Human milk oligosaccharides: Only the breast
Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health Volume 33, Issue 4, pages 281–286, 1997
Keywords: infection; human milk; oligosaccharides; lactose; sialic acid
Abstract: Over 100 years ago it was first deduced that a major component of human milk must be an unidentified carbohydrate that was not found in cows milk. At first this was thought to be a form of lactose and was called gynolactose. We now know that this was not a single carbohydrate but a complex mixture of approximately 130 different oligosaccharides. Although small amounts of a few oligosaccharides have been found in the milk of other mammals, this rich diversity of sugars is unique to human milk. The oligosaccharide content of human milk varies with the infant's gestation, the duration of lactation, diurnally and with the genetic makeup of the mother. Milk oligosaccharides have a number of functions that may protect the health of the breast fed infant. As they are not digested in the small intestine, they f orm the ‘soluble’ fibre of breast milk and their intact structure is available to act as competitive ligands protecting the breast-fed infant from pathogens. There is a growing list of pathogens for which a specific oligosaccharide ligand has been described in human milk. They are likely to form the model for future therapeutic and prophylactic anti-microbials. They provide substrates for bacteria in the infant colon and thereby contribute to the difference in faecal pH and faecal flora between breast and formula-fed infants. They may also be important as a source of sialic acid, essential for brain development.
Human milk oligosaccharides are associated with protection against diarrhea in breast-fed infants
The Journal of Pediatrics Volume 145, Issue 3, pages 297–303, 2004
Abstract：
1、Objective：To determine the association between maternal milk levels of 2-linked fucosylated oligosaccharide and prevention of diarrhea as a result of Campylobacter, caliciviruses, and diarrhea of all causes in breast-fed infants.
2、Study design：Data and banked samples were analyzed from 93 breast-feeding mother-infant pairs who were prospectively studied during 1988-1991 from birth to 2 years with infant feeding and diarrhea data collected weekly; diarrhea was diagnosed by a study physician. Milk samples obtained 1 to 5 weeks postpartum were analyzed for oligosaccharide content. Data were analyzed by Poisson regression.
3、Results：Total 2-linked fucosyloligosaccharide in maternal milk ranged from 0.8 to 20.8 mmol/L (50%-92% of milk oligosaccharide). Moderate-to-severe diarrhea of all causes (n = 77 cases) occurred less often (P = .001) in infants whose milk contained high levels of total 2-linked fucosyloligosaccharide as a percent of milk oligosaccharide. Campylobacter diarrhea (n = 31 cases) occurred less often (P = .004) in infants whose mother's milk contained high levels of 2′-FL, a specific 2-linked fucosyloligosaccharide, and calicivirus diarrhea (n = 16 cases) occurred less often (P = .012) in infants whose mother's milk contained high levels of lacto-N-difucohexaose (LDFH-I), another 2-linked fucosyloligosaccharide.
4、Conclusion：This study provides novel evidence suggesting that human milk oligosaccharides are clinically relevant to protection against infant diarrhea.
Separation of human milk oligosaccharides by recycling chromatography. First isolation of lacto-N-neo-difucohexaose II and 3′-galactosyllactose from this source Carbohydrate Research Volume 178, Issue 1, Pages 79-91, 1988
Abstract：
Lacto-N-neo-difucohexaose II, β-d-Galp-(1→4)-[α-l-Fucp-(1→3)]-β-d-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-β-d-Galp-(1→4)- [α-l-Fucp-(1→3)]- d-Glc, and 3′-galactosyllactose, β-d-Galp-(1→3)-β-d-Galp-(1→4)-d-Glc, were isolated for the first time from human milk by means of a recycling chromatography technique. Through this method, carried out mainly on columns of K+ ion-exchange resins and either Bio-Gel P-4 or TSK 40W(S) gel filtration media, up to one gram of an oligosaccharide mixture could be handled and
lacto-N-neo-difucohexaose II separated from isomeric lacto-N-difucohexaose I, α-l-Fucp-(1→2)-β-d- Galp-(1→3)-[α-l-Fucp-(1→4)]-β-d-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-β-d-Galp-(1→4)-d-Glc, and II, β-d-Galp-(1→3)-[α-l- Fucp-(1→4)]-β-d-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-β-d-Galp-(1→4)-[α-l-Fucp-(1→3)]-d- Glc. This method also permitted resolution of isomeric mixtures of the trisaccharides 2′-fucosyllactose, α-l-Fucp-(1→2)-β-d-Galp-(1→4)- d-Glc, and 3-fucosyllactose, β-d-Galp-(1→4)-[α-l-Fucp-(1→3)]-d-Glc, the tetrasaccharides
lacto-N-tetraose, β-d-Galp-(1→3)-β-d-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-β-d-Galp-(1→4)-d-Glc, and lacto-N-neo-tetraose, β-d-Galp-(1→4)-β-d-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-β-d-Galp-(1→4)-d-Glc, and the pentaoses lacto-N-fucopentaose I, α-l-Fucp-(1→2)-β-d-Galp-(1→3)-β-d-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-β-d-Galp-(1→4)-d-Glc, II, β-d-Galp-(1→3)-[α-l- Fucp-(1→4)]-β-d-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-β-d-Galp-(1→4)-d-Glc, and III, β-d-Galp-(1→4)-[α-l-Fucp-(1→3)]-β-d- GlcpNAc-(1→3)-β-d-Galp-(1→4)-d-Glc, which have proved difficult if not impossible to separate by other means. The isolation of these and other milk oligosaccharides is described herein. The 500-MHz
1H-n.m.r. spectra of lacto-N-neo-difucohexaose II and 3′-galactosyllactose, and their alditols, are recorded. 1H-N.m.r. data on some other milk oligosaccharides, both natural and reduced, are also given.
