyed
B. surprised
C. indifferent
D. worried
参考答案：A
TIP：根据原文I know how to put earphones in my ears. Thank you very much.
及说话者的语气，可见此处的Thank you very much.为反语，由此可知该顾客十分生气。
6. How many complaints did the customer make about the product altogether?
A. Five.
B. Four.
C. Three.
D. Two.
参考答案：D
TIP：综合全文，该顾客总共提出两个问题：一为产品外观上的刮痕（first of all, there is this large scratch across the front of it）；另一为耳机漏音问题（But people can hear it, and it's really embarrassing on the bus and underground.）
7. The shop could exchange the product if the customer _______.
A. makes no more complaints
B. can produce the receipt
C. is still unhappy with it
D. brings it back within a week
参考答案：B
TIP：在对话结尾处，售货员提出“I suppose we could exchange it for another model, if you really aren't happy with it.” “Well, if I could just have the receipt.”可见如果有发票，即可更换产品。此处选项中的produce不表示“生产”，而是指“拿出或出示某事物（以供检验或使用）”。SCRIPT:
W: Can I help you?
M: Yes. You see, I’ve bought this personal stereo at your shop three days ago. And I’m afraid it
hasn’t really matched up to what I was told about.
W: I see, what exactly is the matter?
M: Well, first of all, there is this large scratch across the front of it.
W: But you should have noticed that when you bought it.
M: But it was in the box and all sealed up.
W: Well. I’m sorry, but it’s really your responsibility to check the goods when you buy them. How are we to know that it wasn’t you who made the scratch?
M: But t hat’s ridiculous. Anyway, it’s not the most important thing. I’m really not happy about this other thing.
W: And what is that?
M: Look. It says here that the noise from it should be undetectable by other people.
W: Yes, that’s right.
M: But people can hear it, and it’s really embarrassing on the bus and underground.
W: Well, I’m sorry, but it must be the way you are wearing the headphones.
M: Look. I know how to put earphones in my ears. Thank you very much. But what I want to know is what you are going to do about it at all?
W: Well, I suppose we could exchange it for another model, if you really aren’t happy with it.
M: No, I certainly am not.
W: Well, if I could just have the receipt.
M: Oh, yes. Well, there is a slight problem about the receipt.
Questions 8 to 10 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now, listen to the conversation.
8. Joe Smith telephoned Victoria for _______.
A. the menu
B. the place
C. the reception
D. the campaign
参考答案：C
TIP：根据对话开始时Smith所说的I wondered if you could do some catering for us next week. We are having a small reception.可见他打电话的目的在于请Victoria为他们的招待会提供服务。
9. When will the lunch be held?
A. Friday next week.
B. Thursday next week.
C. April 30th.
D. This week.
参考答案：A
TIP：当Victoria问及确切时间时，Smith的回答是April 21st, that's Thursday. Oh, sorry, no. It
2014年4月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 英语（二）标准试题 (课程代码：00015) 第一部分：阅读判断题(每题1分，共10分) 下面的短文后列出了10个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，选择A;如果该句提供的是错误信息，选择B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及，选择C。 Running: Sport or Way of Life? You go through the channels several times and find that once again there's nothing on TV that interests you. Not a problem! Just put on some running shoes and comfortable clothes and go for a run. One of the best things about the sport of running is that you don't need expensive equipment. All you need is a good pair of running shoes and a safe environment. But don't be fooled into thinking the sport of running is easy, It requires discipline and concentration. Running is good for you both physically and mentally. It strengthens your heart, lungs, and muscles? It makes you more aware of your body. Running also improves your body so that you don't get sick as easily. It can even help you to stay more focused in school because exercise helps you to think more clearly. How do you get engaged in the sport if you don't know much about it? Most schools offer running programs. A simple internet search can help some in your find area. Then programs show you how
PART Ⅰ DICTATION 1. Listen to the following passage. Altogether the passage will be read to you four times. During the first reading, which will be done at normal speed, listen and try to understand the meaning. For the second and third readings, the passage will be read sentence by sentence, or phrase by phrase, with intervals of 15 seconds. The last reading will be done at normal speed again and during this time you should check your work. You will then be given 2 minutes to check through your work once more. Please write the whole passage on ANSWER SHEET ONE. In the late 1970s, air travel became affordable for the average family in the UK, and more people started travelling abroad for their summer holidays. After all, the British weather wasn’t ver y good, even in summer, so a lot of people left the country for a vacation. In the 1980s and 1990s, young people in the UK became wealthier on average. As a result, they started to go abroad in groups to places such as Spain and Greece. Once they arrived at their