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大学英语A级语法大全--精选.docx

大学英语A级语法大全--精选.docx
大学英语A级语法大全--精选.docx

大学英语三级语法大全

名词性从句概述

名词性从句

在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses) 。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组 ,

它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不

同的语法功能,名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

引导名词性从句的连接词

引导名词性从句的连接词

引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:

连接词: that, whether, if(不充当从句的任何成分)

连接代词: what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which.

连接副词: when, where, how, why

不可省略的连词:

1.介词后的连词

2.引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。

That she was chosen made us very happy.

We heard the news that our team had won.

比较: whether 与 if均为"是否"的意思。但在下列情况下,whether不能被if取代:

1. whether引导主语从句并在句首

2.引导表语从句

3. whether从句作介词宾语

4.从句后有"or not"

Whether he will come is not clear.

大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末,用it充当形式主语。

It is not important who will go.

It is still unknown which team will win the match.

名词性 wh-从句

名词性 wh- 从句

1)由wh- 词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh- 从句。 Wh-词包括who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。 Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外,还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间

接宾语等,例如:

主语: How the book will sell depends on its author.书销售如何取决于作者本人。

直接宾语:In one's own home one can do what one likes.在自己家里可以随心所欲。

间接宾语:The club will give whoever wins a prize.俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。

表语: My question is who will take over president of the Foundation.

问题是谁将接

我的

任该基金会主席职位。

宾语补足语: She will name him whatever she wants to.她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么

名字。

同位语:I have no idea when he will return.我不知道他什么时候回来。

not sure why she refused their invitation.

形容词宾语: I'm 我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他

们的邀请。

介词宾语:That

depends on where we shall go.那取决于我们去哪儿。

2)Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语,而将wh- 从句置于句末,例如:

who will do that job. going to get married.还没决定谁做这项工作。

他们何时结婚依然不明。

It is not yet decided

It remains unknown when they are

名词性that-从句

名词性 that-从句

1)由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。that只起连接主句和从句的作用,在从句中不担任任何成分,本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语,例如:

主语: That he is still alive is sheer luck.他还活着全靠运气。

宾语: John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.约翰说他星期三要到伦敦

去。

表语:The fact is that he has not been seen recently.事实是近来谁也没有见过他。

同位语:The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.

近来谁也没有见过他,这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。

glad that you are satisfied with your job.

形容词宾语:I am 你对工作满意我感到很高兴。2) That-

从句作主语通常用it作先行词,而将that-从句置于句末,例如:

It is quite clear

that the whole project is doomed to failure.很清楚,整个计划注定要失败。

It's a pity that

you should have to leave.你非走不可真是件憾事。

用it作形式主语的

that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系:

a. It +be +形容

+ that-从句

It is necessary that ?有必要??

It is important that ?重要的是??

It is obvious that ?很明??

b. It + be + -ed分+ that-从句

It is believed that ?人相信??

It is known to all that ?从所周知??

It has been decided that?已决定??

c. It + be +名+ that-从句

It is common knowledge that???是常

It is a surprise

that?令人惊奇的是??

It is a fact that?事是??

d. It+不及物+ that-分句

It appears that?似乎??

It happens that?碰巧??

It occurred to me

that?我突然想起??

否定转移来源 : 考大网

1)将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等后面从句的否

定移到主句中,即主句的用否定式,而从句的用肯定式。

I don't think I know you.我想我并不你。

I don' t believe he will come.我相信他不回来。

注意:若hope, 从句中的否定不能移。

I hope you weren't ill.我想你没有生病吧。

2)将 seem, appear 等后的从句的否定移到前面。

It doesn't seem that they know where to go.

看来他不知道往哪去。It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day

看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。

定语从句

定语从句( Attributive Clauses)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名

词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副

词)引出。

关系代词有: who, whom, whose, that, which等。

关系副词有: when, where, why等。

关系代词引导的定语从句

关系代词引导的定语从句

关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

1) who, whom, that

这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:

Is he the man who/that wants to see you

他就是你想见的人吗(who/that在从句中作主语)

He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.

他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)

2)Whose 用来指人或物, ( 只用作定语 , 若指物,它还可以同 of which 互换 ), 例如:

They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。

Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。

3)which, that

它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如:

A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.