Physiology of the consumption of human milk oligosaccharides by infant-gut associated bifidobacteria
J Biol Chem.2011 Aug 9
Biological functions of oligosaccharides in human milk
Acta Paediatrica （Wiley Blackwell数据库）Volume 82, Issue 12, pages 903–912, December 1993
摘要以图像形式呈现，但是根本看不清。
Prebiotic oligosaccharides: In vitro evidence for gastrointestinal epithelial
transfer and immunomodulatory properties
Pediatric Allergy and Immunology （Wiley Blackwell数据库）Volume 21, Issue 8, pages 1179–1188, December 2010
Abstract：
Prebiotic oligosaccharides are present in breast milk and evidence is pointing toward immunomodulatory properties of the acidic fraction. Recently, prebiotic supplements of infant formula [short-chain galacto (scGOS)-, long-chain fructo (lcFOS)-oligosaccharides] showed preventive effects on atopic disease development.
We aimed to define the direct immunologic effects of these oligosaccharides and of human (aHMOS) and cows’ milk (aCMOS) acidic oligosaccharides and to investigate the systemic uptake of prebiotic supplements of infant formula and a specific pectin-derived acidic oligosaccharide hydrolysate (pAOS) in vitro.
After assurance of LPS-free conditions (limulus assay, toll like receptor-2, -4 transfected human embryonic kidney-cells), in vitro-transfer through a CaCo-2 cell monolayer was measured using high-pH anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. Direct effects on proliferation, cytokine-induction of cord blood mononuclear cells and modulation of allergen-specific CD4+ T-cell cytokine profiles from allergic and non-allergic individuals were investigated.
Transfer of scGOS/lcFOS and pAOS in-vitro was detected with a rate of transfer of 4–14%, depending on the molecular size and structure. AHMOS induced IFN-and IL-10 but not the Th-2 cytokine IL-13 at physiologic concentrations (10–100 μg/ml) in cord blood, whereas aCMOS did not induce any of these cytokines. AHMOS significantly suppressed Th-2 type cytokine-production by Ara h1-specific CD4+ T cells (CFSElow CD3+CD4+cells) from peanut allergic patients.
In conclusion, human milk-derived acidic oligosaccharides may modulate postnatal allergen-specific immune responses by the suppression of Th-2-type responses in atopy-prone individuals. Moreover, there is in vitro evidence for epithelial transport of prebiotic oligosaccharides.