destination, they met with other groups of young people and had one long party. British holidaying habits have begun to change, however. Climate change means that the UK now has a hotter climate, so people do not need to go overseas to find good weather. Also, going abroad is more expensive. As a result, more British people are choosing to spend their summer holidays in the UK. PART Ⅱ LISTENING COMPREHENSION In Sections A, B and C you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the best answer to each question on Answer Sheet Two. SECTION A CONVERSATIONS In this section you will hear several conversations. Listen to the conversations carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Questions 1 to 3 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now, listen to the conversation. 1. Which of the statements about the auto show is INCORRECT? A The show will have more stands this year. B The show will have more visitors this year. C The number of overseas visitors will be the same this year. D The number of exhibition days will be the same this year. 2. According to the conversation, the price for a stand would include A a catalogue B a poster C two desks D four chairs.
卷一： 真题：中文热词通常反映社会变化和文化，有些在外国媒体上愈来愈流行。例如，土豪和大妈都是老词，但已获取了新的意义。 土豪以前指欺压佃户和仆人的乡村地主，现在用于指花钱如流水或喜欢炫耀财富的人，也就是说，土豪有钱，但是没有品位。大妈是对中年妇女的称呼，但是现在特指不久前金价大跌时大量购买黄金的中国妇女。 土豪和大妈可能会被收入新版的牛津(OXford)英语词典，至今约有120中文加进了牛津英语词典，成了英语语言的一部分。 参考答案： The Chinese heated words usually reflect social changes and culture, some o f which are increasingly popular with foreign media. Tuhao and dama, forexa mple, are both old words, but they get differentmeanings now. The word tuhao used to mean rural landlords who oppress their tenants and servants, while now it refers to people spending money withoutlimits or those showing off all around. That is to say, tuhao owns money rather than taste. T heword dama is used to describe middle-aged women. However, it is regarde d as a special wordto call those Chinese women who rushed to purchase gol d when th e gold price decreasedsharply not long ago. Tuhao and dama may be included in the new Oxford dictionary. Up to now, ab out 120 Chinesewords have been added to it, becoming a part of English lang uage. 卷二： 最近中国科学院(Chinese Academy of Science )出版了关于其最新科学发现与未来一 年展望的年度系列报告。系列报告包括三部分：科学发展报告，高技术发展报告，中国可持续战略报告。第一份报告包含中国科学家的最新发现，诸如新粒子研究与H7N9病毒研究的突破。该报告还突出强调了未来几年需要关注的问题。第二份报告公布了一些应用科学研究的热门领域，如3D打印和人造器官研究。第三份报告呼吁加强顶层设计，以消除工业升级中的结构性障碍，并促进节能减排。 Chinese Academy of Science recently published an annual report about its latest scientific findings and the prospect of the next year. The report consists of three parts: science development, more advanced technology development and the sustainable strategy of China. The first one includes the latest findings of Chinese scientists, such as the research of new particle and the breakthrough in the study of H7N9 virus. Furthermore, it highlights some problems we need to focus in next few years. The second one announces some heated fields in applied science. For example, the 3-dimension print and the study of human organs. The third one suggests people enhance the top design in order to get rid of the structural obstacles in industrial upgrading and to promote the energy-saving and emission-reduction. 卷三： 北京计划未来三年投资7600亿元治理污染，从减少pm2.5排放入手。这一新公布的计划
2014年12月 Part I Listening Comprehension (15 minutes) Directions: This part is to test your listening ability. It consists of 3 sections. Section A Directions: This section is to test your ability to understand short dialogues. There are 5 recorded dialogues in it. After each dialogue, there is a recorded question. Both the dialogues and questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, you should decide on the correct answer from the 4 choices marked A), B), C) and D) given in your test paper. Then you should mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Example: You will hear: You will read: A) New York City. B) An evening party. C) An air trip. D) The man’s job. From the dialogue we learn that the man is to take a flight to New York. Therefore,C) An air trip is the correct answer. You should mark C) on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Now the test will begin. 1. A) Production planning. C) Public relations. B) Financial affairs. D)Import and Export. 2. A) More workers are needed. C) Raw materials are more expensive. B) Advertising costs more. D) Workers' salaries are higher. 3. A) To look for a dream job. C) To continue his study. B) To visit his friends. D) To find a chance to do business. 4. A) He is good at programming. C) He is nice and kind. B) He is suitable for the job. D) He finds the job difficult. 5. A) Interviewer and interviewee. C) Doctor and nurse. B) Buyer and seller. D) Shop assistant and customer. Section B Directions: This section is to test your ability to understand short conversations. There are 2 recorded conversations in it. After each conversation, there are some recorded questions. Both the conversations and the questions will be spoken two times. When you hear a question, you should decide on the correct answer from the 4 choices marked A), B), C) and D) given in your test paper. Then you should mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Now the test will begin. Conversation l 6. A) He was too busy. C) His company has moved away. B) He got a new offer. D) His company has closed down.
TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2006) GRADE FOUR TIME LIMIT: 135 MIN PARTI DICTATION (15 MIN) Listen to the following passage. Altogether the passage will beread to you four times. During the first reading,which will be read at normal speed,listen and try to understand the meaning. For the second and third readings, the passage will be read sentence by sentence ,or phrase by phrase, with intervals of 15 seconds. The last reading will be read at normal speed again and during this time you should check your work. Y ou will then be given 2 minutes to check through your work once more. Please write the whole passage on ANSWER SHEET ONE. PART ⅡLISTENING COMPREHENSION (20 MIN) In Sections A ,B and C you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your answer sheet. SECTION A CONVERSATIONS In this section you will hear several conversations. Listen to the conversations carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Questions I to 3 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation ,you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now, listen to the conversation. 1. How did Mark get there? A. By train and by car. B. By plane and by coach. C. By train and by bus. D. By bus and by plane. 2. Mark used to wear all the following EXCEPT A. short hair. B. glasses. C. moustache. D. beard. 3. Where is the meeting for new students to be held? A. In the third room on the right. B. In the Common Room. C. In a room at the other end. D. In Room 501. Questions 4 to 6 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation ,you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now,listen to the conversation. 4. What did Steve originally plan to do? A. To go to a park near the beach. ' B. To stay at home. C. To see a new film. D. To do some study. 5. Maggie finally decided to go to see a film because A. there was no park nearby. B. the weather wasn't ideal for a walk. C. it would be easier to go to a cinema. D. Steve hadn't seen the film yet. 6. Where did they plan to meet? A. Outside the Town Hall. B. Near the bank. C. In Steve's place. D. At the cinema.
2006年 The Internet The Internet is the most significant progress in the field of communications. Imagine a book that never ends, a library with a million floors, or imagine a research project with thousands of scientists working around the clock forever. This is the magic of the Internet. Yet the Internet has the potential for good and bad. One can find well-organized, information-rich websites. At the same time, one can also find wasteful websites. Most websites are known as different Internet applications. These include online games, chat rooms and so on. These applications have great power, too. Sometimes the power can be so great that young people may easily bec ome victims to their attraction. So we need to recognize the seriousness of the problem. We must work together to use its power for better ends .2007Advertising Advertising has already become a very specialized activity in mod ern times. In today’s business world, supply’ s usually greater than demand. There is great competition between manufacturers of the same kind of product. Because they want t o persuade customers to buy their particular brand. They always ha ve to remind their customers of the name and qualities of their pr oducts by advertising. The manufacturer advertises in newspapers
英语专业四级考试真题听写原文2005年 The Wrist Watch It is generally believed that wrist watches are an exception / to the normal sequence in the evolution of man's jewelry. / Reversing the usual order, they were first worn by women, / and then adopted by men. / In the old days, queens included wrist watches among their crown jewelry. / Later, they were worn by Swiss workers and farmers. / Until World War I, Americans associated the watch with fortune hunters. / Then army officers discovered that the wrist watch was most practical for active combat. / Race car drivers also loved to wear wrist watches, / and pilots found them most useful while flying. / Soon men dared to wear wrist watches without feeling self-conscious. / By 1924, some 30 percent of man's watches were worn on the wrist. / Today, the figure is 90 percent. / And they are now worn by both men and women / for practical purposes rather than for decoration. 2006年 The internet The internet is the most significant progress in the field of communications.Imagine a book that never rend, a library with milion floors,or imagine a research project with thousands of sientists working around the clock forever.This is the magic of the internet.
