第四讲谓语的主谓一致
【语法讲解】
“一致”指句子成分之间要在人称、数、性等方面保持的协调关系。在英语中最主要的一致关系是主语和谓语动词之间的数的一致。
1. 基本原则：
在现代英语中主谓一致基本遵循三个原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近原则。三个原则中，以语法一致为主，意义一致次之，就近一致再次之。
1.1语法一致原则指的是一般情况下，主语和谓语动词要在语法上取得一致，即主语为单数形式，动词也采取单数形式；主语为复数形式，动词也采取复数形式，这种一致关系叫做语法一致。例如：Tom is a good student. 汤姆是一个好学生。（一般现在时中主语为第三人称单数时，be动词采用is的形式）
Tom and Mary are good friends. （一般现在时中主语为第三人称复数时，be动词采用are的形式）
英语中遵循语法一致原则的具体情况包括：
1）动词不定式、动名词、从句做主语时，谓语动词采用单数形式。例如：
Talking mends no holes. 空谈无济于事。（主语为动名词talking）
To make a plan for our future is important. 为我们的将来制定计划很重要。（主语为不定式短语to make a plan for our future）
When they will move to Beijing has not been decided yet.他们什么时候搬到北京去还没有决定。（主语为主语从句when they will move to Beijing）
2） a portion of, a series of, a kind of 等词语修饰主语时，of后面既可以接单数名词，也可以接复数名词，但谓语动词采用单数形式。例如：
A kind of special tools is needed. 需要一种特殊的工具。
A series of white arrows has been painted on the road. 马路上画有一连串白色箭头。
A portion of land has been cultivated. 已经耕种了一部分土地。
【特别提醒】a variety of, a number of ＋名词复数作主语时，谓语动词采用复数形式。
A variety of ways______________ in solving the problem. 为了解决这一问题已经尝试了很多种方法。
A large number of people _________________________.很多人在那家公司工作。
3）everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, anyone, anybody, no one, nobody, each, one of, either, neither, every用作主语或修饰主语时，谓语动词采用单数形式。例如：
Someone _____________(bing)t the book here.有人把书带到这儿来。
_________________, tell him I’ll be back in a minute.如果有人打电话，告诉他我马上回来。
One of the students______(be) absent today. 有一个学生今天没来。
I invited both of them but neither ____________(come) yet. 我邀请了他们两个人，但现在一个也没到。The two guests have arrived and either__________(be)welcome.两个客人都到了，而且都受欢迎。
【特别提醒】none的用法相当于名词，指不可数名词时，后面的谓语动词用单数形式；指可数名词复数时，后面的谓语动词可以用单数形式也可以用复数形式。
None of the money ____(be) yours.
None of his friends_________(come) to see him.
4) both, few, many, several等代词用作主语或修饰可数名词复数的主语时，谓语动词采用复数形式。例如：
Both her fingers ______________.她的两个手指都断了。
Few of my friends_______(be)there .我的朋友几乎没有人在那里。
1.2意义一致原则指根据主语的意义而不是形式上是单数还是复数来决定谓语动词的单复数形式。英语中遵循意义一致原则的情况包括：
1）表示“距离、时间、重量、面积和金额”等复数名词，通常用动词的单数形式来对应。
Five hundred dollars a month ________(be) not much.一个月五百美元是不多的。
Thirty minutes _________(be) enough for you.三十分钟对你来说已经够了。
2）作主语用的名词或代词有由including, as well as, together with, in addition to, accompanied by等连接的短语时，谓语动词须和该名词或代词的人称和数一致。
Tom, as well as friends, _________(love) the game. 汤姆和他的朋友都喜欢这个游戏。（
The students, together with the teacher, _________(come)back. 学生们和老师已经回来了。
3）and连接两个名词作主语时，如果这两个名词指的时同一物体的不同部分，或者两个名词指的就是同一个人或物，谓语动词则使用单数形式。例如：
Bread and butter__________(be)my favorite breakfast. 面包和黄油是我最喜欢的早餐。
The owner and editor of the newspaper_______(be) a friend of mine.