外国语学院2018届毕业论文文献综述（示范） 一、研究背景 近来多篇论文中出现零翻译的提法（杜争鸣，2000；邱懋如，2001；刘明东，2002；袁斌业，2002a，2002b，2002c，2002d；石琳，2003；余清萍，2003；余清萍，秦傲松，2004；肖耀田，2004），但国内学者所编三本译学词典（林煌天，1997；孙迎春，1999；方梦之，2004）均未出现零翻译这一词条，国外三本词典/术语著作（Shuttleworth & Cowie，1997；Baker，1998；Delisle，2004）亦未收入这一条目，只有国内孙迎春（2001）编著的《汉英双向翻译学语林》收进了“零翻译（音译、形译之一种）zero translation”（58页）及“zero translation零翻译（音译、形译之一种）”（268页）两个条目，同时又有贾影（2002）反对零翻译提法，并认为承认不可译有“积极作用”。但零翻译现象确实存在，如DIY（自己动手），IQ（智商），EQ（情商），这些零翻译词汇经常在汉语中出现。英语中也有类似情况，如美国《时代》周刊中报道中国特色事物时经常使用拼音，如aizi(矮子)，pizi（痞子），shiganjia（实干家），yuan（缘）（王祥兵，2002），shuangying(双赢)，guanxi(关系)（顾静，2005）。 这些研究成果揭示了零翻译现象的存在，引进了零翻译的概念，促进了翻译理论概念的扩大，但是从发表的论文及孙迎春（2001）的这两个条目来看，各自运用的名称虽同（也有不同，如杜争鸣称为不译），但概念的内涵及外延均有出入，因此有必要探讨当前零翻译研究的问题并提出相应研究对策。 二、研究现状及不足 1. 定义不统一、模糊不清 传统翻译理论多把零翻译归结为“音译法”、“移译法”，只看到技巧层面的意义，如秦建栋（1999）讨论“英汉词汇空缺现象刍议”列举“音译法”、“移译法”，袁斌业（2001）论及“英语本族人音译汉语词汇的语用分析”，虽然看到“音译在我国只能用来翻译名词，而在国外则可以用来翻译包括名词在内的各种词语”，但未能从中提炼出零翻译的概念，实际上这里已包含有零翻译与音译的某些区别。 国内最早使用zero translation这一术语的是杜争鸣（2000），但他称之为“不译”，并分析了直译、意译与不译三种翻译策略。他不停留于策略本身，从跨文化交际的视角分析了三种策略的社会语言学与跨文化交际涵义，并看到了不译的三层文化含义。不译背后体现译者对于翻译目的的认识，“而翻译的目的必然直接或间接地反映反映译者本人对翻译的文化含义的意识与潜意识，反映他翻译时所采取的文化姿态与立场。”即翻译观的问题。但从术语的精确性来说
Exploring the Potential of Micro Hydropower Systems in Urban Water Supply Systems. Decision-Making and Optimum Management Using Harmony Search. Ioannis KOUGIAS, Thomas PATSIALIS, Antigoni ZAFIRAKOU, Nicolaos THEODOSSIOU Department of Civil Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece, yannis.kougias@https://www.doczj.com/doc/1412458762.html,, patsialis@civil.auth.gr azafir@civil.auth.gr, nictheod@civil.auth.gr Abstract:EU’s strategy towards hydropower energy production has turned to support small -scale hydroelectricity. According to the 2012 EEA’s report, forthcoming EU policies in order to promote hydropower must be compatible with the WFD, minimizing the ecological impacts. This explains why the interest of those involved in hydroelectricity has been attracted by micro projects. Typically micro hydroelectricity refers to hydro-plants with a power capacity less than 100kW. Their main advantage is the negligible environmental impact in conjunction with a low installation cost. Moreover, the produced energy is low-voltage electricity. Thus, the produced energy can be either directly consumed or be directed to the National Grid, with a connection cost 4-5 times lower, compared to medium voltage. Micro hydros cooperate with various existing water-related infrastructure, offering a broad potential for investment. In the present paper the integrated solution of micro-hydro implementation in a water supply system is presented. Thus, the benefits of the network (with a constant water supply) are extended to energy production. Decision making and planning of such a project is complicated, involving environmental, hydraulic, technical and economical parameters. The optimum management of an application in Greece is presented, using Harmony Search Algorithm (HSA), a novel optimization technique. After a brief description of HSA, the generated model is presented in detail. By presenting the optimal solutions of the model, we prove that micro hydroelectricity can contribute much more in both the economy and the energy balance. European Union’s policy for sustainable, secure energy supply is emphasized in the Green Paper (2003), which underlines the potential of hydroelectricity to play a very important role in both the economy and the energy balance. In addition to that, increasing the non-polluting renewable energy production is an important goal for the EU countries. EU has set ambitious climate and energy targets for 2020, known as “20-20-20” targets. The three key objec tives for 2020 include a 20% reduction in EU greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 levels, an increase of the share of EU energy consumption produced from renewable resources to 20% and a 20% improvement in the EU's energy efficiency. The Renewable Energy Directive (2010) defines the national targets of the Member States for raising the share of renewable energy in their energy consumption by 2020. These targets reflect Member States' different starting points and potential for increasing renewable production and range from 10% (Malta) to 49% (Sweden). According to European Commission the national targets will enable the EU to reach its 20% renewable energy target for 2020. This percentage is more than double compared to the 2010 level (9.8%). These targets will also help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and reduce the EU’s dependence on imported energy. Key words: Micro-scale hydropower, renewable energy, water management, optimization, harmony search Advantages of Small – Scale Hydroelectric Projects Micro hydros include projects with a capacity between 10KW and 100KW. Initially these projects have been constructed in the flow of the stream without the need of water storage. Because of their many advantages, the number of installations has considerably increased recently. Their negligible environmental impact and their low installation cost have attracted the scientific and invest ing interest. Besides, the total cost of a Micro Hydro installation is less than 200,000€. Thus,they comprise a tempting investment opportunity for individuals. According to the British Hydropower Association (2005) the advantages that these projects have over other renewable energy sources (RES) are:High efficiency (70–90%).A higher capacity factor (typically CF >45%) compared to other RES. For Solar Panels CF = 10– 30% while for Wind Turbines CF = 20 –30%. Predictability of the energy production. Gradual change of energy production. Hydroelectric generators’ quick response to changing conditions. Micro –hydros in streams don’t i nclude dams and water storage.