2014.12.1st 反应在艺术和文学中的乡村生活理想是中国文明的重要特征。这在很大程度上归功于道家对自然地感情。传统中国画有两个最受青睐的主题，一是家庭生活的各种幸福场景，画中往往有老人在下棋饮茶，男人在耕耘收割，妇女在织布缝衣，小孩在户外玩耍。另一个则是乡村生活的种种乐趣，画有渔夫在湖上打渔，农夫在山上砍柴采药，或是书生坐在松树下吟诗作画。这两个主题可以分别代表儒家和道家的生活理想。 Rural life ideals reflected in Chinese arts and literature is an important feature of Chinese civilization. This is largely attributed to feelings of Taoism to the nature. There are two most popular themes in traditional Chinese paintings. One is various scenes of happy family life with the elderly drinking teas and playing chess, men plowing and harvesting, women sewing and weaving, or children playing outdoors. The other is a variety of fun in rural life with a fisherman fishing on the lake, farmers cutting firewood or collecting medicinal herbs, scholars reciting poems or painting pictures under a pine tree. These two themes represent separately Confucian and Taoist ideal life.
2014年4月自考英语二00015试题及答案 第一部分：阅读判断（10*1分） Running: sport or way of life? You go through the channels several times and find that once again there’s nothing on TV that interests you. Not a problem! Just put on some running shoes and comfortabl e clothes and go for a run. One of the best things about the sport of running is that you d on’t need expensive equipment. All you need is a good pair of running shoes and a safe environment. But d on’t be fool ed into thinking the sport of running is easy. It requires discipline and concentration. Running is good for you both physically and mentally. It strengthens your heart, lungs, and muscl es. It makes you more aware of your body. Running also improves your body so that you d on’t get sick as easily. It c an even help you to stay more focused in school because exercise helps you to think more cl early. How d o you get engaged in the sport if you d on’t know much about it? Most schools offer running programs. A simpl e Internet search can help you find some in your area. The programs show you how running can offer competition or just be for fun. They also teach runners to set practical goals and take care of their bodies. Runners have great respect for each other because they know how difficult the spor t can be. If you go to a race, you’ll see peopl e cheering for all the runners. Running isn’t always about how fast you are running or how far you’re going. It’s about getting out there and d oing it. Participation is more important than competition, and effort is recognized over talent. It you’re looking for more than just a sport, running may be the perfect choice for you. 1.You may find it interesting to go for a run. A.True B. False C. Not Given 2.The sport of running is easy. A.True B. False C. Not Given 3.It’s hard to find a safe environment for running.