该报纸的发行人兼总编辑是我的一个朋友。
4）many a, more than one 所修饰的名词做主语时，谓语动词采用单数形式，但是意义是复数。
Many a student _________(have) realized this. 很多学生都已经意识到了。
More than one student _____(be) absent today. 很多学生今天都没来。
5）the+形容词泛指一类人或物时，谓语动词用复数。例如：
____________________________________ 富人不一定比穷人更快乐（
6) 如果集体名词为有生命的名词，people, police, cattle等后面的动词只采用复数形式；而其它的集体名词，当作为一个不可分割的整体来看时，谓语动词用单数形式；当强调个体活动和特性时，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：
The police ______________________ 警方及时赶到。
All of the people here ___________(be) the couple’s friends.在场的所有人都是这对夫妇的朋友。
1.3就近原则指谓语动词的单复数形式和最近的主语保持一致。就近原则适用于由not only …but also, either…or…, neither…nor…，或or连接的主语。
Either she or I _______(be) going to fetch some chalk.
Neither the students not the teacher knows anything about it.
【特别提醒】由both…and…连接的主语应该用复数，不属于就近原则。例如：
Both the students and the teacher__________(hear)d of the news.
2. 其他语法现象中涉及的主谓一致
2.1 定语从句
当定语从句所修饰的名词在定语从句中做主语时，从句中谓语动词的单复数变化取决于该名词的单复数。
The man who___________(stand)there is my neighbor.
Those who ___________(be) rude to others will not be respected.
2.2 倒装句
倒装句中的主语在谓语动词之后，因此找准主语是决定谓语动词单复数的关键。
On the bridge _________________. 站在桥上的是三个漂亮的小姑娘。
【强化练习】
1．请选择括号中正确的动词形式。
1）One of the following statements (is, are) true?
2）The house, together with the garden, (is, are) for sale.
3）Our team (is, are) playing well in the first half.
4）Beside the bed (is, are) two armchairs.
5）Neither he nor his sisters (is, are) in favor of the idea.
6）The family (is, are) of two opinions as to the traveling plan.
7）Being rich overnight (is, are) too good to be true.
8）The disabled (is, are) a group of people who (is, are ) in need of help.
9）500 meters (is, are) a long distance for a three-year-old boy to walk.
10）The poor (is, are) going to buy anything beyond necessities.
【练习解析】
1) is 根据语法一致原则，谓语动词的数与主语one的数保持一致。
2) is 谓语动词与the house保持一致。
3) is our team是集体名词，在这里被当作一个整体来看，谓语用单数。
4) are 倒装句，主语是two armchairs。
5) are 就近原则，his sisters 与谓语动词最近。
6) are family是集体名词，在这里强调家庭中的每个成员，谓语用复数。
7) is 动名词做主语，谓语用单数。
8) are, are the +形容词泛指一类人，谓语用复数。在定语从句中，谓语动词与做主语的people的数一致。
9) is 500 meters是距离作主语，谓语动词用单数。
10) are the+形容词作主语，指一类人，谓语动词用复数。
2．用动词的正确形式填空。
1）Either the doctor or the nurses ____ (see) her last letter; it can’t be lost.
2）That he left home ____ (make) everyone upset.
3）Whether they want to go or not ____ (remain) a problem.
4）The police ____ (be) busy scattering the crowd.
5）Love and affection ____ (be) the only theme he is interested in.
6）He is one of the lucky guys who _____ (escape) this cruel treatment.
7） A series of books _____ (publish) on this well-established topic.
8）The producer and main character of the film _____ (live) here.
9）Following this letter, there ____ (come) another three letters from the same address.
10）Many a boy ____ (love) basketball in America.
【练习解析】
1) have seen 就近原则
2) makes 从句作主语，谓语动词用单数。
3) remains 从句做主语，谓语动词用单数。
4) are police为使用复数形式的谓语动词的集体名词。
5) is love and affection都是主题theme中的一部分。
6) have escaped 定语从句的主语是它所修饰限制的复数名词guys。
7) has been published 根据语法一致原则，a series of 引导的主语，谓语用单数。
8) lives The producer and main character指的是同一个人。（注意：两个名词前只有一个冠词）
9) have come/ came 倒装句，主语为another three letters.
10) Loves many a形式上为单数，因此谓语动词用单数。但many a 意思上为复数。
【巩固练习】（十）
1. 请选择括号中正确的动词单复数形式。
1）In theory, every person (has, have) access to education.