英文论文中使用的时态汪志坚 论文中的时态 摘要 ?研究背景：过去式 ?主要研究活动：过去式、过去完成式 ?研究方法：过去式 ?结果：过去式 ?结论：现在式、助动词、不确定语气 绪论与文献探讨 ?陈述事实为主：现在式 ?一般性的陈述，未特别指明是哪一篇论文：现在完成式 ?几位作者曾说过，引用文献放在句末：过去完成式 ?特定研究指出，文献放在主词：过去式 ?谈到某些研究仍付之阙如：现在式、现在完成式 ?谈到过去研究集中在某些地方，但另外一些地方缺乏：现在式、现在完成式 ?文献探讨中，应该从一般性的事实陈述（现在式、现在完成式），慢慢写到特定的研究（过去完成式、过去式）。 研究目的 ?本研究的目的为：过去式 研究方法 ?本研究进行哪些研究：现在式、未来式 ?研究设计与资料收集：过去式 ?描述样本或母体：现在式 资料分析 ?指出图表告诉我们哪些资讯：现在式 ?研究的发现：过去式 ?比较自己的研究结果与过去的研究结果：现在式 ?研究发现的可能解释理由：助动词can 、may ?研究结果的评论：不确定语气(appears 、seems 、is likely)
讨论 ?重述研究目的、研究假说、研究发现：过去式 ?解释研究发现：过去式、现在式、助动词 ?研究发现的比较：现在式 ?结论、建议、应用：现在式、助动词、不确定语气 撰写英文论文的小技巧 1.模仿，随时记录下英文论文中的好句子、好文法。但不能抄喔，只能模仿文法。 有句子不会写时，请找几篇论文，看看是否有类似的句子。 2.客观，永远不能用We, I, The authors,之类的字眼 3.正式，永远不能出现isn't，而是is not 4.逻辑，前后句子，不能连自己都觉得串连不起来。 5.主动，尽量避免被动式。但这点并非绝对，而是尽量。 1.2? ? 时态?? 1）? ? 叙述论文研究之前所进行的工作，用过去完成时：This had been the case before……2）? ? 实验用过去时：The plants grew better in A than in B；the dry weight was greater in A than in than in B. 3）? ? 图表用现在时：Diagrams showing yields are shown in Figure 3 . The second column of Table 2 represents the dry weight of tops. 4）? ? 结果讨论根据内容分别使用过去式和现在式：The highest dry weight is shown for culture A, which received the greatest amount of the ammonium salt. This may mean that the amount of nitrogen added was the determining condition for the experiments. 5）? ? 特殊结论和推论要用过去时态：Rice grew better, under the other conditions of these tests, when ammonium sulphate was added to the soil. 6）? ? 一般真理用现在时：Many years ago, scientists were convinced that malaria is caused by agerm carried by a certain species of mosquito. 7）? ? 计划要做的工作和预期的结果要用将来时：??Later these investigation will be made ……
文献综述 大学生时间管理研究——以郑州大学西亚斯国际学院为例 姓名：代永寒学号：20091211205 专业：工商管理班级：工本2班 史蒂芬?柯维的《要事第一》 “要事第一”，顾名思义是指重要的主要的事情要放在第一时间去完成。而在实际工作中我们往往是将认为急迫的紧要的事情放在第一时间完成； 本书通过四个象限来告诉我们如何区分事情的紧急性与重要性，从而告诉我们在平常的工作中应怎样去区分事情属轻属重，以及造成事情紧急性的原因，在平常工作中要注意哪些方面以避免出现紧急事件的情况。 第一象限包括四点：A危机 B 急迫的问题C最后期限迫近的项目 D 会议准备工作等。第一象限显得紧迫与重要，但我们要知道形成第一象限的紧迫与重要主要是因被延误及没有进行计划与预测及计划所致。第二象限包含准备工作、预防、价值、筹划、建立关系、真正的再创造与赋予能力。第二象限属于质量象限，属于重要但不紧迫的事情，但我们必须要去做，因只有这样才能避免出现第一象限包含的情况。第三象限包含干扰、电话；邮件、报告；某些会议；很多临近、急迫的事情及很多流行的活动。第三象限包括“紧急但不重要的事情”，而事实上它易给人造成假象，从而形成第一象限情况。第四象限包含琐事、打发时间的工作、某些电话，解闷，“逃避”行为、无关紧要的邮件及过多地看电视；第四象限属于既不紧急也不重要的事情，它是浪费象限，第四象限中的行为是堕落行为。这四个象限告诉我们如果在办事过程中不是以重要性而是以紧要性为出发点，就会出现第一第三甚至第四象限的情况，在平常的工作中，我们要加以区分，日常工作生活中往往事情越是紧迫，反而说明事情越不重要！像最近存货系统因急着想能早日上线，在运作过程中被卡住，故一心想着去解决软件中存在的问题，而忽略了与其他人员的沟通协调，存货上软件固然重要，但与公司整体运作相比就稍显其次，没合理分配其他人员手头事项，这样会导致其他问题的增多，从而会出现第一第三象限甚至于第四象限的浪费情况。 “要事第一”，告诉我们在日常的工作与生活中要从以下方面着手加以区分、