农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。( which / that在句中作宾语)

The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。 (which / that在句中作宾语)

关系副词引导的定语从句

关系副词引导的定语从句

关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。

1) when, where, why

关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于" 介词which" 结构交替使用,例如:

There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.+ which"结构,因此常常和" 介词 +

任何人都有不得不屈服的

时候。

Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.

Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer 北京是我的出生地。

这就是他拒绝我们帮

2) that代替关系副词

that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which" 引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略,例如:

His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。

He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago.他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。

判断关系代词与关系副词

判断关系代词与关系副词

方法一:用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如:

This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.

I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.

判断改错

(错) This is the mountain village where I visited last year.

(对) This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.

(错) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.

(对) I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.

习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。

方法二:准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分( 主、谓、宾、定、状) ,也能正确

选择出关系代词/ 关系副词。

例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age

A. where

B. that

C. on which

D. the one

例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.

A. where

B. that

C. on which

D. the one

答案:例 1 D,例 2 A

例1 变为肯定句: This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.

例2 变为肯定句: This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.

在句 1 中,所缺部分为宾语,而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用,

只有 the one既做了主句的表语,又可做从句的宾语,可以省略关系代词,所以应选D。而句 2 中 ,主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词where,

又因 in the museum词组,可用介词in + which引导地点状语。而此题中,介词on 用的

不对,所以选A。

关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词(who, whom, that, which, whose);先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副

词 ( where地点状语,when时间状语,why原因状语)。

限制性和非限制性定语从句

限制性和非限制性定语从句

1)定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去

掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开,例如:

This is the house which we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)

The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上

个月买的。(非限制性)

2)当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限

制性的,例如:

Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.查理·史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。

My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。

This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.这本小说很动人,我已经读了三遍。

3)非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词 , 对其进行修饰 , 这时从句谓语动词要用第

三人称单数,例如:

He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。

Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。

说明:关系代词that和关系副词why 不能引导非限制性定语从句。

as, which非限定性定语从句

as, which非限定性定语从句

由 as, which引导的非限定性定语从句,as 和 which可代整个主句,相当于and this 或and that 。 As 一般放在句首, which 在句中。

As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.

The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.

典型例题

1) Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.

A. it

B. that

C. which

D. he

答案 C. 此为非限定性从句,不能用that修饰,而用which.,it和he都使后句成为句子,两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he 句意不通。

2) The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.

A. what

B. which

C. that

D. it

答案 B。 which 可代替句子,用于非限定性定语从句,而what 不可。 That不能用于非限定性定语从句,it不为连词,使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不

通。

3) It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..

A. that

B. which

C. as

D. it

答案 B.

as 和 which 在引导非限制性定语从句时,这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个

意思,且在定从句中都可以作主和。但不同之主要有两点:

(1)as 引的定从句可置于句首,而which 不可。

(2)as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主,从句中的必是系;

若行,从句中的关系代只能用which. 。

在本中, prevent由于是行,所以正确B。

As的用法

例 1. the same?as;such?as中的as是一种固定构,和??一??。

I have got into the same trouble as he (has).

例 2. as可引非限制性从句,常有' 正如 ' 。

As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.

As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health.

As 是关系代。例 1 中的 as 作 know 的;例 2 中,它充当从句的主,know 要用被式。

介词 +关系词

介 +关系

1)介后面的关系不能省略。

2) that前不能有介。

3)某些在从句中充当,地点或原因状的" 介 +关系 " 构可以同关系副 when 和 where 互。

This is the house in which I lived two years ago.

This is the house where I lived two years ago.

Do you remember the day on which you joined our club

Do you remember the day when you joined our club

先行词和关系词二合一

先行和关系二合一

1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.

(Whoever 可以用 anyone who代替)

2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.

(what可以用all that代替)

what/whatever; that/what; who/whoever

what/whatever; that/what; who/whoever

1) what = the thing which;whatever = anything

What you want has been sent here.

Whatever you want makes no difference to me.

2) who= the person that; whoever= anyone who

() Who breaks the law will be punished.

() Whoever breaks the law will be punished.

(错) Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.

(对) Who robbed the bank is not clear.

3) that和what当that引导定语从句时,通常用作关系代词,而引导名词

性从句时,是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What 只能引导名词性从句,用作连接代词,作从句的具体成分,且不能省略。

I think (that) you will like the stamps.