2）It (is, are) modern technology that leads us to success.
3）He holds very odd beliefs that (is, are) hard to understand.
4）(Is, Are) everything going well in your office?
5）There (come, comes) the bus.
6）Some of the books (is, are) very well written, but none of them (is, are) suitable for our purpose. 7）So in effect the government (has, have) lowered their working efficiency.
8）Banking staff (is, are) to be given more training to help them deal with armed robbers.
9）Consideration for other people (is, are) what he lacks all his life.
10）Do you have any books that (deal, deals) with rail travel in France?
2. 用动词的正确形式填空。
1) Her lawyer and lifelong friend ____ (be) going to help her.
2) Everyone ____(talk) at the top of his voice now.
3) The poor in this country ______ (decide) to move away.
4) Neither my mother nor I _____ (be) going to sign this contract.
5) To follow what the teacher is saying _____ (seem) a big challenge to the little boy.
6) People of this kind _____ (become) rare and rare in this materialized world.
7) The operation will be on tomorrow, even though its chances of success _____ (be) low.
8) This new discovery, in addition to other findings, _____ (be) able to put him to jail.
9) As ____ (know) to all, water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.
10) More than one person _____ (express) his or her disapproval on this new plan up to now.
第四讲【巩固练习】（十）答案
1. 请选择括号中正确的动词单复数形式。
1) has
2) is
3) are
4) Is
5) comes
6) are, is
7) have
8) are
9) is
10) deal
2. 用动词的正确形式填空。
1) is
2) is talking
3) decide / have decided
4) am
5) seems
6) are becoming
7) are
8) will be
9) is known
10) has expressed
一．主谓一致（指主语和谓语动词在…人称?和…数?方面的一致关系。）主谓一致遵循以下三条原则（形合，意合，就近） 1．形合（主单→谓单；主复→谓复） ★1．由and或both……and连接的并列成分作主语时，谓语动词用复数e.g. Both milk and coffee are on sale in Walmart supermarket. Ru Hua and Wang Xiaohu are a couple. ◆注：⑴and连接的并列主语如果指的是同一人、同一事物或同一概念(and 后无冠词)，谓语动词用单数。 e.g. The teacher and writer has come. Bread and butter is the breakfast of the western people. and所连接的表示同一概念的短语有：a horse and cart马车, a knife and fork刀叉, bread and butter涂有黄油的面包 ⑵由and连接的并列单数主语之前如果分别由each, every, no 修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。 e.g. In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education. ★2. 用one, every one, each one, any one, each, either, neither 等+ of +复数名词/人称代词作主语时，谓语用单数。 e.g. Neither of his parents is a doctor. They are both teachers. Every one of the students is studying hard. ◆注：(1)“both of +复数名词/人称代词”作主语时，谓语用复数。Both of them are students. (2) none作主语时如果指人或可数的物，表数目，谓语动词用单复数形式皆可；如果指不可数名词，表量，谓语动词用单数。e.g. None of that money on the table is mine. None of us is/are interested in your new subject. (3)在定语从句中主语是关系代词who , that , which , 谓语动词的数应与先行词的数一致。 但在“one of +复数名词+ who/that/which”引导的定语从句中，从句谓语的单复数取决于one前是否有the （only）、the very。如果有，从句的谓语动词用单数，如没有the only就用复数形式。 He was one of the students who were late for school . ★3. each, either, neither, another, the other 和由some, any, no, every + thing/ one/ body构成的复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 e.g. There is something wrong with my computer. Everyone is ready for the big dinner. I have two sisters. One is a doctor, the other is a nurse. ◆注：each作同位语，谓语动词仍与主语一致。 They each have a book. ★4. 不定式/动名词（短语）作主语，谓语用单数。 e.g. Doing morning exercises is good for your health. To teach is to learn. 如果多个非谓语动词连在一起表达同一概念，谓语动词用单数形式；如果表达不同概念，谓语动词用复数。 e.g. To go to bed early and to rise early is a good habit. To work and to live are two different things but they are always together. ★5.all/most/ part /some/none/half/plenty/a lot/lots/the rest/分数/百分 数+of+ n. 等短语作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于of后面的名词的数。此名词可数，则谓语用复数；此名词不可数，则谓语用单数。All of the work has been finished. Part of the work has been done by us . Let?s eat the food fi rst. The rest is going to be given to them. ★6. 成双成套的词如glasses, shoes, trousers, chopsticks, scissors ，socks等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。 ◆注：如果这类名词前用了a pair /two pairs等修饰，则谓语与pair 的单复数一致。The shoes in the shop are beautiful. A pair of shoes was sold out this morning. ★7．由“a/this kind of, many kinds of”或…n. + of this kind?，以及由与kind 意义相似的type, sort 等词构成的类似短语作主语时，谓语与of前的名词保持一致。A kind of bird has been discovered by them.Machines of this kind are very useful. ★8. a number of后面加复数名词或代词，谓语用复数形式；但the number of后面加复数名词或代词时，其谓语用单数。 The number of the students in our school is over 20 thousand. A number of students are coming to our school to learn English. ★9. 倒装句中谓语单复数要看其后面的主语。 There comes the bus. Between the two buildings is a supermarket. ★10. 主语后面跟有with ，together with ，along with ，as well as ，but ,except, besides, like ，including, rather than, in addition to等引导的介词短语+其它名词时，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。 The women with two children is my aunt . Everyone here, including children and old people, is for the plan. Mary, along with her boyfriend, goes climbing every Sunday. 2．意合（主语表单数概念→谓语单数；主语表复数概念→谓语复数） ★1. 主语表事物的总称，若指有生命的集合体，如people, police, staff，cattle, crew等作主语时，谓语动词要用复数。The police are looking for the missing boy. 主语表事物的总称，若指无生命的集合体，如traffic, clothing, fruit, equipment等作主语时，谓语动词要用单数。 ★2. 复数形式、单数意义的名词作主语 (1)有些词形似复数，实为单数，其作主语时谓语用单数. 常见的有： 抽象名词news ，学科名词maths，physics ，politics，报纸、杂志名The New York Times,专有名词James, the United States等 The United States was founded in 1776. The New York Times sells well all over the United States . ◆但clothes, goods(货物), works(著作)，the Olympics等词或短语 作主语时，谓语用复数。 The Olympics are held every four years. (2) 表时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的名词或短语作主语时，应将 它们看作一整体，谓语用单数。Ten years is a long time. Five million dollars is a lot of money. ★3. “the +形容词”表一类人（如the poor ，the rich ，the young，the old ，the dead ，the sick，the brave 等）作主语，谓语用复数； 1
主语与谓语动词的一致 江苏沛县湖西中学鹿俊先 221611 英语谓语动词的形式必须随其主语的人称及数的不同而变化，这就叫作主语与谓语动词的一致，简称主谓一致。 在现代英语中除动词be有不同的人称形式(am, is, are, was, were)以及动词have有特殊的单数第三人称现在式形式(has)外，其余的动词只有单数第三人称现在式形式加-s / -es，其他形式则无区别。因此对于学习者而言，主谓一致问题主要是注意单数第三人称现在式动词形式加-s / -es的问题。处理主谓一致问题可依照不同的原则，即从不同的角度着眼。以下对这些原则及容易产生困惑之处加以分析、归纳。 1．语法一致，即主语为单数，就使用单数形式的动词，主语为复数，就使用复数形式的动词。 1．1．单数及复数名词的辨别。 某些名词单数词尾，却用作复数，如：people (人们), police, cattle, poultry（家禽）等。 People have the right to defend themselves. The police are investigating the murder of a six-year-old girl. The poultry have been fed. 某些名词复数词尾，却常用作单数，如：news, mathematics / maths, physics, politics等。
Mathematics / Maths（数学学科）is the science of pure quantity. (Her mathematics / maths（数学能力）are / is rather shaky.) The news is favourable this morning. 某些名词单数、复数形式相同，都是单数词尾，如：fish, sheep, deer, craft, Chinese, Swiss等。 In summer the red dear has a reddishbrown coat. A baby deer is able to stand up as soon as it is born. Baby deer are able to stand up as soon as they are born. 某些名词单数、复数形式相同，都是复数词尾，如：means (=way), works (=factory), crossroads, series, species, barracks, headquarters 等。 All means have been tried. Every means has been tried. 1．2．避免主语的同位语及其它修饰语语义上的干扰。 容易产生干扰的同位语：each, one of…, like …, such as…, including…, especially…, particularly…, for example,…等。 Some rubbish, such as / like food and paper, rots away over a period of time. Practical lessons, such as / like woodwork, are not considered to be as important as maths. We each have a different point of view. (each作同位语)
初中英语语法主谓一致 LELE was finally revised on the morning of December 16, 2020
I．单数主语： 1．当 every-, some-, any-, no- 等构成的不定代词及 each, either, neither 作主语时，谓语动词为单数。 ● Someone has told me about it. ● Neither of us likes the film. 2．当 every 或 each 位于两个由连接词连接的单数主语前，谓语动词用单数。（必记之要点！） ● Each girl and boy has a . ● Every man and woman is welcome. 3．位于主谓之间的介词短语不影响谓语动词的数，谓语动词须和主语一致。常见介词短语有：in addition to, together with, as well as, along with, but, except, etc. （这是一几乎所有考试都不愿放过的重点。） ● The teacher along with his students is going to the party. ● His parents as well as his elder si ster have come to see him. II．复数主语： 1．当主语由 and 或 both ... and 连接，通常采用复数谓语动词。 ● Both the girl and the boy are his friends.