附录 图像科学综述 近几年来，图像处理与识别技术得到了迅速的发展，现在人们己充分认识到图像处理和识别技术是认识世界、改造世界的重要手段。目前它己应用于许多领域，成为2l世纪信息时代的一门重要的高新科学技术。 1.图像处理与识别技术概述 图像就是用各种观测系统以不同形式和手段观测客观世界而获得的，可以直接或间接作用于人眼而产生视知觉的实体。科学研究和统计表明，人类从外界获得的信息约有75%来自于视觉系统，也就是说，人类的大部分信息都是从图像中获得的。 图像处理是人类视觉延伸的重要手段，可以便人们看到任意波长上所测得的图像。例如，借助伽马相机、x光机，人们可以看到红外和超声图像：借助CT可看到物体内部的断层图像；借助相应工具可看到立体图像和剖视图像。1964年，美国在太空探索中拍回了大量月球照片，但是由于种种环境因素的影响，这些照片是非常不清晰的，为此，美国喷射推进实验室(JPL)使用计算机对图像进行处理，使照片中的重要信息得以清晰再现。这是这门技术发展的重要里程碑。此后，图像处理技术在空间研究方面得到广泛的应用。 总体来说，图像处理技术的发展大致经历了初创期、发展期、普及期和实用化期4个阶段。初创期开始于20世纪60年代，当时的图像采用像素型光栅进行扫描显示，大多采用巾、大型机对其进行处理。在这一时期，由于图像存储成本高，处理设备造价高，因而其应用面很窄。20世纪70年代进入了发展期，开始大量采用中、小型机进行处理，图像处理也逐渐改用光栅扫描显示方式，特别是出现了CT和卫星遥感图像，对图像处理技术的发展起到了很好的促进作用。到了20世纪80年代，图像处理技术进入普及期，此时购微机已经能够担当起图形图像处理的任务。VLSL的出现更使得处理速度大大提高，其造价也进一步降低，极大地促进了图形图像系统的普及和应用。20世纪90年代是图像技术的实用化时期，图像处理的信息量巨大，对处理速度的要求极高。 21世纪的图像技术要向高质量化方面发展，主要体现在以下几点：①高分辨率、高速度，图像处理技术发展的最终目标是要实现图像的实时处理，这在移动
share with 各位会计、财务专业的同学... （P.S.读英文期刊绝对是体力活...开读前一定要吃好睡好...） 这些是会计学的基础文献，是所有其他文献的参考文献~~~ 经典文献（The 100 articles with the highest citation index-until 1996） 参考：Lawrence D. Brown, 1996, “Influential Accounting Articles, Individuals, Ph. D Granting Institutions and Faculties; A Citational Analysis”, Accounting, Organizations and Society, Vol.21, NO.7/8, P726-728 1. Ball, R. and Brown, P., 1968, “An Empirical Evaluation of Accounting Income Numbers”, journal of Accounting Research, Autumn, pp. 159-178 1. 2.Watts R.L., Zimmerman J., 1978, “Towards a Positive Theory of the Determination of Accounting Standards”, The Ac counting Review, pp. 112-134 2. 3.Healy P.M, 1985, “The Effect of Bonus Schemes on Accounting Decisions”, Journal of Accounting and Economics, April, 85-107 3.Hopwood A. G., “Towards an Organizational Perspective for the Study of Accounting and Information S ystems”, Accounting, Organizations and Society (No. 1, 1978) pp. 3-14 4.Collins, D. W., Kothari, S. P., 1989, “An Analysis of Intertemporal and Cross-Sectional Determinants of Earnings Response Coefficients”, journal of Accounting & Economics, pp. 143-181 5.EastonP.D, Zmijewski M.E, 1989, “Cross-Sectional Variation in the Stock Market Response to Accounting Earnings Announcements”, Journal of Accounting and Economics, 117-141 6.Beaver, W. H., 1968, “The Information Content of Annual Earnings Announcements”, jo urnal of Accounting Research, pp. 67-92 7.Holthausen R.W., Leftwich R.W., 1983, “The Economic Consequences of Accounting Choice: Implications of Costly Contracting and Monitoring”, journal of Accounting & Economics, August, pp77-117 8.Patell J.M, 1976, “Corp orate Forecasts of Earnings Per Share and Stock Price Behavior: Empirical Tests. Journal of Accounting Research, Autumn, 246-276 9.Brown L.D., Griffin P.A., Hagerman R.L., Zmijewski M.E, 1987, “An Evaluation