What we need is more practice.

特殊词精讲

stop doing/to do

stop to do停止,中断做某事后去做另一件事。

stop doing停止做某事。

They stop to smoke a cigarette.他们停下来,抽了根烟。

I must stop smoking.我必须戒烟了。

典型例题

She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___on a big rock by the side of

the path.

A. to have rested

B. resting

C. to rest

D. rest

答案: C。由题意可知,她到了山顶,停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此,应选

择"stop to do sth.停下来去做另一件事" 。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止,所以stop doing sth. 不正确。

forget doing/to do

forget to do忘记要去做某事。( 未做 )

forget doing忘记做过某事。( 已做 )

The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off.

办公室的灯还在亮着,它忘记关了。( 没有做关灯的动作)

He forgot turning the light off.

他忘记他已经关了灯了。(已做过关灯的动作)

Don't forget to come tomorrow.

别忘了明天来。(to come动作未做)

典型例题---- The light in the office is still on.

---- Oh,I forgot___.

A. turning it off

B. turn it off

C. to turn it off

D. having turned it

off

答案:C。由 the light is still on 可知灯亮着,即关灯的动作没有发生,因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了,而自己忘记了这一事实。此处不符

合题意。

结果状语从句

果状从句常由so? that或such?that引。 so?that与 such? that之可以。

例如:

The boy is so young that he can't go to school. He

男孩年太小,不能上学。

is such a young boy that he can't go to school

让步状语从句

1) though ,although引的步状从句,后面的从句不能有but,但是though和yet 可用。例如:

Although it's raining, they are still working in the field.然在下雨,但他仍在地里干活。

He is very old, but he still works very hard.然他很老了,但仍然努力地工

作。

Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.口愈合,但疤留下了。

()

2)as , though引的步从句必表或状提前(形容、副、分、

提前)。例如:

Child as /though he was,he knew what was the right thing to do.然是个小孩,做什么不做什么,他全知道。

3)ever if,even though即使。例如:

We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad.即使天气不好,我也要去

足。

4)whether? or ?不管??都。例如:

Whether you believe it or not,it is true.信不信由你,确是真的。

5)"no matter +疑"或 " 疑+后ever" .例如:

No matter what happened,he would not mind. =Whatever happened

,he would not mind.不管生什么,他不在意。

替: no matter what = whatever

no matter who = whoever

no matter when = whenever

no matter where = wherever

no matter which = whichever

no matter how = however

注意: no matter不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。

(错) No matter what you say is of no use now.

(对)Whatever you say is of no use now.你现在说什么也没用了。

( Whatever you say是主语从句)(错)Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given,

(对)Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given.囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。

条件状语从句

连接词主要有if,unless,as/so long as, on condition that

有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。

等。 if引导的条件句unless = if not.例如:

Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired.如果不太累,我们去散散步。

If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk.

典型例题

You will be late ___ you leave immediately.

A. unless

B. until

C. if

D. or

答案 A. 句意:除非你立即走,否则你就回迟到的。可转化为diately , you will be、D句意不对,or表转折,句子如为

If you dong leave imme You leave immediately or

you will be late.

目的状语从句

表示目的状语的从句可以由

in case等词引导。例如:

that,so that,in order that,lest,for fear that,

You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all.你必须大点声,别人就能听见了。

He wrote the name down for fear that( lest) he should forget it.他写下了这个名字以免以后忘记。

Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.最好多穿点衣服,以防天发冷。

方式状语从句

方式状从句通常由as,(just) as ? so?,as if,as though引。

1)as,( just ) as so?构中位于句首,? so?引的方式状从句通常位于主句后,但在(just)as?as 从句有比的含,意思是" 正如? " , " 就像 " ,多用于正

式文体。例如:

Always do to the others as you would be done by.你希望人家怎待你,你就要

怎待人。

As water is to fish,so air is to man.我离不开空气,犹如儿离不开水。

Just as we sweep our rooms,so we should sweep backward ideas from our min

ds.

正如打房屋一,我也要除我中落后的西。

2) as if,as though

两者的意和用法相同,引出的状从句多用虚气,表示与事相反,有也用述气,表示所情况是事或的可能性大。常作" 仿佛??似的" , " 好像??似的". 例如:

They completely ignore these facts as if( as though)they never existed.