基本句型的转换与扩大 （1）基本句型都是陈述句、肯定句和主动句，这些句型可以转换为疑问句、否定句和被动句。 the tourists have arrived. Have the tourists arrived? The tourists have not arrived. She gave him some money. Did she give him any money? She didn’t give him any money? He was given some money. Some money was given to him （2）句型扩大的语法手段之一是分句的并列。Eg: He was a handicapped child, but he persevered in his studies, and later he become a well-known scholar. He didn’t like us, and everyone knew it, but no one admitted it. （3）句型扩大的另一种语法手段是增加修饰成分和使用从属分句。也就是说利用从属分句来使思想表达复杂化。 The African people have long been our class friends in fighting against hegemonism霸权主义and power politics. The janitor staggered down the stairway, stunned by the bizarre noises and gasping for air. （4）增加的修饰成分还可以再被其他结构（如从属分句）所修饰。 The janitor staggered down the stairway, stunned by the bizarre noises he had just heard upstairs and gasping for air as he hesitantly held on to the banister栏杆.. 注意；有时，分句的并列和从属还可以同时并用。并列与从属两种手段同时并用的结果，往往会产生更加复杂的句子。Eg; When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously, but, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate, for the descriptions given by people who claimed to have seen the puma were extraordinarily similar. 又例如： Furthermore , he is not only critical of the work of others, of his own, since he knows that man is the least reliable of scientific instruments 科学仪表and that a number of factors tend to disturb impartial 不偏不倚的，公正的and objective investigation. 主谓一致（一） “一致”指句子成分之间或词语之间在语法形式上的协调一致关系。主谓一致指主语和谓语动词之间在人称和“数”的方面的一致关系。这又叫做“主动一致”（subject-verb concord）. 一、指导原则 主语和谓语动词一致的关系常为三种不同的原则所支配 1、语法一致主谓之间的一致关系主要表现在数的形式上，即用作主语的名词词组中心词 和谓语动词在单复数形式上的一致。
创作编号： GB8878185555334563BT9125XW 创作者：凤呜大王* 主谓一致和就近就远原则 就近一致原则 也称“邻近原则”“就近一致原则”，即：谓语与靠近的名词、代词（有时不一定是主语）在“人称、人数”上一致。 一、在正式文体中： 1.由下列词语连接的并列主语：“there be+句型；or either...or;nor;neither...nor;whether...or;not...but;not only...but also”等。 Eg. (1)What he does or what he says does not concern me. 他的行为或言谈与我无关。 (2)Neither you nor I am wrong.你和我都没错。 (3)Not you but your father is to blame. 不是你，而是你的父亲该受责备。
(4)Not only you but (also) he is wrong. 不仅你错了，他也错了。 2.在倒装句中，谓语可与后面第一个主语一致。 Eg.(1)In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people. 在远处，能听见鼓掌和人们的呼喊声。 (2)There is (are) a pen and some books on the desk. 桌上有一支钢笔和几本书。 非正式文体中： 有时依“就近”和“意义”一致的原则；但语法上，“no one”才是主语，谓语要改成“agrees”。“写作中”一般要依“语法一致”原则。总结：英语就近原则短语 1.There be句型There is a book and some pencils on the desk. =There are some pencils and a book on the desk. 2.Neither...nor... Neither you nor he is right.=Neither he nor you are right. 3.either...or... Either they or Jim is going to Shanghai next Saturday. =Either Jim or they are going to Shanghai next Saturday. 4.not only...but also... Not only Ann but also her parents stay at home every Sunday. =Not only Ann’s parents but also she stays at home every Sunday.