of Alternative Proxies for the Market’s Assessment of Unexpected Earnings”, Journal of Accounting and Economics, 61-87 10.Ou J.A., Penman S.H., 1989, “Financial Statement Analysis and the Prediction of Stock Returns”, Journal of Ac counting and Economics, Nov., 295-329 11.William H. Beaver, Roger Clarke, William F. Wright, 1979, “The Association between Unsystematic Security Returns and the Magnitude of Earnings Forecast Errors,” Journal of Accounting Research, 17, 316-340.
论文中各部分的时态解析及使用举例Part 时态详细阐述 Abstract 现在时叙述背景细节 过去时简述文章类容，而文章中的内容是已经发生的 Introduction 现在时 用于描述一般现象，例如：“随着人们生活水平的提升， ***也***逐渐提高“ 现在完成时概括描述研究活动；简略引用（提及名字） 过去时 具体引用：引用前人的论述和研究成果，也可选择一般过 去时，例如：”谁谁谁在**年**月，做了**实验，发现。。。 Method 过去时 该部分是作者在本次研究中工作的自述，由于工作已于 写论文前完成，是过去发生的动作，常使用一般过去时现在时 提及某种数据收集方法或者数据分析方法，属于既定的 客观规律和方法，可以使用一般现在时。 Result /findings 过去时 该部分也是表达实验结果，实验结果也是已经发生的事 情，所以一般情况下用过去时态 现在时 少数情况，例如：“如图（表）所示。。**随着**升高而升 高”，这种情况属于看图（表）说话，所以用现在时 当results部分在描述研究结果的同时得出了一般性推 论，可以用一般现在时 Discussion 过去时总结本次研究结果，采用过去时 现在时 对研究结果进行进一步的讨论与解释，意在呈现研究结 果的意义时，应采用现在时 将来时用于表达对未来研究方向或前景的预测和愿望 Conclusion 过去时对于总结文章已经发生的步骤，结果，用过去时态 现在时或者 将来时 因为毕竟是总结，除了总结已经发生的，还有表明现在发 生的，已经展望未来要发生的
1）Abstract 摘要主要以一般现在时为主，比如研究背景介绍和现状下图中的叙述背景细节都建议采用一般现在时。 e.g.This paper analyses the impact of high temperatures on certain species. 如果涉及到所做的工作下图中的调查过程，也可以使用现在完成时或者是一般过去时。e.g.There has been a large body of research regarding the effect of carbon emissions on climate change. 英文论文写作各部分应用时态解析（图3） 2）Introduction 一般来说，Introduction（前言）需要包含被广泛被认知是事实的背景资料，说明本研究的重要性。如果是提及一般大众所认知的事实时，或者是文章的目的下图中均提及，需要用一般现在时。 e.g.The Earth revolves around the sun. The present paper deals with the possibilities for modifying the codes. 英文论文写作各部分应用时态解析（图4）
Title ：Magnetic motor shell stamping process and die design Author：yu Department of Materials "Magnetic motor shell stamping process and die design" literature review Abstract摘要 By read these references and documents, in-depth understanding of the contemporary mold of advanced manufacturing technology and metal forming technology, a number of instances of mold design and the understanding and learning, to further study the method of stamping die design, die design and thus have a directionalguidance.As used in this design and drawing die punching die and so on, through the design of the book related to mold in-depth study, this drawing die and the punching die and so the design methods have shape.These references and documents, the design of low-cost high-accuracy die with directional guidance. Keywords： Mold advanced manufacturing technology Mold Manufacturing Trends Drawing Punching CAE Die Materials Prices Preface前言 As China's economic integration with the world economy, the rapid development of basic industries, mold manufacturing industry is also developing fast.In the current economic situation, people pay more attention to efficiency, product quality, cost, and new product development capabilities.The innovation and development of mold manufacturing concern. 