他完全忽略了些事,就仿佛它不存在似的。(与事相反,用虚气。)

He looks as if( as though) he had been hit by lighting.他那子就像被雷

了似的。(与事相反,用虚气。)

It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.看来天气很快就会好起来。(的可能性大,用述气。)

明: as if / as though也可以引一个分短、不定式短或无短。例如:He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.他目不睛地看着我,就像第一次看我似的。

He cleared his throat as if to say something.他清了清嗓子,像要什么似的。

The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.波涛冲着岩石,好像很怒。

原因状语从句

比because ,since,as和for:

1) because最,用来明人所不知的原因,回答why 提出的。当原因是

而易的或已人所知,就用as或since.例如:

I didn't go,because I was afraid.我不去是因为我怕。

Since /As the weather is so bad,we have to delay our journey.天气那么糟,旅行推迟了。

2)由 because 引导的从句如果放在句末,且前面有逗号,则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因,而是多种情况加以推断,就只能用for.例如:

He is absent today,because / for he is ill.他今天缺席,因为他病了。

He must be ill,for he is absent today.他一定病了,所以今天缺席。

地点状语从句

地点状语从句通常由where , wherever引导。例如:

Where I live there are plenty of trees.我住的地方树很多。

Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.不管我在哪里我都会想到你。

虚拟语气:真实条件句

真实条件句用于陈述语气,假设的情况有可能发生。各种结构参见下表:

条件从句主句

shall/will +动词原形

句型

一般现在时祈使句

情态动词一般现在时

例如: If he comes, he will bring his violin.如果他来,会带小提琴来的。

典型例题

The volleyball match will be put off if it ___.

A. will rain

B. rains

C. rained

D. is rained

答案 B. 真实条件句主句为将来时,从句用一般现在时。

注意:

1)在真实条件句中,主句不能用be going to表示将来,该用shall , will.

(错) If you leave now,you are never going to regret it.

(对) If you leave now,you will never regret it.

2)表示真理时,主句谓语动词不用shall(will)+动词原形,而直接用一般现

在时的动词形式。

非真实条件句

虚拟语气可以表示过去,现在和将来的情况,时态的基本特点是时态往后推移。

a.与现在事实相反的假设

条件从句主句

一般过去时( be 用 were)should ( would )等 + 动词原形

例如: If they were here,they would help you.如果他们在这儿,会帮助你的。

含义: They are not here,they can‘ t help you.

b.与过去事实相反的假设

条件从句主句

过去完成时should ( would )等 + have+过去分词

例如: If he had come yesterday,I should / would have told him about it.如果他昨天来的话,我会把这件事告诉他的。

含义: He did not come yesterday,so I did not tell him about it.

c.表示对将来不大可能发生的事情的假想

条件从句主句

一般过去时

were+ 不定式should/would等+动词原形

should+动词原形

例如: If you succeeded,everything would be all right.如果你将来成功了,一切都会好的。

If you should succeed,everything would be all right.

If you were to succeed,everything would be all right.

含义: You are not likely to succeed,everything will be what it is now.

混合条件句

有时,主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间,主句从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而

不同,这种条件句叫做混合条件句。例如:

If you had asked him yesterday,you would know what to do now.如果你昨天问过他,今天就知道做什么了。

(从句与过去事实相反,主句与现在事实相反。)

If it had rained last night(过去),it would be very cold today(现在)。如果昨晚下过雨,今天就会很冷了。

虚拟条件句的倒装

虚拟条件句的从句部分含有were, should

,或had时,可省略if,再把were,should 或 had 移到从句的句首,实行倒装。例如:

Were they here now,they could help us. =If they were here now

,they coul

d help us.他们现在在的话,就会帮助我们了。

Had you come earlier,you would have met him. =If you had come earlier,y ou would have met him.你来得早一点,就碰到他了。

Should it rain,the crops would be saved. =Were it to rain

,the crops wou ld be saved.假如下雨,庄稼就有救了。

注意:在虚拟语气的从句中,动词'be'的过去时态一律用"were",不用was,即在从句中be用were代替。例如:

If I were you,I would go to look for him.如果我是你,就会去找他。

If he were here, everything would be all right.如果他在这儿,一切都会好的。

典型例题

_____ to do the work,I should do it some other day.

A. If were I

B. I were

C. Were I

D. Was I

答案 C.在虚拟条件状语中如果有were,should, had这三个词,通常将if省略,主语提前,变成 were , should , had + 主语的形式。但要注意,在虚拟条件状语从句中,

省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说Were I not to do,而不能说Weren't I to do.

wish 的用法

1) wish 后面的从句,表示与事实相反的情况,或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为:

主句从句

从句动作先于主句动词动

过去时

现在时

作( be 的过去式为 were )

从句动作与主句动作同时

过去时过去完成时

发生( had + 过去分词)

将来不大可能实现的愿望将来时would/could + 动词原形例如: I wish I were as tall as you.我希望和你一高。

He wished he hadn't said that.他希望他没那的。

I wish it would rain tomorrow.我希望明天下雨就好了。

2) wish to do; wish sb / sth to do.例如:

I wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager.我希望一

理。

I wish the manager to be informed at once.

( = I want the manager to be informed at once.)我希望经理能马上得到消息。

特殊的虚拟语气词should

1)在主从句中的用

It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that?等构的主从句,用sho uld加原形,should可省略。

可用的词有三类

suggested, ordered, required, proposed, demanded,

requested, insisted等(should)It is important, necessary, natural, imperative, strange that do

a pity, a shame, no wonder等

2)在从句中的用

在表示命令、建、要求等一后面的从句中,像order , suggest , propose ,require , demand, request,insist,command,insist +(should)do等。例如:

I suggest that we(should)hold a meeting next week.我建下周召开个会。

He insisted that he(should)be sent there.他要求被派到那儿去。

注意:如 suggest , insist不表示"建"或"持要某人做某事" ,即它用于其本意" 暗示、表明 " 、 " 持 " ,从句用述气。

判断改:() You pale face suggests that you(should)be ill.

() Your pale face suggests that you are ill.

() I insisted that you(should)be wrong.

() I insisted that you were wrong.

3)在表从句,同位从句中的用

suggestion,proposal,idea,plan,order,advice等名后面的表从句、

同位从句中要用虚气,即(should) +原形。例如:

My idea is that we( should) get more people to attend the conference.我的想法是更多的人来参加会。

I make a proposal that we(should)hold a meeting next week.我提了个建,下周我开个会。

It is( high) time that

It is should ( high ) time that

不可省略。例如:

后面的从句要用去式或用should加原形,但

It is time that the children went to bed.孩子睡了。

It is high time that the children should go to bed.

比较 if only与only if

only if表示"只有";if only 表示 " 如果??就好了".If only也可用于述气。例如:

I wake up only if the alarm clock rings.只有响了,我才会醒。

If only the alarm clock had rung.当响就好了。

If only he comes early.但愿他早点回来。

need 不必做和本不必做

didn't need to do needn't have done 表示去不必做某事,表

示去不必做某事,

事上也没做。

但事上做了。例如:

John went to the station with the car to meet Mary,so she didn't need to

walk back home.

翰开去站接,所以她不必步行回家了。

John went to the station with the car to meet Mary,so she needn't have wa

lked back home.

翰开去站接,所以她本不必步行回家了。(Mary 步行回家了,没有遇上J ohn 的。)

典型例

There was plenty of time. She ___.

A. mustn't have hurried

B. couldn't have hurried

C. must not hurry

D. needn't have hurried

答案 't have done.意 " 本不必" ,即已做了某事,而上不必要。

Mustn't have done用法不正确,去生的事情行否定性推断couldn't ha ve done,"不可能已". must not do不可以(用于一般在)。

主谓一致:

1)法形式上要一致,即复数形式与要一致。

2)意上要一致,即主意上的复数要与的复数形式一致。

3)就近原,即的复形式取决于最靠近它的。

一般来,不可数名用数,可数名复数用复数。

例如: There is much water in the thermos.

但当不可数名前有表示数量的复数名,用复数形式。

例如: Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.