(十三)主谓一致和倒装句 主谓一致是初中阶段的重要语法项目之一，经常出现在近几年的中考试卷中。考查重点是主谓一致：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则，其中语法一致原则和就近一致原则是历年的考查热点。从命题形式来看，主要以单项选择为主，在完形填空、句型转换和翻译句子中有时也会涉及此考点。预计2016年主要考查主谓一致的基本用法，there be句型是考查的重点；倒装句主要考查so与neither引导的倒装句。 主谓一致是指谓语动词与主语在人称和数上保持一致。主谓一致必须遵循三个原则，即语法一致原则、意义一致原则、就近一致原则。 语法一致原则是指主语和谓语在语法形式上保持一致，即主语是单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式，主语是复数形式，谓语也用复数形式。意义一致原则是主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致，即主语形式上为单数，但意义为复数，则谓语动词用复数形式；若主语形式上为复数，但表示单数意义，则谓语动词用单数形式。就近一
致原则也叫邻近原则，是指谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的主语。 ①语法一致原则 使用情况例句“不可数名词、可数名词单数、单数代词、 不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、从句”等用作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。The girl is fond of singing. To protect the environment is our duty. Reading in the sun is bad for our eyes. 表示复数的名词、代词作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。The students are having their math class. They have been to Qingdao twice. and连接主语时，如果该并列主语指的是两个或两个以上的人或事物，谓语动词用复数形Eating vegetables and doing exercise are good for our health. The writer and teacher is coming. The writer and the teacher are coming.
暑假专题：谓语动词的人称变化——主谓一致 英文中主语和谓语必须在人称、数量方面保持一致，这就是主谓一致。当句子的主语涉及到不同的人称时，谓语动词的第一动词要与主语的人称和单复数保持一致。主谓一致的关键是判断主语是单数还是复数。 例：I raise my arm.我抬起我的手臂。 He raises his arm.他抬起他的手臂。 1. 主谓一致主要体现在主语为第三人称单数时，谓语动词要变成相应的单数形式。动词第三人称单数的变化规则与名词单数变复数相同。 例：He buys a new bicycle.他买了一辆新的自行车。 They buy a new bicycle. 他们买了一辆新的自行车。 2. 谓语和主语的单复数一致，实际上只反映在第一个动词之上。 例：He has seen her in the garden.他在花园中见到了他。 I have seen her in the garden. 我在花园中见到了他。 规则总结
【典型例题】 1. No one except two students ______ the meeting. A. has been late for B. have been late for C. was late for D. were late for 2. All but him and me ______ to the exhibition. A. am going B. is going C. are going D. was going 3. Interest, as well as prospects, ______ important when one looks for a job. A. are B. were C. is D. was 4. The president, accompanied by his assistants, ______. A. have arrived B. are arriving C. had arrived D. has arrived 5. A number of cars ______ in front of the park A. is parked B. was parked C. are parked D. has parked ［参考答案］1~5 CCCDC
初中英语语法归纳总结及主谓一致 语法归纳总结 一. 词类 英语词类分十种：名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1. 名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。 例：boy, morning, bag, home, class, orange. 2. 代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。 例：who, she, you, it . 3. 形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。 例：good, right, white . 4. 数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。 例：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5. 动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。 例：am, is,are,have,see . 6. 副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，说明时间、地点、程度等。 例：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7. 冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。 例：a, an, the. 8. 介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。 例in, on, from, above, behind. 9. 连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。 例and, but, before . 10. 感叹词(interj..)：表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。
例：oh, well, hi, hello. 二. 句子成分 英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1. 主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。 例：I’m Miss Green.我是格林小姐。 2. 谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。 例：Jack cleans the room every day. 杰克每天打扫房间。 3. 表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担 任。 例：My name is Ping ping. 我的名字叫萍萍。 4. 宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。 例：He can spell the word. 他能拼这个词。 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语 一般放在直接宾语的前面。 例：He wrote me a letter. 他给我写了一封信。 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。 例：He wrote a letter to me. 他给我写了一封信。 5. 定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。 例：Shanghai is a big city. 上海是个大城市。 6. 状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词，通常由副词担任。 例：He works hard. 他工作努力。 7. 宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。
助动词的形式与作用 概述：英语常用的助动词(auxiliary verb)有shall，will，should，would，be，have，do等。助动词一般无词义，不能单独作谓语动词。助动词在句中的作用，在于帮助（谓语动词）构成各种时态、语态、语气、否定和疑问结构等。如： China has entered a great new era. 中国已进入了一个伟大的新时期。(帮助构成完成时态) Some boys are playing on the grass. 一些男孩正在草地上玩。 (帮助构成进行时态) Mother is written by Gorky. 《母亲》是高尔基写的。 (帮助构成被动语态) We Shall have the football match if it does not rain.如果不下雨，我们就赛足球。(帮助构成将来时态和否定结构) Do you see my point? 你明白我的意思吗?(帮助构成疑问结构) [注]在否定结构中，not须放在助动词后面。 看完这段之后，希望各位记住一个概念，助动词的作用是：帮助谓语动词实现各种功能，这是核心中核心。 为了便于理解与记忆，个人认为可以把助动词分成两类： 1、专职助动词： shall(should), will(would),can(could),may(might),must, ought to等；（因这些动词只能作助动词使用，没有其它用途。）看见这些动词之后，就可以直接期待其后会出现“谓语动词”了。这也可用于我们判断句子结构，简单不出错。 2、兼职助动词：be, have, do, dare, need等。（这些动词既可以用作助动词，也可用作谓语动词，助动词并不是他们唯一的作用。） 先讲第一类，专职助动词（情态动词）的用法。 情态动词的用法很多都是相同的，不必一项项学，我们先把这些相同的作用归纳到一起。 1、shall、will可用于表达一般将来时；这个就不多作说明了； 2、都可忽略主语的人称和数，不必采取相应的变化。 3、一般情况下，后面都需加动词原形。 （2、3）例：I/He/She/They can swim. 4、表示推测，表可能：may, can, must。
主谓一致和就近就远原则 就近一致原则 也称“邻近原则”“就近一致原则”，即：谓语与靠近的名词、代词（有时不一定是主语）在“人称、人数”上一致。 一、在正式文体中： 1.由下列词语连接的并列主语：“therebe+句型； oreither...or;nor;neither...nor;whether...or;not...but;notonly...but also”等。 Eg. (1)What he does or what he says does not concern me.他的行为或言谈与我无关。 (2)Neither you nor I am wrong.你和我都没错。 (3)Not you but your father is to blame. 不是你，而是你的父亲该受责备。 (4)Not only you but (also) he is wrong. 不仅你错了，他也错了。 2.在倒装句中，谓语可与后面第一个主语一致。 Eg.(1)In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and theshouts of the people. 在远处，能听见鼓掌和人们的呼喊声。 (2)There is (are) a pen and some books on the desk.桌上有一支钢笔和几本书。非正式文体中： 有时依“就近”和“意义”一致的原则；但语法上，“noone”才是主语，谓语要改成“agrees”。“写作中”一般要依“语法一致”原则。
总结：英语就近原则短语 1.Therebe句型 Thereisabookandsomepencilsonthedesk.=Therearesomepencilsandabookonthedesk. 2.Neither...nor... Neither you nor he is right.=Neither he nor you are right. 3.either...or... Either they or Jim is going to Shanghai next Saturday.=Either Jim or they are going to Shanghai next Saturday. 4.not only...but also... Not only Ann but also her parents stay at home every Sunday.=Notonly Ann’s parentsbut alsoshestays athome everySunday. 就远原则 谓语动词与前面主语一致 代表词汇：as well as;(together/along)with;Rather than;except;besides;but;including;in addition to;apart from例子：He rather than I is right. Nobody but two students is in the classroom. 主谓一致 一、当主语后面与with,aswellas,but,except,like,ratherthan,no less than,besides,including等+名词或代词连用时，谓语动词与第一个主语保持一致。 1.Theteacher,with6girlsand8boysofherclass,___visitinga museum when the earthquake struck. A.was B.were C.had been D.would be