2015年考研英语一翻译真题解析 一、来源：今年的文章来源于An outline of American history(1954)(《美国历史纲要(1954年英文版)》)，是其中一章The Colonial Period(殖民时期)的节选。这个符合历年来翻译的考查规律，往往都是从书籍中节选段落进行翻译，内容相对于阅读而言，相对于2014年“贝多芬”而言，有些难懂。 二、难度：5句话共151词，相当平稳。其中48题最长，35词;50题最简单，24词。可以说，不同基础的同学都可以从中找到自己熟悉的部分，不至于在这个题上一分未得。 三、句型特点：今年的5句话中，有2句(46，48)是简单句，另外3句(47，49，50)是复合句。其中的复合句无一例外都考查的是定语从句的翻译，并没有涉及到其他从句类型。简单句中考查最多的也是后置定语的翻译。所以，中公考研考前为大家预测的难点中，定语的翻译是绝对考点和重点。 四、逐题详解： 46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent. 重点词组：out of a wilderness(摆脱荒凉)，by its nature(就其本质而言，从本质来说)，uncharted(未知的;图上未标明的)。 结构分析：整个句子是一个简单句，由and并列谓语动词built和shaped。driven by powerful and diverse motivations是后置定语，修饰movement;out of a wilderness是后置定语，修饰nation;of an uncharted continent是后置定语，修饰character and destiny。 参考译文：这项运动，由多种强大的动机驱动，建立了一个摆脱荒凉的国家，并且从本质上来讲，塑造了一块不为人熟悉的大陆的性格和命运。 47) The United States is the product of two principal forces—the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. 重点词组：product(产物)，principal(主要的;首要的)，peoples(民族)，impact(影响) 结构分析：句子的主干是The United States is the product of two principal forces，破折号解释说明forces。of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics是后置定语，修饰immigration;of a new country which modified these traits是后置定语，修饰impact，其中包含一个定语从句which modified these traits，修饰country。 参考译文：美国是两股主要力量的产物——带有不同思想、风俗习惯和国家特征的欧洲民族的移民，和修改这些特征的新兴国家的影响。 48) But the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the carried national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. 重点词组：peculiar(特有的，独特的)，interplay(互相影响)，sheer(独特的) 结构分析：整个句子是简单句，主语由三个名词短语用and并列承担，谓宾部分比较短小caused significant changes。主语1中，of geographic conditions peculiar to America是后置
2000 年专四听力答案 PART I DICTATION What We Know About Language Many things about language are a mystery and will remain so. / However, we now do know something about it. / First, we know that all human beings have a language of some sort. / No human race anywhere on earth is so backward / that it has no language of its own at all. /Second, there is no such thing as a primitive language. / There are many people whose cultures are undeveloped, / but the languages they speak are by no means primitive. / In all the languages existing in the world today,/ there are complexities that must have been developed for years. / Third, we know that all languages are perfectly adequate./ Each is a perfect means of expressing its culture. /And finally, we know that language changes over time, / which is natural and normal if a language is to survive. / The language which remains unchanged is nothing but dead. PART Ⅱ LISTENING COMPREHENSION SECTION A CONVERSATIONS Questions 1 to 3 are based on the following conversation. M:Jill,have you registered with the next semester? W:Not yet, there's still something that I'm not sure. Do you know if Professor Smith's economics 102 is still available to all undergraduate students? M:No, I don't think so. Last semester I tried to register in that course but all the other people told me not to. W:Why not? M:They said that my lack of knowledge in higher mathematics might be an obstacle in understanding Professor Smith's theory. W:Really? M:(I ) Jack tqld me that Professor Smith usually uses lots of formulas inside class. So you'd better make sure that you are extremely familiar with these formulas if you are seriously considering taking his course. W:What a shame I (2)My friends all told me that Professor Smith has lots of original ideas and he really can stimulate students to think. But I don't think I have the mathematical skills to keep up with the others. M:lf you want to take the course so much, why don't you register in a course in higher mathematics first? W. But I'm afraid that I will miss Professor Smith's course when I finish the mathematics course. M:Hey, I heard that Professor Smith would give the same course in the semester that starts next fall. ( 3 ) Why don't you take a year's higher mathematics and register in economics 102 the next fall? W:That sounds a good idea. I. [ B] 推断题。根据 ''They said that my lack of knowledge in higher mathematics might be an obstacle in understanding Professor Smith's theory. 可知，缺少高等数学知识会阻碍理解史密斯 教授的理论，所以学习经济学需要有高等数学知识，因而[ B]项伟正确答案。 2. [D] 细节题。文中提到 ''My friends all told me that Professor Smith has lots of original ideas and he really stimulate students to think. ”由此可知，史密斯教授有很很多新颖的观点，斌且