1.1 The history of the development of mold Archaeological discoveries in China, as early as 2,000 years ago, China has been used to make bronze stamping dies to prove that in ancient China stamping die stamping and achievements to the world's leading.In 1953, the Changchun First Automobile Works in China for the first time established a stamping plants, the plant began manufacturing cars in 1958, cover mold.60 years of the 20th century began producing fine blanking dies.In walked a long path of development temperature, the present, China has formed more than 300 billion yuan (not including Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan statistics) the production capacity of various types of stamping dies. 1.2 Development Status and Trends Die Since reform and opening, with the rapid development of the national economy, the market demand of mold growing.In recent years, the mold industry has been the growth rate of about 15% of the rapid development of industrial enterprises in the ownership of the mold components also changed dramatically, in addition to professional mold factory outside of state-owned, collective, joint ventures, wholly-owned and private has been a rapid development.
at89c52单片机简介 中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述 A T89C52 Single-chip microprocessor introduction Selection of Single-chip microprocessor 1. Development of Single-chip microprocessor The main component part of Single-chip microprocessor as a result of by such centralize to be living to obtain on the chip，In immediate future middle processor CPU。Storage RAM immediately﹑memoy read ROM﹑Interrupt system、Timer /'s counter along with I/O's rim electric circuit awaits the main microcomputer section，The lumping is living on the chip。Although the Single-chip microprocessor r is only a chip，Yet through makes up and the meritorous service be able to on sees，It had haveed the calculating machine system property，calling it for this reason act as Single-chip microprocessor r minisize calculating machine SCMS and abbreviate the Single-chip microprocessor。 1976Year the Inter corporation put out 8 MCS－48Set Single-chip microprocessor computer，After being living more than 20 years time in development that obtain continuously and wide-ranging application。