主谓一致中的靠近原则

1)当 there be句型的主是一系列事物,与最近的主保持一致。例如:

There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.桌上有一支笔、一把小刀和几本。

There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.班上有二十个男孩,二十三个女孩。

2)当either?or?与neither?nor,接两个主,与最近的主保持

一致。如果句子是由here ,there引,而主又不止一个,通常也和最近的主

一致。例如:Either you or she is to go.不是你去,就是她去。

Here is a pen,a few envelops and some paper for you.给你笔、信封和纸。

并列结构作主语时谓语用复数

例如:

Reading and writing are very important.写很重要。

注意:当主语由and 连结时,如果它表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或同一物时,谓

语动词用单数,and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。例如:

The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.钢铁工业对我们的生活有重要意义。

典型例题

The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.

A. is

B. was

C. are

D. were

答案 B. 注:先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时,先排除 A. , C.本题易误选 D,因为 The League secretary and monitor好象是两个人,但仔细辨别,monito r 前没有 the ,在英语中,当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and 相连。这样本题主语为一个人,所以应选 B.

谓语需用单数

1)代词 each 以及由 every , some, no , any 等构成的复合代词作主语时,或主语中含有each, every 时,谓语需用单数。例如:

Each of us has a tape-recorder.我们每人都有录音机。

There is something wrong with my watch.我的表坏了。

2)当主语是一本书或一条格言时,谓语动词常用单数。例如:

The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English.《天方夜谭》是英语爱好者熟悉的一本书。

3)表示金钱,时间,价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时,通常把这些名词看作一个整体,

谓语一般用单数。例如:

Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.用三个星期来做准备。

Ten yuan is enough.十元够了。

谓语动词与前面的主语一致

当主语有with,together with,like,except,but,no less than,as well as

等词组成的短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语部分一致。例如:

The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.教师和一些学生在参观工厂。

He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我想去划船。

指代意义决定谓语的单复数

1)代词what,which, who ,none ,some ,any ,more ,most,all等词的单复数由

其指代的词的单复数决定。例如:

All is right.一切顺利。

All are present.人都到齐了。

2)集体名词作主语时,谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family,audience,crew

,crowd , class,company,committee等词后,谓语动词用复数形式时强调这个集体中

的各个成员,用单数时强调该集体的整体。例如:

His family isn't very large.他家成员不多。

His family are music lovers.他家个个都是音乐爱好者。

但集合名词people,police,cattle,poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。例

如:

Are there any police around附近有警察吗

3)有些名词,如variety, number ,population,proportion,majority等有时看作

单数,有时看作复数。例如:

A number of +名词复数+复数动词。

The number of +名词复数+单数动词。

A number of books have lent out.

The majority of the students like English.

与后接名词或代词保持一致

1)用half of,most of,none of,heaps of,lots of,plenty of等引起主语时,谓语动词通常与of后面的名词/ 代词保持一致。例如:

Most of his money is spent on books.他大部分的钱化在书上了。

Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.大部分学生积极参

与体育运动。

2)用a portion of,a series of,a pile of,a panel of等引起主语时,谓语动词

通常用单数。例如:

A series of accidents has been reported.媒体道了一串的事故。

A pile of lots was set beside the hearth.炉有一堆木柴。

3)如 many a或more than one所修的短作主,多用数形式。但由m ore than?of作主,与其后的名或代保持一致。例如:

Many a person has read the novel.多人本。

More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生来

自个城市。

大学英语语法大全_太经典了

大学英语语法 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法: 1、词类:英语词类分十种: 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.):表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.):主要用来代替名词。如:who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..):表示人或事物的性质或特征。如:good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.):表示数目或事物的顺序。如:one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.):表示动作或状态。如:am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.):修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如:now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..):用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如:a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.):表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.):用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如:oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分:英语句子成分分为七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如: I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如:Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、 代词或形容词担任。如:My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如: He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间 接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如:He wrote me a letter . (他给 我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾 语。如:He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如: Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)

大学英语语法与练习——unit14倒装

14. 倒装 倒装句之全部倒装 全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有: 1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, com e, go, lie, run。 There goes the bell. Then came the chairman. Here is your letter. 2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首,谓语表示运动的动词。 Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. Ahead sat an old woman. 注意:上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词,如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。 Here he comes. Away they went. 倒装句之全部倒装 全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有: 1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。 There goes the bell. Then came the chairman. Here is your letter. 2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首,谓语表示运动的动词。 Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. Ahead sat an old woman. 注意:上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词,如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。 Here he comes. Away they went. 倒装句之部分倒装

四六级考试常考重点英语语法汇总

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