2012年全国中考题组 1.How much ________ the pair of shoes? – Twenty dollars _________ enough. A. is; is B. is; are C. are; is D. are; are 2.–Leo, ___________no milk or eggs in the fridge.- Oh, I’ll go and buy some right away. A. it is B. there is C. there are 3.–There __________ a tiger and two chimpanzees in the zoo. Let’s go there this weekend. A. are B. is C. has D. have 4.In our school library, there _________ a number of books on science and the number of them ________ growing larger and larger. A. is; are B. are; is C. have; is 5.–My brother and I will go to the library tomorrow. – Shall we go together? A. So am I B. So do I C. So I am D. So will I 6.–I heard Huang Gang made an English speech at the graduation ceremony yesterday. - ______, and __________. A. So he did; so did I B. So did he; so I did C. So he was; so was I D. So was he; so I was 7. -Tom, I am watching football match. What about you? - __________. A. So do I B. So am I C. So I do D. So I am 8. Last Sunday my aunt __________ at home with me. We were watching TV all day. A. was B. were C. is D. are 9.The reading room ___________ very quiet. I enjoy reading books there. A. am B. is C. are D. be 10.Everyone ________ I come from Sichuan. Actually, I come from Shandong. A. find B. think C. finds D. thinks 2010-2012年全国中考题组 1. Either Sam or Jane ________ TV now. A. were watching B. are watching C. is watching D. was watching 2. – It’s very hot, but quite wet today. - ____________.A. So is it B. It is so C. So it is D. So it does 3.One of my friends _______already moved to London.A. do B. does C. have D. has 4. Every student as well as some teachers who _________ to visit the museum __________ asked to be at the school gate before 7:30 in the morning.. A. are; are B. is; is C. are; is D. is; are 5.The news ___________ very interesting! Tell me more!. A. is B. are C. were D .was 6.I hear one third os the books in Wuhu Library ________ new. Let's borrow some. A. is B. are C. was D. were 7. Not only my grandma but also all of us _______ looking forward to meeting my uncle . A. am B. is C. are 8. His father likes going hiking. ________. A. So does his mother B. So is his mother C. So his mother is D. So his mother does 9. Everyone except Tom and John ____________ seen the film. A. is B. has C. are D. have 10. - After reading the story about Jin jing, I was very ___________. - ____________. She's really brave.
语法详解： 所谓主谓一致是指主语和谓语动词之间,即主语的人称和单复数形式决定着谓语动词对应的形式。 主谓一致主要有以下几种情况： 1. and连接两个或两个以上词作主语的时候, 几种情况： (1)如果指两个或两个以上不同的人或事物的时候,谓语动词用复数。 如： He and I are both students of this school. (2) 但如果连接两个以上的名词指的是同一个人或物, 或者指同一概念的时候, 谓语要用单数。 The knife and fork is on the table. (Fish and chips, whisky and soda) The singer and dancer is going to give us a performance. (3) each, every, no Every boy and every girl has their own strengths and shortcomings. 1. 集体名词作主语, 动词可用单数, 也可以用复数。主要由句子的意思决定。强调整体谓语动词用单数；指全体人员时, 动词则用复数。这一类常见的集合名词有public, family, class, crowd, population, team, group。 His family is going out. 他们全家要外出。 His family are all music lovers. 他们全家人都是音乐爱好者。 2. 某些名词如people, police, cattle等,形式上是单数, 但意义上是复数, 谓语动词应用复数。people指“民族”时是例外。 The police are searching for a thief. The cattle are eating grass on the hill. 3. 注意那些单复同形的词 Deer, sheep, fish, goldfish Means, works, species, series His latest works was considered a joke. His works include plays and poems 4. 用复数 Savings, belongings, earnings, surroundings Arms, ashes, contents, compasses, remains, scales, Suburbs, outskirts Scissors, clothes, trousers, glasses, stockings Wages, riches Sales 某些名词如clothes, trousers, shoes, glasses等, 通常只用其复数形式, 但当它们被a pair of 修饰时, 谓语动词用单数。如: The pair of shoes is worn out. The shoes are worn out.