1980Year that corporation put out high performance MCS －51Set Single-chip microprocessor。This type of Single-chip microprocessor meritorous service capacity、The addressing range wholly than early phase lift somewhat，Use also comparatively far more at the moment。1982Year that corporation put out the taller 16 Single-chip microprocessor MCS of performance once
英文摘要（感想收获及建议） 石河子大学2012级学术（10）李瑞山（2012109038）通过这学期英语课“英文论文摘要”的学习，感触很深，既有收获也有遗憾和建议，无论如何英文摘要的课程已经上完了，我认为有必要向老师反馈一下这门英语创新课程的感想，收获及其提供给我自己感觉最重要的建议，以期帮助老师改善这门创新课程的质量，让我们之后的学弟学妹们学到更为实用、更为有价值的英语论文写作知识。 通过英文摘要课程的学习，我自我感觉我校英语专业老师很有创新与实际相结合的精神，在不断提高学生英语学习兴趣方面很有章法，感觉老师们在想各种方法努力帮助学生学习英语，在这一点上英语老师们很尽职尽责。 当然，通过这门课程我也学到很多收获，首先感觉英语论文写作不那么容易好写，英语论文真不是那么好发的，这里面有好多的规矩和方法。 再次，通过此次课程的学习基本知晓了英文摘要具体写作方法如：１.摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切的记述文献重要内容的短文。 ２.摘要的写作一般有三项写作目的、文章要点、结论。 ３、在写作的过程中一些细节要高度重视如必须有标题；时态：大都采用一般现在时；人称：一般为第三人称；句型：英文摘要结构严谨，表达精炼，英文摘要应尽量使用短句，慎用长句，摘要的句
型应力求简单，表意明确；字数也有明确规定不能太过冗长。 还有通过课下做演讲用英文摘要的幻灯片，课堂演示PPT，既提升了学生做幻灯片的能力，同时也锻炼了学生当众演讲的能力，为以后的学习工作打下了良好的基础。 通过英文摘要课程的学习，对我们的以后写作并发表高质量的英语论文打下了一定的基础，并起到提高我们发英语论文的信心，发现英语论文大写作是有章可循的，对其少了不少恐惧之心，总之收获还是蛮多的。 最后我想谈一谈以我自己就是站在学生立场上对此门课程的一些建议，希望老师合理采纳，以期改善此门课程的上课质量。 建议1.我感觉此门课学生参与度不高，尤其是同学课堂讲PPT时，堂下几乎没有人听，可能是因为各自选自己专业的英文摘要，专业性太强，根本听不懂，可否通过老师选定比较简单学科的英文摘要讲座（人文学科），改善此不足。 2.学生偷懒情况也很严重，所讲内容多为各专业组会自己讲过的内容，多为争取学分，真心研究学习的只有极少数，让此门课程大有成为形式主义的趋势。 3、老师所讲的内容多为英文摘要写作的规则，但让学生主讲的却是英文摘要的内容，能否让学生不侧重讲内容而改为讲规则，讲语法，这样老师和学生参与度都会增加。 4.我认为英文摘要课程所涉及的知识很多，我感觉时间似乎比较少，能否再增加一些课程让此门课程学的更彻底一些。
英语专业文献综述 The Standardization Office was revised on the afternoon of December 13, 2020
Y i b i n U n i v e r s i t y 2015届本科毕业论文文献综述 题目_翻译目的论指导下的英语介词汉译策略研究 二级学院外国语学院 专业英语 学生姓名简汝梦 学号年级 2011级 指导教师徐文英职称讲师 年月日 文献综述 翻译目的论指导下的英语介词汉译策略研究 Study on the Translation Strategies of English Prepositions Based on Skopos Theory 摘要：英语介词使用频率高，搭配能力强，含义灵活，因此在翻译中属于比较难以处理的一种词类。目的论论者认为翻译是有明确的目的和意图，在译者的作用
下，以原文文本为基础的跨文化的人类交际活动。目的论以文本目的为翻译过程的第一准则，目的决定了译者需要采用何种翻译策略和方法。目的论的提出为英语介词的汉译提供了可靠的指导。本文将目的论引入到介词翻译中，认为在目的论原则的指导下，英语介词的汉译可通过加词、减词、分译、转译等策略来达到较好的翻译效果以及更好地实现翻译目的。 关键词：英语介词；翻译；目的论 导言：随着时代的发展，以及中国入世的大好形势的出现，汉语与英语在世界上似乎显得同等重要，所以将这两种语言互相转化是我们越来越重要的任务。在英语中，英语介词数量不多，但其构成的介词短语在英语中的出现频率很高，功能多样且位置灵活，对构成句子具有重要作用，因此对于英语介词的翻译策略问题一直深受广大翻译学者的关注。目的论以文本目的为翻译过程的第一准则，目的论者认为翻译是一种有目的的活动，目的决定了译者需要采用何种翻译策略和方法，即“目的决定论”。目的论的提出为英语介词汉译提供了有效的指导。因此，译者若能熟练掌握翻译目的和翻译方法，则能译出高质量的译文。鉴于此，本文先是阐述各大专家对于英语介词翻译以及翻译目的论的已有研究和探索，并结合笔者自己的观点加以评述；然后以此综述在翻译目的论指导下研究英语介词的汉译策略是个切实可行的手段；最后预测此观点的发展前景一定是光明受欢迎的。 历史发展：对于翻译目的论的发展历程，笔者在总结各前辈的资料中得出：在20世纪70年代，功能主义翻译理论兴起于德国，其四大代表性人物及其理论是: 凯瑟林娜·赖斯(Katharina Reiss)的功能主义翻译批评